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Seminar Report
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Prepared by:
Rinal Shah(450)
Brijen Shah(445)
 1. CYBORG

Borg in Star Trek: Voyager

DEFINITION
The term cyborg, a portmanteau of cybernetic organism, is
used to designate an organism which is a mixture of
organic and mechanical (synthetic) parts. Generally, the
aim is to add to or enhance the abilities of an organism by
using technology.
 OVERVIEW
 The term was created by Manfred E. Clynes and Nathan S.
Kline in 1960 to refer to their conception of an enhanced
human being who could survive in extraterrestrial
environments.
 According to some definitions of the term, the metaphysical
and physical attachments humanity has with even the most
basic technologies have already made us cyborgs.
 The term fyborg (a portmanteau of "functional" and
"cyborg") was coined by Alexander Chislenko to
differentiate between the cyborgs of science fiction and the
everyday ways humans extend themselves using technologies
such as contact lenses, hearing aids, and mobile phones.
 James Litten coined the term cyborgation to describe the
action or process of becoming a cyborg.
 A 1972 science fiction novel by Martin Caidin titled Cyborg
told the story of a man whose damaged body parts are
replaced by mechanical devices. This novel was later
adapted into a TV series, The Six Million Dollar Man, in
1973.
 A book titled Cyborg: Digital destiny and human possibility
in the age of the wearable computer was published by
Doubleday in 2001. Some of the ideas in the book were
incorporated into the 35mm motion picture film Cyberman.
 Today, the C-LEG system is used to replace human legs
that were amputated because of injury or illness. The use of
sensors in the artificial leg aids in walking significantly.
These are the first real steps towards the next generation of
cyborgs.
 CYBORG TECHNOLOGY
PROSTHESIS
 In medicine, prosthesis is an
artificial extension that
replaces a missing part of
the body. Contrast with
orthosis that supplements the
body. Prostheses are
typically used to replace
parts lost by injury
(traumatic) or missing from
birth (congenital) or to soldier demonstrates Football with two
supplement defective body prosthetic limbs
parts.
Researchers are working on control
units that will take prosthetic knees to
the next level by providing active
knee extension. With this comes the
potential for a prosthetic limb to lift a
person to a standing position from a
seated one. To date, these goals have
been limited by the size, weight, and
Jon Comer, Professional skateboarder,
endurance limits of the batteries. gets air with a prosthetic leg.
Advances in miniaturization of both
machines and power sources will
provide R&D teams with more
options for creating powerful
prosthetic limbs with enough power
to run all day without a recharge until
evening.
Some types of prosthetics include:

Artificial limbs
Corrective lenses
Cochlear implants
Bio-implants
Replacement joints (e.g. hips)
Ocular prosthetics
Facial prosthetics
Somato prosthetics
Surgical prosthetics
Hair prosthesis
Maxillo-facial prosthetics
THOUGHT CONTROLLED LIMBS
 The most interesting
advances will result from
research into
osseointegration and neural-
controlled prosthetic devices.
Osseointegration is the direct
skeletal attachment of
prosthetic limbs through the
use of a permanently
connected quick disconnect
fitting that protrudes from
the residual limb.
As research in this area continues, the mechanical actions of
advanced prosthetic limbs will be directly controlled by thought.
Advances in mechanical capabilities and microprocessor control
may make wireless "personal area networks" a reality.

These networks will incorporate micro transmitters directly

connected to the brain. Receivers built into the artificial limbs could
allow users to become even more connected to their artificial limbs.
Instead of depending on muscle signals and movement to make a
prosthetic arm or leg move, all people will have to do is think about
moving their leg and the signals will be transmitted instantly through
radio waves.
Although this cyborg technology may seem like something out of a
science fiction movie, the pieces to make this a reality are being
developed and tested today. The future will only become more
interesting as we blend and perfect various technologies that redefine
the man and machine interface.
 CYBERNETIC ORGANISM,
BEYOND AN INDIVIDUAL
• Generally, the term "cyborg" is used to refer to a man or
woman with bionic, or robotic, implants.
• More broadly, the full term "cybernetic organism," is
used to describe larger networks of communication and
control.
• The prefix "cyber" is also used to address human-
technology mixtures in the abstract- this can include
things that aren't normally considered to be technology.
• Augmented with these technologies, a person becomes
capable of much more than they were before.
 EXAMPLES OF CYBORG
NON FICTION
• Professor Kevin
Warwick is a
cybernetics professor at
the University of
Reading, England.

PROJECT CYBORG
Probably the most famous piece of research undertaken
by Professor Warwick (aka Captain Cyborg) is the set of
experiments known as Project Cyborg, in which he had a
chip implanted into his arm, with the aim of "becoming a
cyborg".
 MANN AS CYBORG
• Steve Mann (born 1962) is a professor in the Department of
Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of
Toronto. He is considered by some as the founder of the field
of wearable computing based on his early work in personal
imaging.
• NOW, The Globe and Mail, National Post, and Toronto Life
have all described him as "the world's first cyborg", from his
early work with wireless wearable webcams.
• In March 14, 2002, Mann received world-wide news attention
when The New York Times reported on an incident in which
he was detained by security personnel at St. John's
International Airport in Newfoundland, Canada while
preparing to board an Air Canada flight to Toronto. The article
reported that Mann was strip-searched and his electronic
implants were forcibly removed
FICTION

• The Terminator models, in related movies

• various characters in The Matrix trilogy of movies
• various characters in Star Wars saga, notably Darth
Vader, Luke Skywalker General Grievous, Darth
Malak, Admiral Screed, Grand Moff Trachta, and
Lobot
• Robocop, movie
• Steve Austin, The Six Million Dollar Man
• Jaime Sommers, The Bionic Woman
 FUTURE ASPECTS OF CYBORG
• In the years ahead we will witness machines with
intelligence more powerful than that of humans. This
will mean that robots, not humans, make all the
important decisions and control the world. Is there an
alternative way ahead?
• Humans have limited capabilities. Humans sense the
world in a restricted way, vision being the best of the
senses. Humans understand the world in only 3
dimensions and communicate in a very slow, serial
fashion called speech. But can this be improved on?
Can we use technology to upgrade humans?
• The possibility exists to enhance human capabilities. To
harness the ever increasing abilities of machine intelligence, to
enable extra sensory input and to communicate in a much
richer way, using thought alone. Kevin Warwick has taken the
first steps on this path, using himself as a guinea pig test
subject receiving, by surgical operation, technological
implants connected to his central nervous system.
• A Cyborg is a Cybernetic Organism, part human part machine.
Kevin gives a very personal account of his amazing steps
towards becoming a Cyborg. The story is one of scientific
endeavour and devotion, splitting apart the personal lives of
himself and those around him. This astounding and unique
story takes in top scientists from around the globe and
seriously questions human morals, values and ethics.