Modems and

their Standards

Physical Layer
What is a Modem ?
A modem is a composite word that refers
to the two functional entities that make
up the device: a signal modulator and a
signal demodulator.

A modulator creates a band-pass analog

signal from binary data.
A de-modulator recovers the binary data
from the modulated signal.
Here a modem is connected to a communications
link. The communication can be bi-directional.
Modem Standards :
V.32
The V.32 modems uses a combined modulation and
encoding technique called trellis coding. Trellis is
essentially QAM plus a redundant bit. The data
stream is divided into4 sections
Modem Standards :
V.32bis
The V.32bis modems was the first to support 14,400
bps transmission. The V.32 uses 128-QAM
transmission at a rate of 2400 baud (2400 X 6 =
14,400 bps)
Modem Standards :
V.34bis
The V.34bis modems provides a bit rate of 28,800
with 960-point constellation to a bit rate of 33,600
with a 1664-point constellation.

V.90
The V.90 modems provides a bit rate of 56,600 and
are called 56K Modem. This is supposed to be
treated as Traditional Modems.
Traditional Modem :