10 Engines (power generation and propulsion, electrical vehicles)

‘The section Thermal Power Engineering of Delft University of from a single cylinder, stationary, Diesel engine are described. I‘he two
Technology operates a 1.5 MW pressurized fluidized bed gasification types of biodiesel appeared to have equal performance. and irrespec--
rig, including a hot gas cleaning unit and a pressurized downscaled tive of the raw material used for their production, their addition ro the
Alstom gas turbines combustor. Regarding the combustion of low JP-8 aviation fuel improved the particulate matter emissions.
caiorific value (LCV) gas, experiments are done to validate models
describing turbulent steady state combustion. In this paper biomass 03/01906 The effect of ocean waves on offshore wind
derived LCV gas combustion experiments are described. The heating turbines
value of the gas was in the range of 2.5-4 MJ/m,’ and the process Thorsen, T. and Naeser. H. In~wncrrio~~ul .Jowwc~l o/ E~I~I~~WIWII
pressure was 3-8 bar. In all experiments, good combustion efficiency Sustnindh Dew/o~nmt, 2002. 1. (4), 146 355.
was observed NO, formed, resulted from NH7 fuel nitrogen conversion The ocean has a varying surface roughness where the roughness length
to NO, was in the range of 10-O%. The combustor was modelled using is determined by the characteristics of the waves. In this paper a
the CFD program Fluent. As chemical models. the chemical method is established, where the roughness length of the ocean is
equilibrium, laminar flamelet and reaction progress variable model calculated from the wind speed and the fetch length. The fetch length
were applied. Turbulence closure Reynolds stress and K-r were used in depends on the wind direction and a case study is performed for a wind
the calculations. The fate of fuel nitrogen conversion to NO, was one of turbine exposed to wind blowing in two opposite directions; from the
the main issues studied. The agreement between models and shore and the sea. For each case, the vertical wind speed distribution is
experiment was good for the experiments performed in the higher- calculated in order to study the influence that the direction of the wind
pressure range. has on the annual energy production. The potential for using a site
specific offshore turbine design, dependent on the prevailing wind
03/01904 Method of operation of fuel cell/gas turbine direction. is also explored.
combined cycle power system
Labinov, S. D er ul. PCT Int. Appl. WO 02 78.109 (CI. HOIM8;06). 3 03/01909 The sources of polycyclic aromatic compounds in
Ott 2002, US Appt. 813,714. diesel engine emissions
A method for converting fuel energy to electricity includes the steps of Rhead, M. M. and Hardy, S. A. Fuel, 2003, 82. (4), 3X5-3Y?.
converting a higher molecular weight gas into at least one lower The application of a radiotracer technique to investigate the sources of
molecular weight gas, supplying at least one of the lower molecular polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAI+] m d’ lesel exhaust emissions is
weight gases to at least one turbine to produce electricity and described. In separate experiments, C radiolabelled naphthalene,
electrochemical oxidizing at least one of the lower molecular weight fluorene, fluoranthene and pyrene were each added to diesel fuel
gases in fuel cells. A system for converting fuel energy to electricity which was combusted in a 2L direct injection Perkins Prima diesel
includes a reformer for converting a higher molecular weight gas into engine run at steady state under a series of speed (1000-3200 rpm) and
at least one lower molecular weight gas, at least one turbine to produce load (20-80 N m) conditions. Each PAH was recovered in the exhaust
electricity from expansion of at least one of the lower molecular weight emissions, using a novel sampling system, and its specific activity used
gases, and at least one fuel cell. The system can further include at least to reveal the extent of its survival and pyrosynthesis of the PAH from
one separation device for substantially dividing the lower molecular other fuel fragments. Survival of the PAH varied from below detection
weight gases into at least two gas streams prior to the electromecha- limit for fluoranthene at low speed and load to 1.25% for fluorene at
nical oxidation step. A nuclear reactor can be used to supply at least a high speed and low load. For mid-speed and mid-load conditions, a
portion of the heat required for the chemical conversion process. linear relationship was observed between the extent to which individual
PAH survived combustion and the energy level of the lowest
03/01905 Performance study of a partial gasification unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the molecule calculated
pressurized combustion topping gas cycle and split rankine from Hiickel molecular orbital theory. LUMO is an indirect parameter
combined cycle: Part I - Energy analysis related to gas phase oxidation rates of PAH. Linearity was not so
De, S. CI crl. Internutional Journal of Energy Rcseorch. 2003, 27. (6), apparent at other speeds and loads. Resynthesis of the PAH varied
549 560. from less than 0.1% for pyrene at mid-speed and mid-load to 4.93% for
The aim of this paper is to study the thermodynamic performance of a naphthalene at high-speed and high-load. Probable mechanisms for the
new combination of a partial gasification pressurized combustion production of some of the pyrosynthetic PAH were discussed.
topping gas cycle and a split Rankine bottoming steam cycle as a means
of advanced clean coal power generation. Energy analysis of the 03/01910 Thermoqravimetric analysis of soot emitted by a
conceptualized power cycle is presented in this part of the paper. The modern diesel engme run on catalyst-doped fuel
effects of design and operating parameters of both the gas and the Stratakis. G. A. and Stamatelos. A. M. Cnmhusfion and Flame. 2003.
steam cycles on the performance of the power cycle are discussed. 132,(1-i). IS7 169
Understanding the mechanisms that affect catalytic activity in porous
03/01906 Performance study of a partial gasification ceramic diesel particulate filters (DPF) at the temperature range 200-
pressurized combustion topping gas cycle and split rankine 400°C is impoitant for the successful’modelling df the initiatcon and
combined cycle: Part II - Exergy analysis evolution of catalytic regeneration by use of fuel additives. This refers
De, S. et al. International Journal qf Energy Resenrch. 2003, 27, (6). not only to the dry carbon particulate. but also to the volatile
561-574. hydrocarbons adsorbed on it. In this paper, a detailed analysis of the
In addition to the energy analysis in part I of this paper, an exergy hydrocarbon adsorption-desorption and oxidation behaviour of diesel
analysis of an advanced combined cycle is presented in this part of the particulate emitted by a modern diesel engine and collected on a SIC
paper to identify the major causes of thermodynamic imperfections. diesel filter is performed by use of thermogravimetric and differential
The exergy loss and exergetical efficiency of each of the components of scanning calorimetry analysis (TGA-DSC). Non-isothermal tests were
the plant are investigated for variations of design and operating performed with samples collected directly from a ceramic filter
parameters. This is done to explore the possible improvements in the connected to the exhaust system of the diesel engine running under
second law performance of this plant. low and medium speed and load operating conditions with and without
fuel additive. Fuel additive concentration was varied to investigate its
effect on the soot oxidation behavior. Based on the TGA data, the
03/01907 Study of using JP-6 aviation fuel and biodiesel in kinetic parameters of the soot oxidation reaction were calculated. The
Cl engines effect of volatile adsorbed hydrocarbons on the soot oxidation reaction
Arkoudeas, P. PI crl. Enugja Convrrsion uncl Managrment. 2003, 44, (7),
was evaluated by comparing the calculated activation energies for
337 351.
samples collected from the centre and the periphery of the filter at
The first jet fuels were aviation gasoline (avgas), and the characteristics various exhaust temperatures prevailing at filter loading phase. In
of subsequent jet fuels have evolved from this original choice, the particular it was seen that the catalytic activity of the fuel additive is
available supply infrastructure, and the refiners’ capabilities. Earlier
enhanced by the presence of the volatile organic components.
on, it was evident that avgas would have to be altered to operate
satisfactorily in jet-powered aircraft. The present contribution outlines
the various requirements that led to development of various oper- 03/01911 Thermokinetic interactions leading to knock
ational jet fuels, including United States Jet A (European Jet A-l), JP- during homogeneous charge comprasslon ignition
4 (NATO code, F-40), JP-5 (NATO code, F-44), JP-7 (US only), JP-8 Griffiths. J. F. and Whitaker. B. J. Cornhurtion and Flame. 2002. I3 I.
(F-34), JP-TS (US only), and JP-X+100. To reduce this fuel logistic (4) X6:399.
burden, the NATO Armed Forces are advancing the use of a single fuel Experiments have been performed in a rapid compression machine to
for both aircraft and ground equipment. To this end, F-34 is replacing investigate the conditions for and the origins of ‘knock’ in controlled
distillate Diesel fuel in many applications. In order to make this type of autoignition (CAI), or homogeneous charge compression ignition
fuel compatible with direct injection compression engines, the Fuels (HCCI). The combustion of n-pentane in air at the composition $ =
and Lubricants Laboratory of the National Technical University of 0.5 and a gas density of 217 mol rn. ’ was studied in the compressed gas
Athens. used a stationary Diesel engine fueled with fuel blends temperature range 720 to 820 K. This corresponds to the region in
containing two different types of biodiesel, at proportions up to 50%. which a transition from non-knocking to knocking reaction occurred in
In this paper, fuel consumption and exhaust emission measurements the two-slage ignition regime. clo\e to the minimum of the ignition

320 Fuel and Energy Abstracts September 2003