PERFORMANCE TASK

IN
PRE CALCULUS

CONIC
SECTION
Circle, Parabola, Ellipse, and Hyperbola
Radio Triangulation
 Radio Triangulation

Triangulation is the process of determining the exact location of a radio

transmitter. This can be done using various techniques such as through radial
distance, direction or receiving a signal from two to three different points and then
assessing the exact location by overlapping of the three radial distances.

The cell towers are close together, and a much closer estimation of phone location
can be made than in a rural area, where the towers are far apart. Some of the
newest cell phones can actually report a GPS location, and this is quite accurate,
and doesn’t rely on the cell towers at all. Using cell tower triangulation (3 towers), it
is possible to determine a phone location to within an area of “about” ¾ square
mile.

Cell phone triangulation or cell tower triangulation is like tracking GPS in many
ways. Multiple towers are used to track the phone's location by measuring the time
delay that a signal takes to return back to the towers from the phone.

The centers of the circles are taken as the vertices of a triangle and the centroid of
the triangle becomes the final location estimate. Type 4b represents the most
desirable situation (yet most unlikely) where there is a triple root (Point n), or the
final estimate.
PARABOLA

Parabolic Dishes
 Parabolic Dishes

A parabolic dish is a point-focus concentrator that consists of a parabolic reflector

that tracks the Sun and creates an image of the Sun at the focal point. The
efficiency aspects of a dish system could be significantly decreased with deviations
in geometry; thus, accuracy and inflexibility are significant in the design. Parabolic
dish system is composed of a parabolic reflector in the shape of dish supported by
a structure, a Stirling engine, parabolic solar receiver, a solar tracking system, and a
generator to produce electricity.

Parabolic-dish solar concentrators are two-axis solar tracking systems that

concentrate the solar radiations toward the thermal receiver located on the focal
point of the dish collector, collectors consist of a set of parabolic dish–shaped
mirrors. The operating temperature of the systems is over 1800K while the
concentration ratio typically is in the range between 1000 and 5000K. Parabolic
dish includes a receiver, parabolic reflector with solar tracking, and pipe work to
carry the heat transfer fluid. The parabolic dish may be continuous or consists of
discreate elements to confirm the shape of parabolic. The receiver is attached to
the support system of the reflector, So that the sun is monitored by both the dish
and the receiver. The shadow can be minimized by optimizing the size of the
receiver, and its support structure can be built on the reflector. The parabolic dishes
are arranged as solar field with a small space to reduce the collisions and
protecting the collectors, whereas enabling ample maintenance and minimizing
the heat transfer fluid pipe work and parasitic pumping capacity.

The purpose of a parabolic dish is to increase the effective area of the collector.
The parabolic shape is designed so that when pointing directly at the target, the
sound from that object is reflected to a focal point.

A parabolic dish reflector (PDR) is a point-focus system with a paraboloid

geometry given by the revolution of one half of a parabola around its normal axis.
Sunlight entering the collector aperture with a normal incidence is concentrated
onto a heat receiver located at the focal point of the dish.
 ELLIPSE

Roundabouts
 Roundabouts

A roundabout is a circular intersection that is common around the world.

Even though there are no traffic lights or signals in the roundabout, this
invention helped improve traffic flow and reduced blocked-up roads and
intersections. A roundabout is a type of circular intersection or junction in
which road traffic is permitted to flow in one direction around a central island,
and priority is typically given to traffic already in the junction.

Ellipse applied in constructing roundabouts for shaping the geometry of

roads and a curve applied the most often is the circular arc. Ellipse, sets of
curves shaped with polynomial functions and other similar curves are also
worth mentioning. The road axis is usually set during practical realization of
the curves in the terrain. The external edges are determined by measuring the
width of the carriageway along the normal line to this axis. That is how two
offset curves, which usually are of different type, are created. If the road axis is
a circular arc with a radius R, then by displacing the width of the carriageway s
along the radius of the circle, the circular arcs with radii R-s and R+s are also
created, assuming that s is constant.

The purpose of a roundabout, if maneuvered how they were designed, is to

allow traffic to flow smoothly and quickly. Because you simply move in a circle
to the right, after yielding to traffic coming from the left, there is no need to
cut across traffic or stop abruptly as you do with a traffic light. This design has
been found to decrease accidents and thereby, injuries and fatalities greatly.
Simply put, roundabouts save lives.

Various curves are used for shaping the geometry of roads and a curve
applied the most often is the circular arc. Clothoid, spiral, ellipse, sets of curves
shaped with polynomial functions and other similar curves are also worth
mentioning. The road axis is usually set during practical realization of the
curves in the terrain.
HYPERBOLA

Hyperbolic navigation
 Hyperbolic navigation

Hyperbolic navigation is a system of radio navigation (as loran) in which the time difference
between receipt of signals from two stations of known position determines a line of position in
the form of a hyperbola.

Hyperbolas are conic sections formed when a plane intersects a pair of cones. For the
hyperbola to be formed, the plane has to intersect both bases of the cones. Hyperbolas are
made up of two branches that are shaped like a parabola. We have a vertex and a focus in each
branch, which serve to define the hyperbola. We also have two asymptotes, which define the
shape of the branches. The point of intersection of the asymptotes is the center of the
hyperbola. Hyperbolas appear on various objects in real life. We can find hyperbolic figures in
architecture, in various buildings and structures. We also find hyperbolas in the sonic boom of
airplanes and even in the shape of the cooling towers of nuclear plants. Hyperbolic navigation
systems are designed to provide long distance positioning information. They have their origin
in the third decade of the twentieth century, when they began the first research study in the
realization of such a system, the precise control of aircraft and ships motion, besides
opportunities of visual orientation. One such system is the LORAN system (Long Range
Navigation), which is a time differential hyperbolic system. The first series of Loran
transmitters (repeaters) was set to work in 1943; these would further become the hyperbolic
system called LORAN A.

Hyperbolic navigation is a class of radio navigation systems in which a navigation receiver

instrument is used to determine location based on the difference in timing (phase) of radio
waves received from radio navigation beacon transmitters. Such systems rely on the ability of
two widely separated stations to broadcast a signal that is highly correlated in time. Typical
systems either broadcast short pulses at the same time, or continual signals that are identical
in phase. A receiver located at the midpoint between the two stations will receive the signals at
the same time or have identical phase, but at any other location the signal from the closer
station will be received first or have a different phase. Determining the location of a receiver
requires that the two synchronized stations be tuned in at the same time so the signals can be
compared. This reveals a difference in time, corresponding to a relative distance closer to one
station or the other. Plotting all the locations where this time difference may occur produces a
hyperbolic line on a chart. To take a "fix", a second station pair is also turned in to produce a
second such curve. The two curves will normally intersect at two locations, so some other
navigation system or a third measurement is needed to determine the exact location.