Okafprsrpk uok iSyw % ok<r Tkk.

kkjh o`/nkaph la[;k

iz'kkar fo".kqiar lksuo.ks
la’kks/kd fo|kFkhZ]
lektk’kkL= foHkkx]

MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj

ejkBokMk fo|kihB] vkSjaxkckn-

izLrkouk %&
o`/nRo gh ekuoh Tkhoukrhy vafre] vVG vkf.k lkoZf=d
Lo:ikph ?kVuk vkgs- ^lkrR;kus ok<r Tkk.kkjh o`/nkaph yksdla[;k * gs
Tkkxfrd yksdla[;sps oSf’k"V; vkgs- Eg.kTksp TklTk’kh yksdla[;k ok<r
Tkkr vkgs rlr’kh o`/nkaP;k yksdla[;srgh ok< gksr vkgs- ?kVrk TkUenj
vkf.k ?kVrk e`R;wnj ;keqGs o`/nkaps izek.k ok<r vkgs- ^^laiw.kZ
TkxkP;k yksdla[;sr njegk ngk yk[k yksd gs vkiY;k o;kph lkB o"ksZ
iw.kZ djrkr-** (Brinks-1997) ^^fodlu’khy jk"Vkais{kk fodflr jk"Vkae/;s
o`/nkaph yksdla[;k TkkLr vkgs-** (E. Palmore-1975) ;k ok<R;k o`/nkaP;k
yksdla[;seqGs o`/n gh leL;k fuekZ.k >kyh vkgs- ^^fodflr jk"Vkrhy vusd
o`/n gs Lokoyach vlys rjh iw.kZi.ks dqVqackiklwu vfyIr ukghr vkf.k
dqVqackr o`/n vlY;keqGs rs ?kjh Fkkacwu ?kjkdMs vkf.k vkiY;k
ukroaMkdMs y{k nsrkr R;keqGsp o`/nkauk dqVqackph vkf.k
dqVqackyk o`/nkaph xjt vkgs-1** (E. Palmore-1975)
1
* gk 'kks/kfuca/k ^18 os jkT;Lrjh; ejkBh lektk’kkL= ifj"knsps vf/kos’ku* fn-5]6 Qsczq- 2008
'kkfgj v..kkHkkm lkBs egkfo|ky;] eq[ksM ftk- ukansM ;sFks lknj dsyk gksrk-
 vktk laiw.kZ tkxkph yksdla[;k fnolsafnol ok<r vkgs R;kpizek.ks
o`/nkaphgh yksdla[;k ok<r tkkr vlysyh fnlwu ;srs vktk
tkkxfrdhdj.kkeqGs] O;kikjkP;k mnkjhdj.k /kksj.kkeqGs fodflr vkf.k
fodlu’khy jk"Vkae/;s ?kMwu vkysys fofo/k dzkarhdkjd cny] osxosxG;k
oS|dh; lsok&lqfo/kk iqjfoY;k xsY;k tkkr vlY;keqGs O;DrhaP;k tkuunjkr
?kV gksmu e`R;wnjkr viwoZ v’kh ?kV gksr xsyh R;krwu O;Drhaps
vk;qekZu ok<ys vkgs- ,dhdMs gh tkjh pkaxyh ckc vlyh rjh R;krqu
uO;kus ufou leL;k fuekZ.k gksr vkgsr- ek.klkps vk;qekZu ok<ys]
ek.klkph
dk;Z{kerk ok<yh vlyh rjh vkt uO;kus ^o`/nRo* gh leL;k fuekZ.k >kyh
vkgs- dkj.k o`/nkidkGh ;k o`/nkaph lqJq"kk dks.k dj.kkj\ R;kaph dkGtkh
dks.k ?ks.kkj\ gk eksBk iz’u vktk lokZaleksj fuekZ.k >kyk vkgs-
R;kpcjkscj o`/nRokrwup o`/nkaP;k leL;kgh fuekZ.k >kY;k vkgsr-
;krwup o`/nkaP;k ckcrhr oafprrk fuekZ.k gksmu rs ,dVs iMrkr fdaok ?
kjnkj] lquk&eqys] ukroaMs vlrkukgh R;kauk o`/nkaJekr jkgkos ykxrs-
vki.k 1995 lkyh vlysyh yksdla[;k vkf.k izLrkfor tkkxfrd
yksdla[;k ;kaph rqyuk dsY;kl rh ok<r vkgs gs fnlwu ;sbZy vkf.k R;krp
o`/nkaps ok<r tkk.kkjs izek.kgh vki.kkl BGdi.ks fnlwu ;sbZy- ?kVrk
tkuunj] ?kVrk e`R;wnj vkf.k ;krwu ok<r tkk.kkjs O;Drhaps vk;qekZu
;keqGsp yksdla[;scjkscj o`/nkaP;k yksdla[;sr ok< gksr vkgs-
rDrk dz- 1 o`/nkaph tkkxfrd yksdla[;k
o"kZ Ykksdla[;k o`/nkaph o`/nkaph o`/nkaph
(fcfy;ue/;s) VDdsokjh VDdsokjh VDdsokjh
 60+ 65+ 80+
1995 5-687 9-5 6-5 1-1
2000 6-091 9-9 6-8 1-1
2025 8-039 14-6 10-8 1-7
2050 9-367 20-7 15-1 3-4
Source: United Nations, 1998. World Population Projections to 2150. Department of Economic
and Social Affairs, Population Division

rDRkk dz- 1 o:u vls Li"V gksrs dh] ;s.kk&;k dkGkr tkkxfrd
yksdla[;scjkscjp o`/nkaP;k yksdla[;srgh ok< gksr tkk.kkj vkgs- gkp dy
rDrk dz- 2 o:u HkkjrkP;k lanHkkZar fnlwu ;srks-
rDrk dz- 2 Hkkjrkrhy ,dw.k yksdla[;k vkf.k o`/nkaph yksdla[;k
(fefy;ue/;s)
oxZ 1951 1991 2001 2021
,dw.k 356-0 827-2 964-1 1228-8
yksdla[;k
60 Iyl 20-1 60-5 81-4 177-5
VDdsokjh 5-62 7-31 8-44 14-45
Source: Sharma, S.P. & Xenos, P. Ageing in India: Demorgraphic Background and Analysis
(Based on Census Materials. Occasional papers, Census of India, 1997)
vkt osxosxG;k ns’kkr [kktkxhdj.k] mnkjhdj.k] tkkxfrdhdj.k ([kk-
m-tkk-) ;keqGs vusd dzkarhdkjd cny ?kMwu ;sr vkgsr- ijarq ;kpk dkgh
ns’kkauk tkjh Qk;nk gksr vlyk rjh vusd ns’kkaoj ;k [kk-m-tkk-
vkd`rhca/kkpk foijhr ifj.kke gksr vlysyk fnlwu ;srks- dkj.k ;k
vkd`rhca/kkpk fLodkj vki.kgwu u djrk brj ns’kkP;k izHkkokeqGs
fLodkjkos ykxrs- Hkkjrkrgh 1991 e/;s v’khp ifjfLFkrh fuekZ.k
>kY;keqGs rRdkyhu iariz/kkukauh gs [kk-m-tkk- /kksj.k fLodkjys dkj.k
^tkkxfrd O;kikj la?kVuk* vkf.k ^vkarjjk"Vh; uk.ksfu/kh* ;kaP;k
nokckeqGsp Hkkjrkr fofo/k daiU;kauk O;kikjklkBh gh Hkkjrh;
cktkkjisB miyC/k >kyh- ek.klkis{kk ;a=kyk tkkLrhps egRo izkIr >kys
o ;krwup fofo/k leL;k fuekZ.k >kY;k-

Hkkjrh; laLd`rhyk vusd o"kkZapk bfrgkl vkgs- R;krwup ;k

laLd`rhpk dkGkP;k vks?kkr gGwokji.ks fodkl gksr xsyk- Hkkjrh;
lektkkps eq[; oSf’k"V; Eg.kwu ^la;qDr dqVqac* i/nrhpk mYys[k dsyk
tkkrks- ;ke/;s nksu rs rhu fi<hrhy yksd ,d= jkgwu ,d=p Hkkstku d:u
vkiyh mitkhfodk Hkkxor vlr- ;k la;qDr dqVqac i/nrhe/;s o;kyk vkf.k
vuqHkokyk tkkLr egRo gksrs- T;kaps o; vkf.k vuqHko tkkLr R;kaukp
^dqVqac izeq[k* Eg.kwu lacksf/kys tkkr vlr- R;keqGs o`/nkyk tkkLr
egRo gksrs- dqVqackcjkscjp lektkkP;k fofo/k lkekftkd laLFkkr o`/nkauk
izeq[k dk;Z djkos ykxr vlY;keqGs R;kauk lektkkrgh ekukps LFkku
gksrs- o`/neaMGh 'kkfjjhdn`"V;k tkjh {kh.k gksr vlys rjh ekufldn`"V;k
rs l{ke vlysys fnlwu ;srkr R;keqGsp rs dkSVqafcd rlsp lektkkrgh
xqarysys fnlwu ;srkr- ^^euqus (fganw dk;nsrTK) vkiY;k ^/keZ’kkL=* ;k
xzaFkke/;s o`/nkauh dk; djkos vkf.k dk; d: u;s\ ;kfo"k;h lfoLrj ekaM.kh
dsysyh fnlwu ;srs- o`/nkauh vkiY;k mrjR;k o;ke/;s ,sfgd lq[kkpk R;kx
d:u ljG] lksis tkhou tkxkos] vkiY;k xjtkk dehr deh vlkO;kr** vls EgVys
vkgs- (Edi.Liebig & Rajan-2005) ;ko:u o`/nkaoLFksr ek.klkauk vkiY;k ,sfgd
xjtkk deh dj.;koj Hkj |kok vkf.k ,dw.kp tkhou lk/ksi.kkus tkxkos vls
Eg.krk ;sbZy- euqP;k ers] (euqLe`rh&1932) ^^tkhou gs fofo/k Hkkxkr
foHkkxysys vkgs lk/kj.kr% rs czEgpk;Z] x`gLFkk] okuizLFkk] vkf.k
laU;kl ;ke/;s foHkkxysys vlrs- letkk tkj o`/nkaps o; gs 60 o"kZs vkgs vls
ekuys rj rs vkiyh ^"k"VhiwrhZ* lktkjs djrkr- gk dky[kaM okuizLFkkpk
ekuyk tkkrks- ;ke/;s o`/n gs O;Drh’k% ,dVs jkgrkr dkj.k dkSVaqch;
tkhoukrwu ckgsj iMY;kuarj rs jkukoukr jkg.;klkBh tkkrkr- ;kuarjph ik;jh
Eg.ktks laU;kl gks;- ;ke/;s O;Drh 'kjhjkus vkf.k eukusgh laiw.kZi.ks
dqqaVqckiklwu vfyIr gksrks vkf.k ukeLej.kke/;s foyhu gksrks dkj.k
ukeLej.kkrwu ekuokyk ^eks{k* (pkSFkk iw:"kkFkZ) izkIr gksrs v’kh
euqph dYiuk gksrh- (Edi.Liebig & Rajan-2005)
fczfV’kakP;k vkxeukuarj R;kauh vkiyk O;kikj lq[kdj Ogkok
;klkBh nG.koG.kkph] nwjlapkj] Viky] iksLV ;kaph lq:okr dsyh rlsp
Hkkjrh;kauk vkiY;k lsosr dfu"Binh :tkw djowu ?ks.;klkBh baxztkhps
f’k{k.k fnys tkkm ykxys R;keqGsp ^f’k{k.kkpk izpkj vkf.k izlkj* gk ;kp
dkGkr lq: >kyk ;k osxosxG;k lqfo/kk Hkkjrh;kauk feGw ykxY;keqGs
R;kaps tkhou tkx.;klkBh ykx.kk&;k xks"Vhaph vkf.k gDdkph tkk.kho
R;kauk gksm ykxyh- ;krwu Hkkjr Lora= >kY;kuarjgh vki.kkl
loZizFke ;kauk eqyHkwr vf/kdkj n;kos ykxys- Hkkjrh; ljdkjus vkiY;k
ifgY;k iapokf"kZd ;kstkusrwup dY;k.kdkjh ;kstkusph lq:okr dsyh- ;k
lokZapk ifj.kke Eg.kwu O;Drhps vk;qekZu dekyhps ok<ys R;keqGsp
o`/nkaph la[;k ok<rs vkgs- ^^e/;dkGh gh o`/nkaps izek.k tkkLr vlysys
fnlwu ;srs ijarq R;kosGsl o`/nkaph dkGtkh dqVqac izkeq[;kus ?ksr gksrs
vkf.k lektkkphgh R;koj ca/kus gksrh- R;keqGsp o`/nkauk lkekftkd
lqjf{krrk vkf.k vkfFkZd Lokra= feGr gksrs- ijarq ;k lektkO;oLFksr
gGwgGw cny gksr vkgs ;kyk vusd dkj.ks vlysyh fnlwu ;srhy- uoufou
'kks/k] ijns’kxeu] ikf’pekR; laLd`rhpk >kysyk ifj.kke] vkf.k cnyr
pkyysyh uSfrd eqY;s ;krwu o`/n gh leL;k fuekZ.k gksr vkgs-** (Palmore
E. -1975) ;k cnyR;k fp=keqGsp ^o`/nkaPkh oafprrk* gk uok iSyw vkiY;k
leksj ;sr vkgs- R;keqGs fodflr jk"Vkacjkscjp fodlu’khy jk"Vkrgh gh
leL;k fuekZ.k >kysyh vkgs-
Hkkjrh; lektkkoj >kysY;k ikf'pekR; fopkjlj.khP;k izHkkokeqGs]
uoufou ra=KkukP;k 'kks/kkeqGs] ukxjhdj.kkeqGs la;qDr dqVqac
i/nrhpk vkf.k o`/n O;oLFksyk /kksdk fuekZ.k >kyk vkgs- dqVqackr
o`/nkaph Hkwfedk gh ukokiwjrhp (Empty Nest Role) mjyh vkgs- R;keqGs
R;kauk Tkx.;klkBh ykx.kk&;k vko’;d ckchapk vHkko gksr vkgs vkf.k
;krwu oafprrk fuekZ.k >kyh vkgs- ;k lokZae/kwu ekxZ dk<.;klkBh]
dkgh izek.kkr dk gksbZuk o`/nkaph gh oafprrk deh dj.;klkBh vktk Hkkjr
ljdkjus vkf.k jkT; ljdkjus feGwu dkgh ;kstkuk r;kj dsY;k vkgsr
R;keqGs ;k loZ ;kstkukapk uDdhp o`/nkauk Qk;nk gksbZy- dqVqackr
vkf.k lekTkkr ,d izdkjps vknjkps LFkku o`/nkauk uO;kus fuekZ.k d:u
nsrk ;sbZy ;klkBh dsanz ljdkj vkf.k jkT; ljdkj ;kaP;kdMwu vusd
jk"Vh; /;s;/kksj.ks] dk;Zdze vk[kys Tkkr vkgsr- ;k fofo/k ;kstkukiSdh
dkgh BGd ;kstkuk iw<hyizek.ks lkaxrk ;sbZy-
v- 'kklukus jkcfoysY;k fofo/k ;ksTkuk&
Hkkjr ljdkj vkf.k jkT; ljdkjus o`/nkalkBh vusd ;kstkuk vk[kY;k
vkgsr- R;krhy dkgh fuoMd ;kstkuk iw<hyizek.ks lkaxrk ;srhy-
1- izoklkph loyr%&
’kklukus o`/nkalkBh fofo/k ;kstkuk tkkghj dsY;k vkgsr
R;ke/;s izoklh HkkM;kr 50 VDds lwV fnyh vkgs- ,l-Vh- e/;s 65
o"kkZojhy iq:"kkauk vkf.k jsYose/;s L=h&iq:"k nks?kkaukgh
o;kse;kZnk 60 Bsoyh vkgs- v’kk o`/nkauk izoklHkkM;kr 50 VDds
iq:"kkauk vkf.k 75 VDds L=h;kauk lwV vkgs (2008&09 ps jsYos
cTksV). rlsp o`/nkauk frfdVklkBh Lora= f[kMdhphgh miyC/krk dsyh
xsyh vkgs-
2- Ekqnr Bsohojhy O;kTknj%&
vktkrkxk;r 60 o"kkZojhy eqnrBsohoj v/kkZ VDdk
O;ktknj vf/kd fnyk tkkrks ;ke/;s izkeq[;kus
1- o`/nkauk 11 VDds O;ktknj fnyk tkkok- (vFkkZr ;kpk ykHk QDr
T;kauh iSls jk[kwu Bsoysr R;kaukp gks.kkj)
3- vkjksX;fo"k;d eksQr lqfo/kk%&
’kkldh; :X.kky;kr eksQr vkS"k/kksipkj o
’kL=fdz;k dsY;k tkkrkr- R;kpcjkscj viax o`/nkauk d`f=e gkrik; clfoys
tkkrkr- eksrhfcanw ’kL=fdz;suarj eksQr p"ek fnyk tkkrks- Jo.k;a=s]
pkdkP;k [kqP;kZ oxSjs loyrhP;k njkr fnY;k tkkrkr-
4- fujk/kkjkauk eku/ku%&
fujk/kkj o`/nkauk ekfld :i;s 500 eku/ku ns.;kphgh ;kstkuk
vkgs- vFkkZr R;kph ;ksX; veayctkko.khgh djkoh- tks [kjks[kj
fujk/kkj vkgsr R;kaP;ki;Zar loyr iksgpyh ikfgtks-

5- isU’ku%&
lektkkr ,dw.k o`/nkaP;k la[;siSdh QDr 10 VDds o`/nkauk
isU’ku feGrs- ckdhps vla?kVhr {ks=krhy Eg.ktksp ’ksrdjh]
 ’ksretkwj] nqdkunkj v’kk O;olk;krhy vkgsr R;kauk o`/nkidkGh
isU’ku fdaok brj dks.krsgh vkfFkZd laj{k.k feGr ukgh R;klkBh
'kklukus dkgh va’kh isU’ku Lo:ikr eku/ku n;kos-
6- ekrksJh o`/nkJe ;ksTkuk%&
;k o`/nkJekr izos’kklkBh o;kse;kZnk iq:"kkalkBh
60 o"ksZ o fL=;kalkBh 55 o"ksZ rlsp T;kaps okf"kZd mRiUu :- 1200
is{kk deh vkgs] R;kauk foukeqY; lkaHkkGrkr o T;kaps okf"kZd
mRiUu :- 1200 is{kk tkkLr vkgs R;kaP;kdMwu ekfld 500 : 'kqYd
vkdkjys tkkrs-

c- Tks"B ukxfjd ;ksTkuk (Seniour Citizen Policy)

1- o`/nkalkBh dk;ns’khj rjrwnh%&
1- fu;e 125 uqlkj l{ke O;Drhus frP;k ikydkaph dkGtkh ?ks.ks
vko’;d vkgs] ukghrj
QkStknkjh fu;e 1973 uqlkj n[kyik= xqUgk Bjrks-
2- fganw nRrd fo/kku dk;|kuqlkj (1956) o;kso`/n O;Drhph
dkGtkh ?ks.ks eqykps drZO;-
3- fu;e 125& QkSTknkjh fu;e dksM 1973 uqlkj Hkkjrh; ?kVusrhy
fu;e 41 uqlkj
’kklukus o;kso`/nkaP;k dY;k.kkuqlkj vko’;d rs iz;Ru djkos-
4- ^^ikyd ns[kjs[k fo/ks;d 2007** ;kuqlkj o`/n vkbZ&ofMykauk
vkiY;k vkiR;kus lkaHkkG dj.ks dk;|kus ca/kudkjd dsys vkgs- (nS-
yksder fn- 6 fMlsa- 07)
2- O;kolkbZd%&
1- egkjk"V ’kklukus ofj"V ukxfjdkauk O;olk; djkrwu lwV fnyh
vkgs-
2- lkoZtkfud {ks=krhy o lgdkjh cWadk ofj"V ukxfjdkauk tkkLr
njkus R;kaP;k Bsohoj O;ktk nsrkr-
3- uqdR;kp lknj dj.;kr vkysY;k dsanz ’kklukP;k ctksVe/;s
iksLVkrhy Bsohoj 9 VDds O;ktkkph rjrwn dj.;kr vkysyh vkgs-
4- ofj"B ukxfjdkaP;k VsfyQksuP;k fdjk;kr egkuxjikfydk VsfyQksu
fuxe fyfeVsM us 25 VDds ijrkok ns.;kph ijokuxh fnyh vkgs-
3- OkS|dh;%&
1- dsanzkizek.ks jkT; ljdkj vkf.k lgdkjh laLFkk fuo`Rr T;s"B
ukxfjdkyk lqfo/kk iqjforkr-
2- tkujy bU’kqjUl daiuh 70 o"ksZ o;kP;k ofj"B ukxfjdkauk 5
yk[kkai;Zar oS|dh; foek laj{k.k iqjfors-
3- ’kkldh; :X.kky;] eksQr oS|dh; rikl.kh o Qhe/;s loyr ;k izdkjP;k
lqfo/kk iqjfors-
4- Bjkfod dkGkuarj vusd lkekftkd laLFkk ofj"B ukxfjdklkBh
eksQr oS|dh; dWai vk[krkr-
5- rlsp dkgh lkekftkd laLFkk eksQr ’kL=fdz;k djrkr] vkS"k/ks
iqjorkr-
rDrk dz- 3 Hkkjrkrhy vk;qekZu (o"kkZe/;s)
o"kZ tkUenjkuqlkj o; 65 uqlkj
iq:"k L=h iq:"k L=h

1901 22-5 23-3 7-3 7-6

1951 32-4 31-7 9-8 10-3
1991 60-1 59-8 14-6 16-9
Source: An Aging India: Perspectives, Prospects and Policies. Editors. Phoebe and Rajan

Okfjy rDR;ko:u vls Eg.krk ;sbZy dh] oS|dh; lsok&lqfo/kkaeqGs

Hkkjrkrhy vk;qekZukps izek.k ok<r vlysys fnlwu ;srs-
4- fuokl O;oLFkk
vusd lkekftkd laLFkk ofj"B ukxfjdkalkBh eksQr fdaok
fdQk;r’khj fderhr fuoklO;oLFkk iqjforkr R;kfBdk.kh oS|dh; lqfo/kk]
dje.kwd lk/kus okpuky;s] lkekftkd o vk/;kfRed okrkoj.k iqjfoys tkkrs- ;k
laLFkk vktkkjh vl.kk&;k #X.kkalkBh fuokl O;oLFkk eksQr fdaok
fdQk;r’khj njkr iqjforkr-
lkjka’k %&
Hkkjrh; lektkke/;s o`/nkauk tkjh dqVqacke/;s] lektkke/;s LFkku
vlys rjh vktk tkkxfrdhdj.k] ukxjhdj.k] vk/kqfudhdj.k ;klokZaeqGs
o`/nkaP;k ^^lkekftd LFkku** ;ke/;s cny >kysyk fnlwu ;srks- ?kVrk
tkUenj] e`R;wnj ;keqGs O;Drhaps vk;qekZu ok<rp tkkr vlwu ;keqGs
o`/nkaph yksdla[;k fnolsafnol ok<r vkgs vkf.k ;kcjkscjp o`/nkaP;k
leL;kgh ok<r tkkmu oafprrspk uok iSyw Eg.kwu o`/nkaP;k
yksdla[;sdMs ikfgys tkkr vkgs- R;keqGs ^ok<r tkk.kkjh yksdla[;k vkf.k
R;kaP;k leL;k* ;k dks.kR;k vlrhy ;kph n[ky ?ksmu osGhp mik;;kstkuk
dj.ks xjtksps vkgs- dsysY;k mik;;kstkuk vkf.k fodklkRed ;kstkuk
;kapkgh ykHk dks.kkyk >kyk vkgs gs ikg.ks vktk xjtksps >kys vkgs-
lanHkZlwph%&
;ksTkuk ekfld (Tkkusokjh 06)
Brinks S. (1997) – “The Greying of our communities, Worldwide”, Aging International,
23(3&4) 13-31
Dandekar K. (1996) – “The Elderly in India” Sage Publications, New Delhi/Thousand
Oaks/London.
Palmore E. (1975) – “The Honerable Elders – A Cross Cultural Analysis of Aging in
Japan”, Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina.
Liebig P.S. & Rajan S.I. (Eds.) (2005) – “An Aging India-Perspectives, Prospects &
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Current Address
Mr. Prashant Vishnu Sonwane
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Sociology,
North Maharashtra University,
Jalgaon
Mob. No. +917798518878