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6
RELEASE NOTES &
GETTING STARTED MANUAL
by
COPYRIGHT NOTICE
REGISTERED TRADEMARKS
LMS SYSNOISE is a registered trademark of LMS International
LMS Virtual.Lab is a trademark of LMS International
LMS RAYNOISE is a trademark of LMS International
LMS VIOLINS is a trademark of LMS International
LMS OPTIMUS is a trademark of LMS International
All other product names mentioned in this manual are trademarks or registered trademarks of
their respective manufacturers.
You have made a great choice by selecting SYSNOISE, for more than 14 years
the world’s leading software package for Computational Vibro-Acoustics.
Worldwide, the state-of-the-art technology of SYSNOISE is being applied by
major corporations in many different industries for the acoustic design and
analysis of their products. You too will find SYSNOISE the right tool to analyze,
troubleshoot and optimize the noise and vibration characteristics of your
product design.
We, at LMS International, wish to thank you for the choice you have made, and
would like to express our commitment to continuously support and improve the
SYSNOISE code.
2.1 Purpose 20
2.2 Uncoupled BEM analysis 20
2.3 Coupled BEM analysis 20
2.4 Uncoupled FEM analysis 20
2.5 Engine noise radiation, using ATVs and MATVs 21
2.6 Panel acoustic contribution analysis 21
2.7 Inverse numerical acoustics 21
2.8 Aero-acoustics analysis, turbulence noise modeling 21
2.9 Aero-acoustics analysis, loading noise modeling 21
2.10 Aero-acoustics analysis, fan noise modeling 22
References 230
SYSNOISE Rev 5.6 provides new powerful modeling tools not only for vibro-
acoustic analyses but also for aero-acoustic analyses. A new solution procedure
based on the aero-acoustic analogy has been implemented. This new module
enables the users to tackle a wide range of challenging applications such as wind
noise, HVAC, fan noise… Furthermore, following the path of SYSNOISE Revisions
5.4 and 5.5, SYSNOISE Rev 5.6 makes a step even further in the vibro-acoustic
analysis performance. A frequency-parameterized version of the uncoupled
indirect Boundary Element Module, the High Speed BEM module, is now available.
Also, new solvers are introduced in Fluid Finite Element solution sequence such
as the iterative solver and the domain decomposition techniques. Finally, the
unique ATV concept introduced in SYSNOISE Rev 5.5 is now implemented in
Fluid Finite Element Method solution procedure and used in the Panel Acoustic
Contribution Analysis procedure.
These Release Notes give a short overview on the new features of SYSNOISE
Rev 5.6. More details can be found in the Getting started chapters of this manual.
Examples illustrating standard coupled and uncoupled applications together with
the use of the ATV features and the aero-acoustics capabilities are provided and
explained in details to help the users understand the basics of these powerful
tools.
1.2.1 Resource
• Most UNIX versions are now available in 64 bit versions pushing the
memory limits of the actual release to 8Gbytes.
• Most UNIX versions use now Native Message Passing Interface (NMPI) for
friendly parallel computations. The MPICH versions are nevertheless still
available (WinMPI for Windows version).
• The user can now implement his own binary format for I/O access. The user
format (ASCII or BINARY) is controlled through the environment variable
USERFORMAT in the SETUP section.
• The Flow Velocity in Fluid FEM can be imported from external files. This
enables the user to solve for the mean flow in external software package
and to take into account effects such as viscosity… This process supports
unequal meshes (Transfer like command) and most formats.
1.2.3 Solvers
• Incident Field Analysis from acoustic discrete sources is now available. This
new feature is available in all acoustic FEM and BEM modules.
1.2.4 Modeling
monopoles dipoles
surface distribution surface distribution
Q1(x,t) Q2(x,t)
Aero-acoustics Analogies
Where (p’) is the acoustic pressure fluctuation, ( Q& ) the mass flow rate, (Fi) the
external forces acting on the fluid and (Tij) the Lighthill stress tensor containing
momentum flux, thermal and viscous terms and c0 the speed of sound. This
equation expresses a linear wave problem in a medium at rest with equivalent
acoustic sources derived from the unsteady flow phenomena. The main limitation
of the acoustic analogy is the implicit assumption of one-way coupling from flow to
acoustics. The sources in the right-hand-side (RHS) consist of 3 types:
• The first term in the RHS shows that if mass is added at an unsteady rate,
sound will be generated. This type of source is called a monopole. For rotating
machinery for instance this type of noise is called thickness noise that is
related to the displacement of fluid due to the motion of the blades. If the
rotation speed is low or the blades geometry is thin, monopole sources are
expected to be of negligible contribution.
• The second term shows that if time varying forces act on the fluid sound will
be produced. Such sources are called dipoles. For stationary surfaces the
unsteady pressure loading of the surface lead to stationary dipole sources
while an interaction of a rotating fan with an unsteady flow produces a
“rotating” dipole sound, called also Fan source in SYSNOISE. For stationary or
rotating surfaces, the dipole sound is expected to be the predominant one
when the flow is subsonic in nature.
• The third term in the RHS shows that the time-dependent stresses, including
momentum, viscosity and turbulence, acting on the fluid, also generate sound.
Such sources are called quadrupoles. For subsonic rotating machinery, the
quadrupole contribution is negligible.
1. Solve the turbulent flow with the CFD methods (STAR-CD, FLUENT, CFX)
Remark: It is very important to note that flow data written in a standard format file
i.e. Universal, Free… can also be read in by SYSNOISE Rev5.6
The data are stored at each time step in binary format files
CFD
Pressure, velocity and forces versus time, at each node
Run
INTERFACES
The High Speed Harmonic BEM module is based on the Padé expansion [7],
which aims at solving the Helmholtz integral equation for a complete frequency
The use of Padé Approximation rather than more classical Taylor expansions is
justified by the fact that µ( f ) can have singular points (poles or eigen frequencies)
and is usually not holomorphic but only meromorphic, so that its Taylor series
does not converge everywhere. The roots of Q( f ) are the poles or the eigen
frequencies of the function µ( f ) . The eigen modes are given by P( f ) . The
convergence radius of the Padé Approximation is limited to the distance between
the initial frequency (computation point) and the first pole not included in Q( f ) .
The use of a Padé Approximation makes it possible to compute an accurate
approximation of µ( f ) even at values of f for which the Taylor series of µ( f )
diverges.
The derivative of µ is obtained by solving the same system of equations that was
solved to obtain the potentials µ but with a different right-hand side involving the
derivative of the matrix A , the derivative of the original right-hand side vector b and
the potentials µ .
The most important property of this recurrence scheme is that the calculation of
the successive derivatives of µ requires the factorization of a single matrix A . The
right-hand side vectors associated with the higher-order derivatives of µ are
based on the successive derivatives of A .
The coefficients of A are explicit functions of the frequency f which appears only
as a parameter of the Green function G. In a given frequency range, we compute
several matrices A( f i ) for different frequencies f i . The higher-order derivatives of
A are computed from these different evaluations of A .
The Padé expansions have been implemented in the Indirect Variational BEM
modules and can be used either to compute the potentials on the boundary or the
ATVs introduced in SYSNOISE Rev 5.5.
Two approaches are introduced in SYSNOISE Rev 5.6. The first one is more
efficient for small and medium size problems whereas the second one is more
efficient for large size problem. The choice between the first approach and the
second approach is controlled by the environment variable MODE in the PADE
section (MODE=1 for the first approach and MODE=2 for the second approach).
The following table summarizes the differences between the two approaches:
Mode 1 in-core 4 matrices per master 3 matrices 1 matrix per master freq.
freq.
Mode 1 out-of-core 4 matrices per master 4 matrices 1 matrix per master freq.
freq.
The choice between the first and the second method depends on the available
memory to cash the matrices. For both functioning modes, the master frequencies
f i and the maximum order derivatives are internally computed to obtain the best
balance between accuracy and speed-up.
The data handling for SYSNOISE Rev 5.6 remains essentially the same as for
Revision 5.5. The changes are thus usually transparent to the user. There is a full
upward compatibility of models from Revision 5.5 to Revision 5.6. Conversion to a
‘machine-native’ format is still offered in cases where the database originated from
hardware of a different type. The binary compatibility will allow access with
Revision 5.6 on other hardware also, but input/output performance will not be
optimal.
There has been no change to previous command language entries, only some
extensions to cater for the new features of SYSNOISE Rev 5.6. ‘Obsolete’
keywords from previous Revisions will remain valid, even where the Graphic User
Interface now generates a different keyword.
The On-line form of the SYSNOISE User’s Manual remains similar to its format
with Revision 5.5, with extensions dealing with the new modules and features of
Revision 5.6. The Printed form has exactly the same contents as the On-line form,
but has page and section numbers and cross-references, rather than hyperlinks;
thus, it is more useful as a hard copy document.
You can choose whether to copy the contents of the Documentation CD-ROM
onto the disk drive when installing SYSNOISE, or to read the documentation files
directly from the CD-ROM (in which case it must be mounted if appropriate). The
Help function is context-sensitive and has hyperlinks to other related topics in the
SYSNOISE manual, and background information. All command dialogs have a
Help button, which takes you to the relevant section of the manual.
The Printed form of the manual is supplied on the CD-ROM in PDF format, which
enables easy on-screen browsing or full or selective print-out.
2.1 Purpose
Eight worked examples are included in this Getting Started manual. The first three
are intended to assist new users of SYSNOISE, to learn how to use the standard
features of the program together with few of the Rev 5.6 novelties. The fourth, fifth
and sixth examples are intended to show the advanced features based on ATV,
specifically the Engine Acoustics [1,2], Inverse [3,4,5], and Panel Contribution
Analysis [6] capabilities. The last three examples give an overview of the new
aero-acoustric capabilities [11,12,13,14,15] for three kind of problems, turbulence
noise, loading noise and fan noise. These last six examples assume a degree of
familiarity with the basic operating principles in SYSNOISE, for instance from a
thorough knowledge of the procedures in the first three examples.
The first example describes a typical uncoupled analysis and shows in detail the
application of SYSNOISE to an acoustic radiation problem: the computation of the
sound field inside a passenger car, based on FEA vibration data for the firewall.
Three alternatives are presented, based on direct collocation BEM, indirect
variational BEM and High Speed BEM.
The second example describes a typical coupled analysis and shows in detail
how SYSNOISE handles the coupling between acoustics and structural dynamics
for the computation of the sound field in a passenger car, due to a force excitation
on a firewall mount point.
The third example describes a typical uncoupled fluid FEM analysis, i.e. the
computation of the acoustic field in an engine manifold due to some pressure
fluctuation at the inlets. In this example, the new powerful iterative solver
embedded in SYSNOISE is presented. Also, as a computation alternative, the new
domain decomposition features are presented.
An extra example follows, without detailed working, to show briefly the concept of
panel contribution analysis applied to an exterior radiation case.
The sixth example describes a typical Inverse Numerical Acoustics analysis and
shows how SYSNOISE enables the localization and quantification of sources by
using the concept of ATVs in an ‘inverse’ way. This is illustrated on an engine, for
which measured acoustic pressure levels are simulated.
The seventh example is an illustration of the noise due an unsteady flow. The test
case describes the quadrupolar noise due to a subsonic jet and shows how to use
the new aero-acoustics features of SYSNOISE Rev 5.6 to model the noise due to
the turbulence from a give CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) data using a
distribution of equivalent quadrupoles.
In the eighth example the noise due to an open sunroof is simulated using the new
aero-acoustics sources of SYSNOISE Rev5.6. In this case study, only the loading
noise, or dipole noise, due to the fluctuating pressure on the car body is taken into
account. This example shows how to define distributed dipole sources from the
CFD data to model the pressure loading noise.
The last example is dedicated to the simulation of the noise due to a rotor/stator
interaction. This case study is a good example to show how fan sources are
generated from the CFD data in a SYSNOISE model to simulate the noise from a
rotor/stator interaction.
All data files related to the examples of the Getting Started manual can be found in
the /install_path/sysnoise/5.6/Getting_Started* directory of the SYSNOISE
installation. To remain consistent with the contents of this manual, you should
launch SYSNOISE from this directory or copy the Getting Started files to a local
user directory and start SYSNOISE in that directory.
* To obtain the exact pathname, refer to the installation procedure or your system manager
1. Start SYSNOISE
2. Create an Acoustic Model Database
3. Define the Analysis Option: BEM DIRECT
4. Import the Boundary Element Mesh
5. Check the Mesh
6. Define Fluid Properties
7. Identify Firewall Elements
8. Create Velocity Boundary Conditions from FEA Vibration Data
9. Set the Analysis Parameters
10. Solve over a Frequency Range
11. Field Point Post-Processing
12. Visualization of Acoustic Data Results
13. Save/Close the SYSNOISE session
Although your system manager will probably have defined an alias to start up
SYSNOISE, you can always type the complete command string
/path/sysnoise/5.6/bin/sysnoise -m5* to launch the program.
∗ /path refers to the directory tree under which the SYSNOISE software was
installed. To have the exact path, refer to the installation procedure or to
your system manager
☞ Note: SYSNOISE Rev 5.6 uses dynamic memory allocation such that it is no longer
compulsory to define a command option ‘-mX’ to allocate memory at start up. The -mX
Option is still valid but now defines an initial maximum memory limit for the session (it can
alternatively be set by the MEMORY environment variable)
1. The Start-Up Window allows you to select from a list of typical commands
that are used at the beginning of a SYSNOISE session.
2. The Main Window is used for the display of your models and also contains
the pull-down menus, the toolbar and the keyboard entry area.
3. The SCL History Window records all the commands you used during your
SYSNOISE session and it is possible to create a “Journal” file (in the “Tools”
menu) from the contents of this window. This Journal file can be replayed as
a command file using the “Read” command (in the “File” menu).
When creating a model in SYSNOISE Rev 5.5, the first thing you always have
to do is to create a new database. This binary database will contain all the
information related to your model and is stored in a file with the filename
extension “.sdb”, which stands for “SYSNOISE database”.
To create a new database, click with the mouse on the “Create a New Model”
button in the Start-Up Window.
Create a database with the name Car_NoTrim. The complete filename of the
database file has to be entered as well : Car_NoTrim.sdb.
After the creation of the database, the next important thing is to choose the
correct analysis option, i.e. what type of numerical method will be used to
analyze the problem : FEM (Finite Elements), BEM DIRECT (Boundary
Elements - Direct method) or BEM INDIRECT (Boundary Elements - Indirect
method). You activate the analysis option form by clicking the “Model” ⇒
“Option” menu entry in the Main Window :
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
Please note that in the present case, several SYSNOISE options are suited to
perform the analysis. In some cases however, the physics of the situation
forces the choice for a particular analysis option. For example, when the
The mesh forms a simple closed surface and was generated by an external
mesh generator program (e.g. ANSYS, HYPERMESH, I-DEAS Master Series,
MSC/PATRAN, Pro/MECHANICA or other). The mesh data is contained in an
external Free Format file named monovolume.fre. Set the data type to “Mesh”
and the interface format to “Free” by selecting these entries from the respective
pull-down menus. You can type the filename directly in the entry field, or
alternatively click the “FileBox” button to select the filename from the File
Selector dialog.
After clicking the “OK” button, the Boundary Element mesh is read in and
displayed in the Main Window :
This tool is accessed from the “Geometry” ⇒ “Check Mesh…” menu entry:
activate the “Element Normal Vector Correction” toggle button in the form and
click “OK” to start the procedure.
First, change your viewing position with respect to the mesh : switch to the
predefined XZ view by selecting the “Display” ⇒ “View Point” ⇒ “XZ” menu
entry. Then, switch from shaded display to wireframe rendering by clicking the
To remove the normal vectors from the display, click the “Show/Hide Vectors”
toolbar button. You can return to the default view by selecting the
“Display” ⇒ “View Point” ⇒ “User Default” menu entry.
Select the “Model” ⇒ “Fluid Properties…” menu entry and enter the acoustic
properties for standard air : speed of sound = 340 m/s ; density = 1.225
kg/m3 . In a Boundary Element analysis, the fluid is always assumed to be
homogeneous and hence these properties will apply to the whole model.
Therefore, you cannot select a particular set of elements in the Fluid Properties
form : this part is inactive or “grayed out”.
☞ Note: The numerical values used in the example refer to the SI International System of
units (metre, kilogram, second, pascal,…).
☞ You are allowed to use any combination of units in SYSNOISE, but you must remain
consistent in the use of units when defining numerical values. If you have any doubt, do
not hesitate to contact your local support representative.
Before you can apply vibration boundary conditions, you have to identify the
boundary elements which make up the firewall panel. For this purpose, you can
use the SYSNOISE feature domain set creation functionality, which is found in
the “Check Mesh…” dialog. A SYSNOISE feature domain is a collection of
elements for which the angle between the normal vectors of two adjacent
elements is less than a preset value, called the Feature Angle.
In the associated form, highlight the first four feature domain sets for display :
To have a better view of the sets, you can always select the predefined view
“Display” ⇒ “View Point” ⇒ “Z on Top [front]”, as shown above.
The structural response vectors of the firewall due to a mechanical point load
(e.g. unit force on a mount point) have been computed by an MSC/NASTRAN
Forced Response Analysis over a frequency range from 10 Hz to 100 Hz, with a
step of 2 Hz. These response vectors have been stored in an external
NASTRAN punch file named firewall_disp.pch.
Please note that the present selection of elements also includes the floorpan of
the car. We will see later how you can avoid assigning non-zero velocity
boundary conditions to the floorpan by an intelligent use of the “Unequal Mesh
Interpolation” parameter settings (see section 3.9.4).
Click the “OK” button to return to the “Step 1” wizard dialog and click the “Next”
button to proceed to the next dialog.
In the “Step 2” wizard dialog, you have to specify from which data file
SYSNOISE has to retrieve the vibration data.
The structural response vectors in the NASTRAN file have been obtained on a
structural Finite Element mesh of the firewall. In general, the original FE mesh
on which the vibration data has been obtained will be incompatible with the
SYSNOISE acoustic Boundary Element mesh because of different node
locations, different mesh densities, etc… Therefore, SYSNOISE enables
interpolation of the data from the structural FE mesh to the acoustic BE mesh
by means of a geometrical interpolation algorithm between each acoustic
node and the surrounding structural nodes. Of course, this requires that
SYSNOISE also knows the structural FE mesh on which the structural response
vectors have been obtained. In the “Step 3” wizard dialog, activate the “Use
Other File” button, enter the file name of the original structural FE mesh, called
firewall.bdf (NASTRAN bulk data file), and select the format NASTRAN.
*If you do not have a license for the SYSNOISE-NASTRAN interface, a ‘firewall.fre’ Free Format
structural mesh file is available in the /users/sysnoise/5.6/Getting_Started/ directory
Finally, you have to set the interpolation parameters between the structural
mesh and the acoustic mesh. In our case, the firewall structural mesh is a
subset of the acoustic boundary element mesh, i.e. both meshes have identical
mesh densities and node locations. Therefore, there is a one-to-one
correspondence between structural and acoustic nodes, except for the nodes
located on the floorpan, for which there is no structural equivalent. Therefore,
we select “Interpolation Algorithm Number” 1 with as “Number of Nodes Used in
Interpolation” 1. In order to prevent the assignment of velocity boundary
conditions to the elements of the floorpan, we select a sufficiently small value
for the “Maximum Distance to Interpolating Node”, e.g. 0.05 m.
Click the “Finish” button and observe the output in the Echo Window, where the
automatic generation of boundary conditions is reported.
SYSNOISE contains tools which enable checks on the normal velocity boundary
conditions created by the GENERATE sequence. First, in order to have a
better view, you can instruct SYSNOISE to only display the four sets
corresponding to the firewall and the floorpan using the “Display” ⇒ “Graphical
Options” menu entry : select the “View Port” radio button, toggle the “Display
Mesh When Displaying Sets” button to off and click “Apply” and “Close”. This
will only show the four sets selected for display in the “View” ⇒ “Sets” menu;
the other elements remain invisible.
Click the “Apply” button to get the following image in the Main Window display :
Click on the “Hide All” toolbar button to “clean” the display and to return to
the original display of the complete boundary element mesh.
Select the “Analysis” ⇒ “Parameter…” menu entry, which opens a form where
you can set the parameters which control the analysis.
The “Save” command controls the saving of Potentials (for all nodes) or
Results (for all field points) in the database, sorted according to increasing
frequency. The “Step n” command indicates that data will be saved for every
nth analysis frequency. The “Store” command controls the saving of Potentials
or Results in the database for a particular selection of nodes or field points, but
now for all frequencies.
Here, we will only select the saving of Potentials with a Step 1, i.e. for all
analysis frequencies. Click the “Apply” and “Dismiss” buttons to confirm these
settings. Observe the corresponding command sequence which is generated in
the SCL History Window.
The “Inquire” ⇒ “Fmaximum…” menu entry allows you to check the maximum
frequency for which the discretization of a given mesh is valid. Using the
“minimum 6 elements per wavelength” criterion, this maximum frequency will
Then, select the “Analysis” ⇒ “Solve…” menu entry to set the frequencies for
which you want to compute the acoustic response.
Clicking the “Frequency Selector…” button opens a form where the analysis
frequencies are specified.
Please note that you can always interrupt a SYSNOISE analysis run by
We will now create a double-plane field point mesh inside the passenger
compartment. As was mentioned earlier, field points are additional points in
which you want to evaluate acoustic quantities and are the numerical equivalent
of microphone positions. At each of these field points, the acoustic pressure
and other acoustic quantities will be computed from the acoustic data on the
BEM surface by an additional procedure, called Field Point Postprocessing.
To create the Field Point Mesh, select the “Geometry” ⇒ “Field Point…” entry,
which gives a list of commonly used geometrical shapes for field point meshes :
point, line, plane, sphere, box, cylinder etc…
Select the “Plane” entry and create a first longitudinal plane by entering the
X,Y,Z coordinates for three corner points of the plane as shown below. Note
that the “Divide” parameters control the number of field points in the two in-
plane directions. Then, create a second longitudinal plane by executing the
“Geometry” ⇒ “Field Point…” ⇒ “Plane” command again, and replacing the Y
coordinate of -0.45 by a Y coordinate of 0.45.
In order to get a better view of the field point planes, you can always rotate the
model in the Main Window display : click the “Rotate” toolbar button click-
hold the left mouse button and move the mouse around.
Once the field points have been created, you can compute the acoustic
pressure and other acoustic quantities in the field points through the “Analysis”
⇒ “Process Field Points…” form. In the form, the “Frequency Selection” is
automatically set to the frequency selection used for the last analysis. Select all
field points for the “Points Selection” :
You have completed the analysis phase of your session. Now it is time to have
a look at the results of your analysis, i.e. to start with the post-processing
phase. SYSNOISE offers two general categories for acoustic data visualization
:
a) Mesh postprocessing, i.e. displaying the acoustic data on the Finite
Element or Boundary Element mesh or on the Field Point Mesh
b) Response function plots, i.e. displaying acoustic data at a specific
location as a function of frequency in the form of XY-plots
A typical way to visualize the pressure distribution within the car cavity is to
represent this data for a single frequency in the form of colored fringes on the
field point planes. Such a Color Map image is controlled by the “Postprocess”
⇒ “Color Map…” form.
☞ Note: You can also graphically select the points for which you want to build a response
function. Instead of typing a point number in the top field of the dialog, click on the
button in the toolbar and pick the desired points with the mouse directly on the field point
mesh.
Once created, the response function can be displayed. Select the “Postprocess”
⇒ “Response Function…” menu entry : in the form, choose field point number
152 (which corresponds more or less to the position of the driver’s head), select
“Pressure”, set the representation format to “4: Magnitude/Phase” and click
“Apply”. The Curve Window will pop-up and display the response function as a
red curve.
If you want to go on and try the remaining parts of this Getting Started manual,
close the SYSNOISE database using the “File” ⇒ “Close” menu entry.
SYSNOISE will prompt you with the pop-up message “Do You Want to Save the
Changes of This Model ?” Click the “Yes” button to save the model data and
the results of the calculations in the database.
Otherwise, you can end the session using the “File” ⇒ “Exit…” menu entry,
which opens the following form :
Activate the “Save the Model Changes” toggle button and click the “OK” button.
This will save the model data and the results of the calculations into the
Car_NoTrim.sdb database and then terminate the SYSNOISE session.
As stated in section 3.4, several alternatives for the analysis option can be used
for this typical example. The option BEM Direct Collocation Element Interior
Uncoupled Frequency has been presented in the preceding sections, we
propose in this section to use two alternatives based on the BEM Indirect
Variational Uncoupled Unbaffled Frequency option.
This section summarizes the analysis of the sound radiation in a passenger car
compartment using the Uncoupled Indirect BEM module.
Repeat the thirteen steps described in sections 3.2 to 3.14. When creating a
new database (section 3.3), use car_Indirect as database name and
car_Indirect.sdb as file name. When defining the analysis option (section 3.4),
select BEM Indirect Variational Uncoupled Unbaffled Frequency option.
Before solving over a range of analysis frequencies (section 3.12), you need to
set the correct analysis parameters (section 3.11). Select Physical as solution
space and save Potentials with a Step 1. Do not save nor store results. Leave
the default BEM Quadrature and Post-Processing.
After storing the results (section 3.14.2) you should obtain the following results
at the two selected field points:
This section summarizes the analysis of the sound radiation in a passenger car
compartment using the Indirect High Speed BEM module based on the Padé
expansions (see release note for more background on the module).
Repeat the thirteen steps described in sections 3.2 to 3.14. When creating a
new database (section 3.3), use car_Pade as database name and
car_Pade.sdb as file name. When defining the analysis option (section 3.4),
select BEM Indirect Variational Uncoupled Unbaffled Frequency option.
Before solving over a range of analysis frequencies (section 3.12), you need to
set the correct analysis parameters (section 3.11). Select Pade Expansion as
solution space and save Potentials with a Step 1. Do not save nor store
results. Leave the default BEM Quadrature and Post-Processing.
The solve sequence of the High Speed BEM module should have taken you
roughly 50% of the solution time needed for the regular indirect BEM module.
Typically, a gain factor of ten is obtained for:
• mid-size problem
Open the databases through the “Model”⇒”Open” dialog box, first select the
car_Indirect.sdb database file and repeat the operation for the car_Pade.sdb
database file.
SYSNOISE Rev 5.5 contains a model manager allowing you to open several
models simultaneously. In this multi-model approach, coupled problems are
analyzed by connecting two models together with a fluid-structure link. One
model is the acoustic model, containing the acoustic mesh, acoustic properties,
and acoustic boundary conditions. The other model is the structural model,
containing the structural mesh, structural properties and structural boundary
conditions.
A binary database file (“.sdb” file) is associated with each model, and contains
all the information related to the model : analysis option, mesh, boundary
conditions, material properties, potentials, results,…
Create a new model database by selecting the “File” ⇒ “New…” menu entry in
the Main Window menu bar. This binary SYSNOISE database file will contain
all the information related to your structural model : structural mesh, structural
properties, structural boundary conditions, structural results (after the analysis),
etc…
Create a database with the name Firewall Vibration. The full name of the
database file has to be entered as well : Coupled_Firewall.sdb. Since no
other database has been opened in this SYSNOISE session, this model
database will be assigned the Model Number 1.
In order to identify the present model as a structural model, set the FEM
Frequency Structure analysis option by selecting the “Model” ⇒ “Option”
menu entry in the Main Window :
Please be careful about the selection of the analysis option : if you change
the option in the middle of a SYSNOISE session, the model database will be re-
initialized completely and all model data and results are deleted!
The structural FE mesh is a surface mesh of the firewall panel. The mesh data
(nodal coordinates and element connectivities) is contained in an external
SYSNOISE Free Format file named firewall.fre. Load this mesh file by
selecting the “File” ⇒ “Import” menu entry in the Main Window, which gives
access to the “Import” form :
After clicking the “OK” button, the mesh is displayed in the Main Window as
follows :
You can visualize the deformation shapes of the structural modes by entering
the “Postprocess” ⇒ “Deformation…” form : for “Model Mesh [1]”, choose
“Structural Modes” and double-click for example on the first structural
resonance frequency = 50.568 Hz :
Click the left-most Play button to start the animation. After the creation of the
animation frames, SYSNOISE will continuously “loop” through these frames.
You can control the animation speed with the slide button and stop the
animation by clicking the right-most Stop button.
SYSNOISE can only import undamped structural modes, but allows the
definition of viscous or hysteretic modal damping : access the “Structural Modal
Damping” form by clicking the “Model” ⇒ ”Structural Properties” ⇒ “Modal
Damping” menu entry.
Mechanical forces and couples (torques) are applied using the ‘”Model” ⇒
“Load B.C....” ⇒ “Manual” dialog :
☞ Note that you can also select graphically the node where you want to apply the load.
Instead of typing a node number in the node selection box of the dialog, click on the
“Single Pick” toolbar button and pick the desired node with the mouse directly on
the mesh.
You have now completed the structural pre-processing phase of the coupled
analysis sequence. Use the “File” ⇒ “Save” command to update the structural
model database.
To create an acoustic model database for the car compartment, select the “File”
⇒ “New…” menu entry. Create a new database named Coupled Cavity
Noise. The full name of the database file has to be entered as well :
Coupled_Cavity.sdb. Since this is the second database to be opened in this
SYSNOISE session, it will be assigned the Model Number 2 automatically. The
Model Number is used by SYSNOISE to identify different models when multiple
databases are opened in the same session. (The number is not saved in the
database).
The car compartment model is a purely acoustic model database that will be
linked to the structural model database for a coupled analysis. Therefore, you
have to select the BEM Frequency Indirect Uncoupled analysis option.
Define the option by clicking the “Model” ⇒ “Option” menu entry in the Main
Window :
The Boundary Element mesh is a surface mesh of the walls forming the
enclosure of a “monovolume” passenger car compartment. This mesh has
been generated by an external mesh generator and is contained in an external
SYSNOISE Free Format file named monovolume.fre. Load the mesh by using
the “File” ⇒ “Import” menu entry :
For a BEM Indirect analysis, it is absolutely essential that the normal vectors
of the elements are pointing in a consistent direction. The “Check Mesh”
procedure of SYSNOISE will automatically take care of reversing element
normal vectors in order to guarantee consistency.
This tool is accessed from the “Geometry” ⇒ “Check Mesh…” menu entry.
Activate the “Element Normal Vector Correction” toggle button in the dialog and
then click “OK”. During execution of the “Check Mesh” command, information
about the mesh geometry (volume, surface area, normal direction) is printed to
the Echo Window.
First, change your viewing position with respect to the mesh : switch to the
predefined XZ view by selecting the “Display” ⇒ “View Point” ⇒ “XZ” menu
entry. Then, switch from shaded display to wireframe rendering by clicking the
To remove the normal vectors from the display, click the “Show/Hide Vectors”
toolbar button again. You can return to the default view by selecting the
“Display” ⇒ “View Point” ⇒ “User Default” menu entry.
Select the “Model” ⇒ “Fluid Properties…” menu entry and enter the acoustic
properties for standard air : speed of sound = 340 m/s ; density = 1.225
kg/m3 . In a Boundary Element analysis, the fluid is always assumed to be
homogeneous and hence these properties will apply to the whole model.
Therefore, you cannot select a particular set of elements in the Fluid Properties
form : this part is inactive or “grayed out”.
You have now completed the acoustic pre-processing phase of the coupled
analysis sequence. Use the “File” ⇒ “Save” command to update the acoustic
model database.
Both acoustic and structural parts of the coupled model are now ready for
analysis. The last step before launching the analysis is to link the models
together.
In the first wizard form, select Model Number 1 (the structural model) as the
“First Model” and choose All elements as the selection to be linked.
In the second wizard form, select Model Number 2 (the acoustic model) as the
“Second Model” and enter the command string “Elements 1 To 174 Internal”
(which refers to internal numbering), which corresponds to the part of the car
enclosure that coincides with the firewall.
IMPORTANT :
The link between two SYSNOISE models has a temporary character, as it is
only needed for the solution of the coupled problem. As soon as one of the
models is Closed, the link will be deleted.
In the uncoupled analysis example, we have defined a Field Point Mesh after
the response analysis and performed a “Process Field Points” operation (see
section 2.13). In this example, we will define the Field Point Mesh before
starting the coupled response calculation. Select the “Geometry” ⇒ “Field
Point…” ⇒ “Plane” menu entry and complete the form as shown below, which
creates a “transversal” field point mesh in the front of the passenger
compartment.
Before starting the coupled analysis, you have to set the analysis parameters
for both the structural and the acoustic models. These parameters control what
acoustic and structural data will be saved during the analysis. For this purpose,
select the “Analysis” ⇒ “Parameter…” menu entry.
By default, the form is set to the parameters for the last opened model, i.e. the
acoustic model. For more information about the meaning of the Save/Store
commands and the terms Potentials and Results in the form, consult section
2.11. In this case, we will Save Potentials with a Step 1, i.e. the acoustic
potentials will be saved for all analysis frequencies. In contrast, we will Store
Results , i.e. retain response functions, at the field points number 37, 41 and 47
only. Click the “Apply” button to confirm these settings. Observe the
Then, to set the analysis parameters for the structural model, select the model
“[1] Firewall Vibration” from the “Solution parameters for model” menu. Activate
the Modal radio button for the “Solution Space” in order to force a modal
superposition analysis and choose all 12 structural modal vectors. Also, select
Save Displacements with a Step 1, i.e. we will save the structural
displacements of the firewall for every frequency. Click the “Apply” button to
confirm the settings and “Dismiss” to close the form.
Finally, you can start the coupled analysis using the “Analysis” ⇒ “Solve…”
menu entry. We will select a frequency range from 10 Hz to 100 Hz with a
linear step of 10 Hz , i.e. a total of 10 analysis frequencies.
First, save the acoustic database using the “File” ⇒ “Save” command. Then,
activate the structural database by selecting the “File” ⇒ “Activate…” menu
entry, highlighting the structural model “Firewall Vibration” in the
corresponding form and clicking the “Apply” button.
Then, issue the “File” ⇒ “Save” command again to save the structural
database.
First, we will have a look at the structural results of the coupled analysis. In
order to have an uncluttered view of the firewall, you can remove the car
compartment BE mesh and field point mesh from the display using the “View”
⇒ “Objects” menu :
You can also animate the deformation pattern by clicking the “Animation”
button. Select 30 degrees as phase step (as in section 4.6 above).
In the form, select the “Frequency” display mode and enter 80 Hz. Click the
“Options” button to open and additional form : in this form, select the Type
“histogram” (last icon in a pull-down menu of four display types). Click the
“Apply” and “Close” buttons to return to the previous from and click "Apply”
again to plot the magnitude for each of the 12 modal participation factors.
This plot clearly shows that the structural behaviour of the firewall at 80 Hz is
dominated by the third structural mode (with resonance frequency of 85.06 Hz).
Now, let’s have a look at the acoustic results of the coupled analysis. First, you
can add the field point mesh to the display by highlighting the corresponding
entry in the “View” ⇒ “Objects…” form :
After clicking the “OK” button, you will get the following display :
Then, you can try to display the pressure on the field point mesh by selecting
the “Postprocess” ⇒ “Color Map…” menu entry :
☞ Note : The Save and Store commands are mutually exclusive, i.e. they cannot be
combined.
You can visualize the stored response functions using the new “Postprocess” ⇒
“Response Function…” menu entry :
The rectangular grid on the plot has been obtained by clicking the “Options…”
button in the “Response Function” form and activating the “Draw Full Grid”
button in the “Options” form.
You can add the other response functions to the plot by highlighting them,
activating the “Superimpose” toggle button and clicking the “Apply” button:
There are many possible extensions to this calculation. Some typical examples
are:
• Same calculation with the FEM-FEM module,
• Multi-frequency analysis,
• Add some acoustic absorbing linings in the van,
• Acoustic contribution analysis,
• Acoustic excitation instead of mechanical excitation.
You can now exit from the SYSNOISE program using the “File” ⇒ “Exit” menu
entry :
1. Start SYSNOISE
2. Create an Acoustic Model Database
3. Define the Analysis Option: FEM FLUID
4. Import the Finite Element Mesh
5. Define Fluid Properties
6. Identify the Inlet and Outlet Surfaces
7. Import the Pressure Tables
8. Create Manual Boundary Conditions
9. Set the Analysis Parameters
10. Solve over a Frequency Range
11. Visualization of Acoustic Data Results
12. Save/Close the SYSNOISE session
In order to identify the present model as a structural model, set the FEM
Frequency Structure analysis option by selecting the “Model” ⇒ “Option”
menu entry in the Main Window .
Please be careful about the selection of the analysis option : if you change
the option in the middle of a SYSNOISE session, the model database will be re-
initialized completely and all model data and results are deleted!
☞ If you are not sure about which option to choose, you can always activate the “Option
Wizard”. This wizard sequence assists you in defining the most appropriate analysis
option by requesting answers to a series of questions as shown in Chapter 2 of this
manual.
The FE mesh is a volume mesh of the manifold cavity. The mesh data (nodal
coordinates and element connectivities) is contained in an external SYSNOISE
Free Format file named manifold.fre. Load this mesh file by selecting the “File”
⇒ “Import” menu entry in the Main Window, which gives access to the “Import”
form :
After clicking the “OK” button, the mesh is displayed in the Main Window as
follows :
☞ Note: The numerical values used in the example refer to the SI International System of
units (metre, kilogram, second, pascal,…).
☞ You are allowed to use any combination of units in SYSNOISE, but you must remain
consistent in the use of units when defining numerical values. If you have any doubt, do
not hesitate to contact your local support representative.
Before you can apply pressure and impedance boundary conditions, you have
to identify the boundary element faces that make up the inlet and outlet
surfaces.
First, change your viewing position with to have a better vew of the inlets: switch
to the predefined YZ view by selecting the “Display” ⇒ “View Point” ⇒ “YZ”
menu entry.
To create a set containing the element faces of the left manifold inlet, select
“Geometry” ⇒ “Sets” ⇒ “Faces Selection …”, give the set the name left and
use the feature selection icon in the toolbar to select the left inlet element
faces in one action. Repeat the operation for the center left, center right and
right inlets. Rotate the model in the Main Window display to have a clear view
on the outlet : click the “Rotate” toolbar button click-hold the left mouse
These sets can be selected for display in the Main Window through the “View”
⇒ “Sets” menu entry. In the associated dialog box, Select All sets for display :
Each of the face sets is easily identified in the Main Window by means of a
different face shading color (the color legend appears in the upper left part of
the window).
Load this data file by selecting the “File” ⇒ “Import” menu entry in the Main
Window, which gives access to the “Import” form :
You can then visualize the Tables by using the “Postprocess” ⇒ “Table
Function …” dialog:
Two kind of boundary conditions are applied to the manifold, pressure boundary
condition at the inlets using the four tables imported in the previous section and
anechoic impedance boundary condition at the outlet.
The ρc impedance boundary condition, where ρ is the fluid mass density and c
is the speed of sound, is often used to model anechoic termination such as
infinite ducts.
Before starting the analysis, you have to set the analysis parameters of the
model. These parameters control what acoustic and structural data will be
saved during the analysis. For this purpose, select the “Analysis” ⇒
“Parameter…” menu entry. Select Physical as “Solution Space” and Save
Potentials with a Step 1, i.e. the acoustic potentials will be saved for all
analysis frequencies. For more information about the meaning of the
Save/Store commands and the terms Potentials and Results in the form,
consult section 3.11.
Make sure you have enough memory to run the problem in-core. To do so,
select the “Tools” ⇒ “Environment Variables…” menu entry and assign the
value “15” at the MEMORY environment variable in the SETUP section.
The “Inquire” ⇒ “Fmaximum…” menu entry allows you to check the maximum
frequency for which the discretization of a given mesh is valid. Using the
“minimum 6 elements per wavelength” criterion, this maximum frequency will
Then, select the “Analysis” ⇒ “Solve…” menu entry to set the frequencies for
which you want to compute the acoustic response. Enter 10 To 1000 LinStep 5
as frequency range or alternatively use the “Frequency Selector”. Refer to
section 3.12 for more details.
You have completed the analysis phase of your session. Now it is time to have
a look at the results of your analysis, i.e. to start with the post-processing
phase. As explained in section 3.14, SYSNOISE offers two general categories
for acoustic data visualization:
a) Mesh post-processing, i.e. displaying the acoustic data on the Finite
Element or Boundary Element mesh or on the Field Point Mesh
b) Response function plots, i.e. displaying acoustic data at a specific
location as a function of frequency in the form of XY-plots
A typical way to visualize the pressure distribution within the manifold cavity is
to represent this data for a single frequency in the form of colored fringes on the
field point planes. Such a Color Map image is controlled by the “Postprocess” ⇒
“Color Map…” form. Select “Model Mesh [1] ” and “Pressure” from the pull-down
menus in the “Color Map Display” form, highlight the 600.000 Hz frequency and
click “Apply”.
The pressure distribution ranges from a minimum in the middle of the manifold
(blue areas) to a maximum at the extremities (red areas). Such a pressure
distribution is typical for a frequency close to the resonance frequency of the
first acoustic cavity mode.
function. Instead of typing a point number in the top field of the dialog, click on the
button in the toolbar and pick the desired points with the mouse directly on the mesh.
Once created, the response function can be displayed. Select the “Postprocess”
⇒ “Response Function…” menu entry: in the form, choose field Potentials and
select Potential Node 14616, select “Pressure”, set the representation format
to “4: Magnitude(dB)”. Then, Click on “Option” to select the dBA scale as
acoustic weighting. The “Options Dialog” will appear. Select dBA as dB Scale
and click “Apply” and “Close” to close the “Options Dialog”. Finally click “Apply”
on the “Response Function Dialog”. The “Curve Window” will pop-up and
display the response function as a red curve.
Please make sure you have a Netsolver license before running this section.
If you want to perform this analysis, close all open sections (see section 5.13).
Next perform the steps as described from section 5.1 to 5.9 except for the
setting of the environment variables in section 5.9. Use manifold_DDT.sdb as
database file name.
Select the type of decomposition to be performed, i.e. “From File”, and enter the
filename domain.fre.
As the parallel computation are performed in batch mode, you need to end the
session using the “File” ⇒ “Exit…” menu entry, which opens the following form:
Activate the “Save the Model Changes” toggle button and click the “OK” button.
This will save the model data and the results of the calculations into the
database and then terminate the SYSNOISE session
The propose example use the second approach to compute the acoustic
response. A the end of the computation, the sub-domain databases are merged
back into the original database.
If you want to go on and try the remaining parts of this Getting Started manual,
close the SYSNOISE database using the “File” ⇒ “Close” menu entry.
SYSNOISE will prompt you with the pop-up message “Do You Want to Save the
Changes of This Model?” Click the “Yes” button to save the model data and the
results of the calculations in the database.
Otherwise, you can end the session using the “File” ⇒ “Exit…” menu entry,
which opens the following form:
Activate the “Save the Model Changes” toggle button and click the “OK” button.
This will save the model data and the results of the calculations into the
database(s) and then terminate the SYSNOISE session.
SYSNOISE W SYSNOISE
[φ] Structural Model e Acoustic Model
Mode Transfer [φR] a ATV computation
Normal Projection [φRn] k (IBEM, DBEM, MDBEM, FEM)
[φRn]
[φRn]
L
Acoustic response
Structural response i
{Vn}= [φRn] {MRSP}
{u} = [φR] {MRSP} n
p = <ATV> {Vn}
k
For this last case, an even more efficient acoustic response calculation is
available, using the so-called MATV-response. MATVs are the modal
counterpart of the ATVs. They express the acoustic transfer in modal
coordinates from the radiating structure to a field point and thus show the
acoustic contribution from each individual structural mode.
ω)
TV(
A
M
<MATV>=<ATV>[φn]
[φ]→[φn]
SYSNOISE W SYSNOISE
[φ] Structural Model e Acoustic Model
Mode Transfer [φR ] a MATV computation
[φRn] Normal Projection [φRn] k (IBEM, DBEM, MDBEM, FEM)
[φRn]
L
Structural response i Acoustic response
{u} = [φR] {MRSP} n p = <MATV> {MRSP}
k
See also the Release Notes, section Error! Reference source not found., for
more information about ATV concepts.
The Numerical Engine Acoustics process makes use of these ATV or MATV
concepts. The process makes possible the calculation of a complete acoustic
signature of an engine within a day, for medium size problems (e.g. BEM
model of 10000 degrees of freedom) - a calculation that up to now was
practically impossible. A typical calculation of an acoustic signature of an engine
for an engine speed sweep ranging from 1000 to 6000 RPM in steps of 50 RPM
requires several thousands of individual response calculations, since at each
RPM case several excitation frequencies need to be considered (depending on
the order). The ATV approach limits the computational effort to a fraction of this.
In fact, the ATVs are evaluated at fixed frequencies up to say 2000 Hz with a
step of e.g. 50 Hz, independently of the different RPM cases, and are then used
in a subsequent multi-RPM response calculation where the ATVs (or MATVs)
are interpolated at the different excitation frequencies. All the acoustic
responses can then be post-processed using a typical waterfall diagram. A
further innovation is used to evaluate the acoustic power radiated by the engine.
The radiated power can be accurately evaluated based on an ISO3744-1994
F [N] (Modal)
Acoustic
RPM Transfer
Vectors Excitation frequencies
RPM
f [Hz]
Multi-RPM acoustic response
Structural simulation
Design
Parameters
Design evaluation &
optimisation
(Sound Pressure
Level & Sound Power)
Another efficient usage of the ATV concept with the Numerical Engine
Acoustics Process can be seen in a structural design evaluation and
optimization loop for structural design parameters. Since the ATVs are
completely independent from these design parameters (assuming the exterior
radiating envelope retains the same geometry) the acoustic response can be
easily evaluated at each design cycle at very low calculation cost. Such an
optimization process can of course be driven by LMS Optimus, i.e. Optimus
driving NASTRAN and SYSNOISE.
(We remark in passing that all processes available in the Numerical Engine
Acoustics module are of course applicable to other analogous acoustic radiation
problems, i.e. outside the automotive context).
At each RPM case several excitation frequencies will be considered, i.e. from
300Hz to 1000 Hz with a step of 10Hz. Note that this frequency range could
Although your system manager will probably have defined an alias to start up
SYSNOISE, you can always type the complete command string
/path/sysnoise/5.6/bin/sysnoise * to launch the program.
* /path refers to the directory tree under which the SYSNOISE software was installed. To have
the exact path, refer to the installation procedure or to your system manager
☞ Note: SYSNOISE Rev 5.6 uses dynamic memory allocation such that it is no longer
compulsory to define a command option ‘-mX’ to allocate memory at start up. The -mX
Option is still valid but now defines an initial maximum memory limit for the session (it can
alternatively be set by the MEMORY environment variable)
When creating a model in SYSNOISE Rev 5.5, the first thing you always have
to do is to create a new database. This binary database will contain all the
information related to your model and is stored in a file with the filename
extension “.sdb”, which stands for “SYSNOISE database”.
To create a new database, click with the mouse on the “Create a New Model”
button in the Start-Up Window.
Create a database with the name EngStr_small. The full name of the
database file has to be entered as well : EngStr_small.sdb. Note that if no
name is specified, a default name corresponding to the SYSNOISE database
name is used.
After the creation of the database, the next important thing is to choose the
correct analysis option, i.e. what type of numerical method will be used to
analyze the problem. You activate the analysis option form by clicking the
“Model” ⇒ “Option” menu entry in the Main Window :
In order to identify the present model as a structural model, set the FEM
Frequency Structure analysis option by selecting the “Model” ⇒ “Option”
menu entry in the Main Window :
The structural FE mesh is a surface mesh of the engine. The mesh data (nodal
coordinates and element connectivities) is contained in an external SYSNOISE
Free Format file named engine_str_comp.fre. Load this mesh file by selecting
the “File” ⇒ “Import” menu entry in the Main Window, which gives access to the
“Import” form. Set the data type to “Mesh” and the interface format to “Free” by
selecting these entries from the respective pull-down menus. You can type the
filename directly in the entry field, or alternatively click the “FileBox” button to
select the filename from the File Selector dialog.
☞ Note: The Free Format is the SYSNOISE proprietary ASCII format. Please refer to the
appendices of the SYSNOISE User’s Manual in order to get a complete description of the
content of the free formatted files.
After clicking the “OK” button, the mesh is displayed in the Main Window as
follows :
The Transfer procedure will project these structural modes from the original,
incompatible structural mesh onto the surrogate structural mesh using a
geometrical interpolation technique.
You can visualize the deformation shapes of the structural modes by entering
the “Postprocess” ⇒ “Deformation…” form : for “Model Mesh [1]”, choose
“Structural Modes” and double-click for example on the second structural
resonance frequency = 932.786 Hz. This results in a deformed display in the
Main Window, as shown below. (This display can also be Animated).
The Projected structural modes will be needed to enable the computation of the
Modal Acoustic Transfer Vector (MATV) in the acoustic model.
The structural modes Φ can be projected on the element normals by using the
‘Project’ Dialog box. Go to “Analysis ⇒ Project …”, Select “Modes Structures” in
the pull-down menu and click the ‘OK’ button.
The Modal Responses for each RPM case and associated frequency list have
to be imported in the structural model.
Load this data file by selecting the “File” ⇒ “Import” menu entry in the Main
Window, which gives access to the “Import” form :
You can then visualize the MRSP’s by using the “Postprocess ⇒ Participation
Function …” dialog, if you wish also selecting your preferred Options :
Although the current structural model will be needed later in the NEA process, it
might be useful to close it while we don’t need it, so as to free some memory.
Close the SYSNOISE database using the “File” ⇒ “Close” menu entry.
SYSNOISE will prompt you with the pop-up message “Do You Want to Save the
Changes of This Model ?” Click the “Yes” button to save the model data and
the results of the calculations in the database.
Create a new model database by selecting the “File” ⇒ “New…” menu entry in
the Main Window menu bar.
Create a database with the name EngAc_atv. The full name of the database
file has to be entered as well : EngAc_atv.sdb. This model database will be
assigned the Model Number 1.
This tool is accessed from the “Geometry” ⇒ “Check Mesh…” menu entry :
activate the “Element Normal Vector Correction” toggle button in the form and
click “OK” to start the procedure.
Select the “Model” ⇒ “Fluid Properties…” menu entry and enter the acoustic
properties for standard air : speed of sound = 340 m/s ; density = 1.225
kg/m3 . In a Boundary Element analysis, the fluid is always assumed to be
homogeneous and hence these properties will apply to the whole model.
Therefore, you cannot select a particular set of elements in the Fluid Properties
form : this part is inactive or “grayed out”.
Be aware that reducing the frequency step would greatly impact the total
calculation time since the ATV computation is the most time-consuming part of
the NEA process.
Also, note that the ATVs will be interpolated at the different excitation
frequencies in the subsequent multi-RPM response calculation.
Whenever the structural modal basis changes, e.g. due to structural design
modifications, the set of MATVs needs to be re-evaluated.
Create a database with the name EngAc_matv. The full name of the database
file has to be entered as well : EngAc_matv.sdb. This model database will be
assigned the Model Number 2.
Then repeat the same steps as for the Master Model, but as just explained, do
not compute the ATVs !! The following operations need to be carried out :
Since the structural databases will be needed in order to define the multi-model
Link (in the next operation), it has to be opened again.
In the NEA process, the acoustic and structural models need to be linked by a
so-called “weak-link”. This means that the analysis will consider the one-way
coupling between the engine dynamics and its acoustic behavior.
The link defines which parts of the acoustic and structural model are
“interfaced”. The interface consists of the contact surface between the two
geometrically compatible models, defined by a selection of FEM elements and
BEM elements.
In the first wizard form, select Model Number 2 (the acoustic model that will
contain the MATVs) as the “First Model” and choose all elements to be linked.
IMPORTANT :
The link between two SYSNOISE models has a temporary character, as it is
only needed for the solution of the coupled problem. As soon as one of the
linked models is closed, the link will be deleted.
where [ ATM ( f )] denotes the Acoustic Transfer Matrix formed by the different
Acoustic Transfer Vectors and {α ( f )} , the structural modal Participation factors
(MRSP’s). From this equation we define the modal contribution Vector Matrix
[MATV ( f )] as :
[MATV ( f )] = iω [ATM ( f )] Φ n
such that the acoustic response in arbitrary field points can be seen as a
superposition of modal contribution vectors using the structural mode
participation factors as in
When using a ‘Master model’ approach (ATVs and MATVs are kept in two
separate databases, see section 6.19), the user has also to specify the model
containing the ATVs.
Activate the “ Specify Model Containing ATVs ” toggle button in the form and
select the acoustic model “EngAc_atv” in the drop-down list.
When using Modal Acoustic Transfer Vectors, ATVs are no longer needed to
compute the acoustic response in the field points. Therefore, the so-called
‘Master’ acoustic model won’t be needed anymore.
In a coupled analysis, with a BEM Indirect model and a FEM Structure model
coupled by a link, the numbers of load cases in the two models must be
compatible : there must be the same number of cases, with the required
boundary conditions or loads in cases with the same numbers.
In Revision 5.4, the user had to create dummy load cases to match ‘real' load
cases in the other model. In Revision 5.5, this procedure has completely been
automated such that the user does not have to worry anymore about load cases
compatibility. This procedure is initiated by selecting “Model ⇒ Load Case ⇒
Compatible ”
Set the solution space to “MRSP”, toggle the “Save : Displacements ” button to
Off (structural displacements won’t be available, but this will save a lot of disk
space) and click “Apply”.
Set the solution space to “MATV” and specify the interpolation scheme to be
used (e.g. ‘Linear’) for frequencies which were not included in the ATVs
computation.
In the SYSNOISE context, the term Potentials refers to any acoustic data
which is obtained on the acoustic mesh as a result of the analysis, e.g. double-
layer potentials in Option BEM Indirect. The term Results refers to any
acoustic data which is obtained on the Field Point. The “Save” command
controls the saving of Potentials (for all nodes) or Results (for all field points) in
Here, we will only select the saving of Results with a Step 1, i.e. for all analysis
frequencies. Click the “Apply” and “Close” buttons to confirm these settings.
As explained in section 6.22, the acoustic response in the field points can be
seen as a superposition of modal contribution vectors using the structural mode
participation factors as
The ‘Solve’ Procedure will perform this multiplication for all load cases (RPM
cases) and associated frequency list.
The “Analysis ⇒ Solve” dialog features a ‘RPM’ field where each RPM case to
consider has to be specified. Alternatively, Read (“File ⇒ Read”) the command
file ‘rpm_solve.cmd’ that will launch the computation for all RPM cases.
The STORE command allows you to store data (e.g. potentials or results) for a
given set of locations, for all frequencies and Load cases.
Go to “Analysis ⇒ Store …”, Specify to Store the ‘Results’ at point 10 (or for ‘All’
points) and check the ‘Store for All Load Cases’ Option. Leave the ‘Frequency’
field blank in order to select all frequencies: if no frequency range is specified,
SYSNOISE will automatically select all available frequencies in each loadcase.
As an example, the Active Power FP Mesh provides a useful way to assess the
energy propagating from the radiating object : the following figure shows the
Active Power radiated through the complete field point mesh for the first load
case (i.e. 631.72 RPM), computed according to the ISO3744-1994 standard :
Note that new Environment Variables have been put in place so as to define
how Waterfall Diagrams are treated :
Vehicle interior noise has become a major concern in the automotive industry.
Noise and vibration from primary sources such as powertrain, brakes, road/tire
interaction or wind noise propagate to the body panels. In turn, the body panels
vibrate and radiate noise into the car interior. The contributions from the
different body panels to the overall radiated noise are not equal and may even
have opposite signs. If the sound level increases as the vibration level
increases, the contribution is said to be positive. If the sound level decreases as
vibration level increases, the contribution is said to be negative. Finally, if the
sound level is insensitive to the vibration level, the contribution is said to be
neutral. This knowledge is critical for a good NVH refinement. Indeed, if the
vibration of negative contribution areas is reduced, the sound level will actually
increase.
- at a range of frequencies
The procedure consists of three main steps. In the first step, the acoustic model
needs to be set-up. Setting-up the acoustic model involves importing an
acoustic mesh, specifying acoustic material properties, assigning impedance or
admittance boundary conditions, creating panels as sets of elements, specifying
field points and setting up multi-model links in case of a Multi-Domain Boundary
Element model (MDDBEM)
The next step is the computation of the ATVs using the COMPUTE command.
The final step consists of dedicated post-processing actions.
1. Start SYSNOISE
2. Create a Model Database
3. Define the Analysis Option
4. Import the Boundary Element Mesh
5. Check (Show) the Element Normal Vectors
6. Define Fluid Properties
7. Create Panels as Sets of Elements
8. Create Field Points
9. Assign Impedance Boundary Conditions
10. Save the Model database
11. Create The Seats Models
12. Link the Acoustic Models
13. Compute the ATV
14. ATV Visualization
15. Rename Sets
16. Create Velocity BC's from FEA Vibration Data
17. Post-processing
18. Close the Database and/or End the Session
Create a new model database by selecting the “File” ⇒ “New…” menu entry in
the Main Window menu bar. This binary SYSNOISE database file will contain
all the information related to the model.
The analysis option form is activated by clicking the “Model” ⇒ “Option” menu
entry in the Main Window.
After clicking the “OK” button, the Boundary Element mesh is read in and
displayed in the Main Window :
This tool is accessed from the “Geometry” ⇒ “Check Mesh…” menu entry:
activate the “Element Normal Vector Correction” toggle button in the form and
click “OK” to start the procedure.
In a further step, we will need to ‘Link’ this model with two other models
containing the seats, by specifying the parts which are “interfaced”. Because of
the seats and maybe other regions, which have acoustic properties that are
different to the main air volume, a Multi-domain BE method will be used.
Therefore, we will already define two sets containing each seat’s elements.
These sets can be obtained by activating the Build Sub-domain Set option of
the check mesh dialog. This procedure will create a set of elements for each of
the sub-domains detected in the active model.
During execution of the “Check Mesh” command, information about the mesh
geometry (volume, surface area, normal direction) is printed to the Echo
Window. By default, the last created set is displayed, that is one of the seats.
Go to the “View” ⇒ “Sets” menu entry and select ‘Unselected All’ to come back
to the former view. Press ‘Rescale’ button to center the current view.
First, change your viewing position with respect to the mesh : switch to the
predefined XZ view by selecting the “Display” ⇒ “View Point” ⇒ “XZ” menu
entry. Then, switch from shaded display to wireframe rendering by clicking the
“Wireframe/Shade/Feature” toolbar button. Finally, display the normal
vectors on the elements by clicking the “Show/Hide Vectors” toolbar button.
The normal vectors are represented by blue arrows with the element centroid
location as starting point.
You may also want to reduce the arrow size in order to have a clearer view. The
arrow length can be controlled in the ‘Vector Plot’ Option of the Graphical
options menu (Display ⇒ Graphical Options). For example, by changing the
‘Reference Display Size’ to 0.02 you will obtain the following figure :
You can try other predefined views from the “Display ⇒ View Point” dialog to
have a better view of the normal vector arrows.
Select the “Model ⇒ Fluid Properties…” menu entry and enter the acoustic
properties for standard air : speed of sound = 340 m/s ; density = 1.225
kg/m3 . In a Boundary Element analysis, the fluid is always assumed to be
homogeneous and hence these properties will apply to the whole domain.
Therefore, you cannot select a particular set of elements in the Fluid Properties
form : this part is inactive or “grayed out”.
☞ Note: The numerical values used in the example refer to the SI International System of
units (meter, kilogram, second, Pascal,…).
☞ You are allowed to use any combination of units in SYSNOISE, the only golden rule is to
remain consistent in the use of units when defining numerical values. If you have any
doubt, do not hesitate to contact your local support representative.
For this purpose, you can use the feature selection tool which upon
selection of an element, will select all connected elements for which the angle
between the normal vectors of two adjacent elements is less than a preset
value, called the Feature Angle (user definable with “Tools ⇒ Environment
Variable”).
If you want to remain consistent with the results presented in this manual, let
SYSNOISE read the command file define_sets.cmd which automatically
creates a choice of sets (go to "File ⇒ Read" and select the relevant file).
These sets can be selected for display in the Main Window through the “View”
⇒ “Sets” menu entry. In the associated form, press ‘Select all’ in order to
highlight all the sets and deselect ‘Sub-Domain 000001’ as this is a set
containing all the ‘exterior’ elements.
To have a better view of the sets, you can always select the predefined view
“Display” ⇒ “View Point” ⇒ “Z on Top [front]”, as shown above.
The aim of the ATV approach is to evaluate the acoustic transfer from the
radiating surface to specific field points for a range of frequencies. Therefore,
these points have to be specified beforehand. These points are referred as ‘field
points’ and are the numerical equivalent of microphones.
As the most interesting results are at the occupants’ ear locations, we will define
points at these positions. These isolated points can be created by using the
“Geometry ⇒ Field Point ⇒ Point” menu :
x y z
Driver’s left ear 1 -0.47 1.02
Driver’s right ear 1 -0.2 1.02
Passenger’s left ear 1 0.2 1.02
Passenger’s left ear 1 0.47 1.02
You should then be able to see the individual points whose location are marked
by a small diamonds.
The effects of acoustic treatment at the different panels of the car body will be
modeled by applying appropriate (complex) impedance boundary conditions.
The elements where impedance boundary conditions have been defined are
colored (the “View ⇒ Boundary Conditions ⇒ Admittance” option is selected
automatically). You can also display a colormap of the impedance by activating
the “Postprocess ⇒ Colormap” dialog box , selecting the ‘Admittance B.C.’
button in the pull-down menu and pressing ‘Apply’
As already mentioned, we will use the sub-domain sets generated during the
check mesh procedure to create the seats meshes by an ‘Export’ command.
Although we could have put the driver’s seat and the passenger’s seat in the
same model, we will be put them in two separate models to show how several
models can be handled in MDDBEM.
To create the seat meshes, go to “File ⇒ Export”, select ‘Set’ in the ‘Data type’
pull down menu, set the Format on ‘Free’ and pick the set corresponding to the
passenger’s seat (i.e. Sub-Domain 000003). Provide also a file name to contain
the mesh definition (e.g. passenger.fre)
Now, you have to create two new models with the same analysis option, i.e.
BEM Frequency Direct Uncoupled Interior Element. The analysis option form
is activated by clicking the “Model ⇒ Option” menu entry in the Main Window :
Now the passenger seat mesh (i.e. passenger.fre) has to be imported. Please
refer to section 7.4 for a description of the Import procedure for a Free format
Mesh File.
In the Direct BEM option, all element normal vectors point must point into the
fluid region. Therefore, perform a "Check mesh" Operation as in section 7.5 but
check only the option 'Element normal vector correction' (Note that even
unchecked, this correction will be activated)
The seat is given absorbent properties throughout its volume, that is by defining
a fluid with appropriate complex sound and complex density. The following foam
properties are proposed :
These properties are to be defined in the “Model ⇒ Fluid properties” dialog box.
In a MDDBEM analysis, the link operation identifies the elements of the two
models that will interact . In this case, these elements are `transparent' and let
the acoustic waves pass into the other model. The operation is managed by a
two-step Link Wizard, which is started by selecting the “Model ⇒ Link” menu
entry.
In the first wizard form, select Model Number 1 (the car body model) as the
“First Model” and choose the Set Sub-Domain 000003 (set containing the
passenger seat’s elements) by using the ‘Element Selector’ tool.
Instead of typing the model number, you can always click the “Model Selector”
button which opens a form allowing you to select the model from a list of open
databases. In the list, the databases are listed both by model number and
model name, which facilitates selection of the correct model by simply
highlighting it.
Finally, select the “Fluid-Fluid” behavior because we want to include the fluid-
fluid interaction between the two different homogenous fluid. Click the “Finish”
button to build the link and observe the output in the Echo Window, which
confirms that the link has been built.
IMPORTANT :
Repeat the same procedure to define a Fluid-Fluid link between the ‘car body’
and ‘driver’ model. This time, the Set Sub-Domain 000002 has to be selected ,
as this is the set representing the driver seat :
Select ATV in the ‘Matrix to be Computed’ pull-down menu and set the
frequencies for which you want to compute the ATV, i.e. from 10 to 190 Hz with
a linear step of 20 Hz :
Click the “OK” button on the “Compute” form to start the computations.
Please note that you can always interrupt a SYSNOISE analysis run by
The following diagram summarize the process we went through to perform the
MDDBEM analysis using ATVs :
Domain2
Domain1 (model 2)
DomainN
(model 1) (model N)
Link
Compute ATVs
Merge
Global
Model
For consistency reasons (there can be sets having the same name and/or
number in the linked databases), the sets names and numbers do not remain
the same in the ‘global’ database. The previous set definition can be retrieved
by making SYSNOISE read the command file named ‘Rename_sets.cmd’. This
will rename and renumber the current sets so as to recover the previous
definition. The command file can be read by going to “File ⇒ Read” and
selecting the desired command file.
The Acoustic Transfer Vectors can be displayed in various ways : The following
ATV plot shows the relative influence of each element of the boundary, on a
selected field point (i.e. point number 11) for equal nominal velocities at 90 HZ.
By inspecting this figure one can easily grasp the physical meaning of ATVs.
Select the “View Port” radio button, toggle the “Display Mesh When Displaying
Sets” button to off and click “Apply” and “Close”. This will only show the sets
selected for display in the “View” ⇒ “Sets” menu; the other elements remain
invisible. Therefore, go to the “View” ⇒ “Sets” menu and select all sets but the
‘car_body’, ‘right side’ and ‘right window’ sets.
This is a standard procedure, with many different options for the interface
formats.
The vibration shapes can come from a structural Finite Element model, from a
structural response solution inside SYSNOISE, or even from measurements
(using special data expansion methods). Please refer to the SYSNOISE User's
Manual for more information.
In the “Step 2” wizard dialog, you have to specify from which data file
SYSNOISE is to retrieve the vibration data.
Activate the “Frequency Selector” button and specify the frequency range for
which velocity boundary conditions will be generated : from 10 to 190 Hz with a
linear step of 20 Hz. Finally, enter the name of the free format file (i.e.
disp_car_body.fre) and select the format FREE from the pull-down menu.
SYSNOISE contains tools which allow to check the normal velocity boundary
conditions created by the GENERATE sequence. Open the “Postprocess” ⇒
“Color Map…” form. For “Model Mesh [4] “ select the “Velocity BC” entry from
the pull-down menu, highlight 50.000 Hz as frequency and set the “Amplitude”
filter. Click the “Apply” button to get the following image in the Main Window
display :
7.18 Post-processing
Note that the computation is carried out 'on the fly', and that no additional data
are stored in the database. As further explained below, the real part of the third
and fourth normalizations enable you to evaluate the positive or negative
contribution of each element to the total sound. A positive contribution means
that the sound level increases as the vibration level increases whereas a
negative contribution means that the sound level decreases as the vibration
level increases.
a) COLORMAPS
The contributions can be normalized using 4 different schemes (The asterisk (*)
stands for the complex conjugate) that can be selected from the ‘Normalization
factor’ pull-down menu.
It should be noted that the sound produced by a given panel can be in phase or
out of phase with respect to the total sound. When the sound produced by the
panel is in phase with respect to the total sound, the real part of normalizations
pc p ∗ p p∗
and c 2 is positive. Similarly, when the sound produced by the panel
p p
is out of phase with respect to the total sound, the real part of normalizations
pc p ∗ p p∗
and c 2 is negative.
p p
A positive contribution means that the sound level increases as the vibration
level increases whereas a negative contribution means that the sound level
decreases as the vibration level increases
b) CONTRIBUTION DIAGRAMS
If you want to go on and try further examples, for example from elsewhere in
this Getting Started manual, close the SYSNOISE database using the “File” ⇒
“Close” menu entry. SYSNOISE will prompt you with the pop-up message “Do
You Want to Save the Changes of This Model ?” Click the “Yes” button to save
the model data and the results of the calculations in the database.
Otherwise, you can end the session using the “File” ⇒ “Exit…” menu entry,
which opens the following form :
Activate the “Save the Model Changes” toggle button and click the “OK” button.
This will save the model data and the results of the calculations into the
global.sdb database and then terminate the SYSNOISE session.
This section is intended to point out that panel contribution analysis can be
applied not only to interior acoustics problems, but also to any generic exterior
radiation problem. In the following example, the acoustic radiation of an engine
due to a structural excitation is considered (through the generation of velocity
BCs from FEA vibration-data). The ATV technique is used to determine
efficiently how the different "panels" of the engine contribute to the overall
noise.
As this example is not meant to give a full step by step explanation of the
analysis sequence, please refer to the User's manual for more information.
First, open the SYSNOISE database named atvrsp.sdb by using the "File" ⇒
"Open" dialog. This database contains the boundary element mesh, the field
point mesh as well as the ATVs from the boundary surfaces to the field points
for a set of frequencies (i.e. from 100Hz to 300Hz with a step of 50Hz).
Normal velocity boundary conditions have also already been generated from
structural displacements calculated in a FEA package through the SYSNOISE
'Generate' procedure. These excitations have been defined from 100Hz to
300Hz with a step of 50Hz.
Note that the real part of the contribution along with the fourth normalization
p p∗
scheme ( c 2 ) is shown so as to identify the positive or negative contributions,
p
as explained in section 7.17.3.
ATV(ω)
[ATV(ω)]-1
{vn (ω) } ?
where the Acoustic Transfer Matrix [ ATM ] is formed by the different Acoustic
Transfer Vectors, {v b } the boundary normal velocity and {p} is the pressure at
the given field points. Generally, {p} is the unknown, {v b } is the given and
[ATM ] is calculated using SYSNOISE BEM variational or BEM collocation
modules. But for a wide range of problems, known as inverse problems, {v b }
becomes the unknown and {p} the given, - generally measured). For this class
of problems, equation (1) needs to be inverted :
From a pure mathematical point of view this can be exactly done only if [ ATM ]
is square and definite. Unfortunately this condition occurs rarely and [ ATM ] is
generally rectangular. Furthermore, the conditioning of [ ATM ] is such that
equation (1) leads to inaccurate results. To solve these problems, a singular
value decomposition of [ ATM ] is performed in order to obtain its pseudo-
inverse. The singular values below a user-definable threshold value are
removed in order to increase the matrix conditioning and therefore, the solution
accuracy.
More precisely, the σ i− 1 such that: σ i < εσ 1 are set to zero, where the σ i are
the positive singular values of [ ATM ] . The scalar εσ 1 is the threshold value and
ε is a user-defined tolerance.
The accuracy can also be improved by constraining the normal velocity at some
boundary points e.g. where the normal velocity is measured or where the
boundary is assumed to be rigid.
7. Compute ATV
Create again a new model database by selecting the “File” ⇒ “New…” menu
entry in the Main Window menu bar. This binary SYSNOISE database file will
contain all the information related to your acoustic model : acoustic mesh,
acoustic properties, boundary conditions, acoustic results (after the analysis),
etc…
You can type the filename directly in the entry field, or alternatively click the
“FileBox” button to select the filename from the File Selector dialog.
During execution of the “Check Mesh” command, information about the mesh
geometry (volume, surface area, normal direction) is printed to the Echo
Window.
Select the “Model” ⇒ “Fluid Properties…” menu entry and enter the acoustic
properties for standard air : speed of sound = 340 m/s ; density = 1.225
kg/m3 . In a Boundary Element analysis, the fluid is always assumed to be
homogeneous and hence these properties will apply to the whole model.
Therefore, you cannot select a particular set of elements in the Fluid Properties
form : this part is inactive or “grayed out”.
We will now create a field point mesh that will simulate measurement grids.
Field points are additional points in which you want to evaluate acoustic
quantities and are the numerical equivalent of microphone positions.
Go to “File ⇒ Import” to import the field point mesh. The field point mesh data
are contained in an external Free Format file named fpm.fre. Set the data type
to ‘Point’ and the interface format to “Free” by selecting these entries from the
respective pull-down menus. You can type the filename directly in the entry
field, or alternatively click the “FileBox” button to select the filename from the
File Selector dialog
Note that for SYSNOISE Inverse Numerical Acoustics, the shapes and positions
of the measurement grids are arbitrary : they don’t have to ‘conform’ to the
surface of the radiating object in any special way, neither are they limited to
planes or other special shapes !
As already mentioned, the Inverse Numerical Acoustics module uses the ATVs
in an ‘inverse’ way. Therefore, the next step is to compute the model’s Acoustic
Transfer Vectors. Select the “Analysis” ⇒ “Compute…” menu entry to compute
the Acoustic Transfer Vectors from the boundary surfaces to the field points.
Select ATV in the ‘Matrix to be Computed’ pull-down menu and set the
frequencies for which you want to compute the ATV, e.g. 900 Hz.
ATVs define the relationships between nominal surface velocities and pressures
at the field points
For an Inverse problem, the Acoustic Transfer Vector display can indicate how
strongly one part of the surface can contribute to the measured pressure at a
microphone location. See for example the following picture where the ATV
corresponding to point number 20 (position marked by a square) has been
plotted :
The pressure results (‘measurements’) for the microphone positions now have
to be imposed. The pressure measurements will be simulated by the pressure
results obtained in a SYSNOISE radiation analysis that is documented in
section 9.15. You can load these pressure results by selecting the “File” ⇒
“Import…” menu entry in the Main Window : Set the ‘data type’ to “Inverse
Pressure” and the ‘interface format’ to “Free” by selecting these entries from
the respective pull-down menus. You can type the filename, i.e.
inverse_pressure.fre directly in the entry field, or alternatively click the
“FileBox” button to select the filename from the File Selector dialog.
The imported pressure field can then be displayed on the field-point mesh by
using the “Postprocess ” ⇒ “ Colormap …” menu (select ‘Inverse Pressure’ in
the pull-down menu)
We will assume that surface velocities are negligible on the lower face of the
engine. This can indeed be observed after completing the GENERATE
sequence of the radiation analysis documented in section 9.15.
First, create a Set containing the elements of the lower engine face. Select
“Geometry” ⇒ “Sets” ⇒ “Elements Selection …”, give the set a name (i.e.
back_elements) and use the feature selection tool to select the desired
elements in one action (the view has to be rotated, first).
Once computed, you can visualize the L-Curve, select the “Postprocess” ⇒ “L-
Curve” Set the frequency for which you want to compute the L-Curve, i.e.
900Hz, select Amplituded (log) as Y-Axis and place a marker at 0.001. Click
“Option”, and enter [-0.005,0.02] as X Range and [1.4,2.2] as Y Range. Click
“Apply” to save your settings then “Close” to go back to the “L-Curve Response
Function” dialog.
This tolerance value can be directly used in the Inverse Analysis (next section)
or can be stored in a table together with optimal values for other frequencies.
This table can then be used in the Inverse Analysis to account for the frequency
dependency of the optimal tolerance parameter.
The Acoustic Transfer Vectors are combined with the vectors of field-point
pressures to solve the Inverse problem.
Type ‘All’ in the ‘Points’ Field and set the ‘Frequency’ parameter on 900 Hz. The
‘Interpolate’ pull-down menu enables you to use frequency-interpolation to
obtain results at frequencies which were not included in the ATVs computation
- which can give another improvement in efficiency.
The ‘Tolerance’ parameter relates to the scalar ε used to withdraw ‘too small’
singular values (accuracy improvement method). Note that this parameter has
no influence on the calculation time. Please refer to the introduction for more
details on the theoretical background of the method.
Click the ‘Apply’ button to start the inverse calculation. Allow some time for
SYSNOISE to complete these calculations.
Finally, the surface velocities which would cause the measured pressures in the
field, can be printed and displayed. Go to ‘Postprocess’ ⇒ ‘Colormap …’ and
select ‘Velocity B.C.” in the ‘Color Map Display’ dialog box. You can obtain the
following figure :
The pressure at the field points can be re-calculated for verification purposes,
from the surface results predicted by the Inverse solution, and compared to the
original field-point values (e.g., measured). The pressures are obtained by a
standard Solve and Post-process field points analysis sequence.
Select the “Analysis” ⇒ “Solve…” menu entry to set the frequencies for which
you want to compute the acoustic response. In the ‘Frequency’ field enter 900
(HZ).
The following figure shows, in the right window, the pressures re-calculated
from predicted surface data, and in the left window, the original (“inverse”)
pressure. Note that the scale is the same for both models.
Create a new model database by selecting the “File” ⇒ “New…” menu entry in
the Main Window menu bar.
Create a database with the name Engine_simulation. The full name of the
database file has to be entered as well : Engine_simulation.sdb. This model
database will be assigned the Model Number 2.
The aim of this analysis is to compute the radiation of an engine due to a known
vibration vector, so as to obtain pressure results at selected field points. These
acoustic results were actually considered as the simulated pressure
measurements in the inverse analysis.
We will therefore setup a BEM acoustic model and convert the vibration vector
into normal velocity boundary conditions on the acoustic boundary element
mesh by using the GENERATE wizard.
In this example, we will use a single structural vibration shape of the engine due
to a mechanical excitation, computed by a FE code at 900Hz. Note that the
same procedure can be carried out for any frequency range. The response
vector has been stored in an external Free format file named
EngStr_disp_900Hz.fre
The structural response vector has been obtained on a structural Finite Element
mesh of the engine.
In general, the original FE mesh on which the vibration data has been obtained
will be incompatible with the SYSNOISE acoustic Boundary Element mesh
because of different node locations, different mesh densities, etc…
You can easily check that the velocity boundaries have been generated by
using the “Postprocess ⇒ Colormap” menu.
We will now export the pressure results to a file. Results can be written to a file
using an external interface format by selecting the ‘Data Type Results’ in the
File, Export dialog. The external file will contain (among others) the pressure
values at each field point. Select the ‘Free’ format and give the file a name, i.e.
‘inverse_pressure.fre’
The problem of jet noise can be described using Lighthill Analogy [11].
where Tij is Lighthill tensor that is well defined by the term ρ 0 vi v j for subsonic
r r
isentropic and high Reynolds flows. The Green function G ( x | y ) is the free
field Green function given as:
r r
r r e ik | x − y|
G( x | y) = r r
4π | x − y |
Using this analogy, the problem is equivalent to the problem of noise
propagation in a medium at rest where a distribution of quadrupole sources is
present.
Quadrupole distribution
nozzle jet
Please be aware that the data used in this example have no physical meaning
and are used for the tutorial purposes only. These “dummy” velocity data are
1. Start SYSNOISE
2. Create a Model Database
3. Define the Analysis Option: Indirect BEM
4. Import the Model Mesh
5. Define Fluid Properties
6. Import the volume for the quadrupoles distribution
7. Generate Distributed quadrupoles
8. Define the Field Point Mesh
9. Incident Field Analysis
10. Post-processing
11. Close the Database and/or End the Session
Although your system manager will probably have defined an alias to start up
SYSNOISE, you can always type the complete command string
/path/sysnoise/5.6/bin/sysnoise -m5* to launch the program.
* /path refers to the directory tree under which the SYSNOISE software was installed. To have
the exact path, refer to the installation procedure or to your system manager
Create a new model database by selecting the “File” ⇒ “New…” menu entry in
the Main Window menu bar. This binary SYSNOISE database file will contain
all the information related to the model.
Create a database with the name jet. The complete filename of the database
file has to be entered : jet.sdb.
The analysis option form is activated by clicking the “Model” ⇒ “Option” menu
entry in the Main Window.
In this example the jet nozzle is represented by a rigid cylinder. You can load
this mesh by selecting the “File” ⇒ “Import…” menu entry in the Main Window.
The file containing the mesh data is an external Free Format file called cyl.fre.
Set the data type to “Mesh” and the interface format to “Free” by selecting these
entries from the respective pull-down menus. You can type the filename
directly in the entry field, or alternatively click the “FileBox” button to select the
filename from the File Selector dialog.
Select the “Model ⇒ Fluid Properties…” menu entry and enter the acoustic
properties for standard air: speed of sound = 340 m/s; density = 1.225 kg/m3.
In a Boundary Element analysis, the fluid is always assumed to be
homogeneous and hence these properties will apply to the whole domain.
Therefore, you cannot select a particular set of elements in the Fluid Properties
form : this part is inactive or “grayed out”.
☞ Note: The numerical values used in the example refer to the SI International System of
units (meter, kilogram, second, Pascal,…).
The quadrupoles distribution in the source region simulating the jet noise is
represented by a volume containing hexahedral 8 nodes elements. In our
example, this volume is a 3D box. You can load this mesh by selecting the “File”
⇒ “Import…” menu entry in the Main Window. The field point mesh is written in
an external Free Format file called box.fre. Set the data type to “Point” and the
interface format to “Free” by selecting these entries from the respective pull-
down menus. You can type the filename directly in the entry field, or
alternatively click the “FileBox” button to select the filename from the File
Selector dialog.
Remark1: Please note that ONLY hexahedral 8 nodes elements are allowed to
support the distributed quadrupole sources.
Remark2: The field point mesh appelation is used only to refer to the sources
location.
After clicking the “OK” button, the 3D fieldpoint mesh is read in and displayed in
the Main Window :
In “Step 1” of the wizard dialog, define the field elements on which the
quadrupole sources will be generated. Set the “Field Element selector” to all
and click the “Next>” button.
In the “step 2” wizard dialog, you have to import the velocity data i.e. the
strength of the quadrupole sources. These data are provided in frequency
domain. Please note that the data can be provided in time domain. In this case
an FFT is performed within SYSNOISE to transform it from time to frequency
domain.
Set the data type to Frequency and the frequency to 100. The velocity data
are stored in an external Free format file called velocity.fre. Set the interface
format to “Free”. You can type the filename directly in the entry field, or
alternatively click the “FileBox” button to select the filename from the File
Selector dialog
In this 4th step you can define the interpolation parameters used for the
interpolation between the CFD mesh and the acoustic mesh:
After clicking the “Finish” button, the quadrupoles distribution is generated. You
can then visualize the 6 different components of the Lighthill tensor by using the
“Postprocess” ⇒ “Colormap” menu entry.
You can now create a field point mesh which define the microphones position at
which the radiated field will be evaluated by selecting the “Geometry ⇒ Field
Point…” menu entry. You can define different geometries. Select for instance
the “Cylinder” geometry and set the “Center” to 1 0.1 0.1, the “Normal Vector” to
–1 0 0, the “Radius” to 1 1 1, set the “Divide (Section)” and the “Divide (Length)”
to 10, and set the “Length” to 3:
You can then select the “Analysis ⇒ Incident Field…” menu entry to compute
the pressure field radiated from the quadrupoles distribution on the field point
mesh.
10.11 Post-processing
You can visualize the radiated pressure field from the quadrupoles distribution
by selecting the “Postprocess ⇒ Color Map…” menu entry.
If you want to go on and try further examples, for example from elsewhere in
this Getting Started manual, close the SYSNOISE database using the “File” ⇒
“Close” menu entry. SYSNOISE will prompt you with the pop-up message “Do
You Want to Save the Changes of This Model ?” Click the “Yes” button to save
the model data and the results of the calculations in the database.
Otherwise, you can end the session using the “File” ⇒ “Exit…” menu entry,
which opens the following form:
Activate the “Save the Model Changes” toggle button and click the “OK” button.
This will save the model data and the results of the calculations into the jet.sdb
database and then terminate the SYSNOISE session.
Flow-induced noise from an open car sunroof is one of the major noise sources
in modern cars and represents one of the problems the engineer is facing at the
design stage. The example considered in this section is an illustration of how to
use the new aero-acoustics features of SYSNOISE Rev5.6 namely dipoles in
this case, to simulate the noise from an idealized sunroof.
Please be aware that the data used in this example are built for the tutorial
purposes only and have no physical meaning. These flow pressure data are
provided in a free format file, but real flow pressure CFD data can be imported
from CFD codes such as STAR-CD, CFX5.6 or FLUENT 6.1.18.
1. Start SYSNOISE
2. Create an Interior Model Database
3. Define the Analysis Option: Direct BEM Interior
4. Import the interior Model Mesh
5. Define symmetry planes
6. Check (Show) the Element Normal Vectors
7. Define Fluid Properties
8. Create a Set of Elements (for Dipoles BC and duplicated nodes)
9. Generate the surface distributed dipoles
10. Duplicate Nodes
11. Save the Interior Model database
To solve the problem in the car cabin, an interior model is created. This can be
done by selecting the “File” ⇒ “New…” menu entry in the Main Window menu
bar. This binary SYSNOISE database file will contain all the information related
to the model.
Create a database with the name Car_int. The complete filename of the
database file has to be entered : Car_int.sdb.
The analysis option form is activated by clicking the “Model” ⇒ “Option” menu
entry in the Main Window.
and select car_int.fre. Set the data type to “Mesh” and the interface format to
“Free” by selecting these entries from the respective pull-down menus. You can
type the filename directly in the entry field, or alternatively click the “FileBox”
button to select the filename from the File Selector dialog.
After clicking the “OK” button, the Boundary Element mesh is read in and
displayed in the Main Window :
The imported mesh represents only half a car cabin. To represent the second
half, a symmetry plane can be defined using the “Geometry” ⇒ “Symmetry…”
menu entry, set the symmetry plane at Y=0.75. Another symmetry plane can
also be defined to take into account the effect of an infinite rigid ground. Set the
symmetry at Z=0.
After clicking the “OK” button, the planes are displayed in the Main Window :
This tool is accessed from the “Geometry” ⇒ “Check Mesh…” menu entry:
activate the “Element Normal Vector Correction” toggle button in the form and
click “OK” to start the procedure.
Three main sets need to be defined. A set of elements where the dipole sources
are generated (open_car_int), a set of elements representing the coupling
surface that links the interior problem with the exterior (roof) and a last set of
nodes (coupling nodes) that need to be duplicated.
To define the different set, you can do it either manually or by reading the
command file (set_int.cmd) “File” ⇒ “Read…” menu entry. To do it manually,
go to “Geometry” ⇒ “Sets” ⇒ “Elements selection…” menu entry.
Create a first set with the name whole defining the whole mesh and set the
number to 1. Set the item type to “Elements” and then type all in the Element
Selection Box.
To create the car cabin with the open roof, use the “Geometry” ⇒ “Sets” ⇒
“Operation Between Sets…” menu entry. Set the name to open_car_int, the
number to 3, the item type to “Elements”, and define the operation between Set
1 and Set 2: select the set called “whole” using the “Set 1 selection…” menu
entry (or type directly 1), select the set called “roof” using the “Set 2 selection…”
menu entry (or type directly 2), and set the “Operation” to “Difference”.
All the sets defined can be displayed on the Main Windows by selecting the
“View” ⇒ “Sets…” menu entry:
Select the “Model ⇒ Fluid Properties…” menu entry and enter the acoustic
properties for standard air : speed of sound = 340 m/s ; density = 1.225
kg/m3 . In a Boundary Element analysis, the fluid is always assumed to be
homogeneous and hence these properties will apply to the whole domain.
Therefore, you cannot select a particular set of elements in the Fluid Properties
form : this part is inactive or “grayed out”.
It is time now to define the sources on the surface of the car cabin. These
sources are generated on the set number 3 that is the open_car_int.
The first step is to define the location of the sources. Select the location using
the “Element Selector…” menu entry. Set the Selection Mode to “Set Selection”
and select the set called “open_car_int” in the pull-down menu entry, click on
“Add Entry” and “OK” button. Then the “Next >” button opens a new window.
In “Step 3” of the Generate Wizard dialog, you have to define the CFD mesh on
which CFD pressure data are provided. Select “Use Other File” and select the
file called car.fre, and the Format “Free”. This file contains the complete mesh
of the car (with the interior and the exterior surfaces).
Select the “Geometry” ⇒ “Duplicate Nodes…” menu entry. Then set “Nodes to
be Duplicated” to Set 4 (or select the set called “coupling_nodes” in the
“Element Selector…” dialog).
Set “Elements to be Disconnected” to Set 2 (or select the set called “roof” in the
“Element Selector…” dialog).
To solve the problem in the exterior of the car cabin, an exterior model is
created. This is done by selecting the “File” ⇒ “New…” menu entry in the Main
Window menu bar.
Create a database with the name Car_ext. The complete filename of the
database file has to be entered: Car_ext.sdb. This model is assigned
automatically the Number 2. This Number is used to identify the model when
multiple databases are opened in the same session.
The analysis option dialog is activated by clicking the “Model” ⇒ “Option” menu
entry in the Main Window.
This is done the same way as in section 11.6. You can also visualize the
element normal vectors:
Three main sets need to be defined: a set of elements representing the whole
mesh where the dipoles are generated, a coupling set of elements that is the
sunroof and the coupling nodes as explained in section 11.7.
This step consists in linking the interior and the exterior models. The coupling
surface in this case is the sunroof. To link the two models, use the “Model ⇒
Link” menu entry and select the models that will be linked and the coupling
elements.
In the first wizard dialog, select Model Number 1 (i.e. Car_int) as the “First
Model” and set the coupling elements to Set 2 (i.e. the roof) by using the
‘Element Selector’ tool.
Select the “Fluid-Fluid” behavior options and click the “Finish” button to build
the link and observe the output in the Echo Window, which confirms that the link
has been built.
IMPORTANT:
To solve the problem, select the “Analysis ⇒ Solve…” menu entry and set the
frequency to the frequency of analysis i.e. 100.
The dipole boundary conditions can be visualized. To do this, select first the
“View ⇒ Objects…” menu entry, and then use the “Postprocess ⇒ Color
Map…” to visualize the values on the exterior model mesh:
You can now create a field point mesh, which defines the positions at which the
radiated field will be evaluated.
To compute the radiated field inside the car for instance, activate the first model
database (the interior model) by using the “File” ⇒ “Activate” menu entry:
To compute the sound on the field point mesh, select the “Analysis ⇒ Process
Field Points…” menu entry. Set the frequency to the frequency of analysis i.e.
100 and select all the points of the field point mesh.
As a result of the analysis, you can visualize the radiated pressure on the field
point mesh by using the “Postprocess ⇒ Color Map…” menu entry.
Next process the field points by selecting the “Analysis ⇒ Process Field
Points…” menu entry. Set the frequency to 100 and select all the points of the
field point mesh.
You can change the graphical options to get the same minimal and maximal
values for the SPL inside and outside the car cabin.
If you want to go on and try further examples, for example from elsewhere in
this Getting Started manual, close the SYSNOISE database using the “File” ⇒
“Close” menu entry. SYSNOISE will prompt you with the pop-up message “Do
You Want to Save the Changes of This Model ?” Click the “Yes” button to save
the model data and the results of the calculations in the database.
Otherwise, you can end the session using the “File” ⇒ “Exit…” menu entry,
which opens the following dialog :
Activate the “Save the Model Changes” toggle button and click the “OK” button.
This will save the model data and the results of the calculations into the car.sdb
database and then terminate the SYSNOISE session.
The noise produced by a rotating machine has two main characteristics [13,14]:
The broadband noise from a rotor is due to random loading forces on the
blades, which are induced by the absorption of atmospheric turbulence. Its
study requires the use of statistic tools and is not considered in SYSNOISE
Rev5.6.
The discrete frequency noise is due to the periodic interaction of the incoming
air with the blades of the rotor. The noise is at the blade passing frequencies
and harmonics (BPFH) and can be decomposed into three main parts:
- the thickness noise or the noise due to the air displacement induced
by the rotation of each blade.
- the loading noise or the noise due to the interaction of flow with the
blades. This represents the noise due to the loading forces (lift and
drag) on the blades.
In this formulation, all the sound sources are put into the right-hand side of the
wave equation. Its first term is a quadrupole term and corresponds to the noise
due to vortex shedding in the wake of the rotor. The second term is a dipole and
corresponds to the loading noise. The third term is a monopole and represents
the thickness noise. As we consider only rotating machines with small blades,
which represent the major applications in the automotive and home appliance
sector, the thickness noise can be neglected when compared to the loading
By using the mathematical derivation from Roger [14], the pressure radiated by
a rotor is expressed as an infinite sum of characteristic free field radiation
modes (obtained by each harmonic of the Fourier series of the total force on a
compact blade segment, weighted by Bessel functions).
Flow Flow
When a stator is present, two configurations are possible: either the rotor is
placed downstrean of the stator (this is called the stator-rotor interaction or the
inlet guide vane case), either it is placed in between the flow and the stator (this
is called the rotor-stator interaction or the outlet guide vane case).
- The vortices shed in the wake of the upstream element are travelling
downstream and interact with the blades of the downstream element.
This is called the wake-interaction noise.
NB: Each of these configurations (rotor only, inlet or outlet guide vane case) are
represented in SYSNOISE either as a single fan source or a set of fans sources
located at the center of the fan
In this worked example, the axial fan consists of a rotor, a stator and a duct.
The rotor and the stator have ten blades. The duct has an internal radius of
100mm and a total length of 1000mm. The fan is placed 300mm from the inlet
Axial fan
flow
inlet outlet
L = 1000mm
L1 = 300mm
In this example, the multi-DBEM analysis is used to model the noise emanating
from the ducted Rotor/Stator source. Two models are required for such
analysis: an interior model, representing the interior of the duct and the
Rotor/Stator source and an exterior domain. The two models are linked and
coupled via the coupling surfaces that are the inlet and outlet of the duct. As a
first step, the Rotor/Stator is represented as a single fan source. A distribution
of sources is presented
1. Start SYSNOISE
2. Create an Interior Model Database
3. Define the Analysis Option: Direct BEM Interior
4. Import the Model Mesh
5. Check (Show) the Element Normal Vectors
6. Define Fluid Properties
7. Create a Set of Elements
8. Import Table file containing the forces on the blade
9. Define the Fan Source
10. Save the Interior Model database
Create a new model database by selecting the “File” ⇒ “New…” menu entry in
the Main Window menu bar. This binary SYSNOISE database file will contain
all the information related to the model.
Create a database with the name Fan_int. The complete filename of the
database file has to be entered : Fan_int.sdb.
The analysis option form is activated by clicking the “Model” ⇒ “Option” menu
entry in the Main Window.
To study the sound radiation from a fan source using Multi-DBEM, two models
are set up, and linked together in a subsequent procedure. The analysis option
used for the first of those models is the following : BEM Frequency Direct
Uncoupled Interior Element.
In this example, a ducted fan radiating from the inlet and outlet of a rigid
cylinder is considered. The duct mesh is closed as required for a DBEM
analysis. You can load this mesh by selecting the “File” ⇒ “Import…” menu
entry in the Main Window :
The mesh data is stored in an external Free Format file called cylinder.fre. Set
the data type to “Mesh” and the interface format to “Free” by selecting these
entries from the respective pull-down menus. You can type the filename
directly in the entry field, or alternatively click the “FileBox” button to select the
filename from the File Selector dialog.
After clicking the “OK” button, the Boundary Element mesh is read in and
displayed in the Main Window :
This tool is accessed from the “Geometry” ⇒ “Check Mesh…” menu entry:
activate the “Element Normal Vector Correction” toggle button in the form and
click “OK” to start the procedure.
First, change your viewing position with respect to the mesh : switch to the
predefined XZ view by selecting the “Display” ⇒ “View Point” ⇒ “XZ” menu
entry. Then, switch from shaded display to wireframe rendering by clicking the
“Wireframe/Shade/Feature” toolbar button. Finally, display the normal
vectors on the elements by clicking the “Show/Hide Vectors” toolbar button.
The normal vectors are represented by blue arrows with the element centroid
location as starting point.
A set needs to be defined for the analysis. This set is the coupling surface of the
interior and exterior models and represent the top and the bottom of the duct.
The set definition tool is accessed from the “Geometry” ⇒ “Sets” ⇒ “Elements
selection…” menu entry. Create the first set with the name radiating_BC, the
number 1. Set the item type to “Elements” and then select the top and bottom
faces of the cylinder by using the buttons and
Select the “Model ⇒ Fluid Properties…” menu entry and enter the acoustic
properties for standard air : speed of sound = 340 m/s ; density = 1.225
kg/m3 . In a Boundary Element analysis, the fluid is always assumed to be
homogeneous and hence these properties will apply to the whole domain.
Therefore, you cannot select a particular set of elements in the Fluid Properties
form : this part is inactive or “grayed out”.
For both types of sources, the forces on a blade of reference is required from
the CFD computations.
Resulting
force on the
blade
Integration of
the pressure
fluctuations
over the
surface
When the size of the blade is very large and the fan cannot be considered as a
compact source, the blade can be subdivided in a set of sub-segments where
each sub-segment can be replaced by an equivalent source. In this case, the
forces exerted by each segment are needed to define the set of sources
[Roger].
Resulting
forces on
the different
segments of
the blade Integration of
the pressure
fluctuations
Z
over the
surface
X Y
In the two following sections, the definition of both types of sources, i.e. discrete
or distributed, is considered. You may choose the type of source you want to
define in your analysis: follow either the steps described in section 12.8.1 (if
you want to define a discrete fan source) or the steps described in section
12.8.2 (if you want to define a generate fan source).
Next select the “Model ⇒ Sources ⇒ Discrete Sources…” menu entry and set
the source type to “Fan”. Give a name to the fan source: “fan” e.g. SYSNOISE
Rev 5.6 gives you the possibility to compute the radiated sound from either a
rotor-stator interaction (outlet configuration), either a stator-rotor interaction
(inlet configuration), or a rotor without the presence of a stator.
In our example, the fan consists of a rotor and a stator placed upstream of the
rotor. Select therefore the “Stator+Rotor (Stator at Inlet)” configuration. Then,
set the “Number of Rotor Blades” to 10, the “Number of Stator Vanes” to 10,
and the “Rotation Speed” to 3000 rpm. The Blade Loading Force table file has
been imported in a previous step. The file contains three tables, one for each
component of the force (the radial component, the tangential component and
the axial component). In the discrete fan source, only one force is given at one
position on the blade. Set this position “At radius” to 0.06 in the “Source
Definition” window. This position is given relatively to the center of the rotor.
Then, set the “Table number” to “1 2 3”. These numbers correspond to the
radial, tangential and axial components of the force, respectively. Finally, set
the “Rotor location” to the vector 0 0 0 and the “Rotor Direction” to the vector 0
0 1.
As explained above, when the fan has large size blades and cannot be
approximated by a single source, the blade reference is subdivided in sub-
segments and the forces are computed on each sub-segment. Next, based on
these data, a set of sources corresponding to each sub-segment is defined.
In our example, the fan consists of a rotor and a stator placed upstream of the
rotor. Select therefore the “Stator+Rotor (Stator at Inlet)” configuration. Then,
set the “Number of Rotor Blades” to 10, the “Number of Stator Vanes” to 10,
and the “Rotation Speed” to 3000 rpm. Then, set the “Source location” to the
vector 0 0 0 and the “Source Direction” to the vector 0 0 1.
The surface of the rotor blade is divided here into three portions (or segments).
The Blade Loading Force acting on each portion of the blade is stored in a free-
format file called ‘gen_data_freq.fre’. The file contains three tables per
segment. In total, the file contains therefore nine tables: one for each
component of the force acting on each segment. The position of the force on
the blade is given in another file. In the example, the file is a free format file
called ‘line.fre’ and contains the positions (in the reference frame XYZ) of the
three forces.
You can visualize the fan source in the duct (cylinder) by clicking the
“Wireframe/Shade/Feature” toolbar button.
Create a new model database by selecting the “File” ⇒ “New…” menu entry in
the Main Window menu bar.
Create a database with the name Fan_ext. The complete filename of the
database file has to be entered : Fan_ext.sdb (see section 3.2). Since this is
the second database to be opened in this SYSNOISE session, it will be
assigned the Model Number 2 automatically. This Model Number is used to
identify different models when multiple databases are opened in the same
session.
The analysis option form is activated by clicking the “Model” ⇒ “Option” menu
entry in the Main Window.
This step consists in linking the interior and the exterior models. The coupling
surface in this case is the inlet/outlet of the duct. To link the two models, use the
“Model ⇒ Link” menu entry and select the models that will be linked and the
coupling elements.
In the first wizard dialog, select Model Number 1 (the interior model i.e.
Fan_int) as the “First Model” and set the coupling elements to Set 1 (inlet/outlet
of the duct) by using the ‘Element Selector’ tool.
In the second wizard dialog, select Model Number 2 (the exterior model i.e.
Fan_ext) as the “Second Model” and set the coupling elements to Set 1
IMPORTANT :
First activate the first model database (the interior model) by using the “File ⇒
Activate…” menu entry and selecting the interior model.
You can then select the “Analysis ⇒ Solve…” menu entry to set the harmonics
of the Blade Passing Frequency at which you want to perform the analysis. You
can for example compute the radiated acoustical field at the first harmonic
(“Harmonic” set to 1) or at the two first harmonics (“Harmonic” set to 1 2). The
analysis may also be done by setting the frequency rather than the harmonic
number.
12.19 Post-processing
You can now create a field point mesh, which define the point positions at which
the radiated field will be evaluate.
First, activate the second model database (the exterior model). Then, create a
field point mesh by selecting the “Geometry ⇒ Field Point…” menu entry. This
shows a list of the commonly used geometrical shapes for field point meshes:
point, line, plane, sphere, box, cylinder… Select for instance the “Sphere”
geometry and set the “Sphere Radius” to 1, the “Division Factor” to 10, and the
position at the vector 0 0 0.
Then, do the process field points analysis by selecting the “Analysis ⇒ Process
Field Points…” menu entry. You have to set the frequency corresponding to the
As a result of the analysis, you can visualize the radiated pressure on the field
point mesh by using the the “Postprocess ⇒ Color Map…” menu entry.
If you want to go on and try further examples, for example from elsewhere in
this Getting Started manual, close the SYSNOISE database using the “File” ⇒
“Close” menu entry. SYSNOISE will prompt you with the pop-up message “Do
You Want to Save the Changes of This Model ?” Click the “Yes” button to save
the model data and the results of the calculations in the database.
Otherwise, you can end the session using the “File” ⇒ “Exit…” menu entry,
which opens the following form :
Activate the “Save the Model Changes” toggle button and click the “OK” button.
This will save the model data and the results of the calculations into the fan.sdb
database and then terminate the SYSNOISE session.
[4] M. Tournour, P. Brux, P. Mas, X. Wang, Colin McCulloch, Philippe Vignassa, “Inverse
Numerical Acoustics of a Truck Engine”, Proc and exposition report, SAE Noise and
Vibration Conference. May , 2003, Traverse City, Michigan, USA
[6] L. Cremers, M. Tournour and C.F. McCulloch, “Panel Acoustic Contribution Analysis
based on Acoustic Transfer Vectors”, Proc. of The 2001 International Congress and
Exhibition on Noise Control Engineering. The Hague, The Netherlands, 2001 August 27-
30.
[7] Brezinski C. “Padé type approximation and general orthogonal polynomials”. ISNM Vol. 50,
Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, 1980
[8] M. Magolu monga Made. “Incomplete factorization-based preconditioning for solving the
Helmholtz equation”. Int. J. Num. Methods Eng., 50:1077-1101, 2001.
[9] M. Magolu monga Made and H.A. van der Vorst. “Parallel incomplete factorizations with
pseudo-overlapped subdomains”. Parallel Computing, 27:989-1008, 2001.
[11] Lighthill, M.J. (1952), “On Sound Generated Aerodynamically: Part I: General Theory”,
Proc. Roy. Soc., A211, 564-587.
[12] Curle, N. (1955). “The influence of solid boundaries upon aerodynamic sound”, Proc. Roy.
Soc. Lond., A23, 505-514.
[13] Ffowcs Williams, J.E. and Hawkings, D.L. (1969), “Sound Generation by Turbulence and
Surfaces in Arbitrary Motion”, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., A, Vol. 264, No. 1151, pp.321-344.
Please do not hesitate to contact LMS International or your local support offices
should you have any request or need any further information. We will be glad to
answer your questions and provide you with all the help you might need.
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