Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Korean
1
Young-A Cho
In-Jung Cho
Douglas Ling
To our parents
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Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.5 Australia License.
This book and its accompanying audio files are available online at
http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/korean/klec.
Help us improve!
Korean.Studies@arts.monash.edu.au
PREFACE ix
TO THE TEACHER AND THE LEARNER xiii
UNIT 1 1
Situation Dialogue 1 3
Greetings 5
Introducing Yourself 7
Introducing Others 8
+i-e-yo/ye-yo am; is; are 9
Situation Dialogue 2 13
Korean Names 14
Addressing People at the Office: Titles 16
Addressing Peers at School: seonbae and hubae 18
Addressing Unknown People at the Shops 19
Situation Dialogue 3 23
Saying Goodbye 24
Greetings, Thanks and Other Expressions 27
UNIT 2 31
Aspirated Consonants 39
Writing Syllables 46
Tensed Consonants 49
i
Pronouncing Final Consonants 51
Combined Vowels 53
Sound Shifts 58
Classroom Expressions 66
24 Basic Consonants and Vowels (Table) 69
Expanded Consonants and Vowels (Table) 70
UNIT 3 ? 73
Situation Dialogue 3 89
Negative Question Usage 90
Spaces Between Words 91
UNIT 4 ? 95
ii
Coming & Going: , , 112
UNIT 5 ? 115
What 125
UNIT 6 ? 153
iii
Vocabulary: Question Words 159
Vocabulary: Study Words 159
Telling the Time: # oclock 160
: How many..?; What..?; How (old)..? 161
UNIT 7 ? 187
UNIT 8 219
iv
Situation Dialogue 3 245
Restaurant Related Expressions 248
Pure Korean Numbers 250
Noun +, +(), +/+ and 256
UNIT 9 ? 259
UNIT 10 ? 303
v
Vocabulary: Faculties and Departments 316
Word Contractions 318
Situation Dialogue 3 321
Vocabulary: Family 323
vi
Appendix 12: Adjective Future Tense Endings 408
Appendix 13: Adjectives with +; +() 416
Appendix 14: Adjectives with 420
+()(), +/() & () ()
Appendix 15: Adjectives with 424
+(), +/() & +() ()
Appendix 16: Casual Adjective Endings 428
+/, +/, +()
Appendix 17: Particles and Suffixes 432
vii
Preface
ix
We have changed all the situation dialogues to make them more
authentic. In particular, we have broken away from the conventional method
of using mainly polite styles of speech throughout the entire book, because
this method tends to create highly unauthentic situations. For example, this
method created a very unlikely situation where two close friends used the
polite style of speech to each other. Therefore, we have used different styles
of speech which are appropriate to each situation, resulting in the use of close
friend style of speech in most cases. This style of speech is also more
appropriate for our students because they can immediately use it when they
talk to one another or when they talk to their Korean friends.
Another major change is the use of comics for every situation
dialogue to provide more extra-linguistic cues. When we communicate, we
use all kind of extra-linguistic cues available to make sense out of each
others speech. However, text-only dialogues lack these extra-linguistic cues
and make a students job of making sense out of an already foreign language a
lot harder. In order to solve this problem, we have used comics alongside the
recording of each situation dialogue, turning the dialogue multimodal and as
close as to that of a real situation. This multimodal dialogue allows learners
make meaning by using a crucial combination of words, graphics and sound.
Now, we should like to thank all those who have contributed in
different ways to this book:
To the Korea Foundation for the 2008 grant which made it possible to
include the comics for the situation dialogues and gave us the last push
into finishing this book;
To Ju Han Lee from Yeundoo Studio in Korea (http://yeundoo.com) for
the front cover design and the comics for the situation dialogues, and
Lae-Young Lee for her assistance with comic storyboard descriptions;
To Hye-Jung Kim for most of the illustrations other than the situation
dialogue comics;
x
To Joel Atkinson, Erin Fitzgerald, Stephen Gartlan and Vicky Ryan for
formatting and editing;
To Youngsam Moon for providing invaluable information about
contemporary Korean expressions used by young people and for various
administrative works including organising a recording party and taking
part in it himself;
To Jihee Jung, Youngsun Hwang, Seongin Choi, Moon Chung and
Seonghwan Ahn for volunteering to do the recording;
To all the past and current students for their valuable feedback and
insights which they have let us gain through the collaborative exploration
of learning the language;
To Jung Sim Kim, Korean studies subject librarian at Monash University
for her hard work in building up the great Korean collection which was
invaluable in writing this book;
To our colleagues at the School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics at
Monash University, in particular, Robert Irving, Bruce Jacobs, Helen
Marriott, Gloria Davies and Alison Tokita for their support and
encouragement;
And last but not least to our good friends, Lendriani and Nigel Thursfield,
Vicky and William Quek, Janet and Jim Murray, and Douglas and Helena
Ling for their love and support.
Following our open access policy, this book and its accompanying
audio files are licensed under the Creative Commons
Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.5 Australia License in the hope
that this book will make a small contribution to the development of Korean
language education throughout the world. As one of Less Commonly Taught
Languages, Korean still suffers from a dearth of learning materials. Korean
teachers often have to design their courses and develop learning materials that
suit their students on top of their normal teaching duties, let alone their fight
to keep the Korean program alive. We have met many marvelous teachers
xi
over the years and they have been our inspiration. We hope this book will
help those teachers in their efforts of creating a better learning environment
for their students.
xii
To the teacher and the learner
This book is primarily written for a Korean language university course for
beginners, but it may be used in other settings including self-study. The
guidelines, therefore, are focused on teaching or learning in a university
setting, but we suggest that all the users of the book read them regardless of
whether you are a teacher or a student enrolled in a course or you are using it
on your own for independent study.
Objectives
This book is an introduction to contemporary Korean, with special emphasis
on spoken usage for everyday situations. It introduces learners to the Korean
alphabet and everyday situations in Korean culture to help them acquire
survival Korean.
Basic Approach
Our experiences of teaching Korean for more than two decades and the
results of language learning research tell us that a good foundation of
language structures is essential for learners to be successful. This book,
therefore, concentrates on giving learners a good working knowledge of the
basic structure and grammar of the Korean language with a limited number of
vocabulary items that are frequently used in everyday situations. Once they
acquire this knowledge, they can expand their vocabulary quite easily on their
own as need arises. This approach can also maximise small contact hours
(usually four to five hours a week) available in many university settings.
xiii
explanations and various tasks such as role plays, listening, writing and
reading.
The first two units are essentially about some Korean sounds and the
Korean alphabet. Unit One presents usual greetings and introductions
through which learners familiarize themselves with the sounds of the Korean
language. Unit Two deals with the Korean alphabet and is the only unit
without any situation dialogues. Once the students learn the Korean
alphabetic symbols and how these are put together to create meaningful
sounds, they should be able to improve their skills of reading aloud Korean
writing over the course of the rest of the book.
Unit Three and Four introduce the basic Korean sentence structure,
which is in the order of Subject-Object-Verb, compared to the English order
of Subject-Verb-Object. You should not try to understand all of the
expressions in the situation dialogues in Unit Three. We have tried to make
the situation dialogues as natural as possible and this has resulted in the
inclusion of a few expressions that are a bit challenging at this early stage of
learning.
Unit Five is a crucial one which deals with verb conjugations for the
first time. It shows how to attach present tense endings to verb stems, which
are one of many to follow. It is, therefore, vital that students fully grasp this
grammar point.
Unit Six deals with how to make simple suggestions and also
introduces pure Korean numbers one to twelve in the form of telling the time.
This is done deliberately to prepare the learners for the counting nouns to be
introduced in Unit Eight, and also to expose them to the forms of pure Korean
numbers one to four used in conjunction with counting nouns before they
learn the full forms of these numbers.
Unit Seven deals with the past tense verb endings. Once the students
learn these, they can virtually talk about the events of all three tenses, that is,
past, present and future time because the present tense endings in Korean can
be used for many future events as well. Unit Eight and Nine are essentially
xiv
about buying things that involves the learning of pure Korean numbers and
Sino-Korean numbers. Unit Ten presents how to talk about yourself and your
family.
There are also ten appendices. Appendix One is about how to use
Korean on Microsoft Windows operating systems. Appendices Two to Five
have verb conjugation tables. Appendices Six to Ten are the graphics which
can be used to teach the Korean alphabet using real words and to teach verbs
and their stems. There is also a handwriting sheet which can be used for
writing practice or writing assignments.
xv
setting for the practice of speaking and listening. They can, however, be used
as a basis for the more communicative nature of role plays by encouraging the
students to be more creative and to play with the language.
The listening tasks are from our old out-of-print listening book
Elementary Task-Centered Listening Comprehension of Korean 1, which was
published in 1994 and later changed its title into Korean Through Active
Listening 1. The listening book was always used alongside the textbook until
it became out of print in early 2008. This development has allowed the
incorporation of the listening tasks into the textbook, resulting in the more
rounded and user-friendly textbook. We have to admit that the expressions in
the listening tasks are not as natural as they should be, but they still provide
good input via listening, which is very important in language learning. The
listening tasks do not have answer keys. It has only the transcript at the end of
the book and the learners are required to find the answers themselves first by
listening and then by reading.
Romanisation
This book has used the Korean government romanisation system.
xvi
1
?
Unit Focus:
Greetings and Introductions
o Greetings
o Introducing Yourself
o Introducing Others
o +i-e-yo/ye-yo am; is; are
o Korean Names
o Addressing People at the Office: Titles
o Addressing Peers at School: seonbae and
hubae
o Addressing Unknown People at the Shops
o Saying Goodbye
o Greeting, Thanks and Other Expressions
2 UNIT 1 ?
UNIT 1 ? 3
Situation Dialogue 1
Paul, Minseo, Minjun and Jihun are introducing themselves.
Kim Annyeonghaseyo? Hello,
Minseo: Jeoneun Kim Minseoyeyo. Im inseo Kim.
Vocabulary
Annyeonghaseyo? Hello; How gyohwan exchange
do you do? haksaeng student
je my gyeongjehak economics
monaesi Monash
daehakgyo University
UNIT 1 ? 5
Greetings
There are three basic ways to greet someone in Korean, depending on what
degree of politeness and/or formality the situation requires:
? [polite]
An-nyeong-ha-se-yo?
? [formal]
An-nyeong-ha-sim-ni-kka?
Olivia: ?
An-nyeong-ha-se-yo?
Teacher: ?
An-nyeong-ha-se-yo?
6 UNIT 1 ?
3) And when two young people bump into each other on the street, they can
just say ? (An-nyeong?). Or they might say:
Amanda: Susan,1 ?
Susan, eo-di ga-ni? (Susan, are you going somewhere?)
Susan: , .
Eung, eo-di ga. (Yeah, I am. Lit. I am going somewhere.)
Introducing Yourself
After greeting somebody for the first time, you can say:
You may have noticed that the pronoun I is omitted, as is normally the
case in Korean sentences where the subject is obvious.
When referring to the person you are addressing, the Korean pronoun for
you is almost never used:
Introducing Others
When introducing somebody you can use:
() . [honorific]
I-bun-eun Kim Seon-saeng-nim-i-se-yo
This (distinguished person) is Mr. Kim.
() John . [polite]
I-tchog-eun John-i-e-yo.
This (person) is John.
Paul . [formal]
Je chin-gu Paul-im-n-ida.
This is my friend, Paul.
You will notice that the term for this (person) is different in each sentence,
and so is the final ending. The term and ending used in the first sentence
show a greater level of respect, and are termed honorific. ( literally
means this distinguished person, whereas literally means over
here.) You can also introduce someone without saying This is in casual
speech. The use of different verb endings will be introduced in the next unit.
UNIT 1 ? 9
This structure has the general form A is B (when B is a noun and not an
adjective) and is therefore widely used. Note that A must be a noun,
pronoun or wh-question word, and B must be a noun and not an adjective.
For example, you cannot use this form to say He is stupid. You will study
this in more detail further on.
[ EXAMPLE DIALOGUE 1]
[ EXAMPLE DIALOGUE 2]
[ EXAMPLE DIALOGUE 3]
[ EXAMPLE DIALOGUE 4]
Situation Dialogue 2
Kim Yeongjun is meeting a businessman, Robert Irving, at the airport.
Irving: Annyeonghasimnikka? How do you do?
Robert Irvingimnida. Im Robert Irving.
Vocabulary
Annyeonghasimnikka? How do you do? [formal, honorific]
imnida. is [formal]
Korean Names
Korean names consist of a family name followed by a given name. Most
Korean given names are comprised of two syllables, though some only have
one.
The three most common family names in Korea are (Kim), (Yi, often
written Lee), and (Park). Together, these three names account for around
45% of the population.
Family name groups are divided by patrilineal decent into branches or clans.
(There are about 280 such branches of Kim). Until recently, it was illegal
for people of the same branch to marry, no matter how distantly related.
Branches are usually identified by a place name where the clan is said to
have originated, such as Kyeongju Kim.
Kim Yi Pak Choe Cheong Cho Chang
Yun Sin Han Hong Yu Kang Song
Below are the top five baby names for boys and girls in 2006, often used in
television dramas:
(Male) Minjun Minjae Jihun Hyeonu Junseo
(Female) Seoyeon Minseo Subin Seohyeon Minji
The following are common names in 1975 and 1945 respectively. Note the
female names from 1945 end with ja, equivalent to the ko common in
Japanese female names. This reflects the Japanese colonial period, which
ended in that year:
1975 (Male)
Jeonghun Seongho Seonghun
(Female)
Miyeong Eunjeong Eunju
1945 (Male)
Yeongsu Yeongho Yeongsik
(Female)
Yeongja Jeongja Sunja
16 UNIT 1 ?
Examples:
1) . Mr. Park, please have a seat.
Pak Seon-saeng-nim an-jeu-se-yo.
When people have no title and are of equal or lower status than you, you can
use their full name + (ssi). For example, if the lowest person in the office
is called Yeong-Jun Kim, you would refer to them as Kim Yeong-Jun ssi.
It is rude however to use ssi, if you are a junior to the person you are
addressing.
UNIT 1 ? 17
ssi should also be used after someones given name where there is equal
status, but it is offensive to address anyone by their surname +(ssi), such
as (Kim ssi), so be careful! It is also not used between people in the
same gender, so it is best to avoid this title at this stage!
18 UNIT 1 ?
If you are not very close to a person in an older year level, you would add
the respectful (nim) to the title, so that they are called seonbae-nim.
However, if you are very close to someone in an older year, you may also
one of the kinship terms (hyeong, nuna, eonni, oppa ).
UNIT 1 ? 19
Depending on the shop, the shop assistant will use sonnim (customer) or
gogaek-nim (distinguished customer) for you, or sometimes a kinship term.
For example, a young clerk at the bank may address a customer with the
polite and neutral term seonsaeng-nim (Mr/Ms/Teacher) or gogaek-nim
(Dear customer).
In the market, for young girls, they might use eonni, for middle aged
women ajumma, and for middle aged men (and maybe younger men too)
ajeossi'. Elderly customers are referred to as harabeoji for men and
halmeoni for women.
If you need to call out to a staff member to attract their attention, the term
you use depends on the type of business. If you are at a caf or restaurant,
you can use a kinship term, for example to a young female waitress using
"eonni" (literally older sister) if you are a female, but usually people don't
use any term but simple say "yeogiyo" (literally over here!) to catch their
attention. If you are in a shop, you can use kinship terms as described above
(i.e. eonni, ajumma, ajeossi, harabeoji, halmeoni, etc.).
20 UNIT 1 ?
[ EXAMPLE DIALOGUE]
A: An-nyeong-ha-se-yo? How do you do?
[Name]-im-ni-da Im [name].
Cheo-eum boep-get-seum-ni-da. Im pleased to meet you.
B: [Name]-im-in-da Im [name].
Man-na-seo pan-gap-seumnida. Glad to meet you.
ireum (name)
UNIT 1 ? 21
Task 3: Listening
(EXPONENT)
? How are you? / How do you do?
An-nyeong-ha-se-yo?
. It's nice to meet you.
Man-na-seo ban-gap-seum-ni-da
A/. I'm A.
A-i-e-yo/ye-yo
. I'm pleased to meet you.
Cheo-eum boep-get-seum-ni-da.
(ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY)
(first or full name) (ssi) polite neutral title such as Mr. and Ms.
Situation Dialogue 3
Robert Irving is leaving Korea and saying goodbye to Kim Yeongjun.
Irving: Gamsahamnida. Thank you.
Annyeonghi gyesipsio. Goodbye.
Vocabulary
gamsahamnida thank you
Saying Goodbye
When saying goodbye to one who is leaving, you can say:
When you are saying goodbye to one who is staying, you can say:
Close friends who are young will just say Annyeong in both
instances.
UNIT 1 ? 25
Task 5: Writing
How should you say goodbye in the following situations?
Note 1: Used when you are leaving home but will be coming back later.
26 UNIT 1 ?
Task 6: Listening
(EXPONENT)
[]. Goodbye to one who is leaving.
An-nyeong-hi ga-se-yo/ga-sip-s-io.
(ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY)
teacher - sir/madam
seonsaeng nim
You are going to hear some dialogue in which two people are saying
goodbye to each other. As you know, Korean has different expressions for
"Goodbye" depending on whether it is directed to someone leaving or
staying. Listen carefully and write down L(eaving) in the box next to the
people who are leaving and S(taying) to the people who are staying. Ready?
Listen!
3. Paul (teacher)
seonsaengnim
. I am fine.
Jal-ji-nae-yo.
. So-so.
Geu-jeo-geu-rae-yo.
. [formal] Im sorry.
Mi-an-ham-ni-da.
28 UNIT 1 ?
. Thank you.
Gam-sa-ham-ni-da.
. Thank you.
Go-map-seum-ni-da.
. [casual] Thanks
Go-ma-wo.
. Youre welcome.
Mwol-yo.
/. Yes.
Ne/Ye.
/. Yeah.
Eung/eo.
. Excuse me.
Jeo-gi-yo.
/ . No.
A-ni-yo/A-nyo.
. Nope./Nah.
A-ni.
UNIT 1 ? 29
Unit Focus:
Reading Hangeul
Writing Hangeul
Sound Shifts
Classroom Expressions
32 UNIT 2
Hangeul
We write English by stringing individual letters together. But when using the
Korean writing system Hangeul, we have to think in terms of syllables. A
simple example is the word Canada - Ca-na-da. In Korean this becomes
. Every Korean syllable occupies the same amount of space, no matter
how many characters are in the syllable, and are written to fit into a square
box. Like English, Hangeul is comprised of consonants and vowels.
kae na da
Camera Ca-me-ra
ka me Ra
Peter Pe-ter
pi teo
Mary Ma-ry
me ri
Banana Ba-na-na
ba na na
Radio Ra-di-o
ra di o
UNIT 2 33
Basic Consonants
k/g (as in kid or game)
s (as in speech)
m (as in mother)
n (as in noise)
h (as in high)
1 ng (as in ring)
Note 1: This sound only applies when is the final consonant of a syllable.
When the same symbol is used at the start of a syllable it has no sound, and
acts as a dummy consonant for syllables that begin with a vowel.
The other symbols were derived by adding strokes to the basic ones.
34 UNIT 2
Practise writing the consonants, paying attention to the stroke order shown
below.
g/k giyok
n niun
d/t digut
r/l riul
m mium
b/p piup
s/t shiot
/ng ieung
j/t jieut
h/t hieut
UNIT 2 35
36 UNIT 2
na-ra country
ra-di-o radio
ma-cha carriage
pa-da ocean
sa-ja lion
ja ruler
ha-na one
a-gi baby
a-nae wife
a-ma perhaps
a-si-a Asia
a-ri-a aria
In this group, there are syllables that begin with the dummy consonant ,
which has no sound. Remember, there has to be a consonant at the beginning
of the syllable!
UNIT 2 37
sa-rang love
san mountain
sa-ram person
kang river
This last group includes syllables that also have a final consonant. These
syllables must still fit into the square box even though there is an extra
letter. The space occupied by the initial consonant and the vowel is reduced to
allow room underneath for the final consonant.
38 UNIT 2
1 Ghana
2 river
3 country
4 butterfly
5 leg; bridge
6 radio
7 mask
8 hearts and minds
9 banana
10 ocean
11 person
12 love
13 lion
14 baby
15 Asia
16 ruler
17 oneself; you
18 one (in number)
19 hippopotamus
20 but
Answers: , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , , .
UNIT 2 39
Aspirated Consonants
k (as in kite)
t (as in tank)
p (as in punk)
ch (as in cheese)
k kiyok
t tiut
p piup
ch/t chiut
To understand what an aspirated consonant is, put your hand in front of your
lips while saying kite. You can feel a burst of air. The difference between
(an aspirated consonant) and (a simple consonant) is the amount of air you
exhale when you make the sound. When you pronounce , the amount of air
you expel is quite small. This difference is similar to that between
and , and and and .
40 UNIT 2
Examples:
cha tea; car
ka-deu card
ka-me-ra camera
ta-ja-gi typewriter
ta-i-o tire
pa-do wave
pa-ri Paris
UNIT 2 41
Task 2: Listening
You will practise the Korean consonants with the vowel ''. Draw lines
connecting two letters that you hear. Try to read them aloud on your own
before you begin. Ready? Listen!
42 UNIT 2
ae (as in Canada)
eo (as in computer)
e (as in bed)
u (as in book)
i (as in see)
oe (as in wet)
Note 1: All vowel symbols are formed by combining the following three
basic elements: depicts heaven; depicts earth; and depicts humankind.
Now practise writing them with the dummy consonant stroke by stroke:
Symbol Sound
& Name
a
eo
o
u
eu
i
ae
e
oe
UNIT 2 45
Task 3: Listening
You will practise some Korean vowels. Draw lines connecting two letters
that you hear. Try to read them aloud on your own before you begin. Ready?
Listen!
46 UNIT 2
Writing Syllables
As mentioned earlier, every syllable is written to fit into the same imaginary
square boxno matter how many characters are in the syllable. How the box
is divided up depends first on the shape of the vowel. When you look at the
pure vowels, you will see that they have a predominant shape. Thus we can
think of them as being vertical: , horizontal: , or
combined: . Have a look at how the vowel shapes the syllable:
With vertical vowels with no end consonant, the box is divided vertically in
half, with the initial consonant on the left and the vowel on the right:
With vertical vowels with an end consonant, the space for the initial
consonant and vowel is reduced to allow room underneath for the final
consonant:
With horizontal vowels with no end consonant, the box is divided in half
horizontally, with the initial consonant at the top and the vowel at the bottom:
With horizontal vowels with an end consonant, again the end consonant is
placed at the bottom. The initial consonant and vowel are pushed upwards:
UNIT 2 47
Examples:
lemon
bus
supermarket
ice cream
album
orange
juice
cassette
kangaroo
coffee
computer
taxi
tennis
television
piano
pizza
hamburger
hotel
48 UNIT 2
Task 4: Listening
Tensed Consonants
kk (as in sky)
tt (as in stop)
pp (as in spy)
ss (as in essence)
kk
ssang
giyok
tt
ssang
diut
pp
ssang
biup
jj
ssang
jieut
ss
ssang
shiot
50 UNIT 2
Examples:
tail
repeat after me
(I am) busy
Other final consonants take on one of the above seven end consonant sounds:
k () kitchen
k () cut down
t () clothes
t () bought
t () daytime
t () flower
t () end
t () the name of Korean letter
p () front
52 UNIT 2
Task 5: Listening
Combined Vowels
There are twelve combination vowels:
o + a, ae, i
wa (as in Washington) sweets
u + o, e, i
wo (as in was) what
eu + i
ui (as in can we if you say it quickly) doctor
54 UNIT 2
Now practise writing them with the dummy consonant stroke by stroke:
Symbol Sound
& Name
ya
yeo
yo
yu
yae
ye
wa
wae
wo
we
wi
ui
UNIT 2 55
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
6. 7.
56 UNIT 2
Task 7: Listening
Gabon Namibia
Nigeria Niger
Libya Madagascar
Mali Moroco
Mauritanie Mozambique
Botswana Somalia
Sudan Algeria
Angola Ethiopia
Egypt Zaire
Zambia Chad
Kenya Tanzania
In this task, you will continue to practise the alphabet using the names of
African countries. Write down the number of the country that you hear next to
the country name on the map below. Have a look at the map and read aloud
the country names before you begin. Ready? Listen!
UNIT 2 57
58 UNIT 2
Sound Shifts
1. Resyllabification
You will have noticed that some of the consonants are represented by two
roman letters, for example :k/g, : t/d and :p/b. When these consonants
end an individual syllable, we use the k, t, p set of sounds but the sound is cut
off. The same thing can happen in English. Say the words pot, pop, pock very
quickly. You will find that you dont actually make the t, p, k sounds at the
ends of the words. Your mouth goes to a position to make the sounds but
doesnt go through with it. We say that these end consonants are unreleased.
While in English you can say these words more clearly and enunciate the end
consonants, in Korean these t, k, p end consonants are always unreleased
when we say a syllable on its own.
But when we run syllables together, the end sound can shift depending on
what follows. Again the same thing applies in English. Say the following
sentences quickly, and with a bit of a drawl:
When you say these quickly, you always sound the k, t, and p at the end of
look, sit and drop. But the sound can also slide: k to g, t to d and p to b. If
you say these consonants in pairs, you will see that the way you use your
mouth to make them is very close. So when you talk quickly, it is very easy to
slide from one to the other. Another example is the phrase sit down. When
you say it quickly, it naturally becomes siddown. It takes more effort to
make distinct t and d sounds and you have to talk more slowly.
UNIT 2 59
People generally like to speak quickly, and the sound shift allows that with
minimum effort. Look at the Korean word for think:
. Saeng-kak-hae-yo.
The romanization represents the pronunciation if you say it very slowly, one
syllable at a time. Practise these separately and then say them quickly,
running them together. You will find that the sounds shift a bit and a smooth
and natural pronunciation is saenggakaeyo.
2. Consonant assimilation
The nasal consonants are and . To keep pronunciation easy and flowing
some consonants get changed before these two consonants as shown below:
k/g based sounds become ng, like in English singer (not sin-ger)
, , sound
Examples
Spelling Pronunciation
also has its own assimilation rules. If and come together, the
wins (dont say the at all). It means the n BECOMES an l. If comes
before an or y sound the sound is doubled. More of an l sound
than an r sound.
Examples
Spelling Pronunciation
3. Tensification
The following shows the difference between untensed and tensed consonants
in Korean:
Untensed Tensed
Sometimes its easier to tense a consonant when its before another strong
consonant, rather than assimilating it like we did with the nasal consonants
and .
Examples
Spelling Pronunciation
62 UNIT 2
Examples
Spelling Pronunciation
Softer Harder
Examples
Spelling Pronunciation
UNIT 2 63
You dont have to think of these sound shifts as a set of rules that you must
learn. If you practise saying the syllables quickly, running them together, the
reason for the shifts will become obvious, and eventually altering your
pronunciation in this way will become natural.
Pronouncing Korean is relatively easy because, apart from these sound shifts,
Korean words sound the way they look. As you will be introduced to new
words, sentences, and the like, through printed text, it is important that you
devote some time to learning Hangeul.
64 UNIT 2
Capital Cities
a. b. c.
d. e. f.
g. h.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
UNIT 2 65
Capital Cities
a. b. c.
d. e. f.
g. h. i.
j. k. l. (Paris)
m.
1. 8.
2. / 9. (Japan)
4. 11.
5. (USA) 12.
6. (England) 13. /
7.
66 UNIT 2
Classroom Expressions
. Listen carefully.
Jal deureuseyo.
. Please read.
Ilgeo boseyo
? Do you understand?
Algesseoyo?
, . Yes, I understand.
Ne, algesseoyo.
. Ive forgotten.
Ijeobeoryeonneundeyo.
. Try it again.
Dasi hanbeon hae boseyo
. Thats correct.
Majasseoyo.
a ya eo yeo o yo u yu eu i
/ng
ch
h
70 UNIT 2
a ae ya yae eo e yeo ye o wa
kk
tt
pp
ss
/ng
jj
ch
h
UNIT 2 71
wae oe yo u wo we wi yu eu ui i
kk
tt
pp
ss
/ng
jj
ch
h
72 UNIT 2
3
?
Unit Focus:
Discussing Likes and Dislikes
o Style of Speech
o Word Order
o Yes/No Questions
o Saying Yes and No
o Vocabulary: Food
o Negative Question Usage
o Spaces Between Words
74 UNIT 3 ?
UNIT 3 ? 75
Situation Dialogue 1
Minjuns Korean friend Hyeonu is picking him up at Melbourne airport.
: , .
: , . , . ?
: , . , ?
: .
: .
: , .
Vocabulary
/ casual ending for addressing a person with their first name.
is used when the persons name ends in a vowel, and is
used for a consonant: and .
here
76 UNIT 3 ?
oh; yeah
indeed
been well
you
not
tired
okay
bag
give
no/nah
heavy
Note: At this stage you do not need to understand all the grammar presented
in the situation dialogues. It will be helpful to memorise expressions even
though you may not understand how they are constructed.
UNIT 3 ? 77
Style of Speech
You have seen that Korean has different styles of speech depending on the
relationship between the speakers. The four most commonly used are:
1) ?
2) ?
3) ?
4) ?
Styles (1) and (2) are honorific and are used when you need to be polite. Style
(1) is also formal. Style (4) is used among close friends or when you speak to
younger family members. Style (3) is polite and informal. This is used when
you talk informally to people you dont know well who are of similar status to
you. It is also used when you speak to people you feel close to, if they are a bit
older than you and their social status is higher than yours.
Situation Dialogue 2
Hyeonu is showing Minjun around Melbourne and it is about lunch time.
: ?
: ... .
: ? ?
: .
: , .
Vocabulary
hungry what
not pizza
yeah; oh like
a little of course
Word Order
Language has a structure. Look at the examples below:
a) I like pizza.
b) I pizza like.
The obvious difference between them is the order of the words. Why dont
people say sentence (b)? English sentences follow a basic
Subject-Verb-Object pattern as in (a). The Korean pattern is
Subject-Object-Verb as in (b). The verb always comes at the end of the
sentence.
I like pizza
Now, lets say I like pizza in Korean. (subject) comes first, and then
(object) second, and (verb) last. Therefore, I like pizza in
Korean is:
1) .
UNIT 3 ? 81
2) .
3) .
4) .
Before we go on any further, we have to learn one more thing about the above
sentence pattern. When we talk about ourselves, we usually add a topic
particle to (I) or (we). Therefore, sentences (1) - (4) could be
changed as follows:
82 UNIT 3 ?
Yes/No Questions
In the previous section we learnt how to make a simple statement such as
. Turning this into a question is quite simple. You just say
? with a rising intonation.
. I like pizza.
You may be asking what has happened to the pronoun you in the question
form. As mentioned in Unit 1 Introducing Yourself, the equivalent Korean
pronouns of I, you, he/she, it and they are normally omitted when it is
obvious in context to whom or what you are referring. In particular, the
Korean pronoun for you is hardly ever used, unless the speakers are very
close. To use it in any other situation is very insulting. The most common
strategy when you are addressing someone is either to omit a subject
altogether, or to use the persons name instead.
For example:
If you dont like pizza, you can just say (no) to your friend. You can also
add the verb, but in this case you have to use the negative of the verb (just as
in English you say no, I dont) which you can form by putting the negative
particle right before the verb as in the dialogue below.
Vocabulary: Food
(Fruit)
apple strawberry
orange watermelon
grape grapefruit
pear peach
tomato persimmon
(Vegetables)
potato cabbage
mushroom cucumber
carrot onion
(Beverages)
cola ginseng tea
coffee beer
tea brandy
water whisky
UNIT 3 ? 85
/ (Meat/Seafood)
fish beef
crab lamb/mutton
chicken pork
(Other)
cheese / biscuit
bread doughnut
cake rice
sandwich egg
86 UNIT 3 ?
?
What are Koreans favourite foods?
Food Response
22.7 %
17.5 %
16.2 %
8.2 %
5.4 %
?
What are Koreans favourite drinks?
Drink Response
65.7 %
29.5 %
21.2 %
17.7 %
13.5 %
9.7 %
(Soft Drinks) 8.6 %
(Energy Drinks) 6.6 %
(Sports Drinks) 6.2 %
(Source: http://news.empas.com/show.tsp/20040616n07295/?s=259&e=437)
UNIT 3 ? 87
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
(fruit shop): , .
(vegetable shop): .
(bakery): .
(butcher): .
88 UNIT 3 ?
UNIT 3 ? 89
Situation Dialogue 3
Hyeonu and Minjun go to a pizza shop.
: .
: , ? ?
: . .
Vocabulary
Lets go in. [+] you
you dislike
olive(s) yeah; oh
like [+] I
why
90 UNIT 3 ?
A good strategy for avoiding the yes/no problem is to just answer the
question with a straight statement. For example, (Im hungry).
UNIT 3 ? 91
. I like pizza.
. Ilikepizza.
. I l i k e p i z z a.
As you can see above, sentences are harder to read with no spaces between
the words. The spacing is made more obvious on the hand writing sheet
shown below.
.
?
92 UNIT 3 ?
Task 3: ?
Move around the classroom asking your classmates if they like the foods
below.
[ EXAMPLE DIALOGUE]
A: ?
B: , [ . ]
A: ?
B: [ . ]
UNIT 3 ? 93
Task 4: Writing
You are being asked about what foods you like and dislike. Write your
answers to the following questions according to the preferences provided
below. Use the examples 1, 2 and 7 as a model.
1. ? , . .
2. ? . .
3. ? .
4. ? .
5. ? .
6. ? .
7. ? . .
8. ? .
9. ? .
10. ? .
94 UNIT 3 ?
Task 5: Listening
(EXPONENT)
A ? Do you like A?
(ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY)
child yes no
You will hear a teacher asking what sort of food Korean children like these
days. Put a mark 'O' next to the food they like and a mark 'X' next to the food
they do not like. Ready? Listen!
1 2 3
4
?
Unit Focus:
Asking People Where They Are Going
o Vocabulary: Places
o ()? as a Greeting
o Destination Particle + to
o Topic Particle +/
o Coming & Going: , ,
96 UNIT 4 ?
UNIT 4 ? 97
Situation Dialogue 1
Jihun and Mineo are on campus at university.
: , ?
: .
: , ? . .
: , .
Vocabulary
/ casual ending for addressing a person with their first name
where
go
library
go + lets
98 UNIT 4 ?
Vocabulary: Places
home library
school hospital
restaurant market
shop () supermarket
toilet office
pharmacy cinema
DVD +
meeting (formal) meeting / date
class
UNIT 4 ? 99
()? as a Greeting
In Australian English we often say How are you going as a greeting, but its
not a very serious question and a simple good or not bad is enough to reply
politely, even if youve had a really bad day. Similarly, Koreans use ?
(Are you going somewhere?) as a greeting. You dont need to give a specific
answer and can just say , ... (Yeah, just somewhere...)
Note that the intonation pattern changes for depending on whether you
are using it as where? or somewhere as shown in the diagram below:
When we use ? as Where are you going?, the intonation of the last
syllable rises slightly and then falls. On the other hand, when we use
? as Are you going somewhere?, the intonation of the last syllable
rises steeply.
If you cant differentiate between these two questions, the best strategy is to
just reply ... (Just somewhere...) because someone who is not very
close to you will not ask Where are you going? in Korean.
100 UNIT 4 ?
[ EXAMPLE DIALOGUE]
A: [ name ], ?
B: [ place ].
A: , ? /. .
B: , .
home library
school hospital
restaurant market
shop supermarket
toilet office
pharmacy cinema
Situation Dialogue 2
Minseo and Jihun are at a bus stop near university.
: , ?
: .
: , ?
: ?
: .
: .
: .
Vocabulary
where
go
[ you +/ too ]
Note: In Korean, Where are you going? is not always answered with the
location of the place youre going to, but sometimes also the purpose. For
example, instead of saying to the pool, when someone asks where you are
going, you might just say to swim:
A: ?
B: . (Instead of )
UNIT 4 ? 105
Destination Particle + to
When you want to say that you are going somewhere, you can say:
Place+ ()
1) . Im going to school.
[ EXAMPLE DIALOGUE]
A: [ name ], ?
B: [ place ].
A: , ?
B: ?
A: [ place ] .
B: .
A: /.
home library
school hospital
bank city
restaurant market
post office bookshop
shop supermarket
airport department store
toilet office
coffee shop pub
theatre mart
pharmacy cinema
UNIT 4 ? 107
Task 3: Listening
(EXPONENT)
? Where are you going?
(ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY)
school bank
restaurant post office
home shop
toilet coffee shop
- also together
1.(Thomas) a. school
2.(Susan) b. restaurant
4.(Amanda) d. home
6.(male) f. shop
7.(male) g. bank
Topic Particle +/
When the topic particle +/ is added to a noun, its general meaning is like
the English as for (noun) or with regard to (noun). +/ can be used in
many ways. In this section we will use it to describe what one person (or one
subject) is doing in contrast to another.
Examples:
1) . Paul is studying Korean.
. I am studying sociology.
3) . Paul is an Australian.
. Sumi is a Korean.
Situation Dialogue 3
Paul sees Hyeonu on campus.
: , ?
: ! . ?
: .
: ? !
Vocabulary
go + a very casual question ending often used among boys
swimming pool
If you meet some classmates in the street and they ask where you are going,
you reply (I am going home). However if speaking on the phone
to someone who is at home, a Korean will say (I am going
home), whereas in English you would say, I am coming home now. This is
because in Korean the use of and depends on your location (the
speakers location), rather than the location of the person to whom you are
speaking.
a. b. c.
d. e. f.
g. h. i.
j. k. l.
m. m. o.
p. q. r.
Task 5: Writing
Here is a list of items you need to find. Underneath is a list of useful telephone
numbers from a Korean community information booklet. Write down where
you can obtain the items. The first one is done for you.
1. (dictionary) or
2.
4.
5.
6.
8. (stamp)
9. (newspaper)
10.
905-2230 227-3479
432-1110 357-5531
823-2743 248-8624
364-1336 369-1128
293-2010 262-7736
337-2766 805-9230
915-4340
5
?
Unit Focus:
Talking About What You Are Doing
Talking About Your Daily Routine
Situation Dialogue 1
Minseo is at the library when she receives a call from Jihun.
: ?
: . , ?
: .
: . .
: , . .
Vocabulary
now no reason
? what do +? very busy
casual question ending
often used among boys
report (often pronounced as quickly
)
write say; speak
by the way; but nah
why rest of + do
118 UNIT 5 ?
Verb endings are quite similar to the English present tense, as in I study or
she studies. However, it is also used to indicate an action that is going on at
present, as in I am studying at the moment (as well as I am studying at
Monash University this year).
1) Casual form
If the last vowel of the stem is () or (): +
+ live/lives/is living
+ go/goes/ is going ( already has
and no final consonant, so you dont need to add )
When there is no final consonant, the vowels are usually combined into one
syllable:
+ come/comes/is coming
+ give/gives/is giving
UNIT 5 ? 119
This rule is useful when you look up unknown words in the dictionary. Dont
worry too much about having to remember these rules. The best way at this
stage is to memorize both stem and ending together.
2) Polite form
Polite form is constructed in the same way as casual form except that you
add at the end.
+ +
+ +
Refer to the verb table on the following pages to see the three different forms
for a range of verbs.
120 UNIT 5 ?
borrow (books) () - + ()
clean (house) () - ()
dance () - + ()
draw (drawing) () - + ()
drink (juice) () - + ()
do (homework) () - ()
get married -
dislike -
give - +
have (money) () - + ()
kiss -
like -
listen to (music) () - + () *
love -
() () () ? () ?
() () () ? () ?
() () () ? () ?
() () () ? () ?
() () () ? () ?
() () * () ? () ?
() () ()? ()?
() () * () ? () ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
() () () ? () ?
() () () ? () ?
? ?
? ?
() * () * () ? () ?
? ?
? ?
122 UNIT 5 ?
play tennis - +
put on (clothes) () - + ()
read (book) () - + ()
rest - +
shop -
sing -
sleep () - (+) ()
study -
take a photo - +
watch (television) () - + ()
work -
withdraw (money) () - + ()
smoke (cigarettes) () - + ()
UNIT 5 ? 123
() () () ? () ?
? ?
() () () ? () ?
() () () ? () ?
? ?
() () () ? () ?
? ?
? ?
() () () ? () ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
() () () ()
? ?
() () () ()
? ?
? ?
() () () ? () ?
() () () ? () ?
() () () ? () ?
124 UNIT 5 ?
The +? ending is more blunt and tends to be used more by males and the
less blunt +?form is used more by females. The rule for constructing these
forms is quite simple: Verb stem +?/+? as shown in the verb table in the
previous pages.
UNIT 5 ? 125
What
Asking questions such as What do you like? or What are you doing now?
is very simple in Korean. The counterpart of what is . But you have to
remember that in Korean the pronoun you is usually omitted when it is
obvious who you are referring to. Therefore, we just put ? after
as follows:
You can ask What are you doing now? in the same way. The counterpart of
are doing in Korean is . But to be polite to your classmates well use
.
[ Example Dialogue]
A: ?
B: [ . ] , ?
A: .
UNIT 5 ? 127
Task 2: Listening
(EXPONENT)
? What are you doing now?
(Something) Verb stem + /. I'm (verb)ing (something).
Noun + . I'm doing Noun .
(ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY)
study telephone
eat listen
read sleep
drink put on
meet sing
dance see or watch
song television
friend clothes
juice book
music apple
You are going to hear a dialogue that describes various activities. Write down the letter of
the picture that describes what you hear. Ready? Listen!
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Situation Dialogue 2
Minjun and Hyeonu are on campus talking about plans for the coming
Saturday.
: ?
: ?1 .
: ? 2
: .
: ?
: .
Vocabulary
this
Saturday
on
what
on/at/to + emphasis
130 UNIT 5 ?
restaurant
in; at
well then
Sunday
yet; still
plan
Note 2: is used in front of the noun that you are asking about and means
what (movie)?, what kind of (person)?, which (colour)?. You need to
be very careful not to use (what) in these cases because what and what
something in Korean are different.
However, instead of Noun?, you can also use the form Noun ? for
the same effect as shown in the dialogue below:
A: ?
B: .
A: ? (instead of ?)
B: .
UNIT 5 ? 131
132 UNIT 5 ?
midday
evening
night
am
pm
last week
this week
next week
weekend
weekdays
weekday / workday
public holiday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
last year
/ this year
next year
semester
UNIT 5 ? 133
However, there are a few time words that are used without +:
(today) (now)
(tomorrow)
When two or more time words are used together, the time particle + is
attached to the last one only:
. tomorrow morning.
134 UNIT 5 ?
Location Particle + in or at
+ is used to indicate where an activity takes place. It is equivalent to the
English in or at when used in relation to an activity. This is a distinction
that English does not make, so try to remember that when an activity is
involved, use +, not +.
Examples:
1) . I am buying a pair of trousers
in the department store.
2) I am studying Korean
. at Monash University.
[ ]
A: (usually) ?
B: [ . ]
[ . ]
?
136 UNIT 5 ?
Task 4: Writing
Complete the dialogues using the pictures.
1) : (usually) ?
: .
: .
2) : ?
: .
: .
.
UNIT 5 ? 137
3) : ?
: .
4) : ?
: .
.
138 UNIT 5 ?
Task 5: Writing
Fill in an appropriate place name for the activities below.
1) .
2) .
3) .
4) .
5) .
6) .
7) .
8) .
9) .
10) .
11) .
12) .
13) .
14) .
15) .
16) .
17) .
18) .
19) .
20) .
UNIT 5 ? 139
Task 6: Writing
Write your answers to the following questions according to the information
below. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 have been done for you.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .
9. .
10. .
11. .
12. .
13. .
14. .
15. .
16. .
17. .
140 UNIT 5 ?
UNIT 5 ? 141
Situation Dialogue 3
Minjun sees Hyeonu talking to Paul and asks who Paul is.
: . ?
: . .
: ? ?
: .
: ?
: .
Vocabulary
Korean language
who
() is (casual ending)
() with
economics
together
? Yeah?
class
What is it like?
not
test
too
homework
English Korean
How is class? (class) (how is)?
It (the class) is hard. ( class) (is hard).
Examples:
1) A: ? Hows the Korean class?
B: . Its all right.
[ Example Dialogue]
A: [ ] ?
B: [ . ].
A: [ ]? / [ ]?
B: [ / . ] .
difficult
hard
easy
interesting
not interesting
UNIT 5 ? 145
1) Casual form
If the last vowel of the stem is () or (): +
+ fine (weather)
+ inexpensive ( already has
and no final consonant, so you dont need to
add )
+ bad (When the stem ends in the vowel ,
it is dropped. This makes in the last
vowel.)
So far, the rule is the exactly same to that for verbs. However, here you will
learn an irregular ending used more frequently in adjectives, which is used
when the stem ends in.
Note: is much more common than , so at this stage you only need to
focus on .
2) Polite form
Polite form is constructed in the same way as casual form except that you
add at the end.
+ + inexpensive
+ + interesting
UNIT 5 ? 147
Dont worry too much about having to remember these rules. The best way at
this stage is to memorize both stem and ending together, as mentioned earlier.
Refer to the adjective table on the following pages to see the three different
forms for a range of adjectives.
148 UNIT 5 ?
bad - drop +
beautiful - drop +
boring - +
busy - drop +
inexpensive - +
cold - drop +
cute - drop +
delicious - +
difficult - drop +
easy - drop +
expensive - +
fun (enjoyable) - +
good - +
good-looking - +*
hate/dislike - +
numerous - +
pretty - drop +
sick - drop +
tasteless - +
UNIT 5 ? 149
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ?
? ?
? ?
? ?
? ? ?
Note: Those with the question mark ? are used only in questions.
150 UNIT 5 ?
/ but; however
so; therefore
Examples:
1) A: ? Whatcha doing?
B: . ? Writing an assignment. Why?
. So I am really busy.
UNIT 5 ? 151
Task 8: Writing
You are conducting market research. Make your own questionnaire about
what people do on weekends. The first two are done for you.
(Questionnaire)
(age):
(occupation):
1. ?
2. ?
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
!
152 UNIT 5 ?
6
?
Unit Focus:
Talking About the Time
Making Appointments
Talking About Class Timetables
o Suggestions 1: + Let's
o from till
Situation Dialogue 1
Minjun asks Hyeonu if he wants to have lunch after class.
: ?
: .
: ?
: .
: ?
: .
: .
.
: . .
Vocabulary
today
morning; a.m. + in
156 UNIT 6 ?
class
yep
at what time?
oclock
lunch
eat + lets
yeah; really
Destination particle +
. Im going to uni.
Location particle +
. Im studying Korean
at Monash.
Time Particle +
. I have an exam
tomorrow morning.
Topic particle +/
. Im a Monash student.
158 UNIT 6 ?
Examples:
1) A: ? What type of movie do you like?
B: . Action movies.
B: . A novel.
B: . Its nothing.
Note that can also mean any depending on its context as in (5).
() where
when
who
German chemistry
French physics
Chinese economics
Japanese politics
English geography
examination law
/ essay linguistics
160 UNIT 6 ?
one oclock
two oclock
three oclock
four oclock
five oclock
six oclock
seven oclock
eight oclock
nine oclock
ten oclock
eleven oclock
twelve oclock
Pure Korean numbers are also used to express a duration of a certain number
of hours:
two hours
four and a half hours
UNIT 6 ? 161
B: . Shes sixteen.
.
Note 1: is pronounced myeon-myeong-i-e-yo.
Note 2: is pronounced myeo-dweol.
162 UNIT 6 ?
Task 1: Listening
(EXPONENT)
? What time is it now?
(ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY)
Pure Korean numbers up to 12
[ Example Dialogue]
: [ / ] /?
: .
: [ / ]?
: [ / ]
: ?
: [ . ]
/
Time Name Subject/ Type of Work
8:00 - 9:00
9:00 -10:00
10:00 -11:00
11:00 -12:00
12:00 - 1:00
1:00 - 2:00
2:00 - 3:00
3:00 - 4:00
4:00 - 5:00
164 UNIT 6 ?
Suggestions 1: + Lets
When you want to make a suggestion that involves both you and the person
you are talking to in a casual style, add the ending + to the verb stem:
Verb Stem +
1) . Lets go together.
6) . Lets eat.
Situation Dialogue 2
Jihun asks Minseo whether she wants to go hagwon after class.
: ?
: .
: ?
: .
: .
?
: , .
Vocabulary
today
afternoon; p.m. + in
class
have; there is
168 UNIT 6 ?
what time
three oclock
from
five oclock
until
me + too
together
Shall?
yeah; indeed
from till
When we want to show a starting point in time, we add the particle + to
the starting time. For the finishing time we add +.
. until 4.
. till Wednesday.
170 UNIT 6 ?
[ Example Dialogue]
A: [ / ] ?
B: /.
A: ?
B: [ ] [ ]
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
7 - 11 8 - 10 9 - 12 10 - 12
[ ]
A: [ ] ?
B: [ ]?
(of course).
A: , [ ] ?
B: , .
() Korean food
Italian food
French food
() Chinese food
() Japanese food
/ Thai food
Indian food
UNIT 6 ? 173
174 UNIT 6 ?
UNIT 6 ? 175
Situation Dialogue 3
Paul wants Hyeonu to study with him tomorrow.
: ?
: ?
: ?
: .
: .
?
: . .
Vocabulary
today
in the afternoon
176 UNIT 6 ?
hours; time
have; there is
until late
class
tomorrow
topic particle
okay
we
together
two oclock + at
library
good; (okay)
See
UNIT 6 ? 177
Role A:
You are arranging a time to meet a friend tomorrow. Check the schedule you
have been given by your teacher to see when you are free. You start the
conversation.
Role B:
You are arranging a time to meet a friend tomorrow. Check the schedule you
have been given by your teacher to see when you are free. You partner starts
the conversation.
[ ]
A: [ ] ?
B: [ ] ? . [ . ]
A: [ ]?
B: [ ] .
YOUR SCHEDULE
9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
178 UNIT 6 ?
Task 6: Listening
(EXPONENT)
A ? Have you got A?
. It's O.K.
. It's fine.
(ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY)
time today tomorrow
1
(Thomas) 2 (male)
3
4
(Susan) 5 (female)
6
7
(Paul) 8 (female)
9
10
(Amanda) 11 (male)
12
UNIT 6 ? 179
[ ]
A: [ ] (any plan) ?
B: , ?
A: (shall we see)?
B: ? (great).
A: ?
B: [ movie title ] ?
A: . ?
B: [ hour ] [ place ] (in front) ?
A: , . [ ] .
Task 8: Listening
(EXPONENT)
A ? Have you got A?
, A . No, I haven't got A.
A ? How about A?
. It's O.K.
. It's fine.
(ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY)
Monday Tuesday Wednesday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
UNIT 6 ? 181
Monday afternoon
Tuesday birthday
Thursday appointment
Saturday year
Sunday time
tomorrow oclock
morning class
182 UNIT 6 ?
Korean economics
English
linguistics
German
Chinese
Japanese
Korean history
mathematics
politics
physics
geography
UNIT 6 ? 183
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
184 UNIT 6 ?
B: (Hello)?
A: . .
B: (I see). (Thanks).
UNIT 6 ? 185
2) A: .
B: ? ?
A: .
B: .
3) A: .
B: ? ?
A: .
B: .
4) A: .
B: ?
A: .
B: . .
186 UNIT 6 ?
7
?
Unit Focus:
Talking about Past Events
Situation Dialogue 1
Hyeonu introduces his friend, Kim Minjun, to Paul.
: , ?
: ?
: , .
: . .
: , .
: ?
Vocabulary
, oh; yeah
a long time
+ waited
nah
me too; I also
a moment ago
introduce
my friend
name
here
exchange student + as
from (a person)
a conversation; chat
a lot
Note: In English we say come from ... using the present tense (). But in
Korean we have to use the past tense () since the act occurred in the
past.
UNIT 7 ? 191
1) Casual form
You have already learnt the present tense ending +/. To create a past
tense verb or adjective, simply use the past tense ending +/ instead:
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
2) Polite form
Polite form is constructed in the same way as casual from except that you add
at the end.
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
+
+
+
UNIT 7 ? 193
+ met
+ went
+ came
+ was busy
+ was smart
+ read
+ was funy
+ was good
beautiful
+ delete + was/were
cute
194 UNIT 7 ?
You also need to remember a special set of specifically honorific verbs and
adjectives:
ate
Was (there)
spoke; said
slept
passed away
was/were ill
UNIT 7 ? 195
A: , ?
B: ?
A: , .
B: . . [ name ].
A: , [ name ].
C: ? [ name ] .
196 UNIT 7 ?
Task 2: Listening
(EXPONENT)
/ ? Where/Which country do you come from?
A(region) . I'm from A.
A ? Which area in A are you from?
(ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY)
which country where + from
came China Australia U.K.
Germany France Japan
You are going to hear an immigration officer asking people what country
they come from. Choose the picture that shows the nationality that you hear
and write the number of the dialogue in the top row of the table. Ready?
Listen!
[ 1] [ 2]
A: ? A: ?
B: . B: .
A: ? A: ?
B: . B: .
198 UNIT 7 ?
Task 4: Listening
(EXPONENT)
? What did (you) do?
(ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY)
yesterday when
- with(people) and
- in () ate dinner
() slept did
friend () rang
television
() saw a movie
UNIT 7 ? 199
There was a murder last night. A detective questions each member of the
victim's household about his or her activities on the night of the murder.
Listen carefully and note down each person's activities in the appropriate
spaces on the time grid. You can either use the letter which corresponds to
each activity or the underlined words as shown in the notes from the first
dialogue. Ready? Listen!
a. () . b. () .
c. () . d. () .
e. () . f. () .
g. () . h. () .
i. .
7 8 8 9 9 10 1011 11 12
1. b c d a
Mary
2.
Tom
3.
Harry
4.
Jane
200 UNIT 7 ?
UNIT 7 ? 201
Situation Dialogue 2
Hyeonu and Paul talk about why they havent finished their assignments.
: ?
: , . ?
: .
: .
: ? ?
: . .
Vocabulary
assignment; essay; report (often pronounced as )
all; in total
nah
yet; still
couldnt do
you
me too; I also
yesterday
until late
friend
birthday party
had/there was + Its because
but; by the way
why
+ finished
a cold
because of
several + day(s)
continuously
. + was sick
? Really? (Lit. Is that so?)
now
+ got better
UNIT 7 ? 203
Examples:
1) . There was a party next door.
. last night.
Note 2: Note that in examples 4, in English we use the word didnt rather
than the word couldnt. But in Korean, if there is some external reason why
you did not do something, you always use the particle . When you use the
particle it implies that you intentionally chose not to do something. Thus,
is used far more often than can not is used in English.
1. . . .
2. (I had a cold).
(therefore) ________ .
3. . ________ .
4. (want to buy).
(but) (money) . ________ .
5. (yet) ______ .
.
6. (busy). _______ .
8. (sings well).
______ .
10. .
______ .(send a text message / SMS).
206 UNIT 7 ?
[ ]
A: ?
B: . .
Excuse English
2 I slept.
3 I was sick.
5 My computer crashed.
Situation Dialogue 3
Minseos mum asks whether she has already eaten when she comes home.
: .
: ? .
: ?
: .
: ?
: , .
: ? ?
: ! . .
Vocabulary
a little while ago
in the afternoon
++ called....(see note 1)
that time
+ in the library
dinner
+ ate
yeah
alone
nah
friend + with
who
boyfriend
Mum
. nah
and; with
Note 1: When Minseos mother tells Minseo she called this afternoon, she
uses the verb ending . This places an emphasis on her action. If
she had just said , it would describe what she did but with a
nuance indicating that it was no big deal.
UNIT 7 ? 211
1) . 1 .
Sumi is listening to music. And Cheolmin is reading a book.
2) . .
Sumi ate her dinner. And then she went out again.
The sentences can describe two independent actions as in the first example, or
two actions in a time sequence as in the second example. Note that when the
subjects of the two sentences are different, you use the particle +/ since
you are contrasting them as in 1).
As in English, you can also combine these sentences and make them into one.
To do this, instead of using , you add the ending + to the first verb:
3) 2 .
Sumis listening to music and Cheolmins reading a book.
4) .
Sumi ate her dinner and went out again.
Even though the two sentences in 4) are past tense, when we join them with
+, we dont use the past tense form in the first clause, but only in the final
clause. The ending + carries the grammatical function of past tense from
the final verb to the first verb, so it is just added to the verb stem.
UNIT 7 ? 213
5) .
That restaurant is cheap and the food is delicious.
As you can see from example 5), you can also use + to link clauses that end
in an adjective, and the rule is exactly the same as for verbs.
More examples:
6) .
I played the piano and my younger sister sang.
7) .
Yesterday I watched TV at home and then I studied.
8) .
I met a friend and then I came home about 6 oclock.
9) .
I came back home after eating dinner.
(This structure can also be used to emphasise that you did not just do
the second action, but did something first. For example, a mother might
ask her son Have you had dinner? upon his arrival at home in the
evening, to which he could reply . to emphasise that he
ate before coming home.)
Three ands: +, +,
.
. (short and fat)
. .
UNIT 7 ? 215
[ ]
A: ?
B: () . ?
216 UNIT 7 ?
Task 8: Reading
Read and translate this letter wrote to his teacher after he arrived in
Korea.
,
.
.
9 1 .
. !
.
! .
.
.
10 .
........
9 1 .
.
2008 9 10
UNIT 7 ? 217
Task 9: Reading
Read the following text and write about your holidays.
. .
.
. Rain .
.
. (Valentines Day)
. Rainy day .
.
. !
218 UNIT 7 ?
a. j.
b. k.
c. / l.
d. / m.
e. n.
f. o.
g. p.
h. . q.
i. r.
Unit Focus:
Ordering in a Caf or Restaurant
Situation Dialogue 1
Hyeonu is very thirsty and looking for a cold beer.
: ?
: . .
, .
: .
: ?
: ? .
.
: ~ .
.
Vocabulary
? came; got here
weather
water
drink
instead of
+ cool; refreshing
beer
just; simply
Examples:
1) A: ? Do you have any grapes?
B: , . Yes, we do.
You can see from the latter examples that this phrase has a wide application
not just asking for things in shops.
224 UNIT 8
Role A:
You are cooking for a party and find out that youve forgotten to buy the
items below. Ask each of your neighbours in turn if they have what you need,
until you have borrowed all of the items.
Role B:
Divide up the six items below with your fellow neighbours. This is all that
you have to lend.
[ EXAMPLE DIALOGUE]
A: [ ] ?
B: , . / .
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
Note: When B replies that s/he doesnt have the item, s/he uses the term
. Although the meaning is the same as , the ending is softer
and more polite. Pronunciation: eom-neun-de-yo.
UNIT 8 225
Task 2: Writing
Answer the questions about what is in the refrigerator according to the
picture. The first two have been done for you.
1. A: ?
B: , .
2. A: ?
B: .
3. A: ?
B:
4: A: ?
B:
5. A: ?
B:
6. A: ?
B:
7. A: ?
B:
8. A: ?
B:
9. A: ?
B:
10. A: ?
B:
226 UNIT 8
Task 3: Listening
(EXPONENT)
A(things) ? Have we got A?
(ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY)
yes no apple
orange juice
You will hear Susan ask whether or not the following items are in the
fridge. However, is quite playful. She does not always tell the truth.
Mark TRUE or FALSE according to whether or not she tells the truth.
Ready? Listen!
UNIT 8 227
(TRUE) (FALSE)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
228 UNIT 8
UNIT 8 229
Situation Dialogue 2
Minseo and Jihun are at a coffee shop and Minseo wants to have Patbingsu.
: ?
: . , .
: ?
Vocabulary
what
will drink
ice coffee
will eat
nah; nup; no
Just a moment
customer; guest
today
(please) give
me too; I also
two cups
polite ending
*When using this pattern, the sentence subject must be I, we or you and
cannot be she, he, or they.
Examples:
1) A: ? What will you drink?
A: ?
B: [ ]. , [ ] . ?
A: [ ].
(Beverages)
cola
beer
milk
orange juice
coffee
tea
water
whisky
black tea
ginseng tea
/ soft drinks
green tea
UNIT 8 235
B: , .
[ ] .
A: ... [ ] .
Note: ... ? means Is... available? but it can also be used for Is...
allowed and is used in the phrase ? (Can I pay by card?).
is the formal style version of .
(Beverages)
cola
beer
milk
orange juice
coffee
tea
water
whisky
black tea
ginseng tea
/ soft drinks
green tea
236 UNIT 8
Counting Nouns
Korean commonly uses counting nouns for counting objects with numbers.
An example of a counting noun, (oclock), was introduced in unit 6. An
example of an English counting noun is the word cup when we say Ill have
two cups of coffee rather than Ill have two coffees.
The use of counting nouns in English is very limited. However, Korean has a
wide range of different counting nouns. can be used with most objects,
though it must not be used for people.
The list below shows the counting nouns that you are most likely to need in
everyday conversation, so you should memorise these.
This list shows less frequently used counting nouns and is provided for you to
refer to when necessary.
Task 6: Writing
Compile a shopping list from the information on the right. Make sure you use
the appropriate counting nouns. The first one has been done for you.
oranges 3
apples 2
eggs 10
beer 5
whisky 1
cakes 4
bread 1
carrots 7
240 UNIT 8
Task 7: Writing
You need to buy the items in the box for a party:
(Dialogue) 1: (1st )
: .
: ?
: , .
: ?
: .
: , .
2: (2nd )
: .
: ?
: , .
: , .
UNIT 8 241
3: (1st )
: .
: ?
: , .
: , .
?
: . .
: , .
4: (2nd )
: .
: ?
: , .
: , .
?
: , .
: , .
?
: .
5: (3rd )
: .
: ?
: , .
: , .
242 UNIT 8
Task 8: Listening
(EXPONENT)
A(things) ? Have you got A?
A /. I have/haven't got A.
(ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY)
yes no
then apple
bread coke
whisky beer
brandy orange juice
- general item counting noun - bottle counting noun
1. ; in a fruit shop
2. ; in a small supermarket
3. ; in a bottle shop
UNIT 8 243
244 UNIT 8
UNIT 8 245
Situation Dialogue 3
Minjun, Hyeonu and Paul are at a Korean restaurant in Melbourne.
: . ?
: .
: .
Vocabulary
. Welcome (Lit. Please come in right away)
three people
? is it?
this way
. (please) come
one
kimchi stew
two
meat
. (please) give
here
water
one cup
only
needed thing
no
okay
yes
248 UNIT 8
.(informal)
! (polite) I will be enjoying the meal. (You say this
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20
Examples:
1) . Please give me one apple.
2) . Two lattes, please.
3) . Ill have three coffees.
4) . Ill have four hamburgers.
Note that the object does not change to a plural form when there is more than
one, unlike in English.
UNIT 8 251
20 30 40 50
60 70 80 90
252 UNIT 8
10
UNIT 8 253
You are going to hear pure Korean numbers from 1 to 10. Circle the
number that you hear. Ready? Listen!
You are going to hear the numbers again. However, this time write down
the number that you hear, if possible, in Korean. Ready? Listen!
19. 20.
254 UNIT 8
thirteen fourteen
fifteen sixteen
seventeen eighteen
nineteen twenty
You are going to hear pure Korean numbers from 11 to 20. Circle the
number that you hear. Ready? Listen!
Role B: Customer
You are ordering fast food for you and your friends. Decide the quantities of
each item that you will order from the menu below and write it down. Order
the items from the shop assistant.
[ ]
A: 1. ? (What can I get you?)
B: .
A: , , ?
_
256 UNIT 8
Note that there is no space between the first noun and the particle, but there is
a space between the particle and the second noun (not , but
). We use + most often in conversation.
Examples:
1) : . Please give me a coke and a coffee.
: , . Certainly, here you are.
2) A: ? When do you have Korean classes?
B: . On Mondays and Wednesdays.
3) . I bought bread and milk.
4) Independent Film Bread and Milk,
( ) Director: Shin-yon Won.
UNIT 8 257
: . ?
: .
: .
: ?
: , , .
: .
: , . ?
: .
: , 1 ?
: .
(ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY)
coke coffee
Unit Focus:
Asking for and Giving Prices
Asking for a Discount
o How much?
o Sino-Korean Numbers
o Telling the Time: # minutes
o is not
o Particle + per
o Particle + only
o Demonstrative Pronouns: , , ,
o Vocabulary: Colour Terms
o Vocabulary: Consumer Items
260 UNIT 9 ?
UNIT 9 ? 261
Situation Dialogue 1
Jihun and Minseo are at a fast food restaurant.
: ?
: .
: .
: ?
: .
: .
: .
Vocabulary
what ? shall give
[honorific]
two (please) give [polite]
meal is [honorific]
Note 2: The highest valued Korean note is 50,000 won and the lowest is
1,000 won. Coins range from 1 won to 500 won.
Current Korean currency can be found at the following web address:
http://eng.bok.or.kr/broadcast.action?menuNaviId=1691
UNIT 9 ? 263
How much?
You learned the meaning of - how many, or what when used with
numerical nouns such as time/age/date/floor etc. - in Unit 6. Now we
will look at the word which has a similar meaning, but different usage.
Note that there is no noun after , but simply the verb meaning is. This
construction can always be equated to How much is? In the simple form
above, it is used to ask the price of something, but the word price is not used
in the sentence. So when asking about prices, always use , and for now,
use for asking about all other quantities or amounts.
264 UNIT 9 ?
Sino-Korean Numbers
Sino-Korean numbers are used in cases where numbers are more abstract. As
such, they are used for dates, telephone numbers, bus numbers, amounts of
money including prices, minutes when telling the time, room numbers, floors
of a building, measurements of weight, height, and so on.
/ 0
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20
10 20 30 40 50
100 200 300 400 ...
1,000 2,000 3,000 ...
10,000 20,000 ...
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
Examples:
year 1995
month name January
date (of the month) the 2nd (of a month)
weeks three weeks
minutes four minutes
currency five won
floor the sixth floor
building number building no. 7
room number room no. 8
telephone number , 1 901-2000
Note 1: Koreans typically express the first four (or three) digits of a phone
number as one number, followed by , and then the last four digits as
UNIT 9 ? 265
More examples:
1) A: ? How much is this?
B: . Its 1,500 won.
3) A: ? 3 When is Chuseok?
B: . Its August 15
in the lunar calendar.
Note that it is important to remember for which items you must use pure
Korean numbers and in which cases you must use Sino-Korean numbers.
Eventually you should not have to think about which number system to use.
Normally, numbers are written using digits and not spelled out in Hangul. So
when a number is written as, for example, 24, you need to know whether to
read it as or as to avoid sounding like a foreigner!
UNIT 9 ? 267
Sino Korean numbers are used for the minutes of the time:
3:15
To say a specific time, including how many minutes past, simply add the
number of minutes followed by the word (minutes) after the hour, so you
have something like three oclock and fifteen minutes.
Examples:
is not
In unit 1 you have learned +/ to say A is B when B is a noun and
not an adjective. Remember that this ending must be added to the end of a
noun, pronoun or wh-question word.
If it ends in a consonant: +
. Its a photo of my girlfriend.
If you want to say that A is not B, then you use . However in this
case, we do not write it as an ending attached to the noun, but as a separate
word:
. This is not my book.
Examples:
1) A: ? Is s/he a Korean?
B: , . No. S/hes not a Korean.
Task 1: Listening
(ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY)
/ zero one two three
You are going to hear Sino-Korean numbers from 0 to 10. Circle the
numbers that you hear. Ready? Listen!
You are going to hear the numbers again. However, this time write down
the numbers that you hear, if possible, in Korean. Ready? Listen!
21. 22.
UNIT 9 ? 271
Task 2: Listening
(ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY)
eleven twelve
thirteen fourteen
fifteen sixteen
seventeen eighteen
nineteen twenty
You are going to hear Sino-Korean numbers from 11 to 20. Circle the
numbers that you hear. Ready? Listen!
Task 3: Listening
(ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY)
ten twenty thirty
forty fifty sixty
seventy eighty ninety
(a) hundred
You are going to hear Sino-Korean numbers from 10 to 100. Circle the
numbers that you hear. Ready? Listen!
1. a. 40 b. 90 2. a. 30 b. 70 3. a. 20 b. 80
4. a. 50 b. 90 5. a. 60 b. 30 6. a. 70 b. 80
7. a. 40 b. 30 8. a. 10 b. 90 9. a. 50 b. 30
10. a. 100 b. 90
You are going to hear the numbers again. However, this time write down
the numbers that you hear, if possible, in Korean. Ready? Listen!
11. 12. 13.
20.
UNIT 9 ? 273
Task 4: Listening
You are going to hear more dialogue on the time. " ?"
"12 30." Write down the time that you hear in Korean. Ready?
Listen!
1. . 2. .
3. . 4. .
5. . 6. .
7. . 8. .
9. . 10. .
11. . 12. .
274 UNIT 9 ?
Role A: Customer
You are in a coffee shop. There is a menu on the table but there are no prices.
Ask the waiter/waitress the price of each item and fill in the menu below.
When you have all the prices, order a drink. When you have finished, show
your partner what you have written to check if youve got the prices correct.
Refer to the dialogue below.
Role B: Waiter/Waitress
You are serving a customer in a coffee shop. Decide what you would like to
charge for your coffees.
[ ]
: ?
: ?
: 2,500 .
: , ?
MENU
UNIT 9 ? 275
Task 6: Listening
(EXPONENT)
A . Give me A, Please.
(ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY)
ice cream
cheeseburger
hamburger
coke
coffee
milk
indian tea
and
French fries
sum
You are going to hear some dialogue that might happen in a fast food
restaurant. Listen for the number of items that a customer is ordering and the
price. Write down the number and the price on your sheet. Ready? Listen!
UNIT 9 ? 277
1. 2.
3. 4.
278 UNIT 9 ?
UNIT 9 ? 279
Situation Dialogue 2
Minseo is buying fruit at a market.
: , , ?
: .
: , ?
: .
: , ?
: .
: . .
: , .
: ... , .
Vocabulary
? How much is? a bit
1,000 2,800
expensive
Particle + per
When we are using numbers, we often want to specify a price or an amount in
terms of another quantity. (For example $10 per kilo, 2000 calories per
person, 3 times per week, lemons are $2 for 3.) To do this in Korean, add the
particle + to the unit of measurement (the quantity which comes after per
in English). This amount comes before the rate (price, etc.) amount in
Korean.
Examples:
1) : ? How much are those
grapes?
: . 9,000 won
per kilogram.
? of that pork?
3) : ? How much is
the beef?
: . 1 50,000 won
for 600 grams.
Particle + only
The particle + is used when you want to say only or just (e.g. I paid just
10 dollars, only 3 people came, give me just one ticket, I only went to
Brisbane.). + comes straight after the noun it refers to. As it is a particle,
you do not leave a space between the noun and when you write it.
? the party?
? on Saturdays as well?
because the word does not have the connotation of daytime that the
English word day does. ) is pronounced to-yo-il-lal.
284 UNIT 9 ?
UNIT 9 ? 285
Role A (Customer): You are in a greengrocers. Ask the shop assistant the
prices of the fruit below and write them down in the appropriate blanks.
When you have finished, show your partner what you have written to check if
you have the prices correct.
[ ]
A: , , ?
B: .
A: ?
B: () .
A: , () .
kg kg
286 UNIT 9 ?
Task 8: Writing
Complete the dialogue: You are looking for a (English-Korean
dictionary) at a bookshop.
42,000
43,000
40,000
: . (Welcome)
:
?
: ?
: ?
: .
UNIT 9 ? 287
Complete the dialogue: You are looking for a bottle of brandy at a department
store.
A 42,000
B 67,000
27,000
: ?
: .
: ?
: .
: ?
: , .
: ?
: .
288 UNIT 9 ?
Task 9: Writing
Complete the dialogue: You are looking for a newspaper at a kiosk.
600
600
600
600
600
: ?
: ?
: , .
: ?
: .
: ?
: , .
: ?
: .
UNIT 9 ? 289
Demonstrative Pronouns: , , ,
(this) is used when you want to refer to something or someone located
close to you the speaker, (that) to something or someone located not close
to you the speaker but to the listener, (that over there) to something or
someone distant from both speaker and listener. The corresponding question
word is (which).
Examples:
1) A: . Give me that one.
B: ? ? Which one? This one?
Situation Dialogue 3
Minseo is buying a sweater at a department store.
: ?
: .
: . ..., ?
: .
: .
: . ?1
: , .
Vocabulary
black
180,000 won
sweater
red
95,000 won
please; a bit
/ black red
yellow 1 blue
/ green gold
silver / brown
grey / pink
/ orange violet
purple
desk ring
sofa necklace
bookcase watch
television handbag
Roleplay B (Shop assistant): You are a shop assistant. Decide what prices you
would like to charge for the sweaters.
[ ]
: ?
: .
: . , ?
: .
: .
: . ?
: , .
296 UNIT 9 ?
a. b. c.
d. e. f.
g. h. i.
j. k. l.
1. shoes . 7. watch .
2. bed . 8. sofa .
3. bookcase . 9. ring .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
298 UNIT 9 ?
2. book . 7. apple .
3. cigarette . 8. pear .
1) : ?
: .
2) : ?
: .
3) : ?
: .
4) : ?
: .
UNIT 9 ? 299
5) : ?
: .
: .
: ?
: .
: ?
: .
6) : , , ?
: .
: , ?
: .
7) : ?
: .
: .
, ?
: .
300 UNIT 9 ?
( 3.0kg) 10
7
2 3 3 5
556-3440
565-3740 4 2
5
3 9
985-7643 100 x 200 cm
5 388-9155
6 386DX40 70
80 x 150 cm 8
FM/AM
387-2513 9 5
75 736-1884
(5) 7 50
302 UNIT 9 ?
! 18,000 .
. .
1,250 4,000 !
. .
. 5,500 .
. .
10
?
Unit Focus:
Talking About Yourself and Your Family
Situation Dialogue 1
Hyeonu introduces Minjun to Paul who is younger than both of them.
: . ?
: .
: , . ?
: 2 .
: ?
: 92 .
: , 89 .
: .
: .
: .
: ?
: .
Vocabulary
Korean (language)
really
good at
where
learnt
. major in
now
if by any chance;
thats right
yes certainly
Note 1: In Korea, students dont talk about studying Arts or Science, but
identify themselves by their department.
Note 3: Koreans would normally not thank a person for a compliment in this
way, as it is considered immodest. A Korean might say (I
still cant do it well) or (far from doing it well).
Note 4: Asking a person's age is quite common in Korea as they need to know
the hierarchy and status for using right form of speech. Asking which year
someone was born in is the most common way to ask about age. However,
when people feel uneasy to ask someones age, they ask what Asian zodiac
animal he or she is. As there are twelve zodiac animals, it isnt difficult to
then guess the persons age.
308 UNIT 10 ?
The first way is normally used in everyday speech. The second is used in
more formal situations, such as filling out forms:
2) : Name: Susan
: 20 () . Age: 20 years
Note that Sino-Korean numbers are more often written as digits.
The pure Korean numbers are provided below. Refer to Unit 9 for
Sino-Korean numbers.
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20
30 40 50 60 70
80 90
The school year is divided into two semesters for early schooling as well as
tertiary education. The first semester begins in March and lasts until mid-July
and the second from September 1st till late-December.
Education System
kindergarten senior high school
Level of Study
first year fourth year
Task 1: ?
You are going to ask about the year of university and age of your classmates.
First you should check the vocabulary list below to find how to say the level
of study relevant to yourself. Now move around the class asking questions to
the other students, filling in the table below.
[ ]
A: ?
B: [ Year of study ] .
A: / [ ] , [ Year born ] .
Note: Someone who was born in the year 2000 would have to say
whereas someone born in 1987 can simply use the two last digits:
.
Level of Study
first year fourth year
Situation Dialogue 2
Paul is asking Minjun how he knows Hyeonu.
: .
: , . , ?
: .
: ... ?
: , .
: , .
: .
: ?
: . ?
: .
Vocabulary
older brother well then; in that case
(for a male)
senior high school , Yes,
and in Korea
Faculty of Arts
Faculty of Science
Faculty of Medicine
Faculty of Law
Faculty of Business
Faculty of Education
Department of Economics
Note: To talk about a particular Major of Study, the above vocabulary is used
without (Department): (economics major).
UNIT 10 ? 317
Task 2: ?
You are going to ask questions and give answers to your classmates. If you
dont know the name of your major in Korean, you can refer to the list of
faculties and departments on the previous page. The department names can be
made into subject names by taking off the . Now move around the class
introducing yourself to the other students and filling in the table below.
[ ]
A: ?
B: [ University ]().
A: ?
B: [ Major ] ().
A: [ ] .
[ ].
Name () Major ()
318 UNIT 10 ?
Word Contractions
Koreans, like Australians, like to shorten words by contracting them. This is
particularly noticeable with university names as shown below:
or (Australia)
Victoria University Vic Uni
University of Queensland UQ
It is also common to use contractions for the library names at university since
there is usually more than one:
(Main Library)
(Science Library)
UNIT 10 ? 319
320 UNIT 10 ?
UNIT 10 ? 321
Situation Dialogue 3
Paul is asking Minjuns family details.
: ?
: ~
: ?
: ... ?
: . . ? ?
: ?
... , .
: , . . .
: , .
Vocabulary
house Seoul
is yeah
no reason
family
all together
live
parents
Daejeon
younger sister
only with
live [casual]
time
I have to go
, yes; okay
Vocabulary: Family
father (boys) elder brother
daughter first
husband second
wife third
grandfather cousin
So for example, there are different words for older brothers and sisters
depending on your sex. These words for older sister and brother, /
and /, are also commonly used between people who are not related.
When you feel close to someone who is older than you, you can call him or
her by the appropriate term for your sex. Koreans dont refer to or speak to
people who are older than them using their given names.
Koreans also distinguish between the fathers family and the mothers. The
terms given above for grandparents, uncles and aunts only refer to the fathers
family. If you were speaking about your mothers side, you would add the
324 UNIT 10 ?
Task 3: / ?
Ask your partner about his or her siblings. Circle the right kinship term in the
cells below and write down their ages.
[ ]
A: / ?
B: , / , .
A: , ?
B: .
A: / ?
B: .
A: ?
B: .
Relationship Age
/ / /
/ / /
/ / /
/ / /
/ / /
326 UNIT 10 ?
a. h.
b. i.
c. j. /
d. k.
e. l.
f. m.
g.
1. father
2. mother
3. daughter
4. son
5. husband
6. wife
7. younger sister
13. children
UNIT 10 ? 327
Subject Particle: + / +
Topic Particle: + / +
Examples:
1) . Mr Kim is busy these days.
2) . Grandfather is reading
the newspaper.
. America.
. on Korean history.
Possessive Pronouns
When we want to refer to the fact that something belongs to somebody in
English, we use possessive pronouns such as my, our, your, his, her,
and their. How you use the corresponding Korean words depends on styles
of speech. This is illustrated in the following table:
Examples :
1) A: ? Whose book is this?
B: . Its my book.
However, in Korean you dont often use the 2nd or 3rd person possessive
pronouns. In such cases you just link the item and persons name:
As seen in 3), Koreans often use (our) when they mean (my). This
reflects the importance of the group in Korean culture. A Korean will refer to
his or her parents, school and company as , and
respectively. A man may even refer to his wife as (lit. our
house person). However, if you were talking about something which is yours
personally and not the groups (other than your spouse!), you would use or
, as in examples 1) and 2).
330 UNIT 10 ?
Vocabulary: Occupations
teacher soldier
doctor farmer
chemist miner
nurse fisherman
attorney novelist
judge poet
secretary poet
driver cook
UNIT 10 ? 331
Task 5: ?
Use what you have learnt to talk about the members of your family and what
they do with a partner.
Relationship Occupation
332 UNIT 10 ?
Examples:
1) ? Could you give me your name please?
If you were asking about a junior or a child, you would ask such questions in
a more direct way such as:
Role A (Bank teller): You are a bank teller. You work in the new accounts
section. A customer wants to open a new account. Fill in the form below and
show your partner what you have written when you finish.
Role B (Customer): You are in a bank to open a new account. Answer the
bank tellers questions. When finished, check that s/he has got all the
information correct.
[ ]
A:
B: .
A: ?
B: .
A: ?
B: .
A: ?
B: ,
.
A: ?
B: .
: .
:
: .
: .
UNIT 10 ? 335
Task 7: Listening
(EXPONENT)
? When is your birthday?
A B . It's the B of A.
(ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY)
birthday year 1 January
2 February 3 March 4 April
5 May 6 June 7 July
8 August 9 September 10 October
11 November 12 December Sino-Korean numbers up to 31
Listen to these people saying when their birthdays are. Circle the day of
the month each person was born and write down the number of the dialogue
next to it. Ready? Listen!
336 UNIT 10 ?
Task 8: Listening
(EXPONENT)
? (Honorific Expression)
What is your name?
? What is your name?
A/. I'm A.
/? When is your birthdate?
A B C. It's the C of B (Year) A.
(ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY)
name(colloquial form) honorific form of
written form of birthdate
Sino-Korean numbers up to 2000
hundred thousand
You will hear a dialogue in which a bank clerk is asking people names and
birthdates for a new account. Write down their birthdates on the correct form
below. Ready? Listen!
The last form (No. 6) is for you. The clerk will ask you your name and date
of birth. Tell them to the clerk and write them down on the form. Ready?
Listen!
UNIT 10 ? 337
Task 9: Listening
(EXPONENT)
?, Who is that person?
A. She\he is A.
?/ ? What is his/her age?
A(number) . She/he is A years old.
? What is her/his occupation?
A. It is A.
(ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY)
over there that
person who
age then
occupation counting unit for age
lawyer doctor
computer colloquial form of
engineer what
politician pure Korean numbers up to 40
is at a party and is asking her friend about people whom she does not
know. Write down their ages and occupations in the appropriate blanks.
Ready? Listen!
338 UNIT 10 ?
Examples:
() exam
() teacher
() sorry
() game
() Saturday
() laughing
() laughing
(^o^) laughing or excited
^^ happy or smiles
^-^ happy or smiles
^__^ happy or smiles
^^ happy or smiles
_ crying
>_< angry
>.< angry
UNIT 10 ? 339
.
87 , .
2 .
.
.
, . ^-^
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. !
340 UNIT 10 ?
TRANSCRIPT
OF
LISTENING
TASKS
342 TRANSCRIPT OF LISTENING TASKS
Susan: . Yeongjin: ,
Yeongjin : . .
Susan: , .
(Dialogue) 3 (Yeongjin: S; Susan: L)
Paul: .
Sumi: . (Dialogue) 3
. Paul: ,
Paul: . .
. Teacher: , .
(Paul: L; Teacher: S)
Sumi: .
(Dialogue) 4
(Dialogue) 4
Minseop: ,
Minseop: .
.
.
Amanda: ,
Amanda: ,
.
.
(Minseop: L; Amanda: L)
Minseop: .
TRANSCRIPT OF LISTENING TASKS 343
-
Unit 2, Task 7
Can you see a yacht? Well 1. 2.
done. If not, try again. 3. 4.
5. 6.
Unit 2, Task 4 7. 8.
-, -, -, -, 9. 10.
-, -, -, -, 11.
-, -, -, -, 12. 13.
-, -, -, -, 14. 15.
- 16. 17.
18. 19.
Can you see a lighthouse?
20. 21.
Well done. If not, try again.
22.
344 TRANSCRIPT OF LISTENING TASKS
Unit 3, Task 5 : , ?
(Dialogue) 1 2: , .
: ? : ,
1: , . ?
: , ? 2: , .
1: , .
: , ? (Dialogue) 3
1: , . : ?
: , ? 3: , .
1: , : , ?
. 3: , .
: , ? : , ?
1: , . 3: , .
: , .
? : ,
1: , . ?
3: , .
(Dialogue) 2
: ? Unit 4, Task 3
2: , . (Dialogue) 1
: , ? : , .
2: , : , .
. ?
: , ? : .
2: , . : .
: , ? .
2: , .
TRANSCRIPT OF LISTENING TASKS 345
(Dialogue) 2 B : .
: , .
: , . (Dialogue) 2
? A : ?
: . B : .
: .
. (Dialogue) 3
A : ?
(Dialogue) 3 B : .
: , .
: , . (Dialogue) 4
. A : ?
: ? B : .
: .
(Dialogue) 5
?
A : ?
: .
B : .
(Dialogue) 4
(Dialogue) 6
: , .
A : ?
: , .
B : .
?
: .
(Dialogue) 7
?
A : ?
: .
B : .
Unit 5, Task 2
(Dialogue) 8
(Dialogue) 1
A : ?
A : ?
346 TRANSCRIPT OF LISTENING TASKS
B : . 4.A : ?
B : .
(Dialogue) 9
A : ? 5.A : ?
B : . B : .
(Dialogue) 10 6.A : ?
A : ? B : .
B : .
7.A : ?
(Dialogue) 11 B : .
A : ?
B : . 8.A : ?
B : .
(Dialogue) 12
A : ? 9.A : ?
B : . B : .
1.A : ? B : .
B : .
11.A : ?
2.A : ? B : .
B : .
12.A : ?
3.A : ? B : .
B : .
TRANSCRIPT OF LISTENING TASKS 347
Unit 6, Task 6 : , .
(Dialogue) 1 : ?
: ? : , .
? : ?
: , . : , .
: ?
: , . Unit 6, Task 8
: ? (Dialogue) 1
: , . : , .
: , .
(Dialogue) 2 : ?
: , . : , .
: , , . : ,
: ? ?
: , . : , .
: ?
: , . (Dialogue) 2
: , .
(Dialogue) 3 : , , .
: , . : ?
: , , . : , .
: ? : ,
: , . ?
: ? : , .
: , .
(Dialogue) 3
(Dialogue) 4 : , .
: , . : , , .
348 TRANSCRIPT OF LISTENING TASKS
: ? (Dialogue) 4
: , I.O. : ?
: , 4: .
?
: , . (Dialogue) 5
I.O. : ?
(Dialogue) 4 5: .
: , .
: , . (Dialogue) 6
: ? I.O. : ?
: , . 6: .
: ,
You will hear an extension of
?
each dialogue.
: , .
The immigration officer is
asking people which city in
Unit 7, Task 2 their countries they come from.
(Dialogue) 1 Choose the city that you hear
I.O. : ? and put a mark in the box
(Immigration Officer) next to it. Ready? Listen!
1: .
(Dialogue) 2 (Dialogue) 1
I.O. : ? I.O. : ?
2: . 1: .
I.O : ?
(Dialogue) 3 1: .
I.O. : ?
3: .
TRANSCRIPT OF LISTENING TASKS 349
(Dialogue) 2 I.O : ?
I.O. : ? 6: .
2: .
I.O : ? Unit 7, Task 4
2: . (Dialogue) 1
: ?
(Dialogue) 3 detective
I.O. : ? :
3: . .
I.O : ? : ?
3: . :
.
(Dialogue) 4 : ?
I.O. : ? :
4: . .
I.O : ? : ?
4: . :
.
(Dialogue) 5 : ?
I.O. : ? :
5: . .
I.O :
? (Dialogue) 2
5: . : ?
:
(Dialogue) 6 .
I.O. : ? : ?
6: . :
350 TRANSCRIPT OF LISTENING TASKS
. .
: ?
: (Dialogue) 4
. : ?
: ? : .
: : ?
. :
: ?
: .
. : ?
:
(Dialogue) 3
: ? .
: . : ?
: ? :
: .
. : ?
: ? :
:
.
. : ?
: ? :
: .
. Unit 8, Task 3
: ? 1. A : ?
: B : , .
TRANSCRIPT OF LISTENING TASKS 351
2. A : ? B : , .
B : , . 16. A : ?
3. A : ? B : , .
B : , . 17. A : ?
4. A : ? B : , .
B : , . 18. A : ?
5. A : ? B : , .
B : , . 19. A : ?
6. A : ? B : , .
B : , . 20. A : ?
7. A : ? B : , .
B : , .
8. A : ? Unit 8, Task 8
B : , . (Dialogue) 1
9. A : ? ( ; in a fruit shop)
B : , . : .
10. A : ? shop assistant
B : , . : ?
11. A : ? : , .
B : , . : ?
12. A : ? : , .
B : , . : ,
13. A : ? .
B : , .
14. A : ? (Dialogue) 2
B : , . (;
(Dialogue) 3
Unit 8, Task 11
( ;
1. 2. 3.
in a bottle shop)
4. 5. 6.
: .
7. 8. 9.
: ?
10.
: , .
: ?
Unit 8, Task 14
: , .
(Dialogue) 1
.
: .
: ,
waiter
.
: .
21. 22.
2.A : ?
Unit 9, Task 2 B : .
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6. 3.A : ?
7. 8. 9. B : .
10.
4.A : ?
354 TRANSCRIPT OF LISTENING TASKS
B : . :
.
5.A : ? : .
B : . (Here your are.)
6.A : ? : ?
B : . : .
7.A : ? (Dialogue) 2
B : . : .
:
8.A : ? .
B : . : .
9.A : ? : ?
B : . : .
10.A : ? (Dialogue) 3
B : . : .
:
11.A : ?
B : . .
: .
12.A : ?
: ?
B : .
: .
Unit 9, Task 6
(Dialogue) 4
(Dialogue) 1
: .
: .
:
shop assistant
TRANSCRIPT OF LISTENING TASKS 355
Unit 9, Task 15 B : .
1. : ?
3. A : ?
1 : .
B : .
2. : ?
4. A : ?
2 : .
B : .
3. : ?
5. A : ?
3 : .
B : .
: ,
?
6. A : ?
3 : .
B : .
4. : ?
7. A : ?
4 : .
B : .
: ?
4 :
8. A : ?
.
B : .
: , .
.
9. A : ?
B : .
10. A : ?
356 TRANSCRIPT OF LISTENING TASKS
B : . (Dialogue) 3
A : ?
11. A : ? B : .
B : . A : ----.
12. A : ? ?
B : . B :
.
Unit 10, Task 8
(Dialogue) 1 (Dialogue) 4
A : ? A : ?
B : . B : .
A : ----. A : ----.
? ?
B : B :
. .
(Dialogue) 2 (Dialogue) 5
A : ? A : ?
B : . B : .
A : ----. A : ----.
? ?
B : B :
. .
TRANSCRIPT OF LISTENING TASKS 357
2. : ,
?
: .
: ?
: .
358 TRANSCRIPT OF LISTENING TASKS
APPENDIX
360 APPENDIX
An x indicates that the conjugation for that cell is not applicable. For
example, there is no formal very polite form of (cheap), ,
because the subject of the sentence would not be a human being and
therefore we cannot use an honorific form.
A q following a word in the table is used to indicate that the form given
only applies to questions. For example, ? can only be used to
say Do you find it delicious? and not That food is delicious, because the
subject of the sentence is not a human being and therefore we cannot use an
honorific form.
The Korean words for handsome, old (human being), old (things), thin
(people) and ugly are often used with , so this has been added to the
stems of each (stem+):
+
+
+
+
+
APPENDIX 361
Instead of dictionary form, the verb or adjective stem has been provided in
the following appendices. Therefore, you will need to add to the stem to
look up a particular word in the dictionary. For example, would appear
under .
362 APPENDIX
Appendix 1: Copular be
be +() +() + ()
+() +() + ()
be not () x ()
APPENDIX 365
+ +
be not x x
With + ending
Present Past Future (Suppostition)
be + + +
+ + +
be not
366 APPENDIX
ask ()
build ()
buy ()
call ()
choose ()
clean ()
come ()
cook () ()
dance () ()
do ()
draw ()
drink () *
eat () *
give ()
go ()
go regularly ()
help ()
leave ()
listen ()
live ()
marry ()
meet ()
order ()
APPENDIX 367
* *
* *
368 APPENDIX
play ()
quit (job) ()
quit (smoking) ()
read ()
rest ()
sing ()
sit down ()
sleep () *
smoke ()
speak ()
stand up ()
start ()
study ()
swim ()
take (vehicle) ()
talk () *
wait ()
walk ()
watch ()
wear ()
wear (shoes) ()
work ()
write ()
APPENDIX 369
* *
* *
370 APPENDIX
ask ()
build ()
buy ()
call ()
choose ()
clean ()
come ()
cook () ()
dance () ()
do ()
draw ()
drink () *
eat () *
give ()
go ()
go regularly ()
help ()
leave ()
listen ()
live ()
marry ()
meet ()
order ()
APPENDIX 371
* *
* *
372 APPENDIX
play ()
quit (job) ()
quit
(smoking) ()
read ()
rest ()
sing ()
sit down ()
sleep () *
smoke ()
speak ()
stand up ()
start ()
study ()
swim ()
take (vehicle) ()
talk () *
wait ()
walk ()
watch ()
wear ()
wear (shoes) ()
work ()
write ()
APPENDIX 373
* *
* *
374 APPENDIX
ask
build
buy
call
choose
clean
come
cook ()
dance ()
do
draw
drink *
eat *
give
go
go regularly
help
leave
listen
live
marry
meet
order
APPENDIX 375
* *
* *
376 APPENDIX
play
quit (job)
quit (smoking)
read
rest
sing
sit down
sleep *
smoke
speak
stand up
start
study
swim
take (vehicle)
talk *
wait
walk
watch
wear
wear (shoes)
work
write
APPENDIX 377
* *
* *
378 APPENDIX
ask () ()
build () ()
buy () ()
call () ()
choose () ()
clean () ()
come () ()
cook () () ()
dance () () ()
do () ()
draw () ()
drink () ()
eat () ()
give () ()
go () ()
go regularly () ()
help () ()
leave () ()
listen () ()
live () ()
marry () ()
meet () ()
order () ()
APPENDIX 379
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
* * ()
* * ()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
380 APPENDIX
play () ()
quit (job) () ()
quit (smoking) () ()
read () ()
rest () ()
sing () ()
sit down () ()
sleep () ()
smoke () ()
speak () ()
stand up () ()
start () ()
study () ()
swim () ()
take (vehicle) () ()
talk () ()
wait () ()
walk () ()
watch () ()
wear () ()
wear (shoes) () ()
work () ()
write () ()
APPENDIX 381
Would you like to? Would you like to? I will I will
(Very Polite) (Very Polite Formal) (Very Polite Formal)
+()? +()? +()() +
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
* * ()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
* * () *
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
382 APPENDIX
ask
build
buy
call
choose
clean
come
cook ()
dance ()
do
draw
drink
eat
give
go
go regularly
help
leave
listen
live
marry
meet
order
APPENDIX 383
play
quit (job)
quit (smoking)
read
rest
sing
sit down
sleep
smoke
speak
stand up
start
study
swim
take (vehicle)
talk
wait
walk
watch
wear
wear (shoes)
work
write
384 APPENDIX
ask () () ()
build () () ()
buy () () ()
call () () ()
choose () () ()
clean () () ()
come () () ()
cook () () () ()
dance () () () ()
do () () ()
draw () () ()
drink () () ()
eat () () ()
give () () ()
go () () ()
go regularly () () ()
help () () ()
leave () () ()
listen () () ()
live () () ()
marry () () ()
meet () () ()
order () () ()
APPENDIX 385
& +() ()
Stem and / but and / but and / but
(present) (past) (future)
+() +/() +() ()
play () () ()
quit (job) () () ()
quit (smoking) () () ()
read () () ()
rest () () ()
sing () () ()
sit down () () ()
sleep () () ()
smoke () () ()
speak () () ()
stand up () () ()
start () () ()
study () () ()
swim () () ()
take (vehicle) () () ()
talk () () ()
wait () () ()
walk () () ()
watch () () ()
wear () () ()
wear (shoes) () () ()
work () () ()
write () () ()
386 APPENDIX
ask () () ()
build () () ()
buy () () ()
call () () ()
choose () () ()
clean () () ()
come () () ()
cook () () () ()
dance () () () ()
do () () ()
draw () () ()
drink () () ()
eat () () ()
give () () ()
go () () ()
go regularly () () ()
help () () ()
leave () () ()
listen () () ()
live () () ()
marry () () ()
meet () () ()
order () () ()
APPENDIX 387
&+() ()
Stem Its because Its because Its because
(present) (past) (future)
+() +/() +()
play () () ()
quit (job) () () ()
quit (smoking) () () ()
read () () ()
rest () () ()
sing () () ()
sit down () () ()
sleep () () ()
smoke () () ()
speak () () ()
stand up () () ()
start () () ()
study () () ()
swim () () ()
take (vehicle) () () ()
talk () () ()
wait () () ()
walk () () ()
watch () () ()
wear () () ()
wear (shoes) () () ()
work () () ()
write () () ()
388 APPENDIX
ask
build
buy
call
choose
clean
come
cook ()
dance ()
do
draw
drink
eat
give
go
go regularly
help
leave
listen
live
marry
meet
order
APPENDIX 389
390 APPENDIX
play
quit (job)
quit (smoking)
read
rest
sing
sit down
sleep
smoke
speak
stand up
start
study
swim
take (vehicle)
talk
wait
walk
watch
wear
wear (shoes)
work
write
APPENDIX 391
392 APPENDIX
bad ()
beautiful ()
big ()
boring ()
bright ()
busy ()
q
cheap ()
clean ()
close ()
cloudy ()
cold(thing) ()
cold ()
complicated ()
cool ()
cute ()
dangerous ()
dark ()
deep ()
q
delicious ()
APPENDIX 393
x x
x
394 APPENDIX
diligent ()
dirty ()
easy ()
expensive ()
far ()
fat ()
fine(weather) ()
fun ()
(enjoyable)
good ()
handsome + ()
happy ()
happy ()
q
hate/dislike ()
heavy ()
high ()
hot ()
hot (spicy) ()
q
hot ()
(temperature)
interesting ()
(fun )
APPENDIX 395
396 APPENDIX
lazy ()
light ()
long ()
low ()
narrow ()
noisy ()
numerous ()
old (people) + ()
old (thing) + () x
pretty ()
quick ()
quiet ()
q
sad ()
salty ()
shallow ()
short ()
sick ()
slim ()
APPENDIX 397
x x
398 APPENDIX
small ()
small ()
(quantity)
smart ()
strong ()
tall ()
q
tasteless ()
thick ()
thin (people) + ()
thin (thing) ()
q
thirsty ()
q
tired ()
ugly + ()
warm ()
weak ()
wide ()
young ()
APPENDIX 399
400 APPENDIX
bad ()
beautiful ()
big ()
boring ()
bright ()
busy ()
q
cheap ()
clean ()
close ()
cloudy ()
cold (thing) ()
q
cold ()
complicated ()
cool ()
cute ()
dangerous ()
dark ()
deep ()
q
delicious ()
APPENDIX 401
x x
x
402 APPENDIX
diligent ()
dirty ()
easy ()
expensive ()
far ()
fat ()
fine ()
(weather)
fun ()
(enjoyable)
good ()
handsome + ()
happy
()
happy ()
q
hate/dislike ()
heavy ()
high ()
hot ()
hot (spicy) ()
q
hot ()
(temperature)
q
interesting ()
(fun )
APPENDIX 403
404 APPENDIX
lazy ()
light ()
long () *
low ()
narrow ()
noisy ()
numerous ()
old (people) + ()
old (thing) + () x
pretty ()
quick ()
quiet ()
q
sad ()
salty ()
shallow ()
short ()
sick ()
slim ()
APPENDIX 405
x x
406 APPENDIX
small ()
small ()
(quantity)
smart ()
strong ()
tall ()
q
tasteless ()
thick ()
thin + ()
(people)
thin (thing) ()
q
thirsty ()
q
tired ()
ugly + ()
warm ()
weak ()
wide ()
young ()
APPENDIX 407
408 APPENDIX
bad
beautiful
big
boring
bright
busy
cheap
clean
close
cloudy
cold(thing)
cold
complicated
cool
cute
dangerous
dark
deep
delicious
APPENDIX 409
410 APPENDIX
diligent
dirty
easy
expensive
far
fat
fine(weather)
fun (enjoyable)
good
handsome +
happy
happy
hate/dislike
heavy
high
hot
hot (spicy)
hot (temperature)
interesting (fun )
APPENDIX 411
412 APPENDIX
lazy
light
long
low
narrow
noisy
numerous
quick
quiet
sad
salty
shallow
short
sick
slim
APPENDIX 413
* *
/
*
x x
414 APPENDIX
small
small (quantity)
smart
strong
tall
tasteless
thick
thin(people) +
thin(thing)
thirsty
tired
ugly +
warm
weak
wide
young
APPENDIX 415
416 APPENDIX
bad ()
beautiful ()
big ()
boring ()
bright ()
busy ()
cheap ()
clean ()
close ()
cloudy ()
cold(thing) ()
cold ()
complicated ()
cool ()
cute ()
dangerous ()
dark ()
deep ()
delicious ()
APPENDIX 417
diligent ()
dirty ()
easy ()
expensive ()
far ()
fat ()
fine(weather) ()
fun (enjoyable) ()
good ()
handsome + ()
happy ()
happy ()
hate/dislike ()
heavy ()
high ()
hot ()
hot (spicy) ()
hot (temperature) ()
interesting (fun ) ()
418 APPENDIX
lazy ()
light ()
long ()
low ()
narrow ()
noisy ()
numerous ()
old (people) + ()
old (thing) + ()
pretty ()
quick ()
quiet ()
sad ()
salty ()
shallow ()
short ()
sick ()
slim ()
APPENDIX 419
small ()
small (quantity) ()
smart ()
strong ()
tall ()
tasteless ()
thick ()
thin(people) + ()
thin(thing) ()
thirsty ()
tired ()
ugly + ()
warm ()
weak ()
wide ()
young ()
420 APPENDIX
bad () () ()
beautiful () () ()
big () () ()
boring () () ()
bright () () ()
busy () () ()
cheap () () ()
clean () () ()
close () () ()
cloudy () () ()
cold(thing) () () ()
cold () () ()
complicated () () ()
cool () () ()
cute () () ()
dangerous () () ()
dark () () ()
deep () () ()
delicious () () ()
APPENDIX 421
diligent () () ()
dirty () () ()
easy () () ()
expensive () () ()
far () () ()
fat () () ()
fine(weather) () () ()
fun (enjoyable) () () ()
good () () ()
handsome + () () ()
happy () () ()
happy () () ()
hate/dislike () () ()
heavy () () ()
high () () ()
hot () () ()
hot (spicy) () () ()
hot (temperature) () () ()
interesting (fun ) () () ()
422 APPENDIX
lazy () () ()
light () () ()
long () () ()
low () () ()
narrow () () ()
noisy () () ()
numerous () () ()
quick () () ()
quiet () () ()
sad () () ()
salty () () ()
shallow () () ()
short () () ()
sick () () ()
slim () () ()
APPENDIX 423
small () () ()
small (quantity) () () ()
smart () () ()
strong () () ()
tall () () ()
tasteless () () ()
thick () () ()
thin(people) + () () ()
thin(thing) () () ()
thirsty () () ()
tired () () ()
ugly + () () ()
warm () () ()
weak () () ()
wide () () ()
young () () ()
424 APPENDIX
bad () () ()
beautiful () () ()
big () () ()
boring () () ()
bright () () ()
busy () () ()
cheap () () ()
clean () () ()
close () () ()
cloudy () () ()
cold(thing) () () ()
cold () () ()
complicated () () ()
cool () () ()
cute () () ()
dangerous () () ()
dark () () ()
deep () () ()
delicious () () ()
APPENDIX 425
diligent () () ()
dirty () () ()
easy () () ()
expensive () () ()
far () () ()
fat () () ()
fine(weather) () () ()
fun (enjoyable) () () ()
good () () ()
handsome + () () ()
happy () () ()
happy () () ()
hate/dislike () () ()
heavy () () ()
high () () ()
hot () () ()
hot (spicy) () () ()
hot () () ()
(temperature)
interesting (fun ) () () ()
426 APPENDIX
lazy () () ()
light () () ()
long () () ()
low () () ()
narrow () () ()
noisy () () ()
numerous () () ()
quick () () ()
quiet () () ()
sad () () ()
salty () () ()
shallow () () ()
short () () ()
sick () () ()
slim () () ()
APPENDIX 427
small () () ()
small (quantity) () () ()
smart () () ()
strong () () ()
tall () () ()
tasteless () () ()
thick () () ()
thin(people) + () () ()
thin(thing) () () ()
thirsty () () ()
tired () () ()
ugly + () () ()
warm () () ()
weak () () ()
wide () () ()
young () () ()
428 APPENDIX
bad
beautiful
big
boring
bright
busy
cheap
clean
close
cloudy
cold(thing)
cold
complicated
cool
cute
dangerous
dark
deep
delicious
APPENDIX 429
diligent
dirty
easy
expensive
far
fat
fine(weather)
fun (enjoyable)
good
handsome +
happy
happy
hate/dislike
heavy
high
hot
hot (spicy)
hot (temperature)
interesting (fun )
430 APPENDIX
lazy
light
long
low
narrow
noisy
numerous
old (people) + /
old (thing) +
pretty
quick
quiet
sad
salty
shallow
short
sick
slim
APPENDIX 431
small
small
(quantity)
smart
strong
tall
thick
thin(people) +
thin(thing)
thirsty
tired
tasteless
ugly +
warm
weak
wide
young
432 APPENDIX
+/ Subject Particles .
+ (honorific) (after nouns, pronouns) .
+/ Object Particles .
(after nouns, pronouns)
+/ Direction Particles to (a person)
(with people) .
+ (honorific) .
+ Possessive 's
Particle
+/ (between nouns)
+() with
+ () Conjunction Particle or
(between nouns)
Reasons because of
Surname: Given Names: page of
240 blocks
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