SOLAR POWER GENERATION

(A SOLUTION OF POWER CRISIS IN

PAKISTAN)
 OUTLINE…..
POWER CRISIS IN PAKISTAN
Overview of Solar Power
How Photo-voltaic (PV) Cells Work
How Solar PV Cells are Made
Applications
Efficiencies
Economics
Facts & Trends
Research
POWER CRISIS
ENERGY PROFILE OF PAKISTAN
ENERGY PROFILE
POWER PLANTS
HYDRAL AND THERMAL POWER PLANT IN
PAKISTAN
 IMPACT OF POWER CRISIS ON PEOPLE

• IMPACT on INDUSTRIES
• Social implication
SOLUTION OF THIS POWER CRISIS

Enough Solar Energy falls on

PAKISTAN in ONE DAY to power
the state for ONE YEAR
• Solar Power Overview
PV Solar Radiation
 Light & the Photovoltaic Effect
• Certain semiconductor materials absorb certain
wavelengths
– The shorter the wavelength the greater the energy
– Ultraviolet light has more energy than infrared light
• Crystalline silicon
– Utilizes all the visible spectrum plus some infrared
radiation
– Light frequencies that is too high or too low for the
semiconductor to absorb turn into heat energy instead of
electrical energy
• How PV Cells Work
 Cross Section of PV Cell
• Let’s watch a clip I hope so that it will be informative for you
my dear fellows.
 WORKING
• When a photon of light hits a piece of silicon, one of three
things can happen.
• The first is that the photon can pass straight through the
silicon. This (generally) happens when the energy of the
photon is lower than the bandgap energy of the silicon
semiconductor.
• The second thing that can happen is that the photon is
reflected off the surface.
• The third thing is that it can be absorbed by the silicon. This
(generally) happens if the photon energy is greater than the
bandgap energy of silicon.
 Creation of mobile electron-hole pairs.
• When a photon is absorbed, its energy is given to an electron in the
crystal lattice. Usually this electron is in the valence band, and is
tightly bound in covalent bonds between neighboring atoms, and
hence unable to move far. The energy given to it by the photon
"excites" it into the conduction band, where it is free to move
around within the semiconductor.
• The covalent bond that the electron was previously a part of now
has one less electron - this is known as a hole. The presence of a
missing covalent bond allows the bonded electrons of neighboring
atoms to move into the "hole," leaving another hole behind, and in
this way a hole can move through the lattice. Thus, it can be said that
photons absorbed in the semiconductor create mobile electron-
hole pairs.
• How Solar Cells are Made
Solar Cell Construction

• Materials
– Crystalline Silicon
– Gallium Arsenide (more expensive)
• Grown into large single-crystal ingots
• Sawed into thin wafers
• 2 wafers are bonded together (p-n junction)
• Wafers grouped into panels or arrays
 Crystalline silicon and gallium arsenide

• Crystalline silicon and gallium arsenide are typical choices of

materials for solar cells. Gallium arsenide crystals are grown
especially for photovoltaic use, but silicon crystals are available
in less-expensive standard ingots, which are produced mainly
for consumption in the microelectronics industry. Polycrystalline
silicon has lower conversion efficiency but also lower cost.
• When exposed to direct sunlight a 6-centimeter diameter silicon
cell can produce a current of about 0.5 ampere at 0.5 volt
(equivalent to about 90 W/m² average, range is usually between
50-150 W/m², depending on sun brightness and solar cell
efficiency). Gallium arsenide is more efficient than silicon, but
also more expensive.
Creating Silicon Wafers
Growing Silicon Ingots

Czochralski Process
Drawing a Silicon Ingot

This picture shows the drawing of a silicon

ingot in a fiery furnace containing molten
silicon. Special high-speed saws slice the
ingots into wafers about the thickness of a
dime. They are then ground thinner and
polished mirror smooth. (Image courtesy of
Texas Instruments, Inc.)
 Silicon Ingots & Wafers
• Finished Ingots
Creating PV Cells
Silicon Solar Cell
• Solar Modules and Arrays
 Solar PV Systems

• Cells are the building block of PV systems

– Typically generate 1.5 - 3 watts of power
• Modules or panels are made up of multiple cells
• Arrays are made up of multiple modules
– A typical array costs about $5 – $6/watt
• Still need lots of other components to make this work
• Typical systems cost about $8/watt
PV Modules have efficiencies approaching
17%
Solar Panel
• Solar PV Applications
Residential
Commercial
Remote Areas
Recreational Use (Sailboat)
Solar powered personal transportation(solar
cars)
 Spacecraft

International Space Station

• Hubble Telescope
Mars Rover
• Solar PV Efficiency
 Solar Cell Efficiencies

• Typical module efficiencies ~12%

– Screen printed multi-crystalline solar cells
• Efficiency range is 6-30%
– 6% for amorphous silicon-based PV cells
– 20% for best commercial cells
– 30% for multi-junction research cells
• Typical power of 120W / m2
• A typical 4 square centimeter solar cell produces electrical
energy of the order of 0.4 to 0.5 volts at 6 mill amperes.
 Solar Panel Efficiency

• ~1 kW/m2 reaches the ground (sunny day)

• ~20% efficiency  200W/m2 electricity
• Daylight & weather in northern latitudes
– 100 W/m2 in winter; 250 W/m2 in summer
– Or 20 to 50 W/m2 from solar cells
• Value of electricity generated at Rs6.8/kWh
– Rs 8.5/ m2 / day
• Solar PV Facts & Trends
World Largest PV Solar Plants
Solar Cell Production Volume
PV MARKET DEMAND
PRODUCTION AND SHIPMENT OF PV
SYSTEMS
SYSTEM DEMAND AND GROWTH OF PV
SYSTEMS
• Solar PV Cell systems
 Solar PV Components

• Charge controller
– Prevents batteries from being over charged
• Disconnect switches
– Allows power from a PV system to be turned off
• Electrical meter
– Measures electrical production and use
– Often runs backward if system is attached to the electrical grid
• Inverter
– Converts DC power from solar array to AC for use in your home
• Wiring
– Connects the system components
• Batteries
– Used to store solar-produced electricity for nighttime or emergency use
– Mainly used for remote sites that aren’t tied into the electrical grid

• Total system cost = ~$8.00 / watt

Stand Alone Solar PV System

• BATTERY
Grid Connected Solar PV System
Connecting PV to the Grid
 Net Metering
• When your system produces more electricity
than your home uses
– electricity flows backward out to the grid
• Meter runs backward and you get credit for
the electricity you sell to the utility
• Sitting & Designing Solar PV
 Solar PV Dependencies
d • Location, Location, Location !
• Latitude
– Lower latitudes better than higher latitudes
• Weather
– Clear sunny skies better than cloudy skies
– Temperature not important
• Direction solar arrays face
– South preferred, east and west acceptable
• Absence of shade
– Trees, Flatirons, etc.
Solar PV Design – Key Factors

• Location
– How much solar radiation does the system
receive?
• DC rating
– How big is the system
 Solar PV Design – Module
• Module Efficiency
– How efficiently does the solar system convert
solar radiation into DC power
– Best retail systems approaching 17%
– Holy Grail of solar PV research
• DC to AC derate factor
– How efficient is the system converting DC to AC
power
 Solar PV Array Design
• Array Flat Panel
– Remains in a constant fixed position
• Array tilt (equal to latitude best)
– Increase solar radiation by 10-20%
compared to 0% tilt
– Sunnier locations benefit more
• Array azimuth (180° best)
– Directly south
 Solar PV Array Tracking

• Array 1-axis tracking

– Tracks sun across the sky during each day
– Stays at a constant tilt
– Increase solar radiation by 25-30% compared to no
tracking
– Sunnier locations benefit more
• Array 2-axis tracking
– Tracks sun across the sky during each day
– Adjusts tilt – more in winter, less in summer
– Increase solar radiation by 33-38%
– Sunnier locations benefit more
• Solar PV Economics
Cost Analysis
 COST PAY-BACK

• The greatest advantage of third generation

solar cells is that the maximum pay-back time
against basic investment is Three years.
• So, you install a system at approx. Rs 300/- per
watt,
Calculate the monthly bill at approx. Rs 10/-
per kWh ,
and the total bill for 36 months adds up to
your basic investment of the system.
• Solar PV Cell Research
 Emerging PV Techologies
• Cells made from gallium arsenide
– molecular beam epitaxy
– 35% efficiencies have been achieved
• Non-silicon panels using carbon nanotubes
– Quantum dots embedded in special plastics
– May achieve 30% efficiencies in time
• Polymer (organic plastics) solar cells
– Suffer rapid degradation to date
 Thin Film Solar Cells
• Use less than 1% of silicon required for wafers
• Silicon vapor deposited on a glass substrate
• Amorphous crystalline structure
– Many small crystals vs. one large crystal
Flexible PV Cells
• SOLAR THERMAL
POWER PLANT
SOLAR THERMAL POWER

• Focus the sun to create to create heat

– Boil water
– Heat liquid metals
• Use heated fluid to turn a turbine
• Generate electricity
Solar Thermal Dish Schematic
Solar Thermal Dish Collector
 DE MAIN THEME

• The main theme of the thermal solar power

plant is to control and use the thermal power
of the sun.
• Here I introduce a video that will clearly
explain the idea
Solar Trough Scheme
Parabolic Trough Cross-Section
3D VIEW OF A SOLAR THERMAL PLANT
PRACTICAL SOLAR POWER PLANT
• BENEFITS AND ADVENTAGES
 BENEFITS AND ADVENTAGES

• Solar electricity systems are in many cases economically

superior to conventional power systems. The operating
costs are low because solar electricity needs very little maintenance,
very few spare parts, and no fuel

• There are no moving parts, so the system has a very long lifetime, and it is
virtually maintenance-free

• In addition to its direct economic benefits, solar electricity has many

indirect advantages. In most systems, power cuts are a nuisance and may
cause immediate economic losses. If a solar electricity system has been
correctly designed, no other system can match its reliability. Therefore,
the indirect financial gains will also shorten the solar electricity system's
payback time
 BENEFITS AND ADVENTAGES

• Fosters micro-enterprise development

Solar electricity helps promote local enterprises. Small shops
and village markets can use the systems to provide lighting to
operate during the evening. Small businesses utilizing electric
sewing machines, water pumps, and computers are also
benefited by the availability of solar electric systems

• · Solar cells are totally silent. They can extract energy from the sun without making a
peep. Now imagine the noise that the giant machines used to drill for and pump oil make!
• Prevent the production of chemicals that cause acid rain as well as 1027293 pounds of
carbon dioxide , a major green gas
 BENEFITS AND ADVENTAGES
• Conserves foreign exchange
As much as 90% of the export earnings of some developing countries are
used to pay for imported oil, most of it for power generation. Capital saved
by not building additional large power plants can be used for investment in
health, education, economic development, and industry. Expanding solar
rural electrification creates jobs and business opportunities based on an
appropriate technology in a decentralized marketplace.
• Health Benefits
The use of kerosene or gas can be risky to your wellbeing
considering the fumes that you get to breathe as they are used
. It was discovered that inhaling kerosene fumes correspond to the
breathing of 2 cigarette packs a day. With the utilization of a solar
energy system, you are losing these devastating smoke and the quality of
your indoor air becomes better. This is a good way to take care of your
folks' breathing system
 Conclusion

• IF we and our government don’t

switch on to the use of solar power
then not only our country the whole
world has to face various kind of
problems instead of power crises .

• In most of industries and power plants we

are using fossil fuel that are not reusable and
limited also.
PREPARED BY

• Engr ZEESHAN
MOHIN
QUESTION
IFANY…..?
 REFERENCES

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power
• http://www.answers.com/topic/silicon
• http://www.answers.com/topic/silicon
• http://www.princeton.edu/~chm333/2002/sp
ring/SolarCells/potential%20images/flexible_p
v_cell.jpg