A code of electricity has the

function to protect people from

hidden hazards which may be
exposed by wiring or other work.
Codes tend to be created by central authorities or groups of experts. Then depends
on local authorities accept them as law or not.
Electricity codes aim to protect people and their property emerging hazards from the use of
electricity. Electricity codes are trying to provide:

• Protection against electric shock.

• Protection against power
failures.

• Protection from heat effects of

electric current.
• Protection against the current envelope.

• The surge protection .

Standards are sets of rules or procedures for
widespread use, serve as a model of
excellence or measure.
(SCS) structured cable system. Provides the following architecture:

 Standardized descriptions of media and

configuration cable backbone and
horizontal.

Standards for the physical connection

from the computer connection interfaces.
 Open architecture supports teams and many vendors PCs, among other
common systems equipment applications.

Tested components that minimize the risk of

incompatibility.
  Lower maintenance costs.

Minimizes the risk of incompatibility.

 Specific training and certification.

Standards are technical specifications to ensure that products
and services meet its purpose.

Networking and computer industry, these

standards may be specific to the provider.
Organization International for
Standardization (ISO), conducted an
investigation of various types of
networks, and created a so-called
network of seven layers model: OSI
reference model.
The reference OSI (open systems interconnection) model was designed to
ensure the compatibility and interoperability between different types of
network technologies.
IBM and AT & T standards had a
profound effect on the cable industry.

Amps, Anixter and Mod-Tap, market

and sell specific cabling systems teams
structured, Anixter, sets electrical
standards of good performance, for
twisted pair wiring.
Standards are developed by international standards
organizations address to try to reach some form of
universal standard.

At the national level on a

voluntary basis one or more
"code" can be taken as the
electrical code, the building code
or fire code.
ISO is an international organization composed of national organizations for
Standardization of more than 140 countries. The American National Institute of
standards (ANSI), is a member of ISO.
Committee international Electrotécnic, is the global organization that prepares and
publishes international standards for all electricity, electronics, and those related
technologies. Promoting issues related to electro technology, electronics,
electromagnetism, multimedia, telecommunication production, among others.
Institute national American for Standardization, is a private non-
profit organization (not have as a consequence a profit).
Manages and coordinates the
voluntary standardization and
conformity assessment system,
identifies public and industrial
requirements for national consensus
standards.

The ANSI itself does not develop

standards. On the contrary, facilitates
development by establishing
consensus among qualified groups
processes. Therefore, its acronym is
seen in many standards.
Technical professional association
non-profit (not have as a
consequence a profit).

Develops standards for computer

and electronic industry.
Established a Committee to develop
standards for networking, cabling
and data transmission. Created
specific standards to which is
assigned a value decimal as 802.3
(Ethernet) and 802.5 (Token Ring).
 In IEEE 802.3 Ethernet-based networking specifications are defined. This standard
describes the series of digital bits that travel over the wire.

All stations listening bottleneck signal

clears the packet received partially and
wait a random period before to start
the transmission.
This method of communication is non-deterministic, i.e. is not predictable
what station transmitted and when forward, each station at some point may
transmit.

Disadvantage: every to station

transmitted by cable, there is the
possibility of their data to colliding
with each other, every message
that is lost due to failures in wiring
will oblige the retransmission of
packets.
Standard wiring for the LAN:

• 10Base2 – Use thinnet cable segment length 185 m (bus topology).

• 10Base5 – Use thinnet cable with a segment length of 500 m (bus topology).

•10Base-T – Used cable UTP category 3, 5, 5e or 6 with a segment length of 100 m

(topology star and bus)

•10Base-FL – Uses that operates at 850 nm multi-mode optical fiber cabling.

•100Base-TX -Use cable UTP category 5, 5e, or 6 with a segment length of 100 m.

•100Base-FX – It uses wiring fiber optic multimode operates to 1300.

•1000Base-T – Uses four twisted pairs of copper, category 5 or higher.

•1000Base-TX – Uses four twisted pairs of copper, category 6.

•1000Base-CX – Assembly cable shielded four drivers for (IEEE 802.3z).

•1000Base-SX – Two optical fibers that operate at 850 nm. (IEEE 802.3z).

•1000Base-LX – Two optical fibers to 1300 nm. (IEEE 802.3z).

•Ten (10GbE) gigabit Ethernet (IEEE data) .

Apple introduced first
commercial products based
on the 802.11 standard.
802. .11b is an extension of
wireless Ethernet to
wireless means .
IEEE 802. 11b enables wireless transmission of data over
distances up to several hundred feet indoors. Teams can
transport data at about 11 Mbps.

These include new protocols:

•802. 11th: Can provide up to 54 Mbps in

the band 5 GHz.

•802. 11 g: 54 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band

can provide.
The telecommunications industry association (TIA), and the
Association of electronics industries (EIA) are developed by trade
associations and publish together a series of standards covering
structured cabling for voice and data to the LAN.
Standards and used supplements:

•TIA/EIA-568-A: Standard commercial building telecommunications cabling, specifies

the recommended topology and limits of distance, among others. This standard has
been replaced by TIA/EIA-568-b.

•TIA/EIA-568-b: Is the standard cabling,

specifies the component and transmission
according to the requirements.
o TIA/EIA-568-B.1: Specifies a generic commercial building telecommunications
cabling system.

o TIA/EIA-568-B.2: Specifies cabling, transmission, models of systems and

measurement procedures for verification of twisted pair cabling components.

o TIA/EIA-568-B.3: Specifies
the components and
transmission to a fiber-optic
cabling system requirements.
•TIA/EIA-569-A: Standard commercial
buildings, specifies practices of design
and construction of buildings.

•TIA/EIA-570-A: Standard for smaller

residential and commercial
telecommunications. Include support for
security, audio, television, sensors,
alarms, and intercom.
•TIA/EIA-606: The building trade,
telecommunications infrastructure management
standard specifies that each hardware
connection drive must have a unique
identification, all labels must meet the
requirements of readability, protection against
deterioration.

•TIA/EIA-607: Standard requirements

connection to land and buildings business,
telecommunication connection specifies the
exact points of interface between building
earthing systems and ground
telecommunications equipment configuration.
Other ANSI/TIA/EIA standards:

•ANSI/TIA/EIA-526, ANSI/TIA/EIA-526-7 y ANSI/TIA/EIA-526-14 they have a

standardized method of test fibre optic cables.

•ANSI/TIA/EIA-598: Describes
the system of colour coding used
in large fibre optic cables.
The Association of components,
assemblies and electronic
materials; provide commercial
and technical information
research market, etc.
The Association of electronics
for the consumer (CEA)
provides unique information
and unprecedented market
research.
The Government Association
electronic technology and
information studies cabling market,
instrumental technologies and
products and services of
electronics.
The Association of technology in
solid state of the Joint Council of
Engineering electronic devices,
is the EIA Semiconductor
Engineering standardization
body.

The National Association of

manufacturers of electricity,
provides a forum for the
standardization of electrical
equipment.
Electricians are trained and have a basic
knowledge to prevent dangerous by
inadequate techniques used are controlled
by rules on electricity. In many places, the
violation of codes and standards
constitutes a breach of the law.
•Codes regarding the limits of the code.

•Codes regarding code definitions.

•Codes for connections or staging ground.

•Codes regarding wiring for computer rooms.

•Codes regarding wiring for fiber optic.

•Codes for telecommunications and data.

•Codes for telecommunications cabling.

The following organizations offer additional information on codes, permissions and
licensing of construction:

• Codes (ICC) International Council .

• Council of American officials of construction

(CABO).

• International building officials and code

administrators (BOCA)
•International Conference of officials of the construction (ICBO).

•Congress International of the code of southern construction (SBCCI).

•The standards and guidelines for construction (DOE) program.

•The National Conference of States on codes and standards for construction (NCSBCS).

•NFPA 70, national electrical code published by NFPA.

•The national electricity code manual.

•The international staff association of plumbing and mechanical (IAPMO).

•The Act of Americans with disabilities (Ley ADA).

It is essential to check what are the
requirements for a working site in
particular. In some communities,
fire codes implementation is the
responsibility of departments that
gives approval for constructions.
Compliance with the codes also
combines with the permissions process
comprising tariffs and a margin of time
for hearings local codes always takes
precedence over the State codes, which
in turn take precedence over national
codes.