Professional Documents
Culture Documents
WHITE PAPER
No. 170 | June 2017
PIONEER INSTITUTE
Pioneers Mission
Pioneer Institute is an independent, non-partisan, privately funded research organization that seeks to improve the quality
of life in Massachusetts through civic discourse and intellectually rigorous, data-driven public policy solutions based on free
market principles, individual liberty and responsibility, and the ideal of effective, limited and accountable government.
This paper is a publication of Pioneer Edu- Pioneer Health seeks to refocus the Massachu-
cation, which seeks to increase the education setts conversation about health care costs away
options available to parents and students, drive from government-imposed interventions, toward
system-wide reform, and ensure accountability market-based reforms. Current initiatives include
in public education. The Centers work builds driving public discourse on Medicaid; present-
on Pioneers legacy as a recognized leader in the ing a strong consumer perspective as the state
charter public school movement, and as a cham- considers a dramatic overhaul of the health care
pion of greater academic rigor in Massachusetts payment process; and supporting thoughtful tort
elementary and secondary schools. Current ini- reforms.
tiatives promote choice and competition, school-
based management, and enhanced academic per-
formance in public schools.
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ernment by promoting competitive delivery of setts competitive by promoting a healthy business
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tions. Current initiatives promote reform of how tal and development policy. Current initiatives
the state builds, manages, repairs and finances its promote market reforms to increase the supply of
transportation assets as well as public employee affordable housing, reduce the cost of doing busi-
benefit reform. ness, and revitalize urban areas.
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HOMESCHOOLING : THE ULTIMATE SCHOOL CHOICE
Table of Contents
Executive Summary______________________________ 4
History_______________________________________ 4
Demographics__________________________________ 9
Diversity_____________________________________ 10
Summary/Conclusions___________________________ 13
Recommendations______________________________ 15
3
HOMESCHOOLING : THE ULTIMATE SCHOOL CHOICE
4
HOMESCHOOLING : THE ULTIMATE SCHOOL CHOICE
As the first state to enact a Compulsory Attendance statute in advance by the superintendent or the school committee."
in 1852, Massachusetts mandated schooling by requiring
Today, Massachusetts and Rhode Island are the only two
every city and town to establish a public school for all children
approval states in the country, meaning that an education
between the ages of 8 and 14. This schooling was required to
plan with an assessment process must be submitted to the
be in session for a minimum of 12 weeks each year with six of
district and be approved before homeschooling can begin.7
those weeks being consecutive.
In most cases, the school committee delegates approval to
The architect of this revolutionary concept was Horace Mann, the superintendent, who is responsible for every child in the
known as the Father of American Education as well as the district under the compulsory attendance statute. In Mas-
Father of the Common School. However, historian Milton sachusetts, since the superintendent has responsibility for
Gaither notes: Ironically, some of the very people pushing so all students and the approval process also applies to private
strongly for common schools that would raise the masses up to schools, homeschoolers are not being singled out by needing
the level of the middle-class Protestant consensus were tutor- to be approved.
ing their own children at home out of a fear that these very
While the 1922 US Supreme Court decision in Pierce v Soci-
masses would corrupt their own kids. One such individual was
ety of Sisters8 ruled that compulsory attendance statutes could
Horace Mann himself, whose wife Mary taught their three
not restrict students to attending only public schools, it was
children at home even as he stumped the country preaching
Wisconsin v Yoder,9 a decision handed down 50 years later that
the common school.4
furthered the argument that parents have the ultimate respon-
Even more ironic was Horace Mann biographer Jonathan sibility to determine how best to educate their children. In
Messerli noting that, Yoder, the Supreme Court agreed with several Amish families
From a hundred platforms, Mann had lectured that the who refused to send their children to school beyond eighth
need for better schools was predicated upon the assump- grade due to their religious beliefs. A basis was being estab-
tion that parents could no longer be entrusted to perform lished to support exceptions to traditional schooling.
their traditional roles in moral training and that a more In the latter part of the 20th century, a confluence of events
systematic approach within the public school was nec- set the stage for the surge in homeschooling. Contempo-
essary. Now as a father, he fell back on the educational rary homeschooling can trace its roots to the 1970s and 80s.
responsibilities of the family, hoping to make the fireside Although a number of education reformers at that time were
achieve for his own son what he wanted the schools to highly critical of public
accomplish for others.5 schooling, two were
notable for becoming
Horace Manns hypocrisy of
This hypocrisy of maintaining parental choice for himself
while advocating a system of public education for others seems convinced that reform maintaining parental choice
was not the answer
eerily similar to the mindset that is so common today: Many for himself while advocating a
people of means who can choose to live in districts with bet- and they became the
ter schools or opt for private schools resist giving educational pioneers of the homes- system of public education for
choices to those less fortunate. chooling movement. others seems eerily similar to
Since the advent of the compulsory attendance statute in Mas- Dr. Raymond Moore the mindset that is so common
was appalled by Cal-
sachusetts, a number of key court decisions helped pave the
ifornias attempt to
today: Many people of means
way for the homeschooling we experience today. In 1893, the
Commonwealth v Roberts 6 decision found that state law per- lower the compulso- who can choose to live in
mitted instruction by the parents themselves, provided it is ry attendance age to districts with better schools or
given in good faith and sufficient in extent. Six years later, two years and nine
months. His research
opt for private schools resist
the otherwise instructed wording appeared for the first time
when the relevant section of state law was changed to read: on the negative effects giving educational choices to
of schooling on young
but if such a child has attended for a like period of time a those less fortunate.
private day school approved by the school committee or if such children resulted in the
child has been otherwise instructed for a like period of time in publication of Better
the branches of learning Late Than Early in 1975,10 his advocacy of homeschooling, and
his prominence as an early hero of Christian homeschoolers.
Then, in 1913, upon petition from the Massachusetts School
Superintendents Association for legislation relative to school Meanwhile, John Holt, after writing How Children Fail 11 and
attendance and the employment of minors, the statutes word- How Children Learn,12 came to the conclusion that schools
ing was changed to "otherwise instructed in a manner approved couldnt be reformed. He became a homeschool proponent
5
HOMESCHOOLING : THE ULTIMATE SCHOOL CHOICE
and coined the term unschooling to reflect the child-cen- on these essentials: the district may request a proposed cur-
tered approach he advocated. In 1977, while working in riculum (along with the hours of instruction in each of the
Boston, he established Growing Without Schooling, the first proposed subjects) and may have access to materials being used
national homeschooling newsletter and essentially became the (but only to determine the type of subjects and grade level for
spokesman for secular homeschoolers. comparison purposes). Instruction shall be equal in thor-
oughness and efficiency, and in the progress made therein,
Positive publicity during these years was sporadic but it did
as that in the public school of the same town The district
bring homeschooling to the
may consider the length of the homeschool year and the com-
attention of the public. When
The legal aspects of Grant Colfax, a homeschooler
petency of the parents (but neither certification nor a college
degree is required). An assessment process should be specified
homeschooling in who raised goats on his familys
in the education plan, although alternative means of evalu-
farm in California, was accept-
Massachusetts are ed to an Ivy League institution
ating a childs progress, such as periodic progress reports or
dated work samples, may be substituted for the formal testing
based on several in 1983, it made national head-
process.
significant court cases lines: Goat Boy Goes To Har-
vard.13 Holts 1981 appearance A decade later, the SJCs Brunelle Decision (Brunelle v Lynn
brought during these on the Phil Donahue Show Public Schools 1998 17) affirmed the Charles ruling and also
formative years of generated 10,000 letters seek- declared that a home visit is NOT presumptively essential
6
HOMESCHOOLING : THE ULTIMATE SCHOOL CHOICE
2M
Projected
2M
1.8M
1.5M
1.5M
1.1M
1M 850K
500K
10K
0
1980 1999 2003 2007 2012 2016
* Estimates from NCES (note: 1980 represents guestimate from John Holt)
education agencies (SEAs) recognized a steady increase in The latest figures published by the NCES (2012) estimat-
the number of homeschoolers and they began collecting data ed 1.8 million, 3.4 percent of all K-12 students, were being
using estimates extrapolated from local district filing statis- home-educated in the U.S.21 This is more than double the
tics. However, since there was no consistency in local filing number that were being homeschooled when the NCES first
requirements or the monitoring of homeschoolers, the states began collecting data in 1999, reflecting an annual increase of
data was unreliable. In fact, by the mid-90s only three states 7 percent for most of the first decade. Meanwhile during that
were believed to have filing rates that could be considered close same time, public school enrollment was growing at less than
to 100 percent accurate.19 1 percent per year.22
Homeschooling is now legal in all 50 states and is not only While the remarkable homeschooler annual growth rate of
growing but flourishing. Currently, the primary source used 7 percent was not sustainable, the most recent estimate of 3
to calculate the number of homeschoolers in the U. S. is the percent per year is still impressive.23 Even this lower growth
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), part of factor indicates that homeschooling easily surpassed the two
the Institute of Education Sciences (IES), the independent, million mark in 2016. Furthermore, even a slight increase in
non-partisan arm of the U.S. Department of Education the 1.8 million homeschoolers in 2012 means that for the first
responsible for educational information, research, and sta- time, those being homeschooled exceeded the 2016 parochi-
tistics. Homeschooling statistics were first incorporated into al school enrollment.24 With a continuing decline in private
NCES reporting in 1999 using data from the parent segment school enrollment 25 anticipated at least through 2026, homes-
of the National Household Education Survey Program. That chooling has become the countrys fastest-growing alternative
year NCES estimated that there were 850,000 homeschoolers, educational option.
about 1.7 percent of the U.S. student population between the
As for Massachusetts, the Department of Elementary and
ages 5 to 17. By 2003, that number had increased to 1.1 million
Secondary Education (DESE) has published school and dis-
homeschoolers or 2.2 percent of all students. By 2007 it was
trict profiles on their website covering over 30 years of data
1.5 million or almost 3 percent of all students nationwide.20
and has incorporated homeschooling numbers since 2010.
7
HOMESCHOOLING : THE ULTIMATE SCHOOL CHOICE
DESE currently states that there are some 7,500 homeschool- On the other hand, pedagogues tend to homeschool to be free
ers in the state.26 However, these counts are subject to the same from the constraints of a one size fits all system that doesnt
vagaries as the national data estimates as they are self-reported utilize a developmental, child-centered approach to learning.
by school districts. Ann Like ideologues, they also tend to have concerns about curric-
Zeise, who has been ula but they either purchase secular curricula or use alternative
homeschooling families writing and researching resources, modifying them as needed for each child.
homeschooling issues
were often stereotyped While it has been generally assumed that fundamentalist
for several decades esti-
as either right-wing Christians make up the majority of homeschoolers, the NCES
mates that there are over
does not specifically track those numbers. However some of
conservative Christians or 28,000 homeschool-
the earliest NHES data from the beginning of the 21st century
ers in the Common-
left-wing progressive hippies. wealth.27 In addition, a indicated that 70 percent of homeschoolers had a non-religious
rationale as their prime reason to homeschool.31 In addition,
Boston Magazine article
data from the 2012 report shows a significant change in the
essentially disputes the homeschooling count for the city of
reasons families choose to homeschool compared to reasons
Boston as being under-reported by DESE by more than half.28
that were paramount just five years earlier. Although in 2007,
Ironically, as the question of how many homeschoolers was on 36 percent of homeschoolers cited religious instruction as their
the verge of being resolved, the definition of what constitutes a prime motivation; five years later that percentage fell by more
homeschooler began to unravel. Throughout the latter part than half to 17 percent. Environment in schools had become
of the 20th century the definition of a homeschooler seemed the predominant reason for 25 percent of homeschoolers, and
fairly straightforward: a student not enrolled in the public 91 percent listed it as one of the reasons that was important
school system whose family conducted his or her educational to them.32
process at homeor at least not in school.
In addition to these shifts in rationale, a survey by Hanna33
found that 47 percent of the families identified themselves as
ideologues, 25 percent as pedagogues, and a surprising 26 per-
Who & Why
cent described themselves as both.
In the early days of contemporary homeschooling, homes-
chooling families were often stereotyped as either right-wing This blurring of the lines may also be confirmed by a socio-
conservative Christians or left-wing progressive hippies. Lat- logical study that coined a new terminology: first-choice and
er, sociologist Dr. Jane Van Galen coined the more charitable second-choice homeschoolers.34 The first-choice family
terms ideologues and pedagogues to describe homeschool- is in essence the traditional homeschooling family, viewing
ers based on their rationale for selecting home education and homeschooling as a lifestyle and an integral part of a students
how it was implemented.29 growth.
Despite their disparate philosophies on how and why they Homeschoolers Based On Their Rationale*
homeschool, both camps have been united in their belief that
parental choice in deciding to homeschool and the manner
in which their children are educated is an intrinsic right, one
which should not be usurped by the state. Both types of home-
schoolers emphasize that enhancing family relationships
between children and parents and among siblings is a prime Pedagogues
motivation for their choice.30 They also hold to the belief that
the overall environment of traditional public school systems
25%
is not conducive to the educational goals they have for their Ideologues
offspring. 47%
In general, ideologues tend to homeschool for religious or
Both
moral reasons, believing that the public schools either can-
not fulfill these goals or that the public system undermines 26%
their family values via the curricula being taught. The con-
tent taught in public school science, literature, history, civics,
and health classes often conflicts with a familys beliefs. These
families may purchase faith-based curriculum packages that
reinforce their religious values. * B ased on survey by Linda G. Hanna
8
HOMESCHOOLING : THE ULTIMATE SCHOOL CHOICE
9
HOMESCHOOLING : THE ULTIMATE SCHOOL CHOICE
homeschoolers continue to exceed those of public school stu- more evidence of charters success has emerged, the argument
dents, their scores now trail those of private school students.43 transitioned to a lack of diversity in charter schools and fail-
ure to advance the achievement of every student regardless of
The educational level of homeschooling parents is also tending
race or class. As charters have evolved and matured, they have
more to the national norm. Recent data indicate that the per-
worked to resolve those issues.48 Perhaps the same can be said
cent of homeschooling parents without high school diplomas
of homeschooling.
has doubled since the early 2000s and the proportion who have
graduate degrees has dropped by 25 percent.44 This places the Though alternative schools have been castigated for lack of
educational levels of homeschooling parents more on par with diversity compared to traditional public schools, homeschool-
the general populace since nearly 90 percent of all Americans ing has actually been rapidly closing some of these diversity
over age 25 have attained a high school diploma or GED.45 gaps. In the early days of contemporary homeschooling the
perception was that it consisted primar-
It has been estimated that 90 percent
ily of white, educated, and wealthy fam-
of K-12 students who are engaged The extraordinary growth of ilies. Various studies in last few decades
in time-intensive activities (such
as professional acting, dancing and
homeschooling in the 21 century of the 20th century pegged the white
st
10
HOMESCHOOLING : THE ULTIMATE SCHOOL CHOICE
materials that are appropriate to their learning style, and avoid The Hybridization Of Homeschooling
bullying or ridicule that may occur at school.56
Although homeschool cooperatives and the use of online
It has often been argued that traditional public school systems courses have long been a staple of many homeschooling pro-
prepare students to be good citizens and function effectively grams, the vast array of new educational options appearing
in society by providing various points of view and exposing or emerging during the past decade such as Massive Open
students to a diversity of ideas. The implication is that the Online Courses (MOOCs), blended learning, looping (con-
isolation and parental influence of the homeschooling envi- tinuing for more than one year with the same teacher)63 and
ronment would skew the tolerance level of homeschooling stu- dual-enrollment have expanded homeschoolers curricular
dents to the detriment of society. Yet a recent study has shown options and clouded the definition of who is a homeschooler.
just the opposite, that homeschoolers exhibit more political
In the past, many homeschooling families have purchased
tolerance than their public school peers.57
the materials and services of umbrella schools to assist with
In addition, the National Education Association (NEA) has curriculum, testing, monitoring of attendance, and record
been highly critical of homeschooling over the years, routine- keeping. They have also availed themselves of public char-
ly stating that homeschooling programs based on parental ter schools, such as those in California and Alaska, which
choice cannot provide the student with a comprehensive edu- allow enrollment of homeschool students. A more recent
cation experience,58 despite a lack of evidence to support their trend is the use of homeschooling learning centers that pro-
position. The NEA then adds a number vide part-time or full-time classes as
of strongly worded statements, insisting needed. While these learning centers
that parents should be licensed, cur- The implication is that the are somewhat similar to small private
riculum should be approved, all costs schools, Massachusetts learning centers
isolation and parental
should be borne by the parent, and are not accredited. Thus homeschooling
homeschooled students should not be influence of the homeschooling parents still need to comply with the
permitted to participate in any extra- environment would skew homeschooling approval process since
curricular activities within the public they are ultimately responsible for the
school system.59
the tolerance level of education of their child who is utilizing
It is notable that the NEA describes its
homeschooling students to the learning center.
mission as advocating for educational the detriment of society. Yet a Within the homeschooling community,
professionals.60 It is significant that recent study has shown just the the increased number of homeschoolers
its primary goal is not determining the resulted in a proliferation of co-ops as
best educational match for each child. opposite, that homeschoolers there were more homeschoolers con-
As a union, it represents its dues-pay- exhibit more political tolerance densed in localized areas. State support
ing members rather than children seek- groups spawned regional and district
ing an education in a traditional public
than their public school peers. 57
support groups which, with these larger
school. This means any alternative edu- local populations, were able to provide
cational option that threatens its fundamental purpose of job more supplemental services such as field trips, classes, arts &
protection can elicit a negative reaction, which reinforces that crafts sessions, etc.
it is the responsibility parents to determine the best education-
Some parents contend they are homeschooling when they
al choice for their children.
enroll their children in an online virtual public school. Other
While homeschooling may not be the best educational option parents may claim they are homeschooling both their pre-K
for most families, the assumption that public school is the best children along with other school-aged offspring. The NCES
option for all students may be equally flawed. considers one a homeschooler if their primary place of school-
ing is at home rather than at a public or private school and that
In summary, as the Center for Public Education (CPE) states,
their enrollment in a public/private school is not more than 25
It may be one of the least controversial statements in Ameri-
hours per week.
can education: parent involvement can make a difference in a
childs education. Similarly, the Center for Family, School
61
Most researchers tend to look for a monolithic definition of
and Community Engagement notes, Almost everyone agrees homeschooling. However longtime education reformers and
that parents are, after all, their children's first and most choice advocates John Chubb and Terry Moe define homes-
important teachers.62 choolings future as a paradox when they state that with the
advance of technology, homeschooling is destined to increase
11
HOMESCHOOLING : THE ULTIMATE SCHOOL CHOICE
and decrease.64 They define home as anywhere but the pay the same taxes to fund their district schools which they
school building and predict that this distributed model of generally do not utilize to any large degree. Using the latest
education will become dramatically popular as distance learn- NCES figures reflecting the national average expenditure of
ing takes hold. Furthermore, many homeschoolers will actu- $11,01170 per public school student, the two million homes-
ally be going to school by taking the same virtual courses choolers essentially reduce public education costs by some $22
as schooled students and the boundaries between home and billion per year.
school will break down and eventually cease to exist.
Thus, while the NCES definition of homeschooling is use-
Federal Policy Impact
ful in estimating the number of homeschooled students, the
current operational definition is a moving target, constantly Under the current Republican administration, a revised focus
on school vouchers and financial assistance for private and
evolving as the lines between school and homeschool blur.
parochial schools may directly impact homeschooling. While
federal dollars may or may not accompany this focus, states are
The Cost of Homeschooling rapidly advancing parental choice-based policies.70
Families incur a cost when they decide to homeschool. Some Three prominent vehicles for achieving these goals are vouch-
of these costs are analogous to those borne by schools, such as ers, tuition tax credits, and education savings accounts (ESAs).
books, technology, and supplies. These material costs can run Vouchers permit families to utilize public education funds for
from as little as a few hundred dollars to thousands depend- alternatives to public school. Tax credits permit individuals
ing on the individual family. On the low end, extensive library and corporations to offset taxes by setting up scholarship pro-
usage, used books, free online classes, and self-developed cur- grams for students to attend non-public schools. Education
ricula can be utilized. Two significant traits of homeschooling savings accounts, a more recent innovation, provide public
families are their utilization of libraries in much greater pro- funds that essentially entice existing public school students to
portion than the general populace and 65 leave the public system and choose a pri-
their heavy reliance on the Internet to vate alternative. In the latter, the funds
Using the latest NCES that are offered are less than the per-pu-
both access curricula and network with
other homeschoolers66. figures reflecting the national pil cost of publicly educating the student
and thus provide alternatives for families
At the other extreme, the cost of goods average expenditure of
and financial savings for the district or
and services such as packaged curricula, $11,01170 per public school state.
testing services, travel, museum mem-
berships, external classes, and tutors can student, the two million U.S. Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos
approach that of tuition and fees charged homeschoolers essentially has stated, Homeschooling represents
by private schools. Again, parental choice
reduce public education costs another option.
perfectly valid educational
Weve seen more and more peo-
and individual family finances are the
determining factors. by some $22 billion per year. ple opt for homeschooling, including
in urban areas. What youre seeing are
Unique to homeschooling, however, is
parents who are fed up with their lack of
that the biggest cost is usually the loss of one parents income
power to do anything about where their kids are assigned to
since approximately 90 percent 67 of homeschooling families
go to school. To the extent that homeschooling puts parents
are two-parent households, and in more than half of these
back in charge of their kids education, more power to them.72
only one parent is in the workforce. This cost is significant
because although homeschool households are less likely than Recently, DeVos lobbied for school-choice voucher programs
public school families to be under the poverty level, they are and tax-credit initiatives, intended to widen the range of insti-
more likely to be near poor 68 than either public or private tutionsincluding private and religious-that could receive
school families. They are also less likely than either public or funding. 73 Whether in states that consider homeschools to
private school families to be in the federal at or above 200 be private schools (or offer the option to operate as private
percent poverty line, which would appear to be consistent with schools) or those that treat students in private, parochial, or
the loss of one parents income.69 homeschools the same, such financial assistance would direct-
ly affect homeschoolers.
An often overlooked but significant cost factor is savings to
the American taxpayer. Just like private and parochial school One of the new administrations first attempts to legislate sup-
students (but unlike charter school students), homeschoolers port for this educational philosophy was the January 23, 2017
not only bear the brunt of their own educational costs but also filing of H.R.610, a bill which would distribute federal funds
12
HOMESCHOOLING : THE ULTIMATE SCHOOL CHOICE
13
HOMESCHOOLING : THE ULTIMATE SCHOOL CHOICE
students.76 As homeschooling has become more mainstream alternative. By becoming more knowledgeable about the
over the last 30 years, many of the general publics earlier con- practices and benefits of homeschooling traditional educators
cerns have been alleviated. can begin to offer parents information,
As there have been no studies support, and encouragement, treating
The demand for homeschooling and
them as educational colleagues who
the educational outcomes it has pro- showing homeschooling has care deeply about childrens learning.
duced have been firmly established. It
is time for states, districts, and indi- negative effects on children and
vidual teachers to begin accepting many positive outcomes have
homeschooling as a viable educational
been identified, homeschooling
should also be evaluated on
ancillary benefits such as
satisfaction with the choice itself,
the role of family values and the
overall pursuit of happiness that
engendered by the process.
Solid Educational Practices that Have Been Long-Used in the Homeschooling Community
14
HOMESCHOOLING : THE ULTIMATE SCHOOL CHOICE
RECOMMENDATIONS
15
HOMESCHOOLING : THE ULTIMATE SCHOOL CHOICE
it is time for homeschoolers to take a seat at the 6 Use caution about including homeschoolers in
education reform table. Having been an effective voucher initiatives or legislation.
incubator of educational ideas and initiatives over As counterintuitive as it may seem, many existing
the years, homeschoolers can continue to be the homeschoolers are not in favor of being included
breeding ground for new experiences and meth- in any voucher initiatives that would provide mon-
ods. etary assistance for their educational expenses.
While its proliferation has made it more acceptable The general rationale is that subsidies inevitably
now than in its early years, homeschooling is still come with strings attached and that any potential
faced with traditional education experts trying to to lose the freedom to choose the best curricula
apply traditional concepts of time and place. The match for their individual children, how to imple-
homeschooling emphasis on depth and mastery is ment and change it as need be, and determine the
based on an individualized curriculum rather than appropriate assessment is not worth the trade-off.
on classroom coverage of district approved text- However, a number of homeschoolers (and poten-
books. Since individualization is not easily scalable tial homeschoolers) may very well be attracted to
there is a tendency to dismiss the value it could financial assistance. Any legislation must be cog-
provide to traditional schools. This may very well nizant of this diversity of opinion and ensure that
be short sighted. in the spirit of choice there would be an opt-out
provision.
16
HOMESCHOOLING : THE ULTIMATE SCHOOL CHOICE
Endnotes
1. Huseman, Jessica, Homeschooling Regulations By State, August 24. Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate (CARA) http://cara.
27, 2015, ProPublica georgetown.edu/frequently-requested-church-statistics/
2. Center for Public Education (CPE), School Choice: What the Research 25. National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES) The Condition
Says, January, 2017, http://www.centerforpubliceducation.org/ of Education Private School Enrollment, (March, 2017)
Main-Menu/Policies/School-Choice-What-the-Research-Says-At-
26. MA Department of Secondary and Elementary Education (DESE),
a-Glance/School-Choice-What-the-Research-Says-Full-Report-
School and District Profiles, http://profiles.doe.mass.edu/state_
PDF.pdf
report/schoolattendingchildren.aspx
3. International Center for Home Education Research (ICHER),
27. Zeise, Ann, Number of Homeschoolers in the USA, August 16,
http://icher.org/faq.html
2016, http://a2zhomeschooling.com/thoughts_opinions_home_
4. Gaither, Milton (2008) Homeschool An American History, school/numbers_homeschooled_students/
Macmillan, P. 44
28. Samburg, Bridget, Our Kids Dont Belong in School, September,
5. Messerli, Jonathan (1972) Horace Mann: A Biography, Knopf, P.129 2015, Boston Magazine
6. Massachusetts Home Learning Association (MHLA), Commonwealth 29. Van Galen, Jane and Pitman, Mary Anne, Ideologues and
v. Frank Roberts, http://mhla.org/information/massdocuments/ Pedagogues: Parents Who Teach Their Children at Home, Home
roberts.htm Schooling: Political, Historical, and Pedagogical Perspectives, 1991,
Albex Publishing
7. Home School Legal Defense Association (HSLDA), https://www.
hslda.org/hs/state/ut/200503240.asp 30. Ray, Brian D., Research Facts on Homeschooling, March 23,
2016, National Home Education Research Institute (NHERI)
8. Berkley Center for Religion Peace and World Affairs Georgetown
Univ. https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/cases/pierce-v-society- 31. National Center for Policy Analysis (NCPA), Home Sweet Home
of-sisters School, December 8, 2008
9. Legal Information Institute Cornell Univ. Law School https:// 32. Noel, Amber and Stark, Patrick and Redford, Jeremy, Parent and
www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/406/205 Family Involvement in Education from the NHES Program of
2012, August, 2013, National Center for Educational Statistics
10. Moore, Raymond S. and Moore, Dorothy N. (1975), Better Late
(NCES),
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