Coordinate Geometry

 Distance between two points

 Division of line segments : midpoints
+ the ratio theorem
 Areas of polygons
 Equation of straight lines
 Parallel and perpendicular lines
 Loci (involving distance between two
points)
 Coordinate Geometry
Distance Ratio theorem
Mid point Equation :
Area :general ax+by+c = 0
Gradient :gradient 
-parallel m1 = m2
y = mx + c
-perpendicular
:intercept
m1 x m2 = – 1 x y
 1
a b
Coordinate Geometry

Some extra vitamins 4u …

Coordinate Geometry

Note to candidates:

Solutions to this question

by scale drawing will not
be accepted.
Coordinate Geometry

Note to candidates:

A diagram is usually given (starting

from SPM 2004). You SHOULD make
full use of the given diagram while
answering the question.
Coordinate Geometry

Note to candidates:
 Sketch a simple diagram to help
you using the required formula
correctly.
 6. Coordinate Geometry
6.2.2 Division of a Line Segment
Q divides the line segment PR in the ratio PQ : QR = m : n

R(x2, y2)
n

m n ●
P(x1, y1) Q(x, y) R(x2, y2) m Q(x, y)

P(x1, y1)

 nx1  m x2 ny1  m y 2 
Q(x, y) =  , 
 m  n m  n 
 6. Coordinate Geometry (Ratio Theorem)
The point P divides the line segment joining the point M(3,7) and
N(6,2) in the ratio 2 : 1. Find the coordinates of point P.

1 N(6, 2)
●  1(3)  2(6) 1(7)  2(2) 
P(x, y) P(x, y) =  , 
2
 2 1 2 1 

M(3, 7)
 15 11 
=  , 
3 3
 11 
=  5, 
 nx1  m x ny  m y   3 
P(x, y) = 
 m  n
2
, 1

m  n
2


 6. Coordinate Geometry

Perpendicular lines :
R

m1.m2 = –1 P

Q
S
 6. Coordinate Geometry
(SPM 2006, P1, Q12)
Diagram 5 shows the straight line AB which is perpendicular to the straight
line CB at the point B.
The equation of CB is y = 2x – 1 .
Find the coordinates of B. [3 marks]

y mCB = 2

y = 2x – 1 mAB = – ½
A(0, 4)
●
Equation of AB is y= –½x+4
●B Diagram 5
At B, 2x – 1 = – ½ x + 4
O x x = 2, y = 3
●C
So, B is the point (2, 3).
 6. Coordinate Geometry
Given points P(8,0) and Q(0,-6). Find the equation of the
perpendicular bisector of PQ.
y

mPQ= 3
4
4 K1
mAB=  O P x
3
Midpoint of PQ = (4, -3)
4 Q
( y  3)   ( x  4 )
3 K1
The equation : 4x + 3y -7 = 0
or 4 7 N1
y  x 
3 3
6 Coordinate Geometry

TASK : To find the equation of the locus of the moving

point P such that its distances from the points A and B
are in the ratio m : n

(Note : Sketch a diagram to help you using the

distance formula correctly)
F4

6. Coordinate Geometry : the equation of locus

Given that A(-1,-2) and B(2,1) are fixed points . Point P moves such that the
ratio of AP to PB is 1 : 2. Find the equation of locus for P.

2 AP = PB

2 ( x  1) 2  ( y  2) 2  ( x  2) 2  ( y  1) 2 K1

4[ (x+1)2 + (y+2)2 ] = (x -2 )2 + (y -1)2 J1

3x2 + 3y2 + 12x + 18y + 15 = 0 N1

x2 + y2 + 4x + 6y + 5 = 0
Find the equation of the locus of the moving point P such that its
distance from the point A(-2,3) is always 5 units. (≈ SPM 2005)

A(-2,3)
Let P = (x, y) A(-2, 3)
●
5
( x  2) 2  ( y  3) 2  52
●
P(x, y)

x 2  y 2  4 x  6 y  12  0 is the equation of locus of P.

 Find the equation of the locus of point P which moves such that
it is always equidistant from points A(-2, 3) and B(4, 9).

Constraint / Condition : B(4, 9)

●
PA = PB
A(-2, 3)
PA 2
= PB
2 ●

(x+2)2 + (y – 3)2 = (x – 4)2 + (y – 9)2 ● P(x, y)

Locus of P
x + y – 7 = 0 is the equation of
locus of P.

Note : This locus is actually the perpendicular bisector of AB

 Solutions to this question by scale drawing will not be accepted.
(SPM 2006, P2, Q9)
Diagram 3 shows the triangle AOB where O is the origin.
Point C lies on the straight line AB.
A(-3, 4) y
●
Diagram 3
C
●
x
O
●
B(6, -2)

(a) Calculate the area, in units2, of triangle AOB. [2 marks]

(b) Given that AC : CB = 3 : 2, find the coordinates of C. [2 marks]
(c) A point P moves such that its distance from point A is always twice its
distance from point B.
(i) Find the equation of locus of P,
(ii) Hence, determine whether or not this locus intercepts the y-axis.
[6 marks]
(SPM 2006, P2, Q9) : ANSWERS y
A(-3, 4)
●
3
Diagram 3
C
● 2
x
1 0 6 3 0 1 O
9(a)  0  24  0  0  6  0 K1 ●
2 0 2 4 0 2 B(6, -2)
N1 Use formula
= 9
To find area

9(b)  2(3)  3(6) 2(4)  3( 2) 

 ,  K1
 3 2 3 2  Use formula correctly
 nx1  m x2 ny1  m y 2 
 12 2   , 
  ,  N1  m  n m  n 
 5 5
(SPM 2006, P2, Q9) : ANSWERS

A(-3, 4) y
● 2
● P(x, y)
9(c) (i) C
● 1
x
O
AP = [ x - (- 3 )]2 + ( y - 4 )2 ●
B(6, -2)
K1
Use distance
formula
AP = 2PB
K1
AP2 = 4 PB2
Use AP = 2PB
(x+3) + (y – 4 )
2 2
= 4 [(x – 6) + (y + 2)
2 2

x2 + y2 – 18x + 8y + 45 = 0 N1

√
 (SPM 2006, P2, Q9) : ANSWERS

9(c) (ii) x = 0, y2 + 8y + 45 = 0 K1 Subst. x = 0 into his locus

b2 – 4ac = 82 – 4(1)(45) < 0 K1

Use b2 – 4ac

So, the locus does not intercept the y-axis. N1

 Common errors…

PA : PB = 2 : 3
then 2PA = 3 PB
 Actually, …

PA : PB = 2 : 3

PA 2

PB 3
3 PA = 2 PB
 More mistakes ……

3 ( ) ( )  2 ( )  ( )
2 2 2 2

3        2      
2 2 2 2

32 PA2 = 22 PB2

9 PA2 = 4 PB2
Hear LOCUS
Remember distance !

Rhombus .. The diagonals are

perpendicular

Rhombus, parallelogram, rectangle

The diagonals share the same midpoint

TOPIC : Circular measures
r
A = ½ r2 ( - sin)

r

 –


2 –
F4 CHAPTER 8
8. CIRCULAR MEASURE

 ‘Radian’  ‘Degrees’
 S = rθ (θ must be in
θ RADIANS)
 A = ½ r2 θ

Always refer to diagram when answering this question.

 Chapter 7: Statistics
DATA

Ungrouped Grouped

such as: such

1- 5 as: 6 - 10
2, 5, 2, 4, 9, 7 4 2
Measures Of Central Tendency

• Mean
• Mode
• Median
 EXAMPLE 1
Given 5 ,8, 9, 7, 5, 7, 5 and 8. Determine the
mean, mode and median.
Answers
Mean = 6.75
Mode = 5
5, 5, 5, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9
Median = 7
 EXAMPLE 2
Age 1 – 20 21 – 40 41 – 60
Frequency 41 80 60
Determine the
a) Mean b) Modal Class
c) Mode d) Median
Answers
a) 32.60 b) 21– 40
c) From histogram d) Ogive or formula
 To estimate median from
Histogram
Frequency

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0.5 20.5 40.5 60.5 Age

 Median from formula

 N 
 2  F 
m  L C
 f m 
 
 Measures Of Dispersion

1. Range
2. Interquartile range
3. Variance
4. Standard Deviation
 RANGE AND
INTERQUARTILE RANGE
Ungrouped Data
2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 15

Q1 Q2 Q3
Range = 15 – 2 = 13
I.R. = Q3 – Q1
=9-3=6
 RANGE AND
INTERQUARTILE RANGE
Grouped Data

Marks 1 - 10 11 - 20 21 - 30 31- 40
f 5 3 12 8

Range = 35.5 – 5.5 = 30

I. R. = Q3 – Q1
(Using ogive or formula)
From Ogive
C.F N
¾N

¼ N
Q1 Q3 Upper Boundary

Interquartile Range = Q3 – Q1
 Grouped Data
From a given set of data,
Marks (e.g. The frequency distribution of
f marks of a group of students)
6-10 12
11-15 20 Students should be able to find ….
16-20 27 • the mean, mode & median
21-25 16 • Q1, Q3 and IQR
• the variance & standard deviation
26-30 13
• Construct a CFT and draw an ogive
31-35 10 • Use the ogive to solve related
36-40 2 problems

Total 100
 VARIANCE
Ungrouped Data

1.  2

 ( x  x) 2

N
x x
2

2.  2

 x 2

  x
2
=
2

  
N N  N 
 Effects on changes to Data

Measures of Measures of
Central Tendency Dispersion
Change
of value Mean Mod Med range Int. Q  Var
Unchanged
Added
+k +k +k
by k
m 2
Multiply
m m m xm xm xm
by m
 Index Numbers

P1
• Index Number: I  100
P0

•
_
Composite Index: I   Iw
w
• Problems of index numbers involving
two or more basic years.
RECIPE OF SUCCESS