This Week in History June 28 – July 4th

Podcast Notes
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(Monday) June 28th

Notable Events

1098 – Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul.

1389 – Ottomans defeat Serbian army in the bloody Battle of Kosovo, opening the way for the Ottoman
conquest of Southeastern Europe (see Vidovdan).

1776 – American Revolutionary War: Thomas Hickey, Continental Army private and bodyguard to
General George Washington, is hanged for mutiny and sedition.

1778 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Monmouth fought between the American Continental
Army under George Washington and the British Army led by Sir Henry Clinton.

1807 – Second British invasion of the Río de la Plata; John Whitelock lands at Ensenada on an attempt to
recapture Buenos Aires and is defeated by the fierce resistance of the locals.

1859 – First conformation dog show is held in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England.

1894 – Labor Day becomes an official US holiday.

1902 – The U.S. Congress passes the Spooner Act, authorizing President Theodore Roosevelt to acquire
rights from Colombia for the Panama Canal.

1914 – Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and his wife Sophie are assassinated in Sarajevo by young
Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip, the casus belli of World War I.

1919 – The Treaty of Versailles is signed in Paris, formally ending World War I between Belgium, Britain,
France, Italy, the United States and allies on the one side and Germany and Austria Hungary on the
other side.

1922 – The Irish Civil War begins with the shelling of the Four Courts in Dublin by Free State forces.

1950 – Seoul is captured by troops from North Korea.

1964 – Malcom X forms the Organization of Afro-American Unity.

1969 – Stonewall riots begin in New York City.

1994 – Members of the Aum Shinrikyo cult release sarin gas attack at Matsumoto, Japan, 7 persons
killed, 660 injured.

1997 – Mike Tyson vs Evander Holyfield II – Tyson is disqualified in the 3rd round for biting a piece from
Holyfield's ear.

2006 – The Republic of Montenegro is admitted as the 192nd Member of the United Nations by General
Assembly resolution 60/264.

Notable Births
1503 – Giovanni della Casa, Italian poet (d. 1556)

1577 – Peter Paul Rubens, Flemish painter (d. 1640)

1712 – Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Swiss philosopher (d. 1778)

1867 – Luigi Pirandello, Italian writer, Nobel laureate (d. 1936)

1891 – Carl Panzram, American serial killer (d. 1930)

1926 – Mel Brooks, American filmmaker

1937 – Tom Magliozzi, American radio personality, cohost of Car Talk

1960 – John Elway, American football player

1966 – John Cusack, American actor

Notable Deaths
548 – Theodora, Byzantine empress

1836 – James Madison, 4th President of the United States (b. 1751)

2001 – Mortimer Adler, American philosopher (b. 1902)

2006 – George Unwin, British WWII fighter ace (b. 1913)

2008 – Ruslana Korshunova, Kazakhstani model (b. 1987)

2009 – Billy Mays, American television pitchman most famous for selling OxiClean on commercials (b.
1958)

(Tuesday) June 29th

Notable Events
1194 – Sverre is crowned King of Norway.
1534 – Jacques Cartier makes the European discovery of Prince Edward Island.

last battle won by an English King on English soil.

1659 – At the Battle of Konotop the Ukrainian armies of Ivan Vyhovsky defeat the Russians, led by Prince
Trubetskoy.

1786 – Alexander Macdonell and over five hundred Roman Catholic highlanders leave Scotland to settle
in Glengarry County, Ontario.

1880 – France annexes Tahiti.

1927 – First test of Wallace Turnbull's Controllable pitch propeller.

1956 – The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 is signed, officially creating the United States Interstate
Highway System.

1972 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules the death penalty could constitute "cruel and unusual
punishment".

1976 – The Seychelles become independent from the United Kingdom.

2006 – Hamdan v. Rumsfeld: The U.S. Supreme Court rules that President George W. Bush's plan to try
Guantanamo Bay detainees in military tribunals violates U.S. and international law.

2007 – Two car bombs are found in the heart of London at Picadilly Circus.

Notable Births
1596 – Emperor Go-Mizunoo of Japan (d. 1680)

1861 – William James Mayo, American physician (d. 1939)

1863 – Wilbert Robinson, American baseball player and hall-of-famer (d. 1934)

1868 – George Ellery Hale, American astronomer (d. 1938)

1888 – Joseph 'Squizzy' Taylor, Australian underworld figure (d. 1927)

1914 – Christos Papakyriakopoulos, Greek mathematician (d. 1976)

1952 – Joe Johnson, English snooker player

1967 – Jeff Burton, American racing driver

Notable Deaths
1315 – Ramon Llull, Spanish philosopher (b. 1235)

1933 – Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle, American actor (b. 1887)

1990 – Irving Wallace, American author and screenwriter (b. 1916)

2009 – Joe Bowman (marksman), American sharpshooter, Hollywood consultant, famed bootmaker &
master showman (b. 1925)

(Wednesday) June 30th

Notable Events

350 – Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the
usurper Magnentius, in Rome.

1688 – The Immortal Seven issue the Invitation to William, continuing the struggle for English
independence from Rome which would culminate in the Glorious Revolution.

1859 – French acrobat Charles Blondin crosses Niagara Falls on a tightrope.

1864 –Abraham Lincoln grants Yosemite Valley to California for "public use, resort and recreation".

1882 – Charles J. Guiteau is hanged in Washington, D.C. for the assassination of President James
Garfield.

1886 – The first transcontinental train trip across Canada departs from Montreal. It arrives in Port
Moody, British Columbia on July 4.

1905 – Albert Einstein publishes the article "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", in which he
introduces special relativity.

1934 – The Night of the Long Knives, Adolf Hitler's violent purge of his political rivals in Germany, takes
place.

1941 – World War II: Operation Barbarossa – Germany captures Lviv, Ukraine.

1944 – World War II: The Battle of Cherbourg ends with the fall of the strategically valuable port to
American forces.

1953 – The first Chevrolet Corvette rolls off the assembly line in Flint, Michigan.

1960 – Congo gains independence from Belgium.

1963 – Ciaculli massacre: A car bomb, intended for Mafia boss Salvatore Greco "Ciaschiteddu", kills
seven police and military officers near Palermo.

1971 – The crew of the Soviet Soyuz 11 spacecraft are killed when their air supply escapes through a
faulty valve.
1985 – Thirty-nine American hostages from a hijacked TWA jetliner are freed in Beirut after being held
for 17 days.

1986 –U.S. Supreme Court rules that states can outlaw homosexual acts between consenting adults.

1987 – The Royal Canadian Mint introduces the $1 coin, known as the Loonie.

1997 – The United Kingdom transfers sovereignty over Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China.

2007 – A car crashes into Glasgow International Airport in Scotland, in an attempted terrorist attack.

Notable Births
1807 – Friedrich Theodor von Vischer, German narrator, lyricist, and philosopher (d.1887)

1864 – Frederick Bligh Bond, English architect, illustrator, archaeologist and psychical researcher

1893 – Walter Ulbricht, German politician (d. 1973)

1919 – Ed Yost, American inventor (d. 2007)

1944 – Raymond Moody, American parapsychologist

1966 – Mike Tyson, American boxer

Notable Deaths
350 – Nepotianus, Roman usurper

1224 – Adolf of Osnabrück, Saint Adolf (b. 1185)

1704 – John Quelch, English pirate (b. 1665)

1785 – James Oglethorpe, English general and founder of the state of Georgia (b. 1696)

1966 – Giuseppe Farina, Italian Formula One champion. First person to win an Formula One
championship (b. 1906)

1993 – George "Spanky" McFarland, American actor (b. 1928)

2003 – Buddy Hackett, American comic (b. 1924)

Holidays and observances

Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Democratic Republic of the Congo from Belgium in
1960.

National Corvette Day, designated to honor the Chevrolet Corvette.

(Thursday) July 1st

Notable Events
69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian

1520 – La Noche Triste: Joint Mexican Indian force led by Aztecs under Cuitláhuac defeat Spanish
Conquistadors under Hernán Cortés.

1690 – Glorious Revolution: Battle of the Boyne as reckoned under Julian calendar.

1770 – Lexell's Comet passed closer to the Earth than any other comet in recorded history

1863 – Keti Koti, Emancipation Day in Suriname, marking the abolition of slavery by the Netherlands.

1863 – American Civil War: The Battle of Gettysburg begins.

1879 – Charles Taze Russell publishes the first edition of the religious magazine The Watchtower.

1898 – Spanish-American War: The Battle of San Juan Hill is fought in Santiago de Cuba.

1908 – SOS is adopted as the international Distress signal.

1916 – World War I: First day on the Somme – On the first day of the Battle of the Somme 19,000
soldiers of the British Army are killed and 40,000 wounded.

1921 – The Communist Party of China is founded.

1960 – Independence of Somalia.

1960 – Ghana becomes a Republic and Kwame Nkrumah becomes its first President as Queen Elizabeth
II of the United Kingdom ceases to be the Head of state.

1962 – Independence of Rwanda. / 1962 – Independence of Burundi.

1963 – ZIP Codes are introduced for United States mail.

1968 – The CIA's Phoenix Program is officially established.

1968 – The Nuclear non-proliferation treaty is signed in Washington, D.C., London and Moscow by sixty-
two countries.

1979 – Sony introduces the Walkman.

1981 – The Wonderland Murders occurred in the early morning hours, allegedly masterminded by
businessman and drug dealer Eddie Nash.

1990 – German re-unification: East Germany accepts the Deutsche Mark as its currency, thus uniting the
economies of East and West Germany.

1997 – The People's Republic of China resumes sovereignty over the city-state of Hong Kong, ending 156
years of British colonial rule.
2007 – Smoking in England is banned in all public indoor spaces. The ban is also put into effect in
Australia.

Notable Births
1676 – Anthony Collins, English philosopher (d. 1729)

1906 – Estée Lauder, American entrepreneur (d. 2004)

1906 – Jean Dieudonné, French mathematician (d. 1992)

1926 – Robert Fogel, Nobel laureate

1934 – Sydney Pollack, American film director (d. 2008)

1941 – Myron Scholes, American economist, Nobel laureate

1950 – David Duke, American politician, K.K.K. member

1960 – Kevin Swords, American rugby player

1961 – Diana, Princess of Wales (d. 1997)

1961 – Carl Lewis, American athlete

1967 – Pamela Anderson, Canadian model

1977 – Liv Tyler, American actress

Notable Deaths
552 – Totila, king of the Ostrogoths

1681 – Oliver Plunkett, Irish saint (b. 1629)

1860 – Charles Goodyear, American inventor (b. 1800)

1894 – Allan Pinkerton, American private detective (b. 1819)

1896 – Harriet Beecher Stowe, American author (b. 1811)

1971 – William Lawrence Bragg, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1890)

1983 – R. Buckminster Fuller, American architect and philosopher (b. 1903)

1995 – Wolfman Jack, American radio personality (b. 1938)

1996 – Margaux Hemingway, American actress and model (b. 1954)

2005 – Luther Vandross, American singer (b. 1951)

Holidays and observances
Christian Feast Day: Feast of the Most Precious Blood

Moving Day (Quebec)

July 2nd
963 – The imperial army proclaims Nicephorus Phocas to be Emperor of the Romans on the plains
outside Cappadocian Caesarea.

1494 – The Treaty of Tordesillas is ratified by Spain.

1644 – English Civil War: the Battle of Marston Moor.

1698 – Thomas Savery patents the first steam engine.

1776 – The Continental Congress adopts a resolution severing ties with Great Britain although the
wording of the formal Declaration of Independence is not approved until July 4.

1777 – Vermont becomes the first American territory to abolish slavery.

1839 – Twenty miles off the coast of Cuba, 53 rebelling African slaves led by Joseph Cinque take over the
slave ship Amistad.

1863 – American Civil War: second day of the Battle of Gettysburg.

1890 – The U.S. Congress passes the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.

1900 – The first zeppelin flight takes place on Lake Constance near Friedrichshafen, Germany.

1917 – The East St. Louis Riots end.

1937 – Amelia Earhart and navigator Fred Noonan are last heard from over the Pacific Ocean while
attempting to make the first equatorial round-the-world flight.

1962 – The first Wal-Mart store opens for business in Rogers, Arkansas.

1964 – President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 meant to prohibit segregation in
public places.

1976 – North and South Vietnam, divided since 1954, reunite to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

2000 – Vicente Fox Quesada is elected the first President of México from an opposition party, the
Partido Acción Nacional, after more than 70 years of continuous rule by the Partido Revolucionario
Institucional.

2003 – Silvio Berlusconi, Prime Minister of Italy, insults German MP Martin Schulz by calling him a
"kapo" during a session of the European Parliament.
Notable Births
419 – Valentinian III, Roman Emperor (d. 455)

1819 – Charles-Louis Hanon, French composer (d. 1900)

1862 – William Henry Bragg, English physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 1942)

1877 – Hermann Hesse, German-born writer, Nobel laureate (d. 1962)

1893 – Ralph Hancock, Welsh garden designer (Rockefeller Center) (d. 1950)

1904 – René Lacoste, French tennis player (d. 1996)

1908 – Thurgood Marshall, American Supreme Court Justice (d. 1993)

1927 – Gene Ray, Founder of the Time Cube website and proponent of Time Cube philosophy

1946 – Richard Axel, American scientist, Nobel laureate

1947 – Larry David, American television producer

1964 – Andrea Yates, American murderer

1992 – Madison Chock, American ice dancer

Notable Deaths
1566 – Nostradamus, French astrologer (b. 1503)

1582 – Akechi Mitsuhide, Japanese samurai (b. 1528)

1778 – Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Swiss philosopher (b. 1712)

1778 – Bathsheba Spooner, American murderer (b. 1746)

1857 – Carlo Pisacane, Italian patriot (b. 1818)

1961 – Ernest Hemingway, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1899)

1999 – Mario Puzo, American author (b. 1920)

(Saturday) July 3rd

Notable Events
324 – Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium.

987 – Hugh Capet is crowned King of France, the first of the Capetian dynasty that would rule France till
the French Revolution in 1792.
1754 – French and Indian War: George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity to French forces.

1775 – American Revolutionary War: George Washington takes command of the Continental Army at
Cambridge, Massachusetts.

1819 – The Bank of Savings in New York City, the first savings bank in the United States, opens.

1863 – U.S. Civil War: The final day of the Battle of Gettysburg culminates with Pickett's Charge.

1884 – Dow Jones and Company publishes its first stock average.

1886 – Karl Benz officially unveils the Benz Patent Motorwagen – the first purpose-built automobile.

1938 – President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicates the Eternal Light Peace Memorial and lights the eternal
flame at Gettysburg Battlefield.

1962 – The Algerian War of Independence against the French ends.

1978 – Amazon Cooperation Treaty (ACT) signed.

1981 – First mention in the New York Times of a disease that would later be called AIDS

1996 – Stone of Scone is returned to Scotland.

2006 – Asteroid 2004 XP14 flies within 432,308 kilometres (268,624 mi) of Earth.

Notable Births
1728 – Robert Adam, Scottish architect (d. 1792)

1883 – Franz Kafka, Czech-German writer (d. 1924)

1958 – Charlie Higson, English author and actor

1976 – Bobby Skinstad, Springbok Rugby player

Notable Deaths
1570 – Aonio Paleario, Italian humanist

1904 – Edouard Beaupré, Canadian giant and strongman (b. 1881)

1965 – Trigger, Roy Rogers's horse (b. 1932)

1971 – Jim Morrison, American singer (The Doors) (b. 1943)

2009 – John A. Keel, American Fortean, television scriptwriter, author of The Mothman Prophecies (b.
1930)

Holidays and observances

The start of the Dog Days according to The Old Farmer's Almanac but not according to established
meaning in most European cultures.

(Sunday) July 4th

Notable Events
1054 – A supernova is observed by the Chinese, the Arabs and possibly Amerindians near the star Tauri.
For several months it remains bright enough to be seen during the day. Its remnants form the Crab
Nebula.

1187 – The Crusades: Battle of Hattin – Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem.

1636 – City of Providence, Rhode Island forms.

1744 – The Treaty of Lancaster, in which the Iriquois ceded lands between the Allegheny Mountains and
the Ohio River to the British colonies, is signed in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

1776 – American Revolution: the United States Declaration of Independence is adopted by the Second
Continental Congress

1802 – At West Point, New York the United States Military Academy opens.

1803 – The Louisiana Purchase is announced to the American people.

1827 – Slavery is abolished in New York State.

1845 – Near Concord, Massachusetts, Henry David Thoreau embarks on a two-year experiment in simple
living at Walden Pond (see Walden).

1855 – In Brooklyn, New York, the first edition of Walt Whitman's book of poems, titled Leaves of Grass,
is published.

1862 – Lewis Carroll tells Alice Liddell a story that would grow into Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
and its sequels.

1863 – American Civil War: Siege of Vicksburg – Vicksburg, Mississippi surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant
after 47 days of siege. 150 miles up the Mississippi River, a Confederate Army is repulsed at the Battle of
Helena, Arkansas.

1865 – Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is published.

1881 – In Alabama, the Tuskegee Institute opens.

1886 – The people of France offer the Statue of Liberty to the people of the United States.

1946 – After 381 years of near-continuous colonial rule by various powers, the Philippines attains full
independence from the United States.
1947 – The "Indian Independence Bill" is presented before British House of Commons, suggesting
bifurcation of British India into two sovereign countries – India and Pakistan.

1959 – With the admission of Alaska as the 49th U.S. state earlier in the year, the 49-star flag of the
United States debuts in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

1960 – Due to the post-Independence Day admission of Hawaii as the 50th U.S. state on August 21,
1959, the 50-star flag of the United States debuts in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania almost ten and a half
months later (see Flag Act).

1966 – President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Freedom of Information Act into United States law. The
act goes into effect the next year.

1969 – Two teens (one male, one female) are attacked at Blue Rock Springs in California. They are the
second (known) victims of the Zodiac Killer. The male survives.

1976 – Israeli commandos raid Entebbe airport in Uganda, rescuing all but four of the passengers and
crew of an Air France jetliner seized by Palestinian terrorists.

1997 – NASA's Pathfinder space probe lands on the surface of Mars.

Notable Births
1330 – Ashikaga Yoshiakira, Japanese shogun (d. 1367)

1816 – Hiram Walker, American grocer and distiller (d. 1899)

1881 – Ulysses S. Grant III, American soldier (d. 1968)

1882 – Louis B. Mayer, American film producer (d. 1957)

1902 – Meyer Lansky, Russian-born American gangster (d. 1983)

1921 – Gerard Debreu, French economist, Nobel laureate (d. 2004)

1930 – George Steinbrenner, American businessman

1937 – Thomas Nagel, American philosopher

1971 – Koko, sign-language gorilla

Notable Deaths
1826 – John Adams, 2nd President of the United States (b. 1735)

1826 – Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States (b. 1743)

1831 – James Monroe, 5th President of the United States (b. 1758)

1905 – Élisée Reclus, French anarchist (b. 1830)

2003 – Barry White, American singer (b. 1944)

2008 – Jesse Helms, American politician (b. 1921)