am¿®v 2008 1

imkv{X-am-knI
H‰-{]Xn 7 cq], hm¿jnI hcn-kwJy 84 cq], X]m-en¬ e`n-°m≥ hcn-kwJy Un.-Un., Fw.-H.
am{Xw Ab-bv°p-I. Un.-Un.-bn¬ amt\-PnMv FUn-‰¿, imkv{X-tI-cfw Ft∂ Fgp-Xm-hq.
tImgn-t°mSv amdm-hp∂ hn[-Øn¬ Un.-Un. FSp-°pI
IØp-Iƒ, cN-\-Iƒ, Ab-bvt°≠ hnemkw:FUn-‰¿, imkv{X-tI-c-fw, tImgn-t°mSv ˛ 673002
hcn-kw-Jy, ]cm-Xn-Iƒ, ta¬hn-em-ka- m-‰w, GP≥kn F∂n-hbv°v Fgp-XpI
amt\-PnMv FUn-‰¿, imkv{X-tI-cf- w, Nme-∏p-dw, tImgn-t°m-Sv ˛ 673 002
t^m¨ : 0495 2701919, ^mIvkv : 0495 2304780, C˛-sa-bn¬ : sasthrakeralam@gmail.com
 tIcf
imkv{X-am-knI imkv{XkmlnXy
{]kn- ≤ o- I - c - W - Ø ns‚ 39˛mw h¿jw ]cnjXv
2008 am¿®v ! e°w 449 {]kn≤oIcWw

{]]© cl-ky-ß-fpsS Xmt°m¬

tUm. at\mPv tImaØv 9
B¿°p-th≠n 14
]n kp\n¬tZhv

Pnen≥ cmkhyh-km-b-im-e-bnse kvt^mS-\-߃ 16

Fw -Sn - ap-cfn

B≥ HIz-d≥kv A‰v Huƒ {Io°v {_nUvPv 27

hnPbIp-am¿ ªmØq¿

ssl sU^-\nj≥ 30
cRvPnXv Fkv Xpd-hq¿

U¶n-∏\n \nb-{¥Ww {][m\w 32

tUm: ]n tkma-kp-µ-c≥

imkv{X-⁄-cpsS Pohn-X-I-Y-Iƒ 34
]n tKm]m-eI
- r-jvW≥

ssPh C‘-\-hn-f-Iƒ C¥y-bnepw 35

ssN\-bnepw Pe-£m-aw-kr-jvSn°pw
hn sI Pbvtkm-a\
- m-Y≥

biv]m¬ amjpw Ip´yfpw _ln-cm-Imi hm¿Ø-Iƒ 38

s{]m^.-sI.-]m-∏q´n 5 ]n B¿ N{µ-tam-l≥

amb-°m-gvN-Iƒ 40
IÆ≥ Icn-ßmSv

- Km‘n-Pn-bpsS hgntb \S∂ Hcmƒ

en sUmkvtIm]v
kam-lc- Ww : tP∏okv
19 \mt\m-sS-Ivt\m-fPn
k¿∆-i-‡s‚ {]tl-fn-I-

]{Xm[n]kanXn:
sImS-°mSv {io[-c≥, tUm. _me-Ir-jvW≥ sNdq-∏, them-bp-[≥ ]¥o-cm-¶m-hv,
hnP-b-Ip-am¿ ªmØq¿, PÃn≥ tPmk-^v, tUm. ]n apl-ΩZv jm^n, ]n tPymXn, sI.-]n iin-Ip-am¿,
Sn.-]n hniz-\m-Y≥, {]ho¨N-{µ, ]n kp\n¬tZhv, \h-\oXv IrjvW≥ Fkv, cRvPnØv Fkv
FUn‰¿: s{]m^. sI ]m∏q´n, amt\PnMv FUn‰¿ : Sn.]n. kpIpamc≥ Atkm-kn-tb‰v FUn-‰¿: Fw.-Sn. apcfn
Nn{Xo-I-cWw : kXojv. cq]-I-ev]\: hnP-b-Ip-am¿ ªmØq¿. {Km^nIvkv : sjdn≥ tkhy¿
 sFIycmjv{S k`, 1993 apX¬, am¿®v 22 temI Pe Zn\-ambn BN-cn-®p-
h-cp-∂p. 2005 se PeZn\w c≠mw Pe Zi-I-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®p.
1981 apX¬ 1990 hsc BN-cn® H∂m-aXv Pe ZiIw \qdp-tIm-Sn-bn-tesd
P\-߃°v sh≈-sa-Øn-®p, 8 tImSn-tbmfw P\-߃°v ipNo-I-cW kwhn-
[m-\-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn. F∂m¬ Ct∏mgpw 110 tImSn P\-߃ Pe£maw
A\p-`-hn-°p-∂p. 240 tImSn P\-߃°v icn-bmb ipNnXz kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn-
√.
]´n-Wn-bp-sSbpw Zmcn-{Zy-Øn-s‚bpw \n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn\pw kpÿnc hnI-
k-\-Øn\pw am\h Btcm-Ky-Øn\pw th≠ \n¿Æm-bI LS-I-ß-fmWv ip≤-
P-ehpw ipNn-Xz-hpw. Pew, enwK-\o-Xn, Zmcn{Zy \n¿Ωm¿÷\w F∂n-h-bnemWv
2005 ˛ 2015 "Pew Poh\v' ZiIw {i≤ tI{µo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv.
kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\-߃°pw Km¿lnI Bh-iy-߃°pw th≠ Pe-
Øns‚ D]-tbmKw kw_-‘n®v kaq-l-߃°p≈ ap≥K-W-\-Iƒ k¶o¿Æ-
am-Wv. BWp-߃°pw s]Æp-߃°pw C°m-cy-Øn¬ hyXy-kvX-amb ap≥K-
W-\-Ifpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ß-fp-am-Wv D≈-Xv. kv{Xo ]pcp-j≥am-cpsS ]¶p-Iƒ
Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-tfm-sSm∏w Km¿lnI Pe D]-
tbm-K-Øns‚ apJy DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw IqSn t]dp∂ kv{XoI-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-
߃ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I-bpamWv "Pew Poh\v' Zi-
I-Øns‚ e£yw.

t^mt´m-Iznkv- ˛ 84 DØcw
P¿a- \ n- b nse _¿Kv BƒSn- \ . temIsØ BZysØ bqØv
tlmì. sNdp-∏-°m-cmb k©mcn-Iƒ°v Xma-kn-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n
kvIqƒ A[ym-]-I-\mb dn®m¿Uv ^n¿am≥ Xs‚ kvIqfn¬ Hcp tUm¿an-
‰dn Bcw-`n-®p. AXm-bn-cp∂p temIsØ BZysØ bqØv tlmì.
Hcn-°¬ ^n¿am\pw kwLhpw shÃv ^men-b-bn-te°v Hcp {S°nwMv
\S-Øn. B ka-b-Øp-≠mb i‡-amb sImSp-¶m-‰v Ahsc h√msX
"
he-®p. Xma-kn-°m≥ Hcp CShpw In´msX Ah¿ hnj-an-®p. HSp-hn¬
{Kma-Ønse Hcp kvIqfn¬- A-h¿ A¥n-bp-dßn. AtXmsSbmWv
^n¿am≥ bqØvtlm-ì F∂ Bi-b-hp-ambn apt∂m-´p-t]m-b-Xv. Xs‚
kvIqfn¬Xs∂ AXn-\p≈ ÿew BZyw Is≠-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp
At±lw. ]n∂oSv P¿a-\nbn¬ bqØv tlmÃepI-fpsS Hcp irwJeXs∂-
bp-≠m-°m≥ At±lw ]cn-{ian®p. C∂v temI-am-k-Iew ]S¿∂p ]¥-
en® henb Hcp {]ÿm-\-am-bn, k©mcn-I-fpsS Bim-tI-{µ-ambn,
bqØvtlmÃ-ep-Iƒ hf¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p.

4 imkv{X-tI-cfw

" Ip ™p- Æ n- a mjpw Ip´yfpw'
F∂p ]d-™m¬ a\- n¬ sXfn-bp∂
Hcp Nn{X-ap-≠-t√m˛ IjvSn®v ap´n-\p-
XmsgsbØp∂ H‰-ap-≠p-Sp-Øv, Dds°
IY ]d-™v, Ihn-X-sNm-√n, Ip´n-I-tfm-
sSm∏w BÀm-Zn®pw BÀm-Zn-∏n®pw
\S- ∂ n- c p∂ Hcp Ip™p- a - \ p- j ys‚
Nn{Xw.
biv]m¬ amjpw Ip´yfpw F∂p
]d-bp-tºmƒ Xn-I®pw hyXy-kvX-am-
sbmcp Nn{X-amWv a\- n¬ sXfn-bp-
I. Ip¿Øbpw Pm°‰pw [cn® Hcp
BPm-\-_m-lp. \o≠, ]mdn-∏-d-°p∂
sh≈n-ap-Sn. ]Xp-s°-bp≈ kwkm-cw.
`uXn-I-im-kv{X-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂
imkv { X- ⁄ ≥. bqWn- t h- g v k n‰n
{Km‚ vkv IΩo-js‚ ap≥ sNb¿am≥.
henb hnZym-`ymk Nn¥-I≥...
]s£, Ip´n-I-fpsS ASp-sØ-Øp-
tºmƒ BfmsI amdpw. Ah-tcmSp
Ipkr-Xn-t®m-Zy-߃ tNmZn®p sNmSn-
∏n- ° pw. Ah- c psS tNmZy- ß ƒ°v
DØcw \¬Ipw. Xami ]d- b pw.
Aßs\ ckn®pw ckn-∏n®pw F¨]-
sØm-∂nepw _meyw ssIhn-SmsX
kq£n-°p∂ Hcp apØ-»≥. Hcp ¢mkv
biv]m¬ amjpw
Ip´yfpw
s{]m^. sI.]m∏q´n
Ign-bp-tºm-tg°pw imkv{Xw C{X ck- cn-Xe hnkvXo¿Wtam? 4 Cc-´ntb hcq.
I-ctam F∂p \Ωƒ kzbw tNmZn®p hi- ß - f psS hen∏w 3 Cc´n
t]mIpw. Bbmtem,hym]vXw 27 Cc-´n-bm-Ipw.
hnkv X o¿Ww 9 Cc- ´ n- b pw F∂p
Ign™ s^{_p-hcn amk-Øns‚ sh®m¬ hym]vX-tØ-°mƒ Ipd™
XpS-°-Øn¬ tUm.-b-iv]m¬ Xncp-h-\- \nc- ° nte D]- c n- X e hnkv X o¿Ww
¥-]p-c-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. imkv{X-km-t¶- IqSq. Pohn-I-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw CXp
XnI ayqknbw lmfn¬ \nd- ™ n- c n- icn- b m- W v . Djv W c‡- P o- h n-
°p∂ kv I qƒ Ip´n- I - t fm- s Sm∏w Iƒs°√mw Np‰p-]m-Sn-t\-°mƒ NqSp-
At±lw c≠p-a-Wn-°q-tdmfw sNe-h-gn- Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv. D]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ \n∂p
®p. Hcp Ipkr- X n- t ®m- Z y- h p- a m- b mWv NqSp \jvS-s∏´psIm-≠n-cn-°pw. XWp-
At±lw XpS- ß n- b - X v . "" ]£n- I ƒ ∏p-Im-eØv NqSp IqSp-X¬ \jvS-s∏-Spw.
Ft∏mgpw Fs¥-¶nepw Xn∂p-sIm-≠n- AXp-sIm-≠mWv XWp-∏p-Im-eØv \mw
cn-°pw. B\, H´Iw t]mep≈ henb IqSp-X¬ `£Ww Ign-°p-∂-Xv. C\n,
Pohn- I ƒ°v Znhkw Hcp t\cw
`£Ww In´n-bmepw aXn. \ap°p c≠p-
t\-c-sa-¶nepw thWw. F¥p-sIm-≠m-W-
ßs\?''
]e DØ- c - ß ƒ h∂p.˛
B\bv°pw a‰pw hey hb-dp-≠v, Infn-
Iƒ°v Ip™n-h-b-dm-Wv. CØn-cntb
Xn∂m≥ ]‰q.... Fs∂m-s°.
""AsXm∂z-√,'' biv]m¬ ]d-™p.
""c≠p NXp-c-s∏-´n-Iƒ k¶-ev]n-°p-I.
H∂ns‚ hi- ß - f psS Cc´n hoXap-
≠mIpw a‰-Xns‚ hi-߃. hen-∏tam?
H∂m-a-Ø-Xns‚ 8 Cc-´n-bp-≠m-Ipw. D]-
am¿®v 2008 5
]£n-Iƒ F¥n\m Ft∏mgpw Xn∂p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂p \n߃°p
]d-bm≥ ]‰ns√?''
Ip´n-Iƒ ]d-™p,""]£n-Iƒ°v
hym]v X w Ipdhpw D]- c n- X e
hnkvXo¿Ww IqSp-X-ep-am-Wv. AXp-
sIm≠v IqSp-X¬ Du¿÷w \jvS-s∏-
Spw. henb arK-߃°v \jvSw Xmc-X-
tay\ Ipd- h mWv . '' ioX- c - ‡ - P o- h n-
Iƒ°v Du¿÷w Xm]-ambn \jvS-s∏-
Sm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v F´p-Im-en°pw jUv]-
Z-߃°pw Xosc-°p-d®p `£Ww aXn
F∂ \nK-a-\-Ønepw Ah-sc-Øn.
Hcp anSp-°n-bpsS tNmZyw: "" Pohn-
°m≥ sh≈w Bh-iy-an-√mØ Pohn-
Iƒ {]]-©-Øn¬ Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw
D≠m-Iptam?''
biv ] m¬ Aev ] w Ipg- ß n.
At±lw ]d™p""`qan- b nse F√m
Poh-Pm-e-ßfpw t]mj-I-߃ ico-c-
Øn-te°v BKn-cWw sNøp-∂Xv Pe-
hnI-kzc cmPy-ßf- psS Bip-]{Xn InS-°I
°s∏Sp-∂Xv ip≤-Pe- hpw icn-bmb ipNnXz kwhn-[m\ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-
∂p-sh-¶n¬ XS-bm-am-bn-cp∂ tcmK-߃ _m[n-®h
6 imkv{X-tI-cfw
Øn¬ ebn-∏n-®n-´m-Wv. Pe-tØmfw
\s√mcp embIw {]Ir- X n- b n- e n- √ .
AXp-sIm≠v {]]-©-Øn¬ Fhn-sS-
sb-¶nepw hnImkw {]m]n® Poh-Pm-
e-ß-fp-s≠-¶n¬ Ahbpw PesØ
B{i-bn-°p-∂-h-bm-bn-cn°pw F∂p
\mw Duln-°p-∂p. thsd sXfn-shm-
∂p-an-√. Pe-Øn\v thsdbpw HØncn
A¤p- X - I - c - a mb KpW- ß - f p- ≠ v .
AsXms° \n߃ a\- n-em-°m≥
{ian-°-Ww.''
Hcp aqe-bn¬ \n∂v Hcp Ipkr-
Xn- t ®m- Z yw.""\£- { X- ß - s f- s °m≠v
F¥m {]tbm- P \w?'' s{]m^.
- b - i v ] m¬ ]d™p""\£- { X- ß fpw
kqcy\pw H∂pw \ap°p {]tbm-P-\w cq]w sIm≠-Xv. B A¿∞-Øn¬ \Ω-
sNøm-\√ Pzen-°p-∂-Xv. Ah {]Ir- sf√mw- \£-{X-[q-fn-bn¬ \n∂p- ]n-d∂
Xn-bpsS ^mIvS-dn-I-fm-Wv. {]]©w \£- { X- ° p™p- ß - f m- W v . AXmWv
D≠mb ka- b Øv ssl{U- P \pw \£- { X- ß - s f- s °m- ≠ v \ap- ° p≈
Ipd®p loen-bhpw am{Xta D≠m-bn- {]tbm-P-\w.''
cp-∂p-≈q. \£-{X-°m-ºnse Db¿∂
ASpØ tNmZyw Ip´n-I-tfm-Sm-bn-
NqSnepw a¿±- Ø nepw Ch
cp-∂p. ""RßsS \m´n-sems° [mcmfw
At\ym\yw Iq´n-ap´n ^yqj≥
Cu®-I-fp-≠v. `£Ww FSp-Øp-sh-
\S-Øn-bmWv a‰p aqe-I-߃
®m¬ Cu® h∂p s]mXn-bpw. ChntSw
D≠m- I p∂Xv . Cu {]{In- b -
Dt≠m Cu®?''
bnse Hcp "ss_t{]mUIvSv'
am{X-amWv NqSpw shfn-®-hp-sam- Ip´n-Iƒ ]d™p:
s°.'' "" HØncn D≠v, k¿.''
""Pzen-®p-Xo¿∂m¬ hen-b- ""Cu®bv°v GXm\pw BgvNsØ
\-£-{X-߃ s]m´n-sØ-dn-°pw. Bbpt  D≈q Xm\pw. F∂n´pw
At∏mƒ AXp-hsc AXp-ev]m- \Ωƒ F¥m Cu®-Iƒ NØpInS-°p-
Zn- ∏ n® F√m ]Zm¿∞- ß fpw ∂Xv A[nIw ImWmsØ? Hmtcm Znh-
[qfn- b mbn Np‰pw NnX- d pw. khpw Bbn-c-I-W°n\v FÆw NmtI-
Aßs\ NnX- d nb GtXm ≠-Xs√?''
ap≥Im-e-\-£-{X-Øns‚ [qfn-
bn¬ \n∂mWv \ΩpsS Hcp anSp°n ck-I-c-amb Hcp-Øcw
kqcy\pw `qan-bp-sa√mw ]n∂oSv ]d-™p: ""Cu®-Iƒ ]d∂p apI-fn-
- f- n¬ ]Ip-Xnbpw D]-tbm-Kn-
- sc InS-Øm-\m-W.v
te°p s]mßpw. AhnsS a¿±w Ipd-
hm- b - X p- s Im≠v _eq¨ t]mse
s]m´n-®n-X-dn-t∏m-Ipw.''
lmfn-emsI Iq´-®ncn Db¿∂p.
]ns∂ ck-I-c-amb Hcp N¿®. HSp-hn¬
F√m-hcpw tN¿∂v icn-bmb DØ-c-
Øn¬ FØn: NØm¬ DSs\ Ddp-ºp-
Iƒ sIm≠p-t]m-Ipw. Ipsd-sb-ÆsØ
Infn-Iƒ im∏n-Spw. {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ H∂pw
"shbvÃv' Bbn-t∏m-In-√.
]nt∂bpw HØn-cn-tNm-Zy-ßfpw
N¿®-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn. "_¿apUm {Sbmw-
Knƒ icn°pw D≈-XmtWm?' "\nd-ap≈
hkv { Xw \\- b p- t ºmƒ F¥m \nd-
Øn\v I´n IqSps∂?'. N{µs‚ Np‰pw
Nne-t∏mƒ ImWp∂ he-b-sa-¥mWv?'
"ag- h n- s √¥m hf- ™ n- c n- ° ps∂?'...
ÿe- ] - c n- a n- X n- a qew AsXm∂pw
ChnsS hnh- c n- ° p- ∂ n- √ . HSp- h n¬
At±lw Hcp tNmZyw tNmZn®v Ah-
km- \ n- ∏ n- ® p. AXn- \ p- Ø cw \n߃
Is≠-ØWw: F√m hkvXp-°fpw Dcp-
Ip-tºmƒ hnI-kn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-
Xv. sh≈w Xncn-®m-Wv. sFkm-bn-cn-°p-
tºm-gmWv hym]vXw IqSp-X¬, AXp
sh≈-Øn¬ s]mßn-°n-S-°pw. F¥m-
W-Xn\p Imc-Ww.? Imc-W-a-dn-bp-∂-h¿
Fgp-Xq.. ! sI.]n
t]∏´n hnj-Øn\pw
In´pw
hne
Nµ\w I´p-I-SØpw t]mse
Nne¿ Ct∏mƒ ]mºn≥hnjw I´p-
I-S-Øp∂ Imcyw \n߃ ]{X-ß-
fn¬ hmbn-®p-Im-Wpw. lrt{Zm-K-
Øn\pw k‘nhmX-Øn-\p-sa√mw
]‰nb kn≤u-j-[-ßfpw hocyw- Iq-
Snb el-cn-]-Zm¿∞-ßfpw ]mºn≥
hnj-Øn¬ \n∂p-In-´p-sa∂p h∂-
tXmsS tImSn-I-fpsS I®-h-S-amWv
B cwKØp \S-°p-∂-Xv. C\n-bn-
t∏mƒ t]∏-´n-hn-j-Øn\pw h≥ Un-
am‚ v hcm≥ km[y-X-bp-≠-s{X. a-
kvXnjvI NnIn-’bv°v Ah {]-
tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-sa∂p I≠n-cn-°p-∂p.
Xe- t ®m- d nse tImi- ß sf
_m[n- ° p∂ ]e tcmK- ß fpw
Ct∏mƒ NnIn-’n-°m≥ {]bm-k-
amWv; ImcWw Atßm´v acp-∂p-
Iƒ°v {]th- i - \ - a n- √ . "ªUv ˛
s{_bv≥ _mcn-b¿' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂
Acn∏ IS∂v acp∂pw tcmKm-Wp-
°fpw a‰v A\y hkvXp-°fpw Xe-
bv°p-≈n¬ FØn-√. \mUo-tIm-iß - -
fpsS \miw aqe-ap≈ Aƒjn-tagvkv
t]mesØ tcmK-߃ s]cp-Ip-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p. lm¿hm¿Uv saUn-°¬
kv I qfnse aRv P p- \ mYv F≥.
kzmanbpw kl Kth-j-Icpw tN¿∂v
CXn-s\mcp ]cn-lmcw Is≠-Øn-bn-
cn-°p-∂p. dm_okv sshd-kp-Iƒ°v
Acn∏ Xpf®v AIØp IS-°m≥ Ign-
bpw. (t]-∏´n hnjw _m[n-°p-∂Xv
Xe-t®m-dn-t\-bm-Wt√m) Cu sshd-
kp-I-fpsS t{]m´o-\n¬ Huj[w Hfn-
∏n®v sh®v Xe-t®m-dn-se-Øn-°m≥
]‰pw. GXp `oI-c-s\bpw D]-Im-cn-
bm°n am‰m≥ (Xn-cn-®pw) imkv{X-
Øn\p Ign-bp-sa-∂¿∞w.
am¿®v 2008 7
 K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. IÆp-I-fp-tSbpw
Np≠p-I-fp-tSbpw BIr-Xn-bn¬ hcp∂
hyXym-kw Af∂v Hcm-fns‚ ]p©ncn
0 ap-X¬ 100 hsc-bp≈ kvsIbn-en¬
A¶n-X-s∏-Sp-Ømw F∂mWv ]pXnb
I≠p-]n-Sp-Øw. {Xnam\ am∏nwKv D]-
tbm- K - s ∏- S p- Ø p- ∂ - X p- s Im≠v Nncn-
°p∂ Bƒ Iyma-d-bn-te°p Xs∂
t\m°-W-sa-∂p-an-√. 300 hsc hi-ß-
fn-tet°m 150 hsc apI-fn-tet°m Xm-
tgt°m Ncn-™n-cp-∂mepw Hwtdm¨
Nncn-A-f-°m\pw h b ¿ tIm¿∏-td-js‚ Cu tkm^v‰vshb¿
v s
tkm^v‰
icn- b mbn {]h¿Øn- ° p- a - s {X. Hcp
sk°‚ns‚ ]Øn-sem-∂n¬ Xmsg
kabw sIm≠v Nncn Af-°m≥ Ign-
bp∂ Cu tkm^v‰vshb-dn\v hen-
Cta-PnwKv kmt¶-XnI hnZy, am\w Ct∏mgpw a\p-jys‚ IpØ-Ib - m- ∏hpw Ipd- h m- W v . tIhew 46-kb!
UnPn- ‰ ¬ bpK- Ø n¬ AXn- t hKw Wv. CXpw XIcpw F∂mWv ASp-Øb - nsS AXm- b Xv samss_¬ t^mWnse
apt∂dns°m≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. B[p- h∂- hm¿Ø-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂X- .v Ip™n-Iym-a-d-I-fn¬ t]mepw CXv D]-
\nI Iyma- d - I ƒ t^m°- k nw- K v , apJ- ß ƒ Xncn- ® - d n- b m- \ p≈ tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-t™-°pw.
FIvkvt]m-j¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-sbms° kmt¶-XnI hnZy Ipsd-°m-e-ambn \ne- DS-a-ÿ≥ k¶-S-s∏´ncn-°p-∂Xp
kzbw \n¿W-bn®v {]h¿Øn-°m≥ Ign- hn-ep-≠v. ]e B[p-\nI Iyma-d-Ifpw I≠m¬ Xam-i-]-d™v Nncn-∏n-°m≥
hp-≈h
- b- m-W.v F∂m¬ Ft∏mƒ ¢n°v apJw IrXy-amb t^m°-kn¬ sIm≠p- {ian-°p∂ t^mWn-s\-∏-‰n-sbms°
sNøWw F∂ \n¿Wm-bI - a- mb Xocp- h-cm≥ Cu kmt¶-XnI hnZy D]-tbm- Btem-Nn-°m-dmbn At√?

Icƒ thtWm lrZbw thtWm?

lrZbw tISm-bm¬ thsdm∂v em-im-e-bnse s]bvtZmw-Kvbmßpw
\n¿Ωn®v sh°p-I, Icƒ t]m-bm¬, •mUv t Ãm¨ C≥Ãn- ‰ yq- ´ nse
hr° t]mbm¬, t{]mtÉv tISm- {_ºv B¿ tImIvkn\pw AXn\v
bm¬ thsdm∂p sh°p-I˛ Fs∂- Hcp am¿§w Is≠-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
¶nepw CXp km[n°pw F∂v Fw{_n-tbm-WnIv sÃwsk√ns‚
imkv{X-⁄¿°v Dd-∏m-bn-cp-∂p. (ESC) ]e `mK-Ømbn knen-°¨
F∂m¬ C{X- t hKw km[y- a m- I p- \mt\m- h - b - d p- I ƒ k∂n- t h- i n- ∏ n-
sa∂p Bcpw Icp-Xn-bn-√. sÃw °p-I. Ah-bn-eqsS sshZyp-X-Im-
sk√p- I sf GXv Ah- b - h - a mbpw ¥nI kn·-ep-Iƒ \¬IpI. GXp
hf¿Øn-sb-Sp°mw F∂-h¿°-dn-bm- `mKØv , GXp Xcw kn·¬
am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ sÃwsk√p-I- \¬Ip∂p F∂-X-\p-k-cn®v sÃw
fpsS `mj Ah¿°p \n›-b-ap-≠m- sk√p- I ƒ hf¿∂p hn`- P n®v
bn-cp-∂n-√. Hcp lrZ-b-ambv hf-cq, s]cpIn hyXykv X Ah- b - h - ß -
As√-¶n¬ Hcp hr°-bmbv hfcq fmbn amdpw. sXmenbpw ssXakpw
F∂v Ah-tbmSv Fßs\ ]d-bpw. Hs° Cu hn[w \n¿an-°m-sa∂v
Ct∏mƒ Imen-t^m¿Wnb k¿∆-I- h∂n-cn-°p-∂p..

8 imkv{X-tI-cfw
 {]]© cl-ky-ß-fpsS
t ° m ¬
Xm
tUm.-a-t\mPv tImaØv

]pXp-Nn-¥-Iƒ
c≠v
B Im-i-Øn¬ Zriy-am-Ip∂
Zpcq-l-kw-K-Xn-I-sf, {]Ir-Xy-Xo-X-i-
bh-\-]m-c-ºcyw ‡n- I - f psS Iq´p- ] n- S n- ° msX ssh-
{]Ir-Xy-Xo-X-i-‡n-I-tfm-Sp≈ ⁄m--\nI ImgvN-∏m-Sn-eqsS ImWm≥
BZy-ambn {ian-®Xv {Ko°p Nn¥-
`b-`o-X-hn-Im-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂p I≥am-cm-bn-cp-∂p. a‰p kaq-l-߃
tamN\w t\Sp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ambnI Nn¥-I-fn¬ apgp-In-bn-cp-∂-
a\p-jy≥. {]Ir-Xn t∏mƒ BIm- i - Ø n- t ‚bpw `qan- b p-
tSbpw LS-\-tb-°p-dn®v hy‡hpw
-{]-Xn-`m-k-߃s°√mw
bp‡n-_-≤-hp-amb hni-Zo-I-c-W-߃
`uXn-Im-Sn-ÿm-\-ap-s≠∂ \¬Im≥ Ah¿ {ian-®p. ]n¬°m-
Nn¥ hf¿∂p. `qan-sb-∂Xp esØ imkv{X-]-T-\-ß-fn-te-°p≈
{]]-©-tI-{µw. a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS BZysØ Nph-Sp-
sh∏v C°q- ´ - Ø n¬ {]K- ¤ - \ m- b n-
BIm-i-tam, ]hn-{X-tem-I-hpw. cp∂p sYbv¬kv (Thales, 640-546 sW∂ Bibw sIm≠p h∂p. BIm-
kz¿§-Øns‚ PymanXn BC). At±lw _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bn¬ i-a-WvUew {[ph-\-£-{XsØ tI{µ-
Fß-s\-sb-∂-Xmbn \n∂p tPymXn-»m-kv{X-a-`y-kn-®-Xmbn am°n Id- ß p- ∂ p- s h∂v \nco- £ n- ® -
ASpØ IuXpIw. Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. N{µ\p kzbw {]Im- Xns‚ ]n≥_-e-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p AXv.
in-°p-hm-\m-In-s√∂pw N{µnI kqcy- kqcys‚ Ab- \ - N - e - \ - ß ƒ I≠v
{]- I m- i - Ø ns‚ {]Xn- ^ - e - \ - a m- `qan°v knen-≠-dns‚ BIr-Xn-bm-
sW∂pw BZy- a mbn ]d- ™ Xv sW∂pw At±lw \ncq-]n-®p. Ing-°p-
sYbv¬kv BWv. 585 BCbn¬ kqcy- ]- S n- ™ m- d mbn Dcp≠pw sX°p- h - S -
{K- l Ww {]h- N n- ® Xv At±- l sØ °mbn \of- Ø n- e pw. AXn- \ p- N p‰pw
{]i-kvX-\m--°n. {]]-©-Øns‚ kØv kqcy≥ h¿Øp-f-ambn k©-cn-°p-∂p.
Pe-am-sW∂ A`n-{]m-b-°m-c-\m-bn- AZr-iyhpw \nKq-V-hp-amb " A]v F
cp∂p sYbv¬kv. A\-¥-amb {]f-b- tdm¨' F∂ hkvXp-hmWv {]]-©-
]tbm- [ n- b n¬ BIm- i - ° p- S - b v ° - S n- Øns‚ kØv F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂ A\-
bn¬ s]mßn °n-S-°p∂ ]c∂ ^e- Ivkn-am‚-dpsS ASpØ aXw.
I-amWv `qan (kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw, HØ
_n.- k n. A©mw \q‰m- t ≠msS
\Sp°v {Kokv Xs∂).
{Kl- ß sf \£- { X- ß - f n¬ \n∂p
sYbv¬kns‚ injy-\mb A\- th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-™p. `qan°v
Ivkn-am‚¿ (Anaximander, 611-547 tKmfm- I r- X n- b m- s W∂v BZy- a mbn
BC) BImiw Hcp ]q¿Æ-tKm-f-am- {]kv X m- h n- ® Xv ss]Y- t Km- d kv

am¿®vhcn2008
s^{_p- 2008 99
 { ] ] © c l - k y - ß - f p s S t°m¬
(Pythagoras, 582-497 BC) Bbn-cp-
∂p. N{µs‚ {`a-W-]Yw `qa-[y-tc-Jsb
At]- £ n®v sNcn- ™ - X m- s W∂p
Is≠-Øn-bXpw \£-{X-ß-fpƒs∏´
BIm-i-ta-em-∏ns‚ `mK-a√ kqcy-N-{µ-
∑mcpw {Kl- ß fpw F∂p Xncn- ® - d n-
™Xpw At±-l-am-Wv. kpXm-cy-amb
GtXm B[m-c-ß-fnt∑-emWv BImi-
tKm-f-߃ LSn∏n°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂Xv
F∂m-bn-cp∂p hnizm-kw.
XpS¿∂v , A\- I v k - t Km- d mkv
(Anaxagoras, 500-428 BC) N{µs‚
hr≤n-£-b-ßfpw {Kl-W-ßfpw Fß-
s\-bp-≠m-Ip-∂p-sh∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-®p.
\£-{X-ßfpw kqcy\pw {Kl-ß-fp-
sams° IØn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ ]md-°-
√p-I-fm-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚
A`n-{]m-bw. {]]-©-Øns‚ \n¿Ωm-W-
L-S-I-߃ Pew, hmbp, A·n, `qan
F∂o NXp¿`q-X-ß-fm-sW∂v Fw]n-
tUm- ¢ nkv (Empidocles, 400- 430
BC)kn≤m-¥n-®p.
tπt‰mbpw Acn- t Ãm- ´ nepw
Pyman-Xo-b-]-T-\-߃
(Geometry)hf¿∂- t ∏mƒ AXnse
cq]-ß-fpsS kuµ-cyhpw ka-an-Xnbpw
{]]-©-Øn-\p-ta¬ Btcm-]n-°m\pw
Nne ]WvUn-X¿ apXn¿∂p. CXn¬ FSp-
Øp-]-d-bm-hp∂ hy‡n-Xz-am-bn-cp∂p
tπt‰m. (Plato, 427-347 BC)BIm-i-
Øp-≈-sX√mw ]q¿Æ-tKm-fm-Im-c-am-
sW∂pw Ah hrØ-]-Y-ß-fn-eq-sS-
bmWv k©-cn-°p-∂-sX∂pw At±lw
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. ]s£, Cu k¶ev]w
sIm≠v {Kl-N-e-\-ßsf ]q¿Æ-ambn
hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bn-s√∂v ka-
Im-enI\-mb bptUmIvkv (Eudoxux,
408-355 BC)Is≠-Øn. hm\-\n-co-£-
10 imkv{X-tI-cfw
Xm
W- ] - S p- h m- b n- c p∂ At±lw h¿j-
Øns‚ ssZ¿Lyw aWn-°q-dp-Iƒ Ir-
Xy-Øn\v \n¿Æ-bn-®Xpw FSpØp ]d-
tb-≠-Xm-Wv.
{Ko°p Nn¥-I-cn¬ G‰hpw D∂-
X-s\-∂v -Aw-Ko-I-cn-°-s∏´ Acn-tÃm-
´n¬ (Aristotle 384-322 BC)tπt‰m-
bpsS injy-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ap≥Km-an-I-
fpsS Nn¥-Iƒ apgp-h≥ kam-l-cn®v
kz¥w ]cn-{iaw hgn AXns\ ]pjvSn-
s∏-Sp-Øm≥ At±lw {ian-®p. {]]-©-
L- S - \ sb kw_- ‘ n®v tπt‰m- b p- kqNn∏n°p∂ CuY¿ F∂ aqeIw
tSbpw bqtUm-Ivk-kn-t‚bpw Bi-b- IqSn- b p- s ≠∂v {]kv X m- h n®p.
ßsf Acn-tÃm-´n¬ hn]p-eo-I-cn-®p. `qan Dcp-≠-Xm-sW∂p ÿm]n-°m≥
kcf-amb hrØ-]-Y-߃°p ]pd-sa- bp‡n- _ ≤- a mb \ymbo- I - c - W - ß ƒ
bmbn A[n-hr-Ø-ß-fnt∑emWv (Epi- Acn-tÃm-´n¬ apt∂m-´p-h®
- p. hS-t°m´p
cycles ) {Kl-߃ k©-cn-°p-∂-sX∂ t]mIp∂ k©m-cn-Iƒ°v hS-°≥ N{I-
k¶-ev]-am-bn-cp∂p {][m-\w. {]]© hm-f-Øn¬ ]pXnb \£-{X-߃ Z¿in-
krjvSn-bn¬ Fw]n-tUm-¢nkv k¶- °m≥ km[n-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w sX°≥
ev]n® \mep- aq-e-I-ß-fpsS kmwKXyw N{I-hm-f-ko-a-bnse \£-{X-߃ ad-
icn- s h- ® - t Xm- s Sm∏w BIm- i sØ bp-∂-Xmbpw tXm∂p-∂p. `qan-bv°p
ZrKv-{`w-i-hnZy
hml-\-ß-fn¬ k©-cn-°p-tºmƒ hgn-bnse ac-߃ ]nd-tIm-t´m-Sp-∂Xv
I≠n-´n-t√. CXn¬ as‰mcp Imcyw IqSn Ffp∏w {i≤-
bn¬ s]Spw. kao-]-Øp-≈h IqSp-X¬ thK-Ønepw
AI- s e- b p- ≈ h ]Xp- s °- b p- a mWv ]nt∂m°w
\oßp-∂-Xv. AXm-b-Xv, \ΩpsS k©m-c-Zn-i°v
ew_-am-bp≈ hkvXp-°ƒ°v ImW-s∏-Sp∂ ÿm\-
N-e\w Ah-bpsS Zqc-Øn\v B\p-]m-Xn-I-am-bn-cn-
°pw. Cu XXzw BIm-i-tKm-f-ß-fn-te-°p≈ Zqcw
Is≠-Øm\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. AXmWv ZrKv{`w-i-
hn-Zy. Htc ka-bØv c≠v hyXy-kvX-bn-S-ß-fn¬
\n∂v N{µs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ ]›m-Ø-e-Ønse
\£-{X-߃°n-S-bn-e-Xn\v ÿm\-am‰w ImW-s∏-
Spw.Cu hyXym-k-Øns‚ tImW-fhv ({`w-i-tIm¨)
ÿe-߃°n-S-bn-ep≈ AIew (]m-Z-Zq-cw) Ch-b-
dn- b m- s a- ¶ n¬ N{µ≥ F{X Db- c - Ø n- e m- s W∂v
IW°vIq´mw. \£-{X-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ Zqc-°q-Sp-X¬ ImcWw
tImW-fhv Xp—-am-bnt´ ImW-s∏-Sq. AXn\v `qan-bpsS k©m-c-]-Y-Øns‚
hnhn-[-`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Af-sh-Sp∏p \S-Øp-I-bmWv t]mw hgn
 { ] ] © c l - k y - ß - f p s S t°m¬
tKmfm- I r- X n- b m- s W- ¶ n¬ am{Xsa
Cßs\ kw`-hn-°q. (`qan Dcp-≠-Xm-
sW∂v t\cn´p sXfn-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv,
18 \q‰m- ≠ p- I ƒ°p- t ijw s^¿Un-
\m‚ v saK-√≥ `qan Np‰n k©-cn-®-t∏m-
gm-Wv.) Acn-tÃm-´n-ens‚ Nn¥-Iƒ
F{Xtbm \q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw B[n-Im-
cn-I-X-tbmsS \ne-\n-∂p.
Acn- t Ãm- ´ n- e n- b ≥ {]]©w
BIm-i-Ønse {]{In-b-I-sf-°p-
dn®v am\-h-cm-in°v BZy-[m-c-W-Iƒ
]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-ØXv {Ko°p-Nn-¥-I-fm-
bn-cp-∂p. ]n¬°m-eØp tPymXn-»m-
kv{X-sa∂ imJ ]cn-]p-jvS-am-°p-∂-
Xn¬ AXv kp{]-[m\ ]¶v hln-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp. {]]-©-Øn¬ KWn-
X-Øns‚ ({]-tXy-In®v Pyman-Xn-bpsS)
km[y-XI - ƒ BZy-ambn I≠-dn-™Xpw
{Ko°p-Im¿ Xs∂. Acn-tÃm-´n¬ aq∂p
\q‰m- ≠ sØ ap≥Km- a n- I - f psS hn-
⁄m\w kam-l-cn-®-t∏m-gXv a\p-jy-N-
cn-{X-Ønse kp{]-[m\ tcJ-bm-bn.
BC 350 Ime-am-b-t∏m-tg°pw `qan
AXn hnkv X r- X - a mb Hcp tKmf- a m-
sW∂ Imcy-Øn¬ X¿°-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-
bn-cp-∂n-√. Acn-tÃm-´n-ens\ kw_-
‘n- ® - n S- t Ømfw \n›- e - a mbn \n¬-
°p∂ `qtKm-f-am-bn-cp∂p {]]-©-tI-
{µw. `qan {`a-W-]-cn-{I-a-W-߃ \S-Øp-
Xm
∂p F∂v Icp-Xp-hm-\∂v {]tXy-In®v
\ymb-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. \£-{X-
Xmc-a-WvU-e-tKmfw Htc thK-X-bn¬
ß-sf∂ Zo]vX _nµp-°ƒ sIm≠v
`qansb Np‰n- s °m- ≠ n- c n- ° p- ∂ p.
Ae-¶-cn-°-s∏´ tKmfm-Imc Bh-c-W-
F∂m¬ kqcy\pw N{µ\pw {Kl-
amWv BIm-iw. \£-{X-߃ k©-cn-
ßfpw BIm-i-Øv, `qan°pw \£-{X-
°p- ∂ n- s √∂pw {Kl- ß ƒ Nm{InI
߃°p-an-S-bn¬ Id-ßp-I-bm-Wv. Ah-
Ne\w \S-Øp-∂p-sh∂pw Is≠-Ø-
bpsS ]mX-Iƒ AXn-k-¶o¿Æ-a-t{X.
s∏-´p.\·-t\-{X-߃ sIm≠p ImWm-
Ah hnhn[ hrØ-]-Y-ß-fn¬ amdn
hp∂ _p[≥, ip{I≥, sNm∆, hymgw,
amdn k©-cn-°p-I-bm-hmw.
i\n F∂o {Kl-ß-fpsS Ne\-߃
{Ko°p-Im¿ ]Tn-°m≥ {ian-®p. tπt‰mbv ° p tijw bqtUm-
Ivkkv 26 A[n-hr-Ø-]-Y-߃h-®p-
kqcy- N - { µ≥amcpw {Kl- ß fpw
sIm≠v {Kl-N-e-\-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-
GXp-b-c-Øn-emWv F∂q-ln-°m≥
°m≥ {ian®p. Acn-tÃm-´n¬ 28 ]Y-
t]mep-a∂v \nhr-Øn-bn-√m-Xn-cp-∂p.
߃ IqSn tN¿Øv AXns\ IqSp-X¬
`qtKm-f-Øn\pw \£-{X-J-NnX BIm-
]q¿Æ-am-°m≥ Hcp-Zyaw \S-Øn-sb-
i-tKm-f-Øn-\p-an-S-bn-enh hrØ-]-Y-
¶nepw Bi- b - ° p- g ∏w apgp- h \pw
Øn¬ Np‰n- k - © - c n- ° p∂p F∂p
\oßn- b n√ ( Cu {]Xn- k - ‘ n°p
kn≤m- ¥ n- ° - s ∏- ´ p. ]fp- ¶ p- t ]mse
ImcWw \n›-e-amb `qansb B[m-c-
kpXm-cy-amb B[m-c-h-e-b-ß-fm-Wn-
am°n Pyman-Xob krjvSn-Iƒ \S-Øn-
hsb Xmtgm´p hogmsX Xmßn
b-Xm-sW∂p {]tXy-In®p ]d-tb-≠-Xn-
\n¿Øp∂-Xv. a\p-jys‚ {Kmly-Øn-\p-
√-t√m. CsX-ßns\ ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-´p.
a-∏p-d-ap≈ Nne \nb-a-ßfpw {]{In-b-
F∂v ]ndsI hmbn-°mw)
I-fp-amWv BIm-i-Øn-t‚Xv F∂m-bn-
cp∂p {Ko°p ]WvUnX-cpsS aXw. {]]- © - \ n¿Ωn- X n- s b- ∏ - ‰ n- b p≈
Acn- t Ãm- ´ n- e ns‚ ]©- ` q- X - k - ¶ ¬-
F∂m¬, Pyman-Xo-b-amb hrØ-
∏hpw bp‡n-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-
]-Y-N-e-\-߃ h®p-sIm≠v Zo¿L-Im-
≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. a\p-jy\p ]cn-kcw
em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {Kl-ÿm-\-߃
\nco-£n-®m¬ Kp-W-K-W-ß-fn¬ ]msS
{]h-Nn-°p-hm-\m-In-s√∂p {Ko°p-Im¿
hyXy-kvX-amb LS-\m-]-c-ambn hyXn-
Xncn-®-dn-™p. aplq¿Ø-߃ Ipdn-
cn-‡-X-bp≈ \mep Imcy-߃ ImWm-
°mt\m {Kl-W-߃ ap≥Iq-´n-b-dn-
\m- h pw. aÆv , Pew, hmbp, A·n.
bmt\m km[n-°p-∂n-√. hymgw, i\n,
At∏mƒ Hmtcm hkvXphpw Cu \mep
XpS-ßnb {Kl-߃ h{I-KXn (Retro-
"aqe-I-߃' DNn-Xamw hn[w tN¿∂p-
grade motion, D®n- b n- s e- Ø p∂
≠m--b-h-bm-sW∂p \ncq-]n-°mw. GsXm-
ImeØp ]nd- t Im´p hew sh®v
s° A\p- ] mX- Ø - n - e mWp kwtbm-
ho≠pw -bm{X XpS-cp∂ {]Xn-`m-kw)
P\w F∂-X-\p-k-cn®v hkvXp-hns‚
\S-Øp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm-≠m-sW∂p hni-
KpWw hyXym-k-s∏-Spw. \mep-aq-e-I-
Zo-I-cn-°m\pw ]‰p-∂n-√.
߃°p ]pdsa {]]-©-Øns‚ kmc-
CtX- ∏ ‰n tπt‰m Fgp- X n- b Xv k¿∆-kz-amb A©m-a-sXmcp LSIw
kvac-Wo-b-am-Wv.˛"\£-{X-߃ ssZhn- IqSn-bp-s≠∂v Acn-tÃm-´n¬ A`n-{]m-
Ihpw \nXyhpw AN-©-e-hp-am-Wv. b- s ∏´p. CuY¿ F∂ aqe- I - a mWv
am¿®v 2008 11
JtKm-f-߃°v HmP v ]I-cp-∂-Xv.
Acn-tÃm-´n-ens‚ hn⁄m-\-ti-
Jcw hnhn[ cmjv{So-bm-[n-\n-thi
{]Xn-k-‘n-Isf AXn-Po-hn-®p-sIm≠v
\q‰m-≠p-I-fn-eqsS ]n¬°me ]WvUn-
X¿°p am¿§-Zo-]-ambn \ne-\n-∂p. Ae-
Ivkm-≠-dpsS A{I-a-W-tijw {Ko°p
ssh⁄m- \ nI {]h¿Ø- \ - ß - f psS
tI{µw CuPn-]vXn-te°p \oßn BC
323¬ Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b-bn¬ khn-ti-
j-amb Kth-j-W-ayq-knbw ÿm]n-°-
s∏-´p. CXp ]e XhW tdma≥ B{I-
a-߃°n-c-bm-hp-Ibpw {KŸ-ti-J-c-
Øns‚ `mK-߃ \jvSs- ∏-Sp-Ib - p-ap-≠m-
bn. 640ADbn¬ Ad- _ n- I ƒ Ae-
Ivkm-{≠nb ]nSn-®-S°n {Ko°p tcJ-
Iƒ apgp-h≥ IS-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-bn.
CXp ]n∂oSv 12˛mw \q‰m-≠n-emWp
Is≠-Øs∏´Xv. XpS¿∂v C‰-en-bnepw
{^m≥knepw Acn-tÃm-´n-eo-b≥ Nn¥-
Iƒ {]N- c n- ® p. ]n∂oSp {_n´- \ n¬
HmIvkvt^m¿Uv, tIw{_nUvPv k¿∆-I-
em- i m- e - I - f n- e q- s S- b Xv A∂sØ
km{º-Zm-bnI hnZym-`ym-kØns‚ `mK-
am-bn.
Acn- t Ãm- ´ n- e n- \ p- t ijw
{Ko°p Nn¥m ]mc-ºcyw Acn-
tÃm- ´ n- e ns‚ IrXn- I - f n¬ HXpßn
\n∂p t]mbn-√. ho≠pw A©p \q‰m-
t≠mfw ]e ]WvUn-X-cn-eqsS AXp
XpS¿∂p.
Acn- t Ãm- ´ n- e ns‚ ka- I m- e n- I -
\mb sldm-ss¢-Un-kv (Heracleides)
`qan-bpsS kzbw {`a-W-sa∂ k¶ev]w
sIm≠p-h-∂p. CXp hgn BIm-i-tKm-f-
ß-fpsS ssZ-\nI Ne-\-ßsf Xr]vXn-
I-c-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-°m-sa-∂-t±lw I-
s≠-Øn. am-{X-a-√, _p[-s\bpw ip{I-
s\bpw \nco-£n®v Ah kqcys\ Np-
‰p-∂-Xmbpw Duln-®p.
BC 320-\ptijw IS- ∂ p- h ∂
Acn-Ãm¿°kv (Aristarchus) ss]Y-
12 imkv{X-tI-cfw
tKm-d-kn-
s ‚ b p w
sldm-ss¢-
Un-kn-t‚bpw
Bi- b - ß ƒ
sh®v Hcp
{]]-©-Nn{Xw
sa\-bm≥
{ian-®p. `qan
Dƒs∏-sS-
bp≈ {Kl-
ß ƒ
kqcys\
Np‰p-∂p-
sh∂pw CXn-
\n-S-bn¬ `qan
kzbw Id-ßp-
∂p-sh∂pw
k¶- e v ] n- ® m¬ JtKm- f - N - e - \ - ß sf
hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-ep≈ Bi-b-°p-
g∏w \oßp-sa∂v BZy-ambn ]d-™Xv
At±-l-amWv (`m-c-Xo-b-\mb Bcy-`-
S\pw CtX Bibw ]d-™n-´p-s≠-
¶nepw AXv F´v \q‰m-≠n\p tij-am-
sW-∂d- n-bp-I. B Ime-am-bt- ∏m-tgbv°v
{Ko°v Bi-b-߃ `mc-X-Øn¬ {]N-
cn®p Ign-™n-cp-∂p F∂-Xn\pw sXfn-
hp-≠v) kqcy-N-{µ≥am-cpsS hen-∏hpw
Zqchpw IW- ° p- I q- ´ m\pw Acn-
Ãm¿°kv apXn¿∂p. Af-hp-]I - c- W - ß
- -
fpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Im-cWw IrXyX Ipd-hm-
bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw {iaw Gsd {it≤-b-am-
Wv.
{Kl-\ne {]h-Nn-°m-\p≈ {]iv\-
߃s°√mw H‰-b-Sn-°p≈ ]cn-lm-c-
am-hp-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Acn-Ãm¿°-
kns‚ Bi-b-߃°v XWp-∏≥ hc-
th¬∏mWv e`n- ® - X v . H∂m- a sØ
ImcWw AXv A∂sØ aX-hn-izm-k-
ß-fp-ambn tbmPn-®n-cp-∂n-√m-sb-∂-Xp-
X-s∂. `qan-bn-tebpw BIm-i-tØbpw
\nb-a߃ hyXy-kvX-ß-fm-sW-∂m-bn-
cp-∂t√m A∂sØ [mc-W. am{X-a-√,
`qan \n›- e - a mb {]]- © - t I{µw
Btb ]‰q. `qan Nen-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬
k¿∆-N-c-h-kvXp-°fpw sXdn-®p-t]m-Ip-
at√m. Cu [mc-W-Isf Xncp-Øm-\p≈
sXfn- h p- I tfm \ymbo- I - c - W - ß tfm
Acn-Ãm¿°-kns‚ Iøn-en-√m-bn-cp-∂p.
IrXy-X-tbmsS {Kl-\n-e-Iƒ IW-°m-
°m-\p-XIpw hn[-samcp KWn-X-]-≤Xn
Xo¿°m-\p-am-bn-√.
Ko°p ]cº- c - b nse as‰mcp
{]K¬`-\mWv BC 276\p tijw Pohn-
®n- c p∂ Fdm- t ´m- k v X - \ okv ( Era-
tosthenes) Hcp KWn-X-⁄≥ IqSn-
bm- b n- c p∂ At±lw AXn- k - a ¿∞-
amb am¿§-Øn-eqsS `qan-bpsS Np‰-fhv
25000 ssaem- s W∂v Is≠- Ø n.
]t£ B t\´w AwKo- I - c n- ° - s ∏-
SmsX t]mbn. ImcWw AXns‚ \men-
sem∂p t]mepw A∂sØ amtem-
I¿°p ]cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn-\p-
tijw {it≤-b-amb {]I-S\w ImgvN-
sh® ]Wv U n- X - \ m- b n- c p∂p
ln∏m¿°kv (Hipparchus, 190-120
BC)ZrKv{`w-i-hnZy (Parallax Method)
hgn N{µ-\n-te-°p≈ Zqcw `qan-bpsS
h y m k -
Øns‚ ap∏-
Xp-a-S-ßm-
s W - ∂ -
t±lw IW-
°p-Iq-´n.
henb ]ng-
shm∂pw
]d-bm-\m-
h m Ø
I W ° v
BC 134 ¬
hr›n-I-°q-
´-Øn¬ Hcp
]pXnb
\£{Xw
At±lw
Is≠- Ø n.
 sa∂v h∂-tXmsS ln∏m¿°kns‚
]≤Xn P\-{]oXn t\Sn.
{Ko°p-]-c-º-c-bnse HSp-hn-esØ
{it≤-b-\mb ]WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp∂p
tSmfan (Ptolomy).AD 127 apX¬
151hsc {]i-kvXn-bn-en-cp∂ At±lw
]q¿∆Kman-I-fpsS kn≤m-¥-߃ Nn´-
tbmsS t{ImUo- I - c n®v Ah- b n¬
an\p-°p- ]-Wn-Iƒ \S-Øn-bmWv Ncn-
{X-Øn-enSw t\Sp-∂-Xv. ]n¬°m-eØv
ln∏m¿°-kns‚ {KŸ-߃ \jvS-s∏-
´p-t]mb Ah-ÿ-bn¬ B kn≤m-¥-
߃ hni-Z-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn® tSmf-an-
bpsS cN-\-Iƒ {]i-kvX-am-bn. {Kl-
ÿm- \ - ß ƒ {]h- N n- ° m≥ AXm- b n-
cp∂p \q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw B{ibw (1400
h¿j- ß ƒ°p- t ijw ssSt°m
{_msl-bmWv AXns\ sa®s∏SpØn-
b-Xv) tSmf-an-bpsS {KŸw "al-Øaw'
F∂¿∞w hcp∂ "A¬am-PÃv' F∂p
hnfn-°-s∏-´p. tdmam km{am-Py-Øns‚
XI¿®-bv°p-tijw Ad-_n-Iƒ CXp
Ic- ÿ - a m°n \thm- ∞ m- \ - I mew
htc°pw tPymXn- » m- k v { X- Ø ns‚
B[m-c-{K-Ÿ-am-bn-cp∂p A¬am-P- v.

\£-{X-a-WvUew AN-©-e-am-sW∂ Ncn-{Xm-XoX No¶Æn

hnizmkw AtXmsS XI¿∂p. BIm-
i-Ønse ]pXnb kw`-h-߃ {i≤n- 8 tImSn h¿jw ]g-°-ap≈ Hcp t^mkn-emWv Nn{X-Øn¬. Ncn-{Xm-Xo-
°-s∏-S-W-sa-¶n¬ Hcp \£{X hnX- X-Im-eØv Pohn-®n-cp∂ No¶-Æn-bpsS Cu t^mkn¬ 2004¬ {_ko-ense
c-W-]Sw (Star Map) Bh-iy-am-sW- tams≠ Bƒt´m ]´-W-Øn-\-SpØv \n∂v In´n-b-Xm-Wv.
∂-t±lw Xncn-®-dn-™p. A£mw-iw \o≠ ssIIm-ep-I-tfmSp IqSnb Cu No¶-Æn-bpsS hg-°-ap≈ ico-c-
tcJmwiw Xncn®v Nn´-tbmsS \£-{X- Øn\v Xe apX¬ hm¬ hsc 1.7 ao‰¿ \of-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂v IW-°m-°-
ÿm- \ - ß ƒ tcJ- s ∏- S p- Ø nb s∏-Sp-∂p. Ch {_ko-ens‚ hc-≠ -`q-an-bn¬ {Int´-jykv Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Po-
BZysØ "Ãm¿am]v ' ln∏m¿°- hn-®n-cp-∂n-cn-°Ww.
kns‚ hI-bmWv (C∂pw CtX coXn- No¶-Æn-I-fpsS ]cn-Wm-a-Ønse Adn-b-s∏-Sm-Xn-cp∂ Hcp IÆn-bmWv
bmWv Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂-Xv) {]Im-i- CXv. ssUt\m-tkm-dp-I-fpsS ImeØv Pohn-®n-cp∂ {]mY-anI No¶Æn P\p-
Xo-{h-X-b-\p-k-cn®v BZy-ambn \£- kp-Isf B[p-\nI P\p-kp-I-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p∂ IÆn.
{X- ß sf h¿§o- I - c n- ® Xpw At±- l -
Øns‚ kw`m-h-\-I-fn¬ s]Sp-∂p. 2008 P\p-hcn 31\v dntbm Un P\o-tdm-bnse s^U-d¬ k¿∆-I-em-im-
e-bn¬ \S∂ hm¿Øm-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ BZy-ambn {]Z¿in-∏n-°-s∏-´-t∏m-sg-
\n›- e - a mb `qan tI{µ- a m- ° n- SpØ Nn{X-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ImWp-∂Xv Iem-Im-c≥ a÷bpw
bp≈ tKmf- ] - ≤ - X n- b m- b n- c p- ∂ t√m amwkhpw \¬In ]p\-kr-jvSn® cq]-am-Wv.
A∂v JtKm-f-N-e-\sØ hni-Zo-I-cn-
°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. hrØ-ßfpw
A[n-hr-Ø-ßfpw (Epicycles) Bbn
samØw 54 FÆ-amWv Acn-tÃm-´n¬
k¶-ev]n-®-Xv. A\n-b-X-hr-Ø-ß-fpsS
( Ecentrics ) A S n - ÿ m - \ - Ø n ¬
ln∏m¿°kv AXv Ggmbn Ipd-®p.
Aßs\ Pyman-Xn-bpsS `mh-\m-fl-I-
amb {]tbmKw hgn sa®-s∏´ coXn-
bn¬ {Kl- \ ne {]h- N n- ° m- s a∂p
h∂p. kz¥-ambn Hcp ]©mw-Khpw
At±lw Xøm-dm-°n. aplq¿Ø-߃
IqSp-X¬ IrXy-ambn \n¿Æ-bn-°m-

am¿®v 2008 13
 B¿°p-th≠n?
B¿°p-th≠n?
"shfp- ° m≥ tX®Xv ]m≠mbn' Fs∂mcp sNm√p- ≠ t√m. setkmtØm
sslem≥Uv k v Pe- ] - ≤ - X n- s b- ∏ ‰n B \m´p- I m¿ Aßs\- b m- b n- c n°pw ]d- b p- I .
`cn-°p-∂Xv cmPm-hm-bmepw kp¬Øm-\m-bmepw {]kn-
Ut‚m {][m-\-a-{¥ntbm Bbmepw sNe-hm-°p-∂Xv P\-
ß-fpsS [\-am-Wv. F√m-h¿°pw Ah-Im-i-s∏´ hn`-h-ß-
sf-∏-‰n-bmWv Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. Xo¿®-bmbpw F√m-
h-cp-tSbpw \∑-bv°p-th-≠n-bm-IWw AXv. C∂sØ am{X-
a-√ , hcpw Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS IqSn \ne-\nev]pw t£ahpw a\-
 n-ep-≠m-IWw.
]t£ ]e-t∏mgpw h≥InS ]≤-Xn-I-sf-∏‰n Xocp-am-\-
ß-sf-Sp-°p-tºmƒ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS a\-knep≈Xv
CsXm- ∂ p- a m- b n- c n- ° n- √ . B{^n- ° - b nse setkmtØm
sslem‚ vkv Pe]≤-Xn-bpsS A\p-`-h-߃ CXn\v ASn-
h-c-bn-Sp-∂h-bm-Wv. Cu hº≥]-≤Xn Xt±-i-hm-kn-Isf
klm-bn-°p-I-b√ Zpcn-X-Øn-em-gvØp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.
setkmtØm ]≤-Xn-bnse BZy AW-s°-´m-bn-cp-
∂p -tI‰vsk(Katse).B{^n-°-bnse G‰hpw Dbcw IqSnb
AW-s°-´mWv CXv. Pe-k-ar-≤-amb setkm-tØmbv°v
AXp hn‰v Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°m-h-iy-
amb [\w Is≠-Øm-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p temI-_m¶v ]n¥p-
W® Cu ]≤-Xn-bpsS ]n∂nse bp‡n. Cu ]≤-Xn-bpsS
BZy-L´w 13800 tImSn cq] sNe-hn¬ 10 h¿jw ap≥]v
1414 imkv
imkv{X-{X-tI-
tI-ccfwfw
]n kp\n¬tZhv
]q¿Øn- b m- b n. setkm- t Øm, Pew
Ib-‰p-aXn sNbvXp XpS-ßn,
F∂m¬, hmKv Z Øw sNø- s ∏´
t\´-߃ aco-Nn-I-bm-bn. setkm-tØm-
bpsS ]¿∆-X-{]-tZ-i-߃ ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-
I-ambn XI¿∂p. {]mtZ-inI a’y-˛-
kky P\p- p-Iƒ ]eXpw hwi-\m-
iØns‚ h°n-em-bn. Db¿∂ {]tZ-i-
ß- f n¬ Xma- k n- ® n- c p∂ 27000 Bfp-
Iƒs°-¶nepw hoSpw Pohn-X-am¿§hpw
\jvS-am-bn.-Xm-gv∂-bn-S-ß-fnse H∂-c-e-
£- t Ømfw t]cpsS Pe- e - ` y- X bpw
Im¿jn-I-˛-a-’y-_-‘\ km[y-X-Ifpw
kmc-ambn Ipd-™p. Ign™ h¿jw
sFIy-cm-jv{S-k` ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® Hcp
A`y¿∞-\, cq£-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂
{]Xn- k ‘n ]cn- l - c n- ° m≥ setkm-
tØm-bnse P\-߃°pw I∂p-Im-en-
Iƒ°pw sh≈-apƒs∏sS ASn-b-¥nc
klmbw FØn-°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.!
Pe-I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-
am-\w, Hcp hnI-k-\-\n[n hgn P\-t£-
a-Øn\v D]-tbm-K-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
F∂m¬ I£n-cm-jv{So-bhpw kzP-\-]-
£-]m-Xhpw Xf¿Ønb \n[n 2003¬
]q´n-sIt´-≠n-h-∂p. ]≤-Xn-aqew P\-
߃ Zcn-{Z-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-S-cpXv F∂m-
bn-cp∂p [mc-W-sb-¶nepw AXp-Xs∂
kw`-hn-®p.Gdn-b-Iqdpw \jvS-]-cn-lmc
]≤-Xn-Iƒ \njv^-e-am-bn. \jvS-amb
Poh-t\m-]m-[n-Iƒ ]p\:krjvSn-°m≥
Ign-™p-an-√. sshIp∂ ]p\-c-[n-hmkw
Zpcn-X-Øn-em-gvØnb Zcn-{Z-k-aq-l-Øn-
te°v , AW- s °- ´ ns‚ ]Wn- s °-
Ønb Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v IpSn-tb‰
sXmgn- e m- f n- I fpw tN¿∂- t ∏mƒ
Fbv U v k v t]mep≈ tcmK- ß fpw
]S¿∂p-]n-Sn-®p, PohnXw sa®-s∏-Sp-
Øm-s\-Ønb ]≤-Xn, Hcp P\Xsb,
am\w t]mepw _m- ° n- b m- ° msX
XI¿°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
GsXmcp h≥ ]≤- X n- t bbpw
t]mse CXnepw Agn-aXn hym]-I-am-
bn-cp-∂p. BI¿j-I-amb DS-º-Sn-Iƒ
t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ {]apJ Iº-\n-Iƒ
A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v ssI°qen \¬In-
bn-cp-∂-Xmbn sXfn-™p. F∂m¬
`oa≥ Iº-\n-Isf Ip‰-hm-fn-I-fmbn
hn[n® set_m-tØm-bnse tImS-Xn-
Iƒ°v Ahsb sXmSm-\m-bn-√. am\y-
∑m-sc∂p \Sn-°p∂ hnI-knX cmjv{S-
ßsfms° Ip‰-hm-fn-I-fmb kz¥w
]uc≥amsc kwc-£n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-
∂p.
B{^n- ° - b nse F√m hº≥
AW-s°-´p-I-fp-tSbpw Ncn{Xw Zpc¥
]cy-h-km-bn-bm-Wv. IShpw cmjv{Sob
Ak-a-Xzhpw hym]-I-amb ]cn-ÿnXn
\mihpw Bbn-cp∂p an° ]≤-Xn-I-
fp-tSbpw BXy-¥nI ^ew. IqSp-X¬
DNn-Xa- m-Ip-am-bn-cp∂ sNdp-InS ]≤-Xn-
Iƒ°v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-am-bn-cp∂ hn`-
h-ß-fmWv Ch A]-l-cn-®-Xv. ]s£
C∂pw temI-amsI hº≥ AW-s°-
´p-Iƒ°m-bp≈ {ia-߃ XpS¿∂p-
sIm-t≠-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
DKm-≠-bn¬ ss\ense kpµ-c-
amb Hcp Pe-]m-X-ÿ-e-ØmWv hnhm-
Z-]q¿Æ-amb _pPm-Ken AW-s°´v
3200 tImSn-tbmfw cq] sNe-hn¬
Db¿∂p- s Im- ≠ n- c n- ° p- ∂ - X v . Ahn-
SpsØ a\p-jy-cpƒs∏-tS-bp≈ Pohn-
k- a q- l - ß ƒ°v G¬°m- h p∂
BLmXw am{X-a-√, {]Xo-£n-°-s∏-
Sp∂Xpt]m-se, Xmßm-hp∂ sNe-
hn¬ Du¿t÷m-ev]m-Z\w \S-°ptam
F∂ kwi-bhpw hnZ-KvZsc DXvI-WvT-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. Db¿∂ ]≤-Xn-s®-e-
hv,-{Km-aoW sshZyp-X-hn-X-cW irwJ-
e-bv°mbn H∂pw _m°n shbv°p-I-
bp-an-√.
setkm-tØm-bpsS ]¿∆-X
{- ]-tZ-iß- ƒ ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Ia- mbn
XI¿∂p. {]mtZ-inI a’y-˛-
kky P\p- p-Iƒ ]eXpw
hwi-\m-iØns‚ h°n-em-bn.
Db¿∂ {]tZ-iß - f- n¬ Xma-kn-
®n-cp∂ 27000 Bfp-Iƒs°-
¶nepw hoSpw Pohn-Xa- m¿§hpw
\jvSa- m-bn.-Xm-g∂v b
- n-Sß
- f- nse
H∂-ce - £- t- Ømfw t]cpsS Pe-
e-`y-Xbpw Im¿jn-I˛- -
a-’y-_‘ - \ km[y-XI - fpw
kmc-ambn Ipd-™p.
\ne-hn-ep≈ AW-s°-´p-I-fn¬
\n∂v IqSp-X¬ kzm`m-hnI \oscm-
gp°v A\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm≠v kmw_kn
\Zn-sbbpw AXnse a’y sshhn-
[yw, h\y-Pohn taJ-e-Iƒ, kao-
]ÿ Irjn-bn-S-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-
sbbpw ]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°m-\p≈
{ia-߃°v Xpc¶w shbv°p-∂X - mWv
ssN\bpw {_koepw kl-I-cn®v
samkmw- _ n- ° n¬ ]≤- X n- b n- S p∂
]pXnb AW-s°-´v.
h≥InS Iº-\n-Iƒ D‰p-t\m-°n-
s°m- ≠ n- c n- ° p∂ ]≤- X n- b mWv
tImwtKm- b n¬ ]cn- K - W - \ - b n- e n- c n-
°p∂ temIsØ G‰hpw henb
AW- s °- ´ v ˛ {Km‚ v CwKm.- a q- ∂ p-
e£w tImSn cq]-bv°p-ta¬ sNehp
{]Xo- £ n- ° p∂ CXv B{^n- ° -
bnse G‰hpw Zp¿_- e - a mb Cu
{]tZ- i - t Ø°v Agn- a - X nsb
BI¿jn-°pw. Zpcn-X-a-\p-`-hn-®p-sIm-
≠n- c n- ° p∂ tZi- h m- k n- I ƒ°v
sshZypXn FØn-°m-\p≈ hnX-c-W-
irw-J-e, Cu ]≤-Xn-bpsS `mK-a-√.
J\-\w, XSn-hy-h-kmbw XpS-ßn-b-
hbv°v Gsd {]tbm-P\w sNøpw
F∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ {Km≥Uv CwKm,
Pe-{]-hm-l-sØbpw \Zo-XS \nt£-
]- ß - t fbpw B{i- b n- ° p∂ ]mh-
s∏´ I¿j-I-tcbpw ap°p-h-tcbpw
XI¿°pw.
Ipd™ sNe- h n¬
Du¿÷hpw ip≤- P - e - h p- s ams°
Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn\v
Bhiyw Xs∂. F∂m¬ h≥InS
]≤-Xn-Iƒ Cu ASn-ÿm\ Bh-
iy-߃°v DXIpw F∂-Xn\v sXfn-
hp-I-sfm-∂p-an-√. \in-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂
InS-∏m-S-ßfpw Poh-t\m-]m-[n-Ifpw
\ΩpsS \m´n¬ ]d-bp-∂Xpw CtX
IY-I-fm-Wv.
!
am¿®v 2008 15
 ss\t{Sm-s_≥ko-\p-amWv Ie¿∂n-cp-
∂-Xv. tkmMvlzm-bn¬ \n∂pw Aap¿\-
Zn-bn-se-Ønb Cu amen\yw Znh-k-
ß-tfmfw \Zo-P-esØ hnj-a-b-am°n
\n¿Øn.
c≠p-Zn-hkw Ign-™-t∏m-tg°pw
kvt^mS-\I- m-cWw a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-
™p. T 102 Sh-dn-ep≠mb XI-cmdv bYm-
k- a bw ]cn- l - c n- ° m≥ Ign- b m- ™ -
XmWv {]iv\-߃°v Imc-W-am-b-Xv.
AXv T 101mw\º¿ πm‚nse kvt^mS-
\-Øn¬ Iem-in-®p. AXn-i-‡-am-bn-
cp∂p kvt^mS-\-߃. -A-Xns‚ i‡n-
bn¬ sI´n-S-Øns‚ P\-hm-Xn-ep-Iƒ
100 apX¬ 200 hsc ao‰¿ AI- e -
tØ°v sXdn-®p-t]m-bn.
\hw- _ ¿ 13 Rmb- d mgv N
D®bv°v GXm≠v 1.45\v Bbn-cp∂p
BZy- k v t ^m- S - \ w. AtX XpS¿∂v
AhnsS h≥ A·n- _ m[ D≠m- b n.
]nt‰-Zn-hkw ]pe¿s® \mep-a-Wn-tbm-

Pnen≥ cmk-hy-h-km-b -im-e-bnse

kvt^mS-\ß
- ƒ
Fw Sn apcfn
kao]-Im-eØv \S∂ cmkhyh-kmb Zpc-¥-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw
{it≤b-amb H∂mWv Pnen≥ cmk-hy-h-km-b-im-e-bn¬ \S∂ kvt^mS-
\-߃. 2005 \hw_¿ 13 -\m-bn-cp∂p Cu Zpc-¥w. kw`hw \S-∂Xv
ssN\-bnse hS-°p-In-g-°≥ {]tZ-iØv Pnen≥ {]hn-iy-bnse Pnen≥
\K-c-Øn¬. Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ s]t{Sm-sI-an-°¬ πm‚n¬ GXm≠v
Hcp aWn-°q-tdmfw \o≠p-\n∂ kvt^mS-\- ]-cº - c Xs∂ \S-∂p. ^mIvS-
dn-bnse Bdp-t]¿ At∏mƒXs∂ sIm√-s∏-´p. [mcmfw t]¿°v ]cn-
°p-]-‰n. ]Xn-\m-bn-c-°-W-°n-\m-fp-Isf hoSp-I-fn¬ \n∂v Hgn-∏n-t°-
≠n-h-∂p. πm‚n¬ \ns∂m-gp-Inb hnj-am-en\yw Aap¿ \Zn-bpsS ssIh-
gn-bmb tkmMvlzm \Zn-bn¬ 80.-In.-ao-‰¿ \of-Øn¬ ]c-∂p-In-S-∂p.- ssN-
\-bpsS hS°p Ing-°≥ {]tZ-i-sØ-bm-sI -Zn-h-k-ß-tfmfw Zpcn-X-
Øn-emgvØn Cu amen-\y-∏mS. CXn¬ {][m-\-ambpw s_≥ko\pw

16 imkv{X-tI-cfw
sS- b mWv Xo apgp- h - \ mbpw AW-
bv°m≥ Ign-™-Xv. [mcmfw t]¿°v
]cn-t°-‰-Xmbpw kvt^mS\ ]c-ºc
Xs∂- b p- ≠ m- h p- I bpw sNbv X - X mbn
ZrIvkm£n-Iƒ ]d-™p. h≥ A]-I-
S-sØ- Xp-S¿∂v ]Xn-\m-bn-c-Øn-e-[nIw
t]sc B {]tZ-i-Øp-\n∂pw Hgn-∏n-®p.
s_bvlphm bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bnse hS-
°≥ Imº- n-tebpw Pnen≥ C≥Ãn-
‰yq´v Hm^v sIan-°¬ sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bn-
tebpw hnZym¿∞n-Ifpw Hgn-∏n-°-s∏-
´-h-cn¬ Dƒs∏-Spw.
ssN\m \mj-W¬ s]t{Sm-fnbw
tIm¿∏-td-js‚ (CNPC) DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-
emWv Pnen≥ s]t{Sm-sI-an-°¬ Iº-
\n. A]-ISw \S∂ DSs\ Xs∂ kw`-
h-sØ-°p-dn®v hni-Z-amb At\z-j-W-
Øn\v kn.- F ≥.- ] n.- k n. A[n- I r- X ¿
DØ-c-hn-´p. πm‚n-ep-≠mb Hcp XI-cmdv
Imc-Wa- mWv kvt^mS\w \S-∂s- X∂pw
bYm-k-abw AXv Is≠Øn ]cn-l-
cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-™n-s√∂pw Iº\n
]n∂oSv Adn-bn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
kv t ^mS- \ sØ XpS¿∂v {]h-
ln® hnj-am-en\yw Xs∂-bmWv Cu
kw`- h - Ø n- t ebpw {][m- \ - Z p- c - ¥ w.
GXm≠v 100- S ¨ amc- I - h n- j - a mWv
tkmMvlzm \Zn-bn-te°v Hgp-In-sb-Øn-
b-Xv. AXn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ s_≥ko≥
ico- c - Ø nse tizX- c - ‡ m- W p- ° sf
A]-I-S-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ cmk-hn-j-am-Wv.
\Zn-bnse s_≥ko≥ Afhv Hcn-SØv
A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb Af-hn-t\-°mƒ 108
aSßv A[n-I-am-sW∂p I≠p. \Zn-bn-
se-Ønb amen-\y-∏mS \nc-h[n {]hn-
iy-I-sfbpw ]´-W-ß-sfbpw Zpcn-X-Øn-
em-gvØn-s°m≠v Znh-k-ß-tfmfw Hgp-
1991 \pw 2000 Øn\pan-S-bn¬ 2557 {]IrXn Zpc-¥-ß-fn-embn 7
e£-tØmfw Bfp-Iƒ ac-Wa- S- ™ - p. CXns‚ 90% hpw
Pe-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´kw`-hß - f- m-bn-cp-∂p.
In. ssN\-bnse h≥ ]´-W-
ß- f n- s em- ∂ mb lm¿_n-
\n¬ Cu hnj- a m- e n\yw
ImcWw A\p- ` - h - s ∏´
ZpcnXw Nn√-d-sbm-∂p-a-√.
Aap¿ \Zn-bpsS ssIh-gn-
bmWv tkmMv l zm \Zn.
ssN\- b p- t Sbpw djy- b p-
tSbpw AXn¿Øn- b n¬
sh®mWv AXv Aap¿ \Zn-
bp-ambn tNcp-∂-Xv. Aap¿
\Zn- b n- s e- Ø nb amen\yw
djy-bnse J_-tdmhvkvIv
]´-W-Øn-eq-sS -H-gpIn HSp-
hn¬ im¥- k - a p- { Z- Ø ns‚
`mK-amb Sm¿Smdn IS-en-Sp-
°n¬ ]Xn-°p-∂p. AXp-h-
sc- b p≈ ÿe- ß - f n¬
ZpcnXw hnX®p Cu amen-\y-∏m-S. ®p. \K-c-Ønse IpSn-sh-≈-hn-X-cWw
GXm\pw Znh- k - t Ø°v \n¿Øn-
kvt^mS\w \S∂ DSs\ Xs∂
sh°psa∂m- b n- c p∂p Adn- b n- ∏ v .
Pnen≥ ]´-W-Ønse ip≤-Pe hnX-c-
At∏mgpw Pnen≥ ^mIv S - d n- b n¬
W-Øn-\m-bp≈ Hcp πm‚ v AS-®p.
\n∂p≈ amen\yw Ahn-tS°v HgpIn
tkmMvlzm \Zn-bn-se Pe-am-bn-cp∂p
FØn-bn-cp-∂n-√. IpSn-sh≈ hnX-cWw
AhnsS D]-tbm-Kn®p h∂Xv. \Zn-bpsS
\n¿Ø- e m- ° n- b - X ns‚ bYm¿∞
Db¿∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-®n-
ImcWw P\-߃°p- ap-ºn¬ shfn-s∏-
cp∂ Pe-ssh-ZypX ]≤-Xn-If- n¬ \n∂v
Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂n-√.- AXv [mcmfw {]iv\-
DSs\ Xs∂ h¿≤n-®- tXm-Xn¬ sh≈w
߃°n-S-bm-°n. am{X-a√ \K-c-Ønse
{]h-ln-∏n®psIm≠v \Zn-bnse Hgp-
F√m Ipfn∏p-c-Ifpw Im¿ I-gp-Ip∂
°n\v B°w Iq´m\pw A[n-Ir-Xc- psS
tI{µ-ßfpw AS-®n-Sm\pw DØ-c-hn-d-
`mK-Øp-\n∂v {ia-ap-≠m-bn.
°n-bn-cp-∂p. Cu \S]SnIƒ ]e-Xcw
ssN\-bnse h≥ \K-c-ß-fn-sem- Inwh-Z-¥n-Iƒ ]c-Øp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bm-°n.
∂mb lm¿_n-\n¬ P\-kwJy 30 `qan-Ip-ep°w hcm≥ t]mIp-∂p-sh∂p
e£Øne-[nIw hcpw. Ah-cn¬ `qcn- hsc-sbØn {]N-c-Ww. `b-hn-lz-e-cmb
`mKw t]cpw IpSn- s h- ≈ - Ø n- \ mbn P\-߃ sXcp-hn-en-d-ßn. In´m-hp-∂{X
tkmMvlzm \Zn-sb-bmWv B{i-bn-°p- sh≈hpw `£-W-km-[-\-ßfpw tiJ-
∂-Xv. \hw-_¿ 21\v Akm-[m-c-W-amb cn- ° m≥ Ah¿ hy{K- X - I m- ´ n.
Hc-dn-bn∏v \K-c-`-c-W-IqSw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn- kq∏¿am¿°- ‰ p- I - f n¬ km[- \ - ß ƒ
am¿®v 2008 17
s]s´∂v Imen- b m- b n. \K- c - Ø n¬
\n∂v ]pd-tØ-°p≈ s{Sbn≥Sn-°-‰p-
Ifpw hnam-\-Sn-°-‰p-Ifpw s]mSp-∂s\
Xo¿∂p. \Zn-bn¬ a’y-߃ NØp-
s]m-ßm≥ XpS-ßn-bXv P\-ß-fpsS
{i≤-bn¬ s]´p.
A∂p sshIo´v \K-c-`-c-W-IqSw
IrXy-amb hnhcw ]pd-Øp-hn-´p. Pnen≥
kvt^mS-\sØ XpS¿∂p≈ aen-\o-I-
c-W-amWv Pe-hn-X-cWw \n¿Øn-sh-
°m≥ Imc- W - s a∂pw \mep- Z n- h - k - bn. \K-c`- c- W
- I
- q-SØ
- nse D]-Kh-- ¿Wcpw km-b-Zp-c-¥-߃ ssIImcyw sNøp-
tØ°v Xocp-am-\n® Cu \S-]Sn \hw- ssN\m \mj- W ¬ s]t{Sm- f nbw tºmƒ ]e-t∏mgpw \nKq-V-Xm-ev]-cy-
_¿ 23 hsc \o´p-Ib - m-sW∂pw Adn- tIm¿]-td-j-\nse sU]yq´n P\-d¬am- ߃ ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ I≠p h∂n-cp-
bn-∏p-≠m-bn. kvIqfp-Iƒ°v Hcm-gvN°
- m- t\-Pcpw lm¿_n≥ kµ¿in-°p-Ibpw ∂p. F∂m¬ 21˛mw \q‰m- ≠ nepw
e-tØ°v Ah-[n- {]-Jym]n®p. lm¿_n- P\- ß - t fmSv £a tNmZn- ° p- I bpw AØcw Xm¬]- c y- ß - f psS sNdn- b -
\n-te°v sh≈-hp-ambn {S°p-Iƒ \nc- sNbvXp. tXm-Xn-ep≈ kzm[o\w Hfn-™n-cn-°p-
¥cw HmSm≥ XpS-ßn. At∏mtg°pw ∂Xv Pnen≥ Zpc¥w ssI- I mcyw
\K-c-Øn¬ \n∂v Bfp-Iƒ Hgn-™p- XnI®pw \mS- I o- b - a mb Hcp sNbvX-t∏mgpw Z¿in-°m≥ Ign-™p.
t]m-Im\pw XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. kw`hw Unkw-_¿ 6\v \S-∂p. A∂v ]q¿W- a mbpw P\- ] - £ - Ø p- \ n- ∂ p-
Pnen≥ D]-ta-b¿ Xs‚ hk-Xn-bn¬ sIm≠v Hcp Zpc-¥sØ kao-]n°m≥
cmk-hy-h-kmb Zpc-¥-ß-fpsS acn®p InS- ° p- ∂ Xv I≠p. CXv
Ncn{Xw ]cn- t im- [ n- ® m¬ hy‡- a m- th≠ kmwkv°m-cnI D∂Xn t\Sm≥
ssN\okv Kh¨sa‚ns\ i‡-amb C\n-sb{X kmwkv°m-cnI hnπ-h-߃
hp∂ H∂p-≠v. Ft∏mgpw A]-I-S-sØ- Nph-Sp-sh-°p-∂-Xn\v t{]cn-∏n-®p. hyh-
∏‰n hmkv X - h - h n- c p- ≤ - a mb hmZ- th≠n-h-cpw.? !
ßfpambn-´m-bn-cn°pw A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ
cwK-sØ-Øp-I. Chn-tS-bpw-N-cn{Xw
Bh¿Øn-®p. kvt^mS-\-sØ-Xp-S¿∂v
bmsXmcp amen- \ yhpw tkmMv l zm
\Zn- b n- t e°v Hgp- I n- b n- ´ n- s √- ∂ m- b n-
cp∂p Ah- c psS AhIm- i - h m- Z w.
sh≈hpw Im¿_¨ssU HmIvssk-
Up-am-Ws{X \Zn-bn-te-s°m-gp-In-b-Xv.
Hcp Znhkw Ign- ™ - t ∏m- t g°pw
Pnen≥ Iº\n A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ H∂p
ae°w adn- ™ p. BZyw \¬Inb
hnh-c-߃ Ah¿ Xncp-Øn. Pe-hn-X-
cWw \n¿Øn-b-Xns‚ bYm¿∞ -Im-
cWw ]d-bm≥ Ah¿ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-

66 cmPy-ßf- n¬ sshZypXn DXv]m-Z\

- Ø
- ns‚ ]Ip-Xn-sb-¶nepw Pe
sshZypX ]≤-Xn-If- n¬ \n∂m-Wv. C\n-sbmcp 24 cmPy-ßf- n¬ CXv
A©n-sem-t∂mfw hcpw.

18 imkv{X-tI-cfw
imkv{XtI-cfw
a\- n¬ Nn¥-bn¬
Adn-hn¬ {]hr-Øn-bn¬
sshhn-[y-am¿∂
Imen-sUm-kvtIm]v
en sUm-kvtIm]v k-am-l-cWw: tP∏okv

hy‡n

Km‘n-Pn-bpsS
ap c- f o- [ ¿ tZh- Z mkv BwsX
bv°v Pohn-X-Øn¬ F¥p-am-Im-am-bn-cp-
∂p. IW-°‰ kzØp≈ P∑n IpSpw-
_-Øn-emWv P\n-®-Xv. \nb-a-_n-cpZw
t\Sn-bn-´p-≠v. {]mIvSokv sNbvXv
h°o-embn t]sc-Sp-°mw.-cm-jv{So-b-
°m-c-\mbn A[n-Imcw Iøm-fmw.
F∂m¬ F¥m-IWw F∂-Xn¬
At±-l-Øn\v kwi-b-an-√m-bn-cp-
∂p. Ip™p-∂m-fpapX¬ PmXn
Nn¥bpw Abn-Øhpw hen-∏-
s®-dp-∏-hp-sa√mw a\- n¬\n-
∂-I-‰nb apc-fo-[¿ apXn¿∂-
t∏mƒ Km‘n- i n- j y- \ m- b n.
tZiob kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn¬
]s¶-Sp-Øp. tcmK-Øn\pw Zmcn-{Zy-
Øn\pw Npj-W-Øn\pw Ah-K-W-\-
bv ° p- s a- X nsc t]mcm- S p∂ a\pjy
kvt\ln-bm-bn, _m_ BwtX-bmbn
kzmX- ¥ ym- \ - ¥ c C¥y- b n¬ 2008
s^{_p-hcn 9 hsc Pohn-®p.
1914 Unkw-_¿ 26\v alm-cm-jv{S-
bnse hm¿[- Pn-√-bn¬ lnwK≥L-´n-
emWv P\-\w. \nb-a-_n-cpZw t\Sn-b-
tijw Ipd-®p-Imew A`n-`m-j-I-\mbn
At±lw tPmen t\m°n. AXn-\n-S-bn-
emWv A°m-esØ GXp sNdp-∏-°m-
c-t\bpw t]mse tZiob ka-c-Øn¬
hgntb \S∂ Hcmƒ
BIr-jvS-\m-hp-∂-Xv. alm-fl-Pn-bpsS
tkhm- { i- a - Ø nse PohnXw
BwsXsb BsI am‰n adn- ® p.
Km‘nPn At±- l sØ hnfn- ® Xv
"A`bv km[Iv ' (kXym- t \zjn)
F∂m- W v . tkhm- { ia°m- e Øv
hnt\m` `msh, SmtKm¿ F∂n-hsc
]cn- N - b - s ∏- ´ Xpw BwsX- b psS
Pohn-XsØ kzm[o-\n-®p.
\mKv]qcn-\-SpØv "B\-µ-
-h≥' Fs∂m-cm-{iaw ÿm]n®v
IpjvT-tcm-Kn-Iƒ°v Hc-`-b-tI-µ-
sam- c p- ° n- s °m- ≠ mWv BwsX
kmaq-ln-I-{]-h¿Ø\w icn-bmb
A¿∞-Øn¬ Bcw-`n-°p∂-Xv.
kaq-l-Øns‚ apJy-[m-c-bn¬
\n∂v Hgn-hm-°-s∏-´-h-cm-bn-
cp∂p Ipjv T - t cm- K n- I ƒ.
I¬°- Ø - b nse kv I qƒ
Hm^v t{Sm∏n-°¬ saUn-kn-
\n¬ tN¿∂v IpjvT-tcm-K-Nn-
In- ’ - ° p≈ ]cn- i o- e - \ w
t\Sn. tcmKn- I sf NnIn- ’ n-
°pI am{X-a√ Ahsc ]p\-c-[n-
h- k n- ∏ n- ° m\pw kaq- l - Ø n\v
IpjvT-tcm-Kn-I-tfm-Sp≈ Ad∏pw
shdp∏pw am‰n-sb-Sp-°m\pw \nc-¥-c-
{i-a-amWv BwsX \S-Øn-b-Xv. `mcy
km[-\bpw a°fpw At±-l-Øn-t\m-
sSm∏w \n∂p. A£o-W-amb ]cn-{i-a-
Øn- t ‚bpw ip`m]v X n hnizm- k - Ø n-
t‚bpw tI{µ-ambn B\-µ-h≥
amdp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kao-]sØ 60 {Kma-
ß-fn-te°v Cu {]h¿Ø\w hym]n-
∏n°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
cmPysØ _m[n® F√m- X cw

am¿®v 2008 19
 en sUm-kvtIm]v
]pkvX-I-]-cn-Nbw
hn]-Øp-Is- f-°p-dn®pw Cu Km‘n-b≥
{i≤m-ep-hm-bn-cp-∂p. h¿§ob hnImcw
ap‰n- \ n∂ ImeØv 1985¬ I\ym- \mw `mhn-bn¬
Ip-amcn apX¬ Imivao¿ hsc "`mcXv
tPmtUm' F∂ t]cn¬ BwsX Hcp
bm{X \S- Ø n.
kulm¿±hpw kam-[m-\-hp-am-bn-cp∂p
kap- Z mb Pohn-°p-∂h
- ¿
Cu ]cy-S-\-Øns‚ e£yw. Fs¥√mw sSIvt\m-f-Pn-Ifm- Ip™p Iºyq-´-dp-Iƒ XpSßn \mt\m-
]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£-W-Øns‚ bn-cn°mw \ΩpsS Pohn-XsØ am‰n sS-Ivt\m-fPn \¬Ip∂ km[y-X-Iƒ
Imcy- Ø nepw _m_ BwsX adn-°m≥ t]mIp-∂Xv? `mh-\-bp-sS- hsc Cu ]pkvXIw hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p.
Dd- ® - \n- e - ] m- s S- S p- Ø p. hnI- k - \ - A-Xn-cp-Iƒ F{X -th-W-sa-¶nepw sk¬t^m¨ am‰-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-
Øns‚ t]cn¬ \ΩpsS {]Ir-Xnsb hnI-kn-∏n-°mw, ImcWw Akm-[y- bn-s°m-≠ncn-°p∂ as‰mcp kmt¶-Xn-
\in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ At±lw Zp:JmIp- ambn H∂p-an√ F∂v t_m[y-s∏-Sp- I-XbmWv. 1973 G{]n¬ 13\v am¿´n≥
e- \ m- b n- c p- ∂ p. {]Ir- X n- t bm- s Sm∏w Øp∂ hn[-Øn-emWv kmt¶-Xn-I-hn- Iq∏¿ F∂ Ata- c n- ° ≥
\in-°p-∂Xv \ΩpsS kwkv°m-chpw Zy-bpsS hf¿®. `mhn-sb-∏‰n kz]v\- kmt¶- X nI hnZ- K v Z ≥
IqSn-bm-Wv, {]tXy-In®pw BZnhmkn ߃ ImWp- ∂ - X n- \ p- a ptº jqhns‚ hep-∏hpw CjvSn-
kwkv°m-cw. AXp-sIm-≠mWv \¿ΩZ Ct∏m-gsØ hf¿®-sb- I- b psS `mc- h p- a p≈
]≤- X n- s °- X nsc ta[m- ] - S v I - d psS ∏-‰n-bp≈ hnh- BZysØ samss_¬
t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S∂ ka-c-Øns‚ c - ß ƒ t^m¨ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-
ap≥\n-c-bn¬ _m_m BwsX ]s¶- A\n-hm-cy- t∏mƒ CXv temI-
Sp-Ø-Xv. AW-sI´n Pew s]mßp-∂n- a m - W v . Ønse hm¿Øm-hn-
SØv hoSp-sI´n kzbw apßn acn-°m≥ A¥m-cm-jv{S- \n- a b cwKsØ
Xøm- s dSpØp At±- l w. _m_m X-e-Øn¬ am‰n adn°pw
BwsX-bpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw ]n¥p- {it≤-b-\mb F∂v {]Xo-£n-
Wbpw \ne- \ n¬]n- \ pwtamN- sF Sn hnZ- K v Z ≥ ®n- ´ p- ≠ m- h n- √ .
\Øn\pambn t]mcm-Sp∂ P\-hn-`m-K- {io B¿.-]n. ememPn AXn- t ∏mƒ
߃°v, kwL-S-\-Iƒ°v , hy‡n- Fgp- X nb "]pXnb s h d p w
Iƒ°v Ipd- s ®m- ∂ p- a √ IcpØp \q‰m- ≠ n¬ ]pXnb hm¿Øm-hn-
]I¿∂-Xv. sSIv t \m- f Pn' F∂ \n-ab am[y-a-
]fl- { io, ]fl- h n- ` q- j ¨, ]pkv X Iw B[p- \ nI Øn¬ \n∂pw hnt\m-
Km‘nss{]kv, Awt_-ZvI¿ A¥m- kmt¶-XnI hnZy hf-cp-∂- tZm-]m-[nbpw Iºyq-´-dp-sa√mw
cmjv { S Ahm¿Uv , sdbv a ¨ Xns‚ hgn-I-fn-te°v shfn®w Bbn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ct∏mƒ Hcp
amKvkmsk Ahm¿Uv XpS-ßn-bh hoip∂ ]pkvX-I-am-Wv. ]Sn IqSn IS∂v tUmIv S ¿ IqSn
_m_ BwsXbv°v e`n-®n-´p-≠v. \ΩpsS kz]v\-߃°pw AXo- BIm≥ t]mhp-I-bm-Wv. \nß-fpsS
X-amb coXn-bn-emWv Kth-j-W-߃ ico- c - t ØmSv samss_¬t^m¨
ASn-apSn Km‘n-b-\m-bn-cp∂p
\S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \ΩpsS tN¿Øv sh®m¬ AI- s e- b p≈
_m_ BwsX. ss]Xr-I-ambn e`n-
ico- c - Ø n- \ p- ≈ n¬ IS∂v sN∂v tUmIvSsd Btcm-Ky-hn-h-c-߃ Adn-
°p-am-bn-cp∂ kzØp-°ƒ apgp-h≥
tcmKm-Xp-ca- mb tImi-ßsf NnIn-’n- bn-°p-Ibpw At±-l-Øns‚ \n¿t±iw
ths≠∂p sh®v , P\-ß-fpsS CS-
°p∂ \mt\m-tUm-IvS¿am¿. ico-c- XncnsI kv { Io\n¬ ImWn- ° m\pw
bn¬ km[m-c-W-°m-c-\mbn Pohn®p
Øn-\p-≈nse A\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb samss_¬t^m- W n\v km[n- ° pw.
At±-lw.
! am‰- ß sf ]pd- t Ø- ° - d n- b n- ° p∂ ]e Imcy- ß - f nepw samss_¬

20 imkv{X-tI-cfw

t^m¨ Hcp tUmIvS-sd-t∏mse kzbw
Xocp- a m- \ - ß ƒ Adn- b n- ° p- I bpw
sNøpw.
hnh- c - a p≈ hoSp- I ƒ F∂v
tIƒ°p-tºmƒ A¤p-X-am-Wp-≠m-hp-
∂-Xv At√? F∂m¬ hoSns‚ ]cn-N-c-
Whpw \nß-fpsS ]cn-N-c-Whpw hoSp-
Xs∂ \S- Ø p- I - b m- s W- ¶ ntem?
AXmWv kvam¿´v tlmapIƒ. \nß-
tfbpw \n߃ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂-h-tcbpw
am{Xw AI-tØ°v Ib‰n hnSp-Ibpw
Ah- c psS BtcmKyw, `£Ww a‰v
kuI- c y- ß ƒ F√mw Xncn- ® - d n™v
{]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h-bmWv
kvam¿´v tlmap-Iƒ.
imkv{X-tI-c-f-Øns‚ Cu t]Pv
Ata- c n- ° - b nse Hcp kplr- Ø n\v
Ab- ® p- s Im- S p- ° - W - s a- ¶ n¬ t]Pv
^mIv k v sNøp- I tbm C˛- s a- b n¬
sNøp-Itbm sNbvXm¬ aXn-bm-Ipw.
F∂m¬ \n߃°v kplr- Ø ns\
Ata-cn-°-bn¬ sh®v t\cn´v I≠v
ssIsIm- S p- ° - W - s a- ¶ n¬ AhnsS
t]mImsX ]‰n-√t√m? sSen-t]m¿t´-
j≥ F∂ kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy a\p-jys\
Hcp ÿeØv \n∂pw A{]-Xy-£-
\m°n as‰mcp ÿeØv {]Xy-£-s∏-
Sp-Øp∂ hnZy-bm-Wv. a\p-jy-s\bpw
hkvXp-°-tf-bp-sa√mw Bt‰m-anIv Xe-
Øn¬ kvIm≥sNbvXv hnL-Sn∏n®v ,
kvIm≥ sNbvX hnh-c-߃ Zqc-ÿ-e-
tØ°v Ab®v AhnsS ]p\:krjvSn-
°p-∂-XmWv Cu hnZy. ^mIvkv sNøp-
tºmƒ t]Pnse hnh-c-߃ kvIm≥
sNbvXv Ab-bv°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Xs∂
\sΩ kvIm≥ sNbvXv Ab-bv°p-bmWv
CXp- s Im≠v Dt±- i n- ° p- ∂ - X v . CXv
ssii-hm-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ kmt¶-XnI
hnZy-bm-Wv.
kn\n- a - I - f n¬ {]bm- k ap≈
Iznkv tIm¿W¿
1.
CXv Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ tZiob
]XmIbmWv . AK 47 CXn¬
Bte- J \w sNbv X ncn- ° p∂p .
cmPyw GXmWv?
2. \mk hnt£-]n® Hcp _ln-cm-
Imi hml- \ - Ø ns‚ t]cmWv
"sa ≥P¿'. GXp {Kl-Øn-s\-
bmWv Cu hml\w e£yw
sh°p-∂Xv?
3. ]m°n-ÿm≥ {]kn-U≠v apjvd-
^n\v ]m°n-ÿm-\n¬ Hcp iIm-
c-t∏cp hnfn-°p-∂p-≠v. "_pjd^v'.
A¥-cn® t_\-ko¿ `qt´mbv°pw
AhnsS Hcp iIm-c-t∏-cp≠v ]d-
bmtam?
4. CXv `c- X v t Km]n. A`n- \ - b n®
BZy Ne-®n{Xw GXv?
5. a\p- j y- i - c o- c - Ø n¬ \mhns\
kwL-´\cwK-߃ A`n-\-bn-°p-∂Xv
Uyq∏p-I-fm-W-t√m. F∂m¬ a\p-
jy¿°v Akm-[y-amb cwK-߃
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Iºyq-´¿ krjvSn-
I-fmb Uyq∏p-Iƒ cwK-sØ-Øn-bn-cn-
°p-∂p. Hcn-°epw {]mb-am-Im-Xn-cn-
°m≥ Un.-F≥.-F-bn¬ Nne am‰-߃
hcp-Øn-bm¬ aXn-bm-Ip-sa∂v {]Xo-
£n®v Kth-j-W-߃ \S-°p-∂p.
]pXnb \q‰m- ≠ nse kmt¶- X nI
hnZy-Iƒ `mhnbpw h¿Ø-am-\hpw
tNmZy-߃
Dd- ∏ n®p \n¿Øm≥ klm- b n-
°p∂ F√v GXmWv?
6. Hcp A¥¿t±-iob ]pc-kv°m-
cambn \¬Ip-∂-XmWn inev]w.
GXm-WXv?
7. International Criminal Police
Organisation (A¥¿t±- i ob
Ip‰m- t \z- j W kwLw) \v
s]mXpsh ]d- b p∂ t]sc-
¥mWv?
8. "sh\n- t kze'˛ Hcp Z£nW
Ata-cn-°≥ cmPy-am-Wv. GXp
hm°n¬ \n∂mWv Cu t]cv
Dcp-Øn-cn-™Xv F∂-dn-bmtam?
th¿Xn- c n- s ®- S p- ° m- \ m- h mØ hn[w
Cg]n-cn™p InS-°p-∂p. AXns‚
Adn-hp-I-fn-te°pw hni-Zmw-i-ß-fn-
te°pw \bn-°p-∂-h-bmWv"]pXnb
\q‰m- ≠ n¬ ]pXnb sSIv t \m-
fPn'F∂ ]pkvX-Iw. Cu ]pkvXIw
\mw `mhn-bn¬ Pohn-°p-∂-h-cmWv
F∂v tXm∂n-∏n-°p-∂p.
{]km- [ \w: Un.- k n.- _ p- I v k v ,
hne: 55 cq]
am¿®v 2008 21
 en sUm-kvtIm]v
-\q-X-\-imkv{Xw
\mt\m
sSIvt\m-fPn
k¿∆-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cn-°p∂ Hcp
t]cmWv "\mt\m- s S- I v t \m- f Pn'F∂- X v .
F¥mWv "\mt\m' F∂-Xp-sIm-≠v Dt±-in-
°p-∂Xv? H∂ns‚ \qdv tImSn-bn¬ Hcwiw
F∂- X mWv \mt\m F∂ ]Z- Ø ns‚
1
A¿∞w 100000000 CXns\ Npcp°n 10-˛9
F∂v FgpXmw. At\-I-tImSn X∑m-{X-Iƒ
tN¿∂m-Wt√m \mw ImWp∂ hkvXp-°-
sfm-s°bpw \n¿Ωn-°s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xv. Hmtcm
X∑m-{Xbpw ct≠m AXn-e-[n-Itam B‰-
߃ tN¿∂-Xm-Wv. Hmtcm X∑m-{X-bp-
tSbpw cmk- ` u- X nI KpW- ß ƒ
hyXykvXhp-am-bn-cn-°pw. \ap-°m-h-iy-amb
KpW-K-W-ß-fp≈ hkvXp-°ƒ B‰-ßsf
22 imkv{X-tI-cfw
]p\:{Iao-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-
XmWv \mt\m- s S- I v t \m- f - P n- b psS
ASnÿm\w. tdmUp- I - f psS \ofw `mhn-bpsS inev]hn
Intem-ao-‰-dnepw tImi-ß-fpsS hep∏w
ssat{Im-ao-‰-dnepw ]d-bp-∂Xv kuI-cy-
{]- Z - a m- b - X p- t ]mse B‰- ß - f psS
hep∏w \mt\m-ao-‰-dn¬ ]d-bp-∂-XmWv
kuI-cyw. AXp-sIm-≠mWv B‰-ßsf
ssIImcyw sNøp∂ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-
sb \mt\m-sS-Ivt\m-fPn F∂v hnfn-°p-
∂-Xv.
A\-¥k - m-[y-XI
- f- p≈ imkv{X-im-
J-bm-Wn-Xv. Hcp tamXncw t]mse [cn-
°m-hp∂ Iºyq-´dpw 200˛Hmfw kn.-Un-
I-fn¬ sIm≈m-hp-∂{X hnh-c-߃ Hcp
tcmK-߃°v tcmK-_m-[nX tImi
tfm-sSm∏w Btcm-Ky-ap≈ tImi-ß
Iptd-sbms° \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm
C∂sØ NnIn-’m-co-Xn. F∂m¬ tcm
_m[n® tImi-ßsf am{Xw sXc™
]nSn®v sIm√p∂ NnIn’m coXn \mt
sS-Ivt\m-fPn apt∂m-´p-sh-°p∂ hmKvZ
am-Wv. C∂sØ an° NnIn’m coX
fnepw Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£-W-am¿§-ßfn
KpW-]-c-amb am‰-߃ hcp-Øm≥ C
kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-°mhpw.
t]mì Ãmºns‚ hep- ∏ - Ø n¬
HXp°m-hp∂ saΩdn Nn∏p-Ifpsa√mw
\mt\m-sS-Ivt\m-f-Pn-bpsS km[y-X-I-fm-
Wv. hymh-km-bn-Im-h-iy-Øn\p≈ cmk-
Xz-c-I-߃, hne-Ip-d-™Xpw KpW-ta-∑-
bp-≈-Xp-amb eq{_n-°‚p-Iƒ XpSßn
temIØv \mt\msSIv t \m- f - P nbpsS
kw`m-h-\-Iƒ {]Xo-£n-°p∂ [mcmfw
taJ-e-I-fp≠vv. Iym≥k¿ t]m-ep≈
 Im¿´q¨ kXojv

Im¿∫¨ \mt\m Syq_p-I-fpsS hf¿®

nZy {Iao-I-cn®v krjvSn® cq]w. Ccpºv cmk-
Xz-c-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv CXv km[n-
®-Xv. 7500 -C ¬ FØn-eo≥ hmXIw hnL-
Sn-∏n-®mWv \mt\m Syq_p-Iƒ hf¿Øn-b-
Xv. henb hrØ-ßfpsS `nØn-Iƒ°v
15 mm hoXnbpw 1 mm Db-c-hp-am-Wp-≈-
Xv. ]mt‰-Wns‚ samØw hymkw tIhew
8 mm Dw. CØ-c-Øn¬ Im¿∫¨ \mt\m
Syq_v LS\I-fpsS \nb-{¥nX cq]o-I-
cWw BWh tXmXn- e p≈ (atomic
scale) in¬∏-ß-fpsS krjvSn-°p≈ Hcp
hgn-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. `mhn-bnse inev] hnZy.

i-ß- {]tl-fnI
ßfpw
mWv
mKw k¿∆-i‡
- s‚
™v
t\m- {]tl-fnI
Zm\-
Xn-I- F√mw km[n-°p∂ k¿∆-i-‡-
epw \mb Hcm-fp-s≠-∂n-cn-°-s´. Ct±-l-Øn\v
Cu B¿°pw Nen-∏n-°m-\m-hmØ Hcp I√v
\n¿Ωn- ° m- \ m- h p- s a∂v Dd- ∏ m-
Wt√m?B¿°pw Nen-∏n-°m-\m-hmØ
Hcp I√v Ct±lw \n¿Ωn®p F∂n-cn-°s´.
C\n-sb-¥mWv {]iv\w. B¿°pw Nen-
∏n-°m-\m-hmØ Cu I√v k¿∆-i‡\v
∂n-cn-°-s´, At∏mƒ B¿°pw Nen-∏n-°m-\m-hmØ I√v \n¿Ωn-
Cf-°m≥ km[n-°ptam?
°m≥ Ct±-l-Øn\v km[n-°p-sa∂ {]kvXm-h\ sX‰m-sW-∂v hcp∂p.
{]apJ {_n´ojv KWn-X-im-kv{X- AYhm I√v Cf-°m≥ km[n-®n√ F∂n-cn-°-s´, At∏mƒ F√mw
⁄\pw Nn¥-I-\p-amb _¿´‚ v d - sNøm≥ km[n-°p-sa∂ {]kvXm-h\ sX‰m-Ip-∂p. k¿∆-i-‡-\pw-
emWv Cu {]tl-fn-I-bpsS D]-⁄m- F√mw sNøm≥ km[n-°p-∂-h-\p-amb Hcmƒ F∂ km[y-Xsb Cu
Xmhv . k¿∆-i-‡≥ Cu I√v Cf-°n-sb- {]tl-fnI tNmZyw sNøp-∂p.

am¿®v 2008 23
 en sUm-kvtIm]v
kaky
CsXmcp _p≤n-]-c-amb hymbm-a-am-Wv. DØcw Is≠Øn Ab°q G‰hpw \√ DØ-c-Øn\v imkv{X-tI-cfw kΩm\w \¬Ipw
kaky˛10
henb Xnc- ° n- √ m- b n- c p- s ∂-
¶nepw B Xncp- h - \ - ¥ - ] pcw
kq∏¿^mÃv B‰n- ß - s e- Ø n- b -
t∏m-gmWv F\n°v ko‰v In´n-b-Xv.
_kn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h-cn¬ ap°m¬
]¶pw AhnsS Cd-ßp-I-bm-sW∂p
tXm∂n. hmXn-en-\-cn-In-ep≈ ko‰n-
en-cp-∂v Rm≥ Cd-ßp-∂-h-tcbpw
Ib-dp-∂-h-tcbpw FÆn-s°m-≠n-cp-
∂p. ]n∂oSv _kn- e p- ≈ - h - c psS
FÆw t\m°n- b - t ∏mƒ Fs‚
tXm∂¬ icn-bm-sW∂p I≠p.
_kn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-h-cpsS IrXyw
¾ `mK-am-bn-cp∂p Cd-ßn-t∏m-b-h¿.
A∂sØ B›- c y- ß - f psS
XpS°w am{X- a m- b n- c p∂p AXv .
ka-ky˛9 \n¿[m-cWw
cma≥
24 imkv{X-tI-cfw
kp\n¬ tZhv
kq∏¿^mÃv alm-›cyw
_kv ]n∂oSv Ig-°q-´Øpw {ioIm- ]t£ Rm\nXv \nß-tfmSv ]d-
cyØpw \n¿Øn- b - t ∏mgpw CtX- ™Xv B›-cy-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ th≠n-
t]mse bm{X-°m-cpsS ¾ `mKw Cd- b√. {ioIm-cy-Øp-\n∂v ]pd-s∏-´-
ßn- t ∏mbn. aq∂p - t Ãm- ∏ p- I - f n¬ t∏mƒ _kn¬ F{X-t]-cp-≠m-bn-
\n∂p Ib-dn-bXpw Htc FÆw bm{X- cp∂p F∂v \n߃ ]d-bm≥ th≠n-
°m¿! 7 t]¿ hoXw. bm-Wv.
DØcab°q; kΩm\w t\Sq.
kaky 10, Imen-sUmkvtIm]v, imkv{X-tI-c-fw, tImgn-t°mSv 2
F∂ hnem-k-Øn¬ X]m-entem sasthrakeralam@gmail.com F∂
hnem-k-Øn¬ e-mail Btbm Ab-°mw.
hgn hni-Z-ambn Fgp-Xm≥ aSnt°-≠.
X]m-en¬ Ab-°p-∂-h¿ Ih-dn\p ]pdØpw
e-mail Ab-°p-∂-h¿ k_vPIvSv sse\nepw
problem solving F∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.
Ah-km\ XnøXn am¿®v 20
IpØp-Iƒ F{X?
kuI-cy-Øn-\mbn Rm≥ ka-N-
Xp-c-°-´-Isf Aev]-sam∂v am‰n hc-
®n-´p-≠v. Ct∏mƒ ap≥,-]n≥, ta¬, Iogv,
CSXv (Nn{Xw t\m°p-∂-bm-fns‚ CS-
Xp-I-tømSv ASp-Øp-h-cp∂), heXv
F∂n-ßs\ NXp-c-°-´-bpsS hi-ß-
IrjvW≥ sf-∏-‰n-∏-d-bmw. C\n Nn{X-Øn-ep≈
I´-I-fpsS A`n-ap-J-am-bn-cn-°p∂ hi-
ß-fn¬ F{X IpØp-Iƒ Ds≠∂v
]d™p^en-∏n-°m-\p≈ Is≠Øm≥ {ian-°mw.
_p≤n-ap-´p-Im-c-W-am-sW∂p tXm∂p- cma≥ sh® I´-I-fn¬ he-Xp-h-
∂p, Ffp-∏a- m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Ign™ i-Øp-≈-Xns‚ he-Xp-h-iØv \mep
ka-kybv°v hfsc Ipd®v {]Xn-I-c- IpØp-Iƒ D≈-Xn-\m¬ \ap-°p-th≠
W-ßsf In´n-bp-≈q. CS-Xp-h-iØv aq∂v IpØp-I-fm-bn-

cn°pw F∂v a\- n-em-°mw. FXn¿h-
i-ß-fn¬ BsI Ggv hc-Ø-°-hn-[-
am-Wt√m IpØp-Iƒ CSm-dv.
CXns\ H∂v CS- t Ø°v adn-
°p∂p F∂v hnNm-cn-°p-I. At∏mƒ
CS- X p- h - i sØ I´- b psS t]mse
tase \mepw ap∂n¬ Bdpw CSØv
c≠pw IpØp-Iƒ BIpw. I´-Iƒ Htc-
t]m-se-bp-≈h BsW∂p ]d-™n-´p-
≈-Xn-\m¬ CS-Xp-h-isØ I´-bpsS
he- X p- h - i Øv A©v I p- Ø p- I - f m- b n-
cn°pw F∂v CXn¬ \n∂pw a\-kn-em-
°mw. At∏mƒ Irjv W ≥ ]d™
DØcw 8(3+5) Bbn-cn-°pw.
C\n Irjv W s‚ tNmZy- Ø n-
te°p IS- ° mw. ChnsS he- X p
-h-i-sØ- I-´-bpsS CS-Xp-h-iØv 4
IpØp-I-fm-sW-∂Xv hy‡-am-Wv. Cu
I´sb ap∂n-te°v Hcp XhW adn-
®m¬ H‰-°p-Øp-ambn Ct∏mƒ ]n∂n-
ep≈ hiw apI-fn-se-Øpw. CSsØ
I´- b p- a mbn CXn- \ p≈ hyXymkw
ap∂nep-≈Xv 5 IpØp-I-fm-sW-∂-Xm-
Wv . CXns\ Xnc- › o- \ - a mbn c≠p
XhW (C-S-tØmt´m he-tØmt´m
BImw. 900 hoXw c≠p-X-hW As√-
¶n¬ 1800 ) Xncn-®m¬ c≠p-Ip-Øp-I-
fp-ambn ]n∂nse hiw ap∂n-se-Øpw.
H∏w CS-Xp-h-i-Øp-ff 4 IpØp-I-fp≈
hiw- h-e-Xp-hiØmIp-Ibpw sNøpw
Aßns\ IrjvWs‚ tNmZy-Øns‚
DØ-chpw 8(4+4) F∂m-Ip-∂p.
kΩm\w:
lcn{]-kmZv sI sI
"{iol-cn', ssIcfn \K¿
]nem-Ød ]n H, IÆq¿ 670501
Nn¥v
Xmt°m¬
th≠mØ hoSv
Kr l- \ m- Y ≥ Hm^o- k n¬
\n∂n-d-ßn-b-t∏mƒ aWn Ggv. t\sc
ho´n-te°v . AhnsS sN∂-t∏mƒ
tK‰n¬ X´n-bn-√. IX-In¬ ap´n-bn-
√. s_√-Sn-®n-√. `mcysb hnfn-®n-√.
tK‰pw IX-Ip-sa√mw X°-k-a-bØv
Xms\ Xpd-∂p. CXmWv Xmt°m¬
th≠mØ ]pXnb temIw.
\nßfpsS Cjv S - { ]- I mcw
Xms\ Xpd-°p∂ hmXn-ep-I-fp≈
Cu temIØv BsI-°qSn Hcp
Xmt°m¬ am{Xta Bh-iy-ap-≈q.
B Xmt°m¬ Fßpw hmßm≥
In´p-I-bn-√. B¿°pw hn¬°m\pw
Ign-bn-√. B¿°pw tamjvSn-°m-\p-am-
hn-√. IÆnse IrjvW-a-Wn-t]mse
kq£n-t°≠ Cu Xmt°m¬ as‰m-
∂-√. \nß-fpsS IÆnse IrjvW-a-
Wn-bpsS Np‰p-ap≈ h¿Wm-`-amb
t\{X- ] - S ew(Iris) Xs∂- b m- W v .
Bsf Xncn-®-dn-bm-\mbn Hcp \q‰m-
Iznkv tIm¿W¿
1. samkm-ºn-°v. B{^n-°-bn-em-
Wv Cu cmPyw.
2 _p[≥ (sa¿°p-dn).
3. "t_\-kodn's‚ A¿∞w "A\p-
]aw' F∂m-Wv. "a\- m-£n-bn-
√m-Ø-hƒ'F∂¿∞-ap≈ "t_˛-
k- a o¿' F∂ D¿Zp- h m- ° mWv
t_\- k odns‚ iIm- c - t ∏- c v .
{]ikvX am[y-a-{]-h¿Ø-I≥
t≠m-f-ambn D]-tbm-K-Øn-en-cn-°p∂
hnc- e - S - b mf k{º- Z m- b - s Ø- ° mƒ
anI-®Xpw Ip‰-a-‰Xpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥
Ffp-∏-ap-≈-Xp-am-W v Ir-jvW-a-Wn-
bpsS ]mt‰¨ B[m-c-am-°n-bp≈
Cu ]pXnb _tbm-sa-{SnIv kwhn-
[m\w. c≠p-t]-cpsS t\{X-]-S-e-ß-
fpsS ]mt‰-Wp-Iƒ Hcn-°epw ka-am-
bn- c n- ° p- I - b n√ F∂- X mWv Cu
\qX\ kwhn- [ m- \ - Ø ns‚ ]n∂n-
ep≈ XØzw... Hcp Xmt°m¬ Zzm-c-
Øn\p ]n∂n¬ LSn-∏n-°m-hp∂ Hcp
hoUntbm Iyma-dbpw AXn-t\mSp
_‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ Iw]yq-´dpw
AS-ßnb Hcp b{¥-kw-hn-[m-\-amWv
CXn-\m-h-iy-ap-≈-Xv. Cu kwhn-[m-\-
ap-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ÿm]-\-Øn-te-°v
{]th-i-\m-\p-aXn D≈-h-cp-tS-sb√mw
IÆnse sFdn- k ns‚ Nn{X- ß ƒ
Iw]yq-´-dns‚ saΩ-dn-bn¬ kq£n-®n-
cn-°pw. {]th-i\w tXSp-∂-h¿ Iyma-
d-°-Æn-te°v H∂p t\m°p-Itb
th≠q. sFdn-kns‚ Nn{X-sa-SpØv
AXv saΩ-dn-bn-ep≈ Nn{X-ß-fp-ambn
HØp-t\m°n F√mw icn-bm-sW-¶n¬
hmXn-ens‚ ]q´p-Xp-d-°p∂ \S-]Sn
c≠p sk°‚p-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ D≠m-
Ipw.
( ]pXnb \q‰m- ≠ n¬ ]pXnb
sSIvt\m-f-Pn F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬
\n∂v )
DØ-c-߃
tUhnUv _¿kmanbm≥ Hcp
A`n-ap-J-Øn¬ kao-]-Im-eØv
CXv Nq≠n-°m-´p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
4. kzbw-hcw (A-Sq¿tKm-]m-e-Ir-
jvW≥ kwhn-[m\w sNbvXp).
5. ltbm-bnUv (`m-j-Wm-ÿn).
6 {Kman Ahm¿Uv.
7 C‚¿t]mƒ.
8. en‰n¬-˛-sh-\okv.
am¿®v 2008 25
 en sUm-kvtIm]v
]Z-{]-iv\w- am¿®v 2008 A\p
]Z-{]iv\w t]mÃv Im¿Un¬ I≈n-hc- ®v ]qcn-∏n-®b
- b
- v°p-I. t]cpw ta¬hn-em-khpw Fgp-Xm≥ ad-∂p-t]m-Ic- p-tX.
1 Xmtgm´v
7 alm-Ihn Ipam-c\ - m-ims‚ IYm-
2 3 1. "`wKn-'bp-≠v,t√?.
]m-{Xw˛ Ihn-Xbpw.
4 5 2. \S\pw \Snbpw sNøp-∂Xv.
9 kln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wn-Xv.
6 7 8
3. tKm]n-bpsS "X_-enÃv Aø-∏≥'
11. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øn-\-SpØ Hcp
9 10 11 12 13 Cu kn\n-a-bn-em-Wv.
ÿew. Cu \mSns‚ t]cn¬
14
6. "amfw' Xs∂.
15 Adn-b-s∏´ Hcp \S-\p-≠m-bn-cp-
8. I¨]oen.
16 17 18 19 20 ∂p \ΩpsS kn\n-a-bn¬.
9 cmam- b W- Ø n¬ hn`o- j - W s‚
21 14. AΩm- a ≥ \´mepw AΩmbn
]Xv\n.
22 23 sh®mepw \ap°pw Iq´Ww
10. Hcp IS¬Po-hn . Hcp ]mSv sI´p
24 25 15. "Zni'bdn-™n-s√-¶n¬ KXn-tI-
-I-Y-Iƒ Cu]mhw PohnsbIpdn-®p≠v.
Sp-Xs∂.
12. cNn-®mse CXp-≠mhq.
16. Ac-b-∂-∏n-S-bm-Wn-Xv.
he- t Øm´v 13. ]´Ww F∂¿∞w.
19. CXv _jo-dns‚ IYm-]m{Xw.
17. ]I-en-\p-tijw.
2. Zpcq-l-ambn acWw kw`-hn® Hcp 21 \mhv Xs∂. ckn-°m-\-Xt√
18. ssIøn¬ In´n-bXv.
I\ym- k v { Xo- b psS t]cv Cß- s \- th≠Xv.
19. tIc-f-Øns‚ Dbcw IqSnb ae.
bmWv. 22 DØ-tc-¥y-bnse \Zn.
20. CXp apgp-h≥ ]qcn-∏n-°m\pw thW-
4. \ΩpsS Hcp ico-c-`mKw. 23 ASn-®m¬ apgßpw.
sam-cp...
5. ]qhn-s\-bn-jvSw, ]qhn-\njvSw. 24 CsXmcp Xcw NqXp-I-fn-bm-Wv.
25. CXp -sI-´m¬ t]mbnt√ Imcyw

Ah-km\ XnøXn : am¿®v 20. Ab-btv °≠ hnemkw : ]Z-{]iv\w, am¿®v 2008, imkv{X-tI-cfw, tImgn-t°mSv ˛673 002

s^{_p-hcn ]Z-{]iv\w kΩm-\m¿l¿

1
* ^vfmknUv tPm¿÷v
2 3 4 * DÆn-Ir-jvW≥. Fkv
A S hn ] ≤ Xn ]p≈n-°m-´n¬
AºmSn
5 Iqcm-®p≠v
iz h k Xn c ]mWm-h-≈n. ]n.H
6 7 8
AtXzmSn ]n.H
9 tN¿Ø-e˛ 688566
Xn an cw X em °v tImgn-t°m-Sv˛ 673527
Yn b * A]¿W.-sI.-]n.
* Aºnfn {ioIp-am¿
10 11 12 13 D/o ]n.-hn.-th-em-bp-[≥
] e I h \n X 7˛_n
D{X-´mXn
14 sk‚ v.t- Pm-k^vkv GHSS
√ e l cn h Im™n-c-ßmSv ]n.H
15
aptØmen
16 Icn-ºw, Xfn-∏-d-º˛ 670142
hn c lw I h W tIm´-bw˛ 686620

26 imkv{X-tI-cfw
 al-Ømb kn\n-a-Ifn-eqsS Hcp bm{X
B≥ HIz-d≥kv A‰v
Huƒ {Io°v {_nUvPv
ac-W-Øn\p ap∂n¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-´p-h-
cp∂ Hcmƒ°v X\n°v Np‰p-ap≈ {]IrXn
]g-b-Xnepw F{Xtbm kpµ-chpw kPo-h-hp-
am-bmWv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-I. ªm°v & ssh‰n-
em-bn´p IqSn {]Ir-Xn-bnse {]Im-i-Øns‚
A`ua kv]¿i-߃ Iyma-d-bn-eqsS \sΩ
A\p-`-hn-∏n-°p-∂p≠v Cu kn\na.
hnP-b-Ip-am¿ ªmØq¿
Bwt{_mkv _nb¿kv
(Ambrose Bierce) F∂ Fgp-Øp-Im-
c≥ 1890¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® AXn
at\m- l - c - a mb sNdp- I - Y - b mWv
"Huƒ {Io°v ]me- Ø nse
kw`hw'. Ata-cn-°≥ B`y-¥-c-bp-
≤-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ s^U-
d¬ B¿an-bpsS ]nSn-bn-e-I-s∏´
Hcp a\p-jy-\mWv IY-bn¬ \mb-
I≥˛ ]pcm-X-\-amb Hcp IpSpw-_-
Ønse AwKhpw tXm´-ap-S-abpw
Bb s]bv ‰ ¨ ^¿Iz¿.
Huƒ{Io°v ]mew XI¿°p-∂-Xn-
\p≈ A´n-adn {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-
Øn-sb-∂m-tcm-]n®v Abmsf ae-
bn- S p- ° nse B sdbn¬ tdmUv
]me-Øn¬ sh®v Xq°n-te-‰p-∂-Xn-
\p≈ Hcp-°-߃ Im´n-s°m≠mWv
IY XpS-ßp-∂-Xv.
{Ia-c-ln-X-amb IY ]d-®n¬
ssienbpw sR´n-∏n-°p∂ IYm-
¥y-hpw˛ Cu sNdp-I-Ysb hfsc
hyXy-kvXa- m-°n-bn-cp-∂p. AXn {]i-
kvX-amb Cu IY 1891¬ ]pd-Øn-
d-ßnb "]´m-f-°m-cp-tSbpw knhn-en-
b≥amcp- t Sbpw IY- I ƒ'˛ F∂
IYm-k-am-lm-c-Øn-emWv Dƒs∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
Cu IYsb Ah-ew-_n®v \nc-
h[n kn\n-a-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-´n-cp-
∂p. Ah-bn¬ BZy-tØXv 1929¬
am¿®v 2008 27
]pdØp h∂ "Nmc≥' F∂ \n»_vZ
kn\n-a-bm-Wv.
F∂m¬ 1962¬ tdm_¿´v
F≥dnt°m (Robert Enrico) F∂
kwhn-[m-b-I≥ Xnc-°-Y-sb-gpXn Hcp-
°nb "B≥ HIz- d ≥kv A‰v
Huƒ{Io°v {_nUv P v ' F∂ eLp
Nn{Xw ( La Riviera du Hibou
F∂mWv {^©v t]cv). aqe-I-Y-tb-
°mfpw F{Xtbm Db¿∂ Hcp Iem-
in-ev]-am-bmWv sIm≠m-S-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
'The twilight Zone' ]c- º - c - b n-
epƒs∏-SpØn Ata-cn-°≥ sSen-hn-j-
\n-emWv CXv kwt{]-jWw sNø-s∏-
´-Xv. kn\n-a-bn¬ IYm-]m-{X-Øns‚
t]cn-t\m, sNbvX Ip‰-Ønt\m H∂pw
kwhn-[m-b-I≥ {]k‡n sImSp-°p-
∂n√. h[-in£ hn[n-°-s∏´ Hcp a\p-
jy≥ am{X-amWv CXnse IYm-]m-{Xw.
"kw`m-j-W-߃' sIm≠v hni-Z-am-
t°≠ Hcp "IY'bpw kn\n-a-bn-en-√.
Bwt{_mkv _nb¿kv
28 imkv{X-tI-cfw
aqSn- s °- ´ nb Hcp {]`m- X - Ø n-
emWv Huƒ{Io°v ]me-Øn\p apI-
fn¬ in£ \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈
Hcp°w \S- ° p- ∂ - X v . ]me- Ø nse
…n∏-dp-Iƒ°v kam-¥-c-ambn ]pd-
tØ°v \o´n-bn-cn-°p∂ ]e-I-bpsS
πm‰v t ^m- a n- e m- W n- t ∏mƒ Abmsf
\n¿Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ssIIƒ sI´n-
bn-cn°p∂p.. Igp-Øn¬ Ib¿ Ipcp-°p-
∂p.. in£ \S-∏n-em-t°≠ Bcm-®m-
cpsS Im¬ ]e-I-bn¬ \n∂pw amdn-
bm¬ Abmƒ Xmtgm´p hogpw... Bcm-
®m-cpsS _q´p-I-fpsS CØncn A\-
°-߃ t]mepw Db¿Øp∂Xv `oXn-
bpsS Rc-°-ß-fmWv... in£- \-S-∏n-
em-°p-∂p.
Igp- Ø n¬ IpSp- ° nb Ib- d p-
ambn Abmƒ ]me- Ø n¬ \n∂pw
Xmtg°v hogp- ∂ p... Fß- s \tbm
Ib¿ apdn™v Abmƒ ]me-Øn-\-Sn-
bn-eqsS Hgp-Ip∂ ]pg-bn-te-°mWv
]Xn-°p-∂-Xv.. XWp-Øp-d™ AKm-[-
X-bn¬ Poh-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]nS-®n-
emWv ]n∂o-Sv... sh≈-Øn-\-Sn-bn¬
sh®v ssIbnse sI´p-Iƒ Agn-bp-
∂p. izmkw hnßn s\©p-]n-f-cp-∂Xp
t]mse... apI-fn¬ Pe-]m-fn-I-fn-eqsS
{]Imiw ImWmw.. Pohn- X - Ø ns‚
{]Imiw Xs∂... Abmƒ apI-fn-te°v
B™p-s]m-ßm≥ {ian-°p-∂p.. Pe-
∏-c-∏nseØn BZy \nizmkw! Pohn-
X- Ø n- t e°v Xncn- s ®- Ø n- b - X ns‚
BÀm-Zw.. ]s£ ]pg-bpsS Ic-bn¬
\n∂pw Xpcp- X pcm shSn- b p- ≠ - I ƒ
Abmƒ°v t\sc Nodn hcp-∂p-≠v.
sh≈-Øn-eq-fn-bn-´pw, \o¥nbpw
hfsc t\csØ {ia- ß - f n- e qsS
Xf¿∂v Ah-i-\m-sb-¶nepw Abmƒ
kpc- £ n- X - Z q- c Øv Ic- b n- e - S n- ™ p.
Abmƒ°v t_m[w sXfn-bp-tºmƒ
tIƒ°p-∂Xv Np‰p-ap≈ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS
a[p-c-i-_vZ-ß-fm-Wv... Nm™n-d-ßp∂
shbn-en¬ ac-ß-fpsS \ng¬.. Xncn®p
In´nb Pohn-X-Øns‚ BÀm-Z-Øn¬
temI-Øn\v ]pXnb hnkva-b-`w-Kn-
Iƒ!
Cg™pw, \S∂pw Abmƒ
hnZqc-c-Xbnse B hoSn\p t\¿°v
\oßp-∂p...... kuay-amb Hcp Cfw
Im‰p- t ]mse B hoSns‚ hcm- ¥ -
bn¬ Hcp bph-Xn ˛ Abm-fpsS `mcy˛
BÀm-Z-Øns‚ D∑m-Z-th-K-tØmsS
Abmƒ Ahƒ°-cn-In-te°v IpXn-
°p-I-bm-Wv. \o´n-]n-Sn® ssII-fp-ambn
Ahƒ Abmƒ°-cn-In-te°v HmSn hcp-
∂p... Ah¿ XΩn¬ kv ] ¿in-
°p∂Xn\v sXm´p-ap≥]p≈ \nanjw...
 Igp-Øn¬ Ib¿ apdp-Ip-∂p..... bYm¿∞ Imehpw k¶-ev]-\-ß-
fpsS Ime-ssZ¿Lyhpw ka-b-L-S-\-
Huƒ{Io°v ]me-Øns‚ X≠n¬
RmWp InS-∂m-Sp∂ Abm-fpsS icocw! bn¬ hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. Hcp \nanjw
sIm≠v Abm-fpsS a\- n¬ kw`-hn-
tdm_¿´v F≥dnt°m
Ac-a-Wn-°q¿ am{Xw ssZ¿Ly-
ap≈ Cu kn\n-a˛ "kn\n-a-bpsS N´-
°q-Sp-Isf' s]mfn-s®-gp-Xp-∂-Xn-\p≈
hgn-sbm-cp°w \S-Øn-b-h-bn¬ {][m-
\-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv.
tdmP¿ PmIz‰v F∂ \S-\mWv
CXnse {][m-\-thjw sNbvXn-cn-°p-
∂-Xv.
1962se "Im≥ ^nenw s^Ãn-h-
en' ¬ 'Palme D'or ' ]pc-kIv mcw t\Sn-
bXp IqSmsX 1964 se G‰hpw \√
eLp- N n- { X- Ø n- \ p≈ A°m- U an
Ahm¿Upw Cu kn\na t\Sn. !

Igp-Øn¬ Ib¿ apdp-Ip-∂-Xn\p ®-h-bmWv kn\n-a-bpsS ap°m¬ `mKw

apºp≈ Hcp \nan-j-Øn¬ Abm-
fpsS a\- neqsS an∂n-t∏mb {]Xym-
i-bpsS Zriy-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p \mw I≠-
h-sbm-s°-bpw˛ Hcp km≤y-X-bp-an-
√mØ hn[w ]´m-f-°m-cm¬ hf-b-
s∏´ B ÿeØv \n∂v c£-s∏-Sm-
\m-tb°pw F∂ {]Xymi Abm-fn¬
_m°n- b p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p. Pohn- X m-
k‡n ac-W-Øn\p ap∂n¬ IqSp-X¬
Xo{h-am-bn-cn°pw!
kw`-h-߃.
ac-W-Øn\p ap∂n¬ \n∂v c£-
s∏-´p-h-cp∂ Hcmƒ°v X\n°v Np‰p-
ap≈ {]IrXn ]g-b-Xnepw F{Xtbm
kpµ-chpw kPo-h-hp-am-bmWv A\p-`-
h-s∏-Sp-I. ªm°v & ssh‰n-em-bn´p
IqSn {]Ir-Xn-bnse {]Im-i-Øns‚
A`ua kv]¿i-߃ Iyma-d-bn-eqsS
\sΩ A\p- ` - h n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ p≠v Cu
kn\na.

tZim-¥c Pe tiJ-cß - f- p-ambn _‘-s∏´ Ccp-∂q-tdmfw A¥¿t±iob

DS-ºS- n-Iƒ Ign™ A¿≤ iX-IØ - n¬ H∏p hbv°s- ∏-´n-´p-≠v.

am¿®v 2008 29

HDssl sU^-\n-j≥
cRvPn-Xv F-kv Xpd-hq¿
ho Untbm t^m¿am- ‰ p- I - f nse
G‰hpw ]pXnb kmt¶- X nI hnZy-
bmWv ssl sU^-\n-j≥. \mw km[m-
cW ImWp∂ hoUntbm knUn-Iƒ
F√mw (SD) Ãm≥tU¿Uv sU^-\n-
j-\n-ep-≈-Xv. AXp-t]mse km[m-cW
Sn.- h n. sk‰p- I fpw Ãm≥tU¿Uv
sU^-\n-j-\n-emWv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-
Xv. AXm-bXv Hcp hoUntbm Nn{Xw
GXm≠v 525 hcn-I-fn-embn `mKn-°p-
Ibpw Hcp Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ _ow Cu hcn-
I-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-
tºm- g mWv Hcp hoUntbm Nn{Xw
\n¿Ωn- ° - s ∏- S p- ∂ - X v . Aßs\ Hcp
sk°‚n¬ 24 hoUntbm Nn{X-߃
Hcp Snhn-bn¬ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.
CXmWv Ãm≥tU¿Uv sU^-\n-j≥
AYhm SD.
Hcp hoUntbm Nn{Xw \n¿Ωn-
30 imkv{X-tI-cfw
HD
°p∂ {]{In-b-bmWv kvIm\nw-Mv. CXv
c≠p Xc- a p- ≠ v . t{]m{Kkohv
kvIm\nwMv C‚¿tekvUv kvIm\nw-
Mpw. H∂mw hcn-bn¬ XpSßn 525˛mw
hcn hsc XpS¿®- b mbn kv I m≥
sNøp∂ {]{In-b-bmWv t{]m{K-kohv
kvIm\nwMv. F∂m¬ 1,4,5... Cßs\
BZyw kvIm≥ sNøp-Ibpw XpS¿∂v
2,4,6 F∂n-ßs\ kvIm≥ sNøp-Ibpw
sNøp∂ {]{In-b-bmWv C‚¿tekvUv
kv I m\nwMv . c≠p coXnbpw C∂v
{]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠v.
ssl sU^- \ n- j - \ n¬ Hcp
hoUntbm Zriy-Øns\ 1125 hcn-I-
fmbn `mKn-°p-∂p. Cßs\ sNøp-
tºmƒ hcn-I-fpsS hoXn Ipd-hm-bn-cn-
°pw. AX-\p-k-cn®v Zriy-Øns‚
IrXy-Xbpw hy‡-Xbpw IqSp-∂p.
Ch-bnse F√m hcn-Ifpw \ap°v
ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂-h-b-√. F∂m¬ B
hnhcw HD bn¬ Dƒs]- ´ n- c n- ° pw.
henb kv{Io\p-I-fn-te°v s{]mPIvSp
sNø- s ∏- S p- t ºmƒ Nn{X- Ø ns‚
hy‡X ImØp- k q- £ n- ° m≥
HDD]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-aqew Ign-bp-∂p.
HDD]tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ Hcp Zriy-
Øns‚ Um‰ SD sb At]- £ n®v
hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv. CXv Hmtcm hcn-
bp-tSbpw If¿ hnhcw F{X-tØmfw
IqSp-X¬ kq£n-°p∂p F∂-X-\p-k-
cn®v ho≠pw IqSn-bn-cn-°pw. (1125 hcn-
Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v hoUntbm Zriyw
\n¿Ωn- ° p∂ sSen- h n- j - \ p- I - f mWv
HDTVIƒ. IqSmsX tUmƒ_n UnPn-
‰¬ kdu-≠v ku≠v (Dolby Digital
Suround Sound) t^m¿am-‰mb AC-
3bpw CXns‚ IqsS Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-
cn°pw. CXp aqew \√ hy‡-X-bp≈
i_vZhpw Zriyhpw HDTVIƒ e`y-am-
°p-∂p. F∂m¬ CXn\v HDt^m¿am‰n-
ep≈ kwt{]-j-Whpw Bh-iy-am-Wv.
km[m- c - W - b mbn HD D]-
tbmKn°p∂ t^m¿am-‰p-I-fmWv
720 P= 1280 x720 ]nIvk¬ (t{]m-
{K-kohv kvIm\nw-Mv),
1080i =1920 x1080 ]nIv k ¬
(C‚¿tekvUv kvIm\nw-Mv),
1080 P =1920 x1080 ]nIv k ¬
(t{]m-{K-kohv kvIm\nw-Mv) F∂nh.
Hcp Nn{XsØ GI-tZiw 1280 x
720 IpØp- I - f mbn `mKn- ° p- I bpw
Hmtcm IpØp- I - t fbpw th¿Xn- c n®v
Adn-bm≥ Ign-bp∂ coXn-bn¬ Um‰
kq£n-°p-IbpamWv 720 P ¬ sNøp-
∂-Xv. t{]m{K-kohv kvIm\nwMv aqew
IqSp-X¬ hy‡-X-bp≈ Nn{Xw e`n-°p-
sa-¶nepw kwt{]-j-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-
°p∂ Um‰- b p- t Sbpw _m≥Uv h n-
Uv Ø n- t ‚bpw Af- h n¬ KWy- a mb

h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.
BZysØ HDTVkwt{]-jWw
\S- Ø n- b Xv t\m¿Øv Itcm- e n-
\bnep≈ WRAL-HD¬ \n∂m- W v .
Ata-cn-°-bn-ep≈ F√m TV \ne-b-
ßfpw kao-]-`m-hn-bn¬ HDbnte°v
am‰m-\p≈ {iaw XpSßn°gn-™p.
kwt{]-j-W-Øn-\mbn kwt{]-j-W-
\n-e-b-ß-fnepw kzoI-c-Wn-I-fnepw
{]tXyIw D]-I-c-W-߃ LSn-∏n-t°-
≠- X p- ≠ v . IqSmsX IqSp- X ¬
_m≥Uv h nUv Ø pw e`y- a m- ° - W w.
F∂m¬ e`y- a m- ° p∂ i_v Z - Ø n-
t‚bpw Nn{X-Øn-t‚bpw hy‡X ]cn-
K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ CXn\v IqSnb Bh-
iy-I-X-bmWv D≈-Xv.
HD t^m¿am‰v hoUn- t bm- I ƒ
kq£n-°m-\mWv {][m-\-ambpw HD/
DVDIƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. ( CXv
Htc- k - a bw DVD Bbpw HD
DiskBbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.)
Hcp DVD D]-tbm-Kn®v GXm≠v 4 aWn-
°q¿ SD(Ãm≥tU¿Uv sU^-\n-j≥)
hoUntbm kq£n-°m≥ km[n-°pw.
F∂m¬ HD-DVD bn¬ 48 aWn-°q¿
SDhoUntbm kq£n-°mw. AXm-bXv
HD-DVDbn¬ IqSp-X¬ Um‰ kq£n-
Pe hnX-cW
- Ø
- nepw ipNn-Xz-Ønepw apS-°p∂ Hmtcm cq]bpw
GXv {]tZ-iØv F∂-Xn-\\ - p-kc- n®v 34 aS-ßp-hsc
kmº-ØnI ^ew \¬Ipw.
°m-sa-∂¿∞w.
DVDbn¬ Hcp HD]mfn
IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bm-
WnXv km[n-°p-∂X - .v HD
]mfnbnse {Sm°p- I -
fpsS hoXn Ipd-hm-bn-cn-
°pw. AXp-sIm≠v IqSp-
X¬ {Sm°p-Iƒ Dƒs∏-
Sp- Ø m≥ Ign- b pw.
HD ]mfn- b nse Um‰
doUp sNøm≥ 405 \mt\m-ao-‰¿ \oe
tek-dp-I-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
F∂m¬ DVD]mfn doUp sNøm≥ 650
\mt\m-ao-‰¿ Nph∏v tek-dp-If- mWv D]-
tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. DVDbn¬ hoUntbm
kq£n-°p-∂Xv MPEG-2t^m¿am‰pI-
fn-emWv. F∂m¬ 4D, MPEG-4 t^m¿am-
‰p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Um-‰-
bpsS hen∏w Iq´m-sX -Iq-Sp-X¬ hnh-
c- ß ƒ kq£n- ° m≥ Ign- b p- ∂ p.
IqSmsX HD-DVDIfn¬ HDMI (High
Definition Multimedia Interface) D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Izmfn‰n Ipd-bm-\p≈
km≤y-Xbpw C√m-Xm-Ip-∂p. HD-DVD
sπb-dp-Iƒ°v Htc kabw HDUnkvIp-
I-tfbpw DVDItfbpw doUp sNøm≥
km[n-°pw. am{X-a√ DVDhoUn-tbmsb
HD bnte°v am‰n hy‡X KWy-amb
tXmXn¬ h¿≤n-∏n-°m\pw Chbv°v
Ign-bpw.
km[m-cW DVDbpsS Um‰ kw`-c-
W-tijn 4.7GB BWv. c≠p- ]m-fn-Iƒ
D]- t bm- K n- ° p- t ºmƒ GI- t Ziw
8.4GB Um‰ kq£n- ° m≥ Ignbpw.
AtX kabw HD-DVDbpsS Um‰ -I-
∏m-kn‰n 15GB bmWv. CXv GI-tZiw
4 aWn-°q¿ HDhoUn-tbm°v Xpey-am-
Wv.c≠p -]m-fn-I-fp≈ HDbn¬ 30GB
AXm-bXv 8a-Wn-°q¿ HDhoUntbm
kq£n°mw.
HD bYm¿∞-Øn¬ \mw I≠p-h-
∂n-cp∂ hoUntbm t^m¿am-‰p-I-sf-
°mƒ hy‡- X bpw IrXy- X bpw
\¬Ip∂ \msf- b psS ASn- ÿ m\
t^m¿am- ‰ m- W v . hfsc henb
kv{Io\pIfnte-°p≈ {]Z¿i-\-߃
hy‡X Ipd- b msX ssIImcyw
sNøm-\mbn HD Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ D]-
tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp∂p.
IqSp-X¬ Um‰ kw`-c-W-ti-jn-
bp≈ UnkvIp-I-fpsS I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-
tØmsS HD hoUntbm kq£n-
°m\pw ssIImcyw sNøm\pw Ffp-
∏-am-Ipw. UnPn-‰¬ kn\n-a-bpsS am[y-
a-ambn HD amdn-°-gn-™p. kn\n-a-bn¬
B[p-\n-I-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ FUn-‰nwKv
kt¶-X-߃ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-∂-Xn¬
HD°v hfsc {][m-\-s∏´ ]¶p-≠v.
AXn-i-‡-amb hoUntbm kwhn-[m-
\-ßfpw \S-∏n¬ hcp-∂-tXmsS HD
\msf- b psS hoUn- t bm, kn\na
t^m¿am-‰mbn amdp-sa-∂-Xn\v kwi-b-
an-√. !
am¿®v 2008 31
 U¶n∏\n
\nb-{¥Ww {][m\w
1956 apX¬ 1996 hsc C¥y-bn¬
GI-tZiw 60-Hmfw XhW U¶n-∏\n
s]m´n-∏p-d-s∏´ Ahÿ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.
1963¬ BZy-ambn U¶n-∏\n dnt∏m¿´v
sNbv X Xv (C- ¥ ybn¬) I¬- ° - Ø -
bn¬ BWv . s]s´- ∂ p- ≠ m- I p∂
s]mXp-P-\m-tcm-Ky-{]iv\w F∂-Xn-
\m¬ Cu tcmKw \nb-{¥n-t°-≠Xpw
XS-tb-≠Xpw hfsc {][m-\-am-Wv.
B¿t_m sshdkv hn`m- K - Ø n¬
(^vfmhn sshd-kv) 1,2,3,4 F∂o Xc-
Øn¬ s]´-h-bmWv tcmK-tl-Xp.-C-¥y-
bn¬ Cu tcmKm-Wp-hns\ ]cØp-∂Xv
CuUnkv CuPn]v X n hn`m- K -
Øn¬s∏´ sImXp- I p- I - f m- W v . Cu
tcmK- Ø ns‚ C≥Ip- t _- j ≥ ]ocn-
bUv 5 apX¬ 6 hb v hsc-bm-Wv.
Nne-t∏mƒ 3 apX¬ 10Znhkw hsc
32 imkv{X-tI-cfw
tUm.]n tkm-a-kp-µ-c≥
\ofmw. ]I¬ ka-b-ØmWv sImXpIv U¶n-∏\n (DF)
a\p-jysc ISn-°p-∂s- X∂pw km[m-cW
2. c‡-{kmh Imc-W-am-hp∂ sU¶p
Dujvam-hn¬ Cu sImXp-In\v aq∂v
sla-td-PnIv ^oh¿
BgvN-hsc AXn-Po-hn-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-
∂Xpw {][m\w Xs∂. 3. c‡-k-Ω¿±hpw \mUn-an-Sn∏pw XI-
cm-dn-em-°p∂ tcmKw AYhm U¶p
Cu sImXpIv ]c-am-h[n 400-ao-
tjm°v kn≥{Uw(Dengue Shock
‰¿hsc am{Xsa ]d°q F∂- X n¬
Syndrome)
AXn-i-tbm‡n C√. ]t£ Zqc-ÿ-e-
U¶n-∏-\n°v {]tXyI acp-∂n-√.
ß-fn-te°v a\p-jy-cp-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
U¶n-∏-\n°v Imc-W-amb sImXpIp-I-
hml-\-߃ hgn ]I-cmw. a¨kq¨
ƒ s]‰p-s]-cp-Ip∂ ÿe-߃: sh≈w
Ign- ™ m- e mWv U¶n- ∏ \n IqSp- X ¬
sI´n-°n-S-°p∂ CS-߃, ]m{X-߃,
]I- c m≥ km[yX F∂- X n- \ m¬
_°- ‰ p- I ƒ,- I p- ∏ n- I ƒ, Sb- d p- I ƒ,
sImXpIv \n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Im-cy-Øn¬
ta¬°q-c-bnse Hmhp-Iƒ,-sh-≈-°p-gn-
AXoh Pm{KX thWw. 3 Xc-Øn¬
Iƒ,-hr-£-ß-fnse Zzmc-߃ F∂n-h-
tcmKw {]Xy-£-s∏-Smw.
bmWv. Cu sImXp-Ip-Iƒ°v BZysØ
1. ]\nbpw ico- c - t h- Z - \ - b p- a mbn
8 Znhkw hsc sh≈w Bh-iy-ap-≈-
{]Xy- £ - s ∏- S p∂ km[m- c W
Xn-\m¬ BgvN-bn-sem-cn-°¬ CØcw
]m{X-ßfpw a‰pw iq\y-am-°p-∂Xv U¶n-
∏\n XS-bp-∂-Xn\v hfsc KpW-I-c-am-
Wv. ]t£ BtKm-f-Xm-]-\-Øn-t‚bpw
(Global warming) πmÃnIv amen-\y-ß-
fp-tSbpw sISp-Xn-Iƒ \nanØw C¥y-
bn¬ U¶n- ∏ \n t]mep≈ tcmK-
߃s°Xnsc AXoh Pm{KX thWw.
tcmKw _m[n® sImXp-Ip-I-fn¬
{]Xn-tcm-[a- m¿§-߃
1. sNSn-Iƒ sh°p∂ ]qs®-´n-Iƒ
sh≈w sI´n \n¬ °msX
t\m°pI.
2. ho´n-\-IØpw Ip∏n-I-fnepw `c-
Wn- I - f nepw sh≈w \nd®v
sNSn-Iƒ sh°p-∂-h¿ BgvN-
tXmdpw sh≈w am‰p-I.
3. D]-tbm-Kn-°mØ t¢mk-‰p-I-
fn¬ Bgv N - t Xmdpw sh≈w
^vfjv sNøp-I.
4. Bgv N - b n- s em- c n- ° ¬ hoSpw
ÿm]-\hpw \S∂p t\m°n
Fßpw sh≈w sI´n \n¬°p-
∂n-s√∂pw sImXp-In\v ap´-bn´v
s]cp-Im≥ kuIcyw e`n-°n-
s√∂pw Dd∏p hcp-Øp-I.
tcmKmWp sImXp- I ns‚ Pohn-
Xm¥ywhsc- b p- ≠ mIpw. km[m- c W
Dujv a m- h n¬ s]¨sIm- X p- I n\v 3
BgvN hsc \ne-\n¬°mw. ho´nepw
Np‰p-h-´Øpw sImXp-Ins‚ em¿h-Iƒ
F{X-bp-s≠-∂v \n¿Æ-bn®v {_nt´m
(C≥sUIv k v {]Im- c w) tcmK- \ n- b -
{¥W Imcy-Øn¬ AXoh Pm{KX
5. sh≈- ° p- g n- I - f n¬ Bgv N -
tXmdpw Ipd®v asÆ-Æ-tbm,
Uoktem Hgn®v sImXp-Ins‚
em¿h-Isf \in-∏n-°p-I.
6. sh≈w tiJ-cn®v hbv°p∂
]m{X-߃- , {UΩp-Iƒ, Sm¶p-Iƒ
F∂nh aqSn-sh®v sImXp-Ip-
Iƒ ap´-bn-Sp-∂Xv XS-bpI
7. I°qkv Sm¶n-t‚bpw a‰pw …m_p-
I-fn¬ hnS-hp-s≠¶n¬ hn≈-ep-
Ifpw Zzmc-ßfpw kna‚n-´-S-bv°p-
I. sk]v‰nIv Sm¶p-I-fpsS sh‚n-
{][m- \ - a m- W v . U¶n- ∏ \n XS- b m≥
{]tXyI hmIv k n- \ p- I ƒ e`y- a - √ .
CuUnkv CuPn]vXn sImXp-Ip-I-fpsS
\nb-{¥-W-am-Wv {][m-\w. Nn°p≥
Kp\n-b, ae-º-\n,-a-¥v, P∏m≥ Pzcw
F∂n- h - b mWv a‰v sImXp- I p- P - \ y
-tcm-K-߃.
te- ‰ nßv Ipg- e p- I - f n¬
ss\tem¨ he-Iƒ sI´p-I.
8. Nnc-´-Iƒ, ]m{X-߃ Sn∂p-Iƒ
πmÃnIv Ih-dp-Iƒ, Sb-dp-Iƒ,
apX-em-bh ]cn-k-cØv Ae-k-
ambn CS-cp-Xv. Ah-bn¬ sh≈w
sI´n-\n∂v sImXpIv ap´-bn´v
s]cp-Ipw.
9. sh≈- Ø n¬ IqØm- S n- I sf
\in-∏n-°p∂ Km_p-kn-b,-K∏n
XpS-ßnb a’y-ßsf hf¿Øp-I.
10. ASp-°-f-bn¬ \n∂pw Ipfn-ap-dn-
bn¬ \n∂pw a‰pw ]pd-tØ-s°m-
gp-Ip∂ Agp-°p-sh≈w K≈n
t{S∏v sh®v thÃv hm´¿]n‰v
sI´n AXn-te°v hnSp-I.
11. amen\y kwkvI-c-W-Øn\v icn-
bmb coXn- I ƒ Ah- e w- _ n-
°pI;πmÃnIv hkvXp-°ƒ hen-
s®-dn-b-cp-Xv.
am¿®v 2008 33

Pohn-XI
- Y
- I
- ƒ
_ ln- c m- I m- i - Ø n¬ \n∂pw
`uam- ¥ - c o- £ - Ø n- t e°v hcp- ∂ Xpw
Asbm-Wo-I-c-W-£-a-X-bp-≈-Xp-amb
{]k-c-W-amWv tImkvanIv civan-Iƒ.
civan-I-fpsS ]Ÿm-hn-ep≈ IWn-I-
Iƒ°v sshZypXn Nm¿÷v \¬Im-
\p≈ Ah- b psS Ign- h n- s \- b mWv
Asbm- W o- I - c - W - £ - a - X - s Im≠v
A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. hnIvS¿ {^m≥knkv
sl v F∂ imkv{X-⁄-\mWv Cu
civan-Isf BZy-ambn Is≠-Øn-b-Xv.
Bkv { Sn- b - b nse ssÃdnb
(Styria) F∂ Dƒ\m-S≥ {]tZ-isØ
Hcp Imkn-en¬ Bbn-cp∂p (tIm-´-tbm-
Sp-Iq-Snb sIm´m-cw) sl v P\n-®-Xv.
1883¬. ]nXmhv B Imkn-ens‚ DS-a-
bmb {]`p-hns‚ apJy -h-\-]m-e-I-\m-
bn-cp∂p.
hnIvS-dns‚ kvIqƒ, tImtfPv ]T-
\-߃ kao] \K-c-amb {Kmkn-em-bn-
cp-∂p. Ahn-SpsØ k¿∆-I-em-im-e-
bn¬ \n∂pw 1906¬ Du¿P-X-{¥-Øn¬
]n.-F-®v.-Un. FSp-Øp. {]Im-i-]-T\
(Optics)Ønem- b n- c p∂p At∏mƒ
Xmev]-cyw. {Kmkv k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bn¬
AXn-\p≈ kuI-cy-an-√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-
sIm≠v At±lw hnb-∂-bn¬ t]mbn
34 imkv{X-tI-cfw
hnIvS¿ {^m≥knkv sl v
tImkvanIv civan-Iƒ
Is≠-Ønb imkv{X-⁄≥
s{]m^-k¿ {^m≥kv FIvk-\-dpsS
Iogn¬ A≤y-b\w XpS¿∂p.
tdUn-tb-j≥ ]T-\-߃°v hgn-
Xp-d∂ hn{ip-X-cmb imkv{X-RvP-cn¬
Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p s{]m^. FIvk\
- ¿. Kpcp-
hnIvS¿ {^m≥knkv sl v
(1883-˛1964)
hn¬ \n∂pw tdUntbm BIvSn-hn-‰nsb
kw_- ‘ n- ® p≈ AZ- a y- P n- ⁄ mk
injy-\n-te°p ]I¿∂p. A¥-co-£-
ssh-ZypXn (atmospheric electricity)
]n.-tKm-]m-eI
- r-jvW≥
Aßs\ sl ns‚ Kth-j-W-hn-j-
b-am-bn.
`mKy- h - i m¬ B Pn⁄mk
k^-e-am-°m-\p≈ hgnbpw Xma-kn-
bmsX Xpd-∂p-In-´n. {]k-cW ]T-
\sØ Dt±-in-®p≈ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v
tdUnbw dnk¿®v F∂ ÿm]\w
1910˛¬ Bcw- ` n- ® p. Bkv { Sn- b ≥
A°m- Z an Hm^v kb≥k- k ns‚
(Austrian Academy of Sciences)
B Kth-jWtI{µ-Øn¬ Kth-j-I-
\m-bn-t®¿∂ hnIvS¿ sl v ]n∂o-
Sp≈ ]Øp-h¿jw AhnsS XpS¿∂p.
AhnsS tPmen-bn¬ {]th-in®v
ASpØ h¿j-Øn-em-Wv, sl v, `mhn-
bn¬ X\n°v t\m_¬ ]pc-kvImcw
t\Sn-Ø∂ Kth-jWw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-
Xv. AXv ka-Im-eo\ imkv{XsØ
Ipg- ° n- b n- c p∂ Hcp {]iv \ - Ø ns‚
DØcw Is≠-Øm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. \√-Xp-
t]mse C≥kp- t e‰v sNbv X Ce-
Ivt{Sm-kvtIm-∏p-I-fpsS (ssh-Zyp-Xn-
bpsS km∂n[yw Is≠-Øm≥ D]-
tbm- K n- ° p∂ D]- I - c - W - ß ƒ)
AIsØ hmbp-t]mepw Ab-Wo-I-cn-
°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p B {]iv\w.
sshZyp- t Xm¿÷- Ø n¬ \n∂v
kºq¿Æ-ambn c£- In-´-Ø-°-hÆw
Bh-cWw \¬I-s∏´ B kwhn-[m-\-
Øn- \ p- ≈ n¬ Fßs\ sshZypXn
Nm¿÷v h∂p?{]Y-a-ZrjvSym In´nb
DØcw `qan-bnse teml-[m-Xp-°-fpsS
{]k-c-W-{]-h¿Ø\w aqew F∂m-bn-
cp-∂p. ]s£ Xnsbm-U¿ hpƒ^v F∂
imkv { X- ⁄ ≥ \S- Ø nb Hcp ]co-
£Ww Cu \nK-a-\sØ \ntj-[n-®p.
]mco- k nse 300 ao‰¿ Db- c - a p≈
Cu^¬S- h - d ns‚ Xd- t bmSv tN¿∂
`mKØpw apIƒ`m-K-Øp-ap≈ Ab-Wo-
I- c - W w At±lw Af∂p t\m°n.
I≠Xv apI- f nse Ab- W o- I - c Ww
Xmsg-bp-≈-Xnepw hfsc IqSp-X-emWv
F∂m- b n- c p- ∂ p. ]s£ Xnsbm- U ¿
hpƒ^ns‚ ]co-£-W-߃ kzoI-cn-°-
s∏-´n-√. XpS¿∂v a‰p Nne imkv{X-
⁄¿ _eq¨ D]-tbm-Kn®v hyXyÿ
D∂Xn-I-fnse A¥-co£w ]T-\-hn-t[-
b-am-°n-sb-¶nepw Ah¿ D]-tbm-Kn®
D]-I-c-W-߃ Ip‰-a-‰-X√ F∂ Imc-
W- Ø m¬ B ]co- £ - W - ^ - e - ß fpw
Xnc-kvIr-X-am-bn.
hnIvS¿ sl v ap≥Ime ]co-£-
W-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNbv X v Ah-
bn¬ kw`-hn® ]ni-Ip-Iƒ a\- n-em-
°n, Ah Hgn-hm-°n-sIm≠v _eq¨
]co-£-W-߃ \S-Øn. hnhn[ Db-c-
ß-fnse Xm]-\n-ebpw a¿±hpw Af-°p-
∂-Xn-\p≈ D]-I-c-W-߃ At±lw
kzbw Unssk≥ sNøp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
Xd-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂pw ]e-]e Db-c-ß-
fnse Ab-Wo-I-c-W-Øns‚ Af-hp-
Iƒ tcJ- s ∏- S p- Ø p- I bpw GXv
Db- c - Ø n- e mWv `qan- b n¬\n- ∂ p≈
tdUn-tb-j≥ C√m-Xm-Ip-∂Xv F∂p
hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fn¬ Km¿lnI aen-\-P-e-Øns‚ 90% \p taepw hymh-km-bnI
aen\Pe-Øns‚ 70% hpw Hcp Xc-Øn-ep≈ ip≤o-I-c-W-Øn\pw hnt[-b-am-
ImsX D]-cn-Xe Pe-t{km-X- p-I-fn¬ Ie-cp-I-bm-Wv.
ssPh C‘-\h- n-fI
- ƒ
C¥y-bnepw ssN\-bnepw
Pe-£maw krjvSn°pw
C‘-\-Øn-\p≈ h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ Bhiyw ]cn-l-cn-°m-
\mbn C¥ybpw ssN\bpw ssPh C‘-\-hn-f-Iƒ°v {]mapJyw
\¬Im-\mWv Xocp-am-\n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXv Cu cmPy-ß-fnse Pe-
ti-Jcw \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-te°v \bn-°p-sa-∂mWv kqN-\. `£y
Bh-iy-߃ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ CXv hnLmXw krjvSn-°pw.
A¥m-cmjv{S Pe amt\-Pvsa‚ v C≥Ãn-‰yq-´ns‚ ]T-\-{]-Imcw
2030-\Iw temI-Ønse FÆ-bpsS Fgp-]Xv iX-am\w Bh-iy-
ambn hcp-∂Xv C¥y-bv°pw ssN\-bv°p-am-bn-cn-°pw. Xß-fpsS
kmº-ØnI hyhÿ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn Cu cmPy-߃
Ipd™ sNe-hn¬ ssPh- C-‘-\-߃ Dev]m-Zn-
∏n-°m≥ {ian-°pw. C‘-\-hn-f-Iƒ°v IqSp-X¬
Pew Bh-iy-ambn hcp-∂p. ssN\bpw C¥ybpw
AXn- ` o- I - c - a mb Pe- £ maw A`n- a p- J o- I - c n- ° m≥
t]mhp-I-bm-Wv. Ccp cmPy-ß-fn-ep-ambn 250 tImSn-
-°-SpØv P\-߃ hkn-°p-∂p.
{ioe- ¶ - b n¬ ÿnXn- s N- ø p∂ Pe- am- t \-
Pvsa‚ v C≥Ãn-‰yq-´nse hnZ-Kv[¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xv, "Ccp
cmPy-ßfpw `£y- D-ev]m-Z-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb Pe-
kw-`-c-W-an-√msX sRcp-ßp-∂p' F∂m-Wv. Akw-
kvIrX FÆ-bpsS hne Hcp _mc-en\v 80 tUmf-dnepw
A[n-I-ambn XpS¿∂m¬ ssPh C‘-\-߃ em`-I-c-am-
Ipw. hnd-Iv, NmWIw, Icn-ºv, [m\y-hn-f-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬
\n∂p-amWv Ch e`y-am-°p-∂-Xv. ssN\ tNmf-Øn¬
\n∂m-sW-¶n¬ C¥y Icn-ºn¬ \n∂mWv ssPh
C‘\w(ap-Jy-ambpw FØ-t\mƒ) D¬]m-Zn-∏n-
°p∂Xn\p≈ Bkq-{X-W-߃ \S-Øn-h-cp-∂-
Xv. c≠v hnf-Ifpw Ht´sd Pew Bh-iy-am-b-
h-bm-Wv. ssPh C‘-\-hn-f-I-fpsS D¬∏m-
Z\w 2020- \ Iw \men- c - ´ n- b m- ° m- \ mWv
ssN\ e£yw sh°p-∂-Xv.
hn.-sI.-P-bvtkm-a-\m-Y≥
am¿®v 2008 35
Is≠-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXv 500
ao‰¿ Db-c-Øn-em-sW∂v ÿoco-I-cn-®p.
1911 apX¬ 13 hsc-bp-ff aq∂p
h¿j-ß-fn-embn ]{¥≠v ]co-£-W-
ß-fmWv sl v \S-Øn-b-Xv. ]I¬
ka-bØv Bdpw, cm{Xn Ime-ß-fn¬
Bdpw F∂n-ßs\ ]T-\-߃ hn`-Pn-
°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. ]q¿W kqcy-{K-l-W-k-
a-b-Øm-bn-cp∂p Ah-bn¬ Hcp ]co-£-
Ww.
`qX-e-Øn¬ \n∂pw Dbcw IqSp-
t¥mdpw A¥-co-£-ssh-ZypXn (td-Un-
tb-js‚ sXfn-hv) Ipd-bp-∂-Xn-\p-]-
Icw AXn-thKw h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xmbn
sl v I≠p. `ua-[m-Xp-°-fn¬ \n∂p-
ap≈ tdUn-tb-j-\mWv Ab-Wo-I-c-
Whpw X¬^-e-amb sshZyp-Xnbpw
krjvSn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ `qan-bn¬ \n∂pw
Dbcw IqSp∂ IW- ° n\v AXp
Ipd™p Ipd™p htc-≠-Xm-W-t√m.
A™qdp ao‰-dn-\-∏pdw AXv C√m-Xm-
tI- ≠ - X p- a m- W v . ]s£, ]T- \ - ß ƒ
ImWn-®Xv t\sc adn-®m-bn-cp-∂p. Ipsd
Intem-ao-‰¿ Db-c-Øn¬ tdUn-tb-j≥
`qan- b psS \nc- ∏ n¬ I≠- X nepw
F{Xtbm aSßv Bbn h¿≤n-°p-∂p.
AXn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ kzm`m-hnI \nK-
a\w tdUn-tb-j≥ hcp-∂Xv apI-fn¬
\n∂pw, AXm-bXv _ln-cm-Im-iØp
\n∂p-amWv F∂m-bn-cp-∂p.
kqcy- { K- l Ww tdUn- t b- j s‚
i‡nsb Xosc _m[n- ° p- ∂ n- s √-
∂mWv I≠-Xv. CXn¬ \n∂pw tdUn-
tb-j≥ hcp-∂Xv kqcy-\n¬ \n∂√
F∂ A\p-am-\-Øn-se-Øn.
sl ns‚ kn≤m¥w ]co-£-W-
ß-fpsS ]n≥Xp-W-bp-≈Xpw bp‡n-`-
an° hnf-I-fp-sSbpw DXv]m-Z\w 5 Cc-´n-hsc h¿≤n-°p-∂p.
36 imkv{X-tI-cfw
{Z-hp-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw imkv{X-k-
aqlw Ipsd-°m-e-tØ°v AXv Ah-
K-Wn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. H∂mw temI-
a-lm-bp≤w Ign™v Ata-cn-°-bn¬
\S∂ Kth- j - W - ß ƒ Ahbv ° v
km[q- I - c Ww \¬In- ° - g n- ™ mWv
_ln- c m- I mi {]k- c - W - ß - s f- ° p- d n-
®p≈ sl ns‚ kn≤m¥w AwKo-I-
cn- ° - s ∏- ´ - X v . At∏mƒ sl ns‚
t]cn¬ B civan-Iƒ Adn-b-s∏-´p. 1925-
emWv tdm_¿´v F. an√n-I≥ Ahsb
"tImkvanIv civan-Iƒ' F∂v ]p\¿\m-
a-I-cWw sNbvX-Xv.
1920¬ sl v amXr-hn-Zym-e-b-amb
{Kmkv k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bn¬ ]co-£W
-Pe tkN\w aqew
Du¿P-X-{¥-Ønse Atkm-kn-tb-‰Uv
s{]m^-k-dmbn tN¿∂p. B h¿jw
icXv°m-e-Øm-bn-cp∂p hnhm-lw. h[p
Hcp blq-Z-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ P\n® adnb
s_¿Øm hm¿W¿ {_nkv \ F∂
bph-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. adnb s_¿Ø-
bpsS c≠mw hnhm-l-am-bn-cp∂p AXv.
ASpØ h¿jw {Kmkv k¿∆-I-em-
im- e - b n¬\n∂pw Ah- [ n- s b- S pØv
sl v Ata- c n- ° - b n- t e°p t]mbn.
sl ns‚ ]cn-⁄m\w D]-tbm-Kn®v
AhnsS Hcp Kth-j-W-tI{µw ÿm]n-
X-am-Ip-Ibpw At±lw AXns‚ Ub-
d-IvS-dmbn Ah-tcm-[n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. c≠p-h¿j-tØmfw Ata-cn-°-
bn¬ sNe-h-gn-®-tijw sl v {Km v
k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bn-te°p aS-ßn. c≠p-
h¿jw Ign™v 1925¬ At±lw
Atkm-kn-tb‰Uv s{]m^-k¿ F∂
\ne-bn¬ \n∂pw s{]m^-k¿ ]Z-hn-bn-
te°pw ]n∂oSv 1929¬ Du¿P-X-{¥-hn-
`m- K - Ø ns‚ Uo≥ F∂ ÿm\-
tØ°pw Db¿Ø-s∏-´p.
GXm≠v c≠p- h ¿jw Ign™v
At±lw {Kmkn¬ \n∂pw
C≥kv { _qIv k¿∆- I - e m- i m- e - b nse
]co-£-W-Du¿÷-X-{¥-hn-`m-K-Ønse
s{]m^-k¿jn∏v kzoI-cn®v Ahn-tS°v
amdn. AhnsS {]k- c - W - s Ø- ° p- d n-
®p≈ ]T- \ - Ø n\v Hcp ÿm]\w
C≥Ãn- ‰ yq´v Hm^v tdUn- t b- j ≥
dok¿®v D≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww sl ns\
BI¿jn-®-Xv. At±lw AXns‚ Ub-
d-IvS-dmbn Ah-tcm-[n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
1931˛¬ hnIvS¿ sl v Du¿÷-
X-{¥-Ønse t\mt_¬ ]pc-kvIm-c-
 Hcp sIm√w temIØv ]Øp
e£-Øn-e-[nIw t]¿ ate-dnb ]nSn-
s]- ´ p- a - c n- ° p- ∂ p- ≠ s{X. ate- d nb
tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ ]c-Øp-∂Xv At\m-^n-
ekv s]¨sIm- X p- I p- I - f m- s W∂pw
a\p-jys‚ Ic-fnepw Nph∂ c‡m-Wp-
°-fn-ep-amWv Ah s]cp-Ip-∂-sX∂pw
Adn- h p≈ Imcy- a m- W v . Gsd- ° m- e -
ambn a\p- j y≥ sImXpIp \nhm-
cWØn\p {ian-°p-∂p. ]s£, sImXp-
Ins‚ FÆw IqSp-∂-X-√msX Ipd-
bp∂ e£-W-an-√. sImXp-In\v Hcp
Po≥ sXdm∏n \S-Øn-bmtem F∂
Nn¥ tPm¨ tlm]vIn≥kv k¿∆-I-
em-im-e-bnse am¿-skte tP°_vkv
semtd-\bn¬ DZn-®Xv Cu kml-N-
Øn\p sXc- s ™- S p- ° - s ∏- ´ p. B
h¿jsØ Du¿P-X{¥ ]pc-kvImcw
c≠p imkv{X-⁄¿ ]¶n-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-
∂p. sl pw t]mknt{Sm¨ Is≠-
Ønb imkv { X- ⁄ - \ mb Imen-
t^m¿Wnb k¿∆- I - e m- i m- e - b nse
Imƒ kn B≥tU-gvk\pw.
sl v ho≠pw {Kmkv k¿∆-I-em-
im-e-bn-te°v aS-ßn. Cu {]mhiyw
IqSp-X-embn Hcp BI¿j-W-hp-ap-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p. Du¿P-X-{¥-Ønse s{]m^-
k¿jn∏n\p ]pdsa ^nknIvkv C≥Ãn-
‰yq-´ns‚ Ub-d-IvS¿ ÿm\hpw At±-
l-Øn\p \¬I-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. ]s£
sl n\v kz¥w \mSp-ambn hnS-]-d-tb-
≠p∂ kabw BK-X-am-Ip-I-bm-bn-cp-
∂p. Bkv{Snb \mkn-I-fpsS A[o-\-
X-bn-ea- ¿∂p. ]Xv\n blq-Zk - v{Xo-bmWv
F∂ apJy-Im-c-W-Øm¬ {Kmkv k¿∆-
I- e m- i m- e - b psS A`n- a m- \ - a mb B
imkv{X-⁄s\ tPmen-bn¬ \n∂pw
]ncn-®p-hn-´p. AXp-sIm≠pw ]oV\w
Ah-km-\n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√; \mkn-Isf
kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw AXv XpS°w
am{X- a m- b n- c p- ∂ p. B Zº- X n- I sf
sImXp-In-s\mcp
Po≥ sXdm-∏n
cy-Øn-em-Wv. ate-dnb tcmKm-Wp-°sf
kzoI-cn-°m≥ sImXp-Ip-Iƒ°v Ign-hn-
tIm¨sk≥t{S- j ≥ Iymºn- t e°v
sIm≠p-t]m-Im-\mWv Dt±-in-®n-cn-°p-
∂Xv F∂v \mkn clkyt∏m- e o-
knse DtZym- K - ÿ \pw Ah- c psS
kplr-Øp-amb Hcp hy‡n Ahsc
Adn- b n- ® p. X°- k - a - b sØ B
ktµiw sIm≠v Ah¿°v Ab¬
cmPy-amb kzn‰-vk¿e≥Un-te°v Hfn-
®p-I-S-°m≥ km[n-®p. AhnsS \n∂v
a‰v Ht´sd bqtdm-]y≥ _p≤n-Po-hn-I-
sf- t ∏mse Ahcpw Ata- c n- ° ≥
sFIy-\m-Sp-I-fn¬ A`-bhpw ]pXn-
sbmcp Pohn-Xhpw Is≠-Øn.
Ata- c n- ° - b n¬ sl n- s \-
t∏mse {]Xn- ` m- i m- e n- b mb Hcp
imkv{X-⁄\v kzoIm-cyX In´p-hm≥
{]bm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. t^m¿Umw
k¿∆-Iemime-bnse Hcp s{]m^-k-
dmbn At±lw \nb-an-X-\m-bn.-slkv
Zº- X n- a m¿°v 1944¬ Ata- c n- ° ≥
]ucXzw e`n-®p.
sl pw hneyw Sn amIv\n^pw
tN¿∂v a\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw
\n¿K-an-°p∂ AXn kq£va {]k-c-W-
ßsf Is≠- Ø m- \ p≈ kt¶Xw
√m-Xm-Ip∂ Hcp Po≥ Ah-bn¬ k∂n-
th- i n- ∏ n- ° pI. AXv Ffp- ∏ - a m- W v .
]s£ F√m sImXp-In-t\bpw ]nSn®v
Po≥ sXdm∏n \S- Ø m≥ ]‰ptam?
AXns‚ Bh-iy-an√ F∂p sXfn-
™n-cn-°p-∂p. Po≥ am‰w hcp-Ønb
sImXp-Ip-I-fpsS Ip™p-߃°pw B
KpWw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw, F∂p am{X-a-√,-
km-[m-cW sImXp-Ip-I-sf-°mƒ AXn-
Po-h-\-tijn Ahbv°v D≠m-bn-cn-°p-
sa∂pw ImWp-∂p.
c‡w IpSn-t®m-fq, ]s£ ate-
dnb ]c-Øt√ F∂ At]£ \h-
Pm-Xs- Im-Xp-Ih
- wiw kzoI-cn°pw F∂
{]Xo-£-bn-emWv a\p-jy≥.
Bhn-jvI-cn-®p. AXv sshZy-im-kv{X-
Øn\v e`n® Aaq-ey-amb kw`m-h-\-I-
fn-sem-∂m-Wv. tdUn-b-Øn¬ \n∂pw
a\p-jy-i-co-c-Øn\p `hn-°p∂ hnj-
_m[ Pohm-]m-b-Øn-te°v \bn-°p-∂-
Xn-\p-apºv Is≠-Øm\pw NnIn-’ ka-
b-Øn\p \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw AXv DX-In.
Ccp-]Xp h¿jsØ tkh-\-Øn-
\p-tijw t^m¿kmw k¿∆-I-em-im-e-
bn¬ \n∂pw sl v hnc-an-®p. ]s£
At±lw hn{i-a-Po-hn-X-Øn\p ]Icw
Ahn-sS-Øs∂ thX-\-c-lnX s{]m^-
k-dm-bn, A≤ym-]\hpw Xs‚ {]nb-
s∏´ et_m-d-´-dn-bn¬ ]co-£-W-ßfpw
XpS¿∂p-t]m-hp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.
adnb s_¿Ø sl v 1955¬
A¥-cn-®p. tcmK-i-ø-bn-em-bn-cp∂ adn-
bsb Ah-cpsS A¥y-Zn-h-k-ß-fn¬
ip{iq-jn-®n-cp∂ Fen-k-_Øv tlmb-
¶ns\ B h¿jw sl v hnhmlw Ign-
®p.
H≥]- X p- h ¿jw- I qSn ]n∂n´v
hnIv S ¿ sl v 1964 Unkw- _ - d n¬
\ncym-X-\m-bn.
!
am¿®v 2008 37

]n B¿ N{µ- t am- l ≥
kvs]bnkv j´n¬ AXvem‚n- v.
kmt¶- X nI XI- c m- d p- I ƒ ]cn- l - c n®v
kv s ]bnkv j´n¬ A‰v e m‚ n v s^{_p-
hcnbn¬ C‚¿ t\j-\¬ kvs]bnkv tÃj-\n-
¬ t]m-bn Xncn®p h∂p. 7 t]c-S-ßp∂ _ln-
cm-Imi Kth-jI kwL-ambn-cp∂p hml-\-
Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
13 Znhkw \o≠ ZuXy- Ø ns‚ {][m\
e£yw ESA \n¿Ωn® sImfw-_kv et_m-d-´dn
ISS ¬ LSn-∏n-°p-Ibmbncp∂p. kwLmw-K-am-bn-
cp∂ sF-lm¿´v ZuXy-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬-
ISS ¬ Xßp-Ibpw HIvtSm-_-¿ 12 apX¬ ISS ¬
{]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ Um≥Sm\n (Dantani) `qan-bn-
te°v aS-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
CXv \mk-bpsS 12 masØ j´n¬ ZuXyhpw
I.S.S. te°p≈ 24˛masØ \n¿ΩmW ]d-°-ep-
am-bncp∂p.
1492 ¬ AXvem‚n°v IS∂v Ata-cn-°-bn¬
FØnb {InÃ- ^ ¿ sImfw- _ -   ns‚ Hm¿Ω-
°mWv ESA bpsS _ln-cm-Imi tamUyq-fn∂v
sImfw-_ v F∂ t]¿ \¬In-b-Xv. 2 _ney¨
US tUmf¿ sNehv hcp∂ t]SIw I.S.S. se
{]h¿Ø\ hym]vXw 75 M3 h¿≤n-∏n-°pw. 7 ao.
38 imkv{X-tI-cfw
\ofhpw 1.5 ao. hymk-hp-ap≈ sImfw_ v t]S-
I-Øn∂v 12.87 S¨ `mc-ap-≠v. 6 BgvN-bv°Iw
]q¿Æ-ambn {]h¿Ø\ k÷amIp∂ Cu t]S-
I-Øn¬ 3 Kth-j-I¿°v Xma-kn®v {]h¿Øn-
°mw. P¿Ω-\n-bn-ep≈ ESA bpsS \nb-{¥W
tI{µ-ج \n∂m-bn-cn°pw CXnse Kth-jW-
]-T\
- ß- ƒ \nb-{¥n-°p-I. 20 KW sshZypXn th≠
t]S-I-Ønse Xm]-\ne 160 C apX¬ 270 C hsc
\nb- { ¥n- ° mw. sImf- º  v t]SIw ISS se
lm¿aWn 2 tamUyq-fn-t\m-SmWv LSn-∏n-®Xv.
aq∂v {]mh-iy-ambn \S-Ønb _ln-cm-Imi
\S-Ø-ß-fn-eqsS (Space Walk) CXv km[y-am-
°n-b-Xv. tISp-h∂ ssKtdm-kvtIm∏v am‰p-I,
ss\{S-P≥ Sm¶v LSn-∏n-°p-I, sImfw_ v t]S-
I-Øn-\-v ]pdØv tkmfm¿ sSenkv-t°m∏v Dd-∏n-
°p-I, _ln-cm-Im-iØv teml-ß-ƒ°v kw`-hn-
°p∂ A]-Nbw a\- n-em-°m-\p≈ D]-I-c-W-
߃ LSn-∏n-°pI, Cßs\ Hcp-]mSv tPmen-Iƒ
sNbvX-ti-j-am-Wv s^{_p-hcn 20 \v A‰vem‚n v
aS-ßnsb-Øn-bXv.
ISSte°v ]pXnb Im¿tKm hml\w
bqtdm-]y≥ kvt]kv GP≥kn-bpsS Hmt´m-am-
‰n°v Im¿tKm hml\w ATV. am¿®v 7 \v {^©v
Kbm- \ - b nse tI{µ- Ø n¬\n∂v Gcn- b m≥ 5
tdm°‰v D]-tbm-Kn®v hnt£-]n-°pw. 400 In.-ao.
Db-c-Øn¬ {`aWw sNøp∂ I.S.S. te°v 8 S¨
D]- I - c - W - ß ƒ FØn- ° m≥ CXn\v Ignbpw.
BZysØ Automatic Transfer Vehicle ∂v
kb≥kv ^nIv j ≥ Fgp- Ø p- I m- c \mb Pqƒ
thWns‚ t]cmWv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Bdv
amkw hsc I.S.S.t\mSv tN¿∂v \n¬°p∂ A T V 6
S¨ amen-\y-ß-fp-ambn aS-°-Øn¬ A¥-co-£-
Øn¬ IØn \in-
°pw. Ct∏mƒ D]-
tbm-Kn-°p∂
djy≥ Im¿tKm
hml-\-amb
t{]m{K n\v 2
S¨ `mc- a mWv
hln-°m≥ Ign-bp-
∂-Xv.
 IdpØ a¨ Iq\-I-fn¬ I¬°-
ssS‰m-\nse C‘\ tiJcw cn°v kam- \ - a mb tXmeo≥
(THOLIN) F∂ ]Zm¿∞-am-sW-
∂mWv Duln-°p-∂-Xv.
i\n-bpsS G‰hpw henb D]- i\n°v Np‰pw {`aW]Y-Øn¬
{K- l - a mb ssS‰m- \ n¬ `qan- b n¬ XpS-cp∂ Im n\n t]SIw CtX-
D≈- X ns‚ 100 aS- ß n- e - [ nIw hsc ssS‰ms‚ 20% D]- c n- X - e -
{]IrXnhmX-Ihpw a‰p sslt{Um Øns‚ ta∏v Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
Im¿∫-Wp-Ifpw Ds≠∂mWv ]T- ssS‰m≥ D]-{K-l-Øns‚ DØc
\-߃ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ssS‰m- {]tZ-i-ØmWv IqSp-X¬ XSm-I-
\n¬ aossY≥ {ZmhI cq]-Øn¬ ߃ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. `qan-
ag-bmbn s]øp-∂Xpw XSm-I-ß- bnse {]IrXn hmXIw GXm≠v
fn¬ {ZmhI aossY\pw apsº 130 _ney≥ S¨ BsW-∂mWv
Is≠-Øn-bn-cp∂psh¶nepw IW- ° p- I ƒ kqNn- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ Xv .
AXns‚ H´m- s I- b p≈ Afhv ssS‰ms‚ A¥-co£ hmX-I-ß-
IW-°m-°p-∂Xv BZy-am-bn-´m-Wv. fn¬ ss\{S-P≥ {][m\ LS-I-am-
hfsc XWpØv -˛1790 C Xm]-\n-e- Wv. 5140 K.M hymk-ap≈ ssS‰m≥
bn¬ {ZmhI cq]-Øn¬ aossY\pw hymg- Ø ns‚ Km\n- a nUv Ign-
CussX-\p-amWv \nd-™p-In-S-°p- ™m¬ kuc-bq-Y-Ønse G‰hpw
∂- X v . IS¬°- c - b n¬ ImWp∂ henb D]-{K-l-am-Wv.

]pXnb kuc-bqYw A\p-]m-X-

\ΩpsS kuc- b q- Y - Ø n- t \mSv Øn\v Xpey-
hfsc kmay-ap≈ Hcp kuc-bqYw am-Wv.
Is≠-Øn-b-Xmbn HmIvkvt^mUv \£-{X-
k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse Kth-j-I¿ Øn¬ \n∂v
Adn- b n- ® p. ]pXnb kuc- b q- Y - henb {Kl-
Ønse henb c≠v {Kl- ß ƒ Øns‚ Cc´n
hmXI `oa≥amcpw hymg- Ø n- Zqc-Øn-emWv
s‚bpw i\n-bp-sSbpw 80% hen-∏- s N d n b
ap-≈-h-bp-am-Wv. kqcys‚ ]IpXn {Klw. c≠v
am{Xw ]nWvU-ap≈Xpw {]Imiw {Kl-߃ \-X-I-fp-≠v.
Ipd-™X - p-amb Hcp \£-{X-Øn\p bYm-{Iaw 5 h¿j-Ønepw 14
h¿j- Ø - n ep- a mWv ]cn- { I- CtX- h sc 250 \£- { X-
Np‰p- a mWv {Kl- ß ƒ {`aWw
aWw sNøp-∂-Xv. (12: 30) ߃°v Np‰pw {Kl- ß sf
sNøp-∂X - v. henb c≠v {Kl-ßf - p-
Cßs\ c≠v kuc- b q- Y - Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. 25 \£-{X-
sSbpw ]nWvUØns‚ A\p-]mXw
߃ XΩn¬ [mcmfw kam- ߃°v Np‰pw H∂n- e - [ nIw
3:1 F∂-Xm-Wv. CXv hymgw/i\n
{Kl-ß-sfbpw!
\ΩpsS Hcp Znh-ksØ `£Ww D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-hm≥
3000 en‰¿ sh≈w thWw. \ap°v IpSn-°p-hm≥ Bh-iy-am-bX
- ns‚
1000 aS-ßm-Wn-Xv.

am¿®v 2008 39

amb-°m-gvN-Iƒ
t\mh¬-
A≤ymbw 20
D d-°-Øn\pw DW¿®- I ƒ°pw
CS- t h- f - I ƒ Npcp- ß n- ® pcpßnh- ∂ p.
HcmgvN ho≠pw IS-∂p-t]m-bn. Hcp-\mƒ
\Nn- t I- X p- h ns‚ \n¿Øm- s X- b p≈
s]m´n-®ncn tI´p-sIm-≠mWv a[p-_me
Dd-°-ap-W¿∂-Xv. cmP-a-µncw t]mse
B¿`m- S - ] q¿Æ- a mb Hc- I - Ø - f - Ø n-
emWv Ah-cpsS I´n-ep-Iƒ tN¿Øn-
´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. I´n-ep-Iƒ F∂v hnfn-°p-
∂-Xnepw t`Zw Ahsb ‰ot]m-bvIƒ
F∂v hnfn-°p-∂-Xmhpw \s∂∂v a[p-
_m-ebv°v tXm∂n. A{Xbv°v sNdp-
Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah. ]e-Xcw Syq_p-Ifpw
Xe-Io-gmbn Xq°n-bn´ acp-∂p-Ip-∏n-
Ifpw HmIvkn-P≥ knen-≠¿ Dƒs∏-tS-
bp≈ sshZy-imkv{X D]-I-c-W-ßfpw
AhnsS k÷o-I-cn-®n-cp∂p. Ah-cpsS
saØ-Iƒ°n-cp-h-iØpw sIm®p Itk-
c-Iƒ ÿm\w ]nSn-®n-cp-∂p. GtXm
\nco- £ - I ¿ cm∏- I ¬ t`Z- a n- √ msX
Ah¿°v Np‰pw Imh-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p
F∂v a[p-_m-ebv°v a\- n-em-bn.
Nph-cn¬ c≠p Nn{X-߃ ame-Nm¿Øn
Xq°n-bn-cp-∂p. cq]-am‰w hcp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-
ºp≈ ]gb thj-Øn-ep≈ a[p-_m-
ebpw \Nn-tI-Xp-hp-am-bn-cp∂p B Nn{X-
ß-fn¬. a[phpw s]m´n-®n-cn-®p-t]m-bn.
Intam-W-t]m-ep≈ h¿Æ-∏-In-´p≈ B
hkv{X-Øn-\-IØv CØn-cn-°p-™≥
\Nn-tI-Xp-hns\- I-≠m¬ apºv I≠n-
´p≈ Bcpw Atøm-]mhw sh®v Nncn®p
Ipg-™p-t]m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xm\pw B
40 imkv{X-tI-cfw
H 2O
cq]- Ø n- e m- W p- ≈ - s X∂pw AXmWv
\Nn-tI-Xp-hns‚ s]m´n-®n-cn°v Imc-W-
sa∂pw a[p-hn\v DSs\ a\- n-em-bn.
Ahƒ Nph-cnse Nn{XØnte°v angn-
]m-bn-®Xpw Nncn s]s´∂p \ne-®p.
\Nn- t IXphpw Atßm- ´ p- t \m- ° n.
Ah\pw Nncn \ndp-Øn. \Nn s\Sp-
ho¿∏n-´p. a[p-hn\pw D≠mbn `mh-t`-
Zw. ]g-bcq]w Fs∂-¶nepw Xncn®p
In´p- I - b m- s W- ¶ n¬ AXp-
Xs∂bmWv kzm`m-
hnIw F∂-
h ¿ ° v
tXm∂n.
]pXnb Pohn- X - Ø n- t e°v ]cn-
h¿Øn- ° - s ∏´ Ahsc A`n- \ - µ n-
°mt\m kzoI- c n- ° mt\m Bcpw
FØm-ØXv Ahsc sX√v \ncm-i-s∏-
Sp- Ø m- X n- c p- ∂ n- √ . At∂cw "Nnepw
Nnepw' Fs∂mcp hmbvØmcn Ah-
cpsS ImXn¬ apg-ßn. sX√-Ise Hcp
h´-ta-ibv°v apI-fn¬ Hcp inev]w
t]mse F.-hn.-Fkv AÆm≥ Ccn-°p-
∂Xv Ah¿ I≠p. Ahs‚ Ac-hm¬
Xmf- Ø n¬ Nen- ® p- s Im- ≠ n- c p∂p
"I¨{Km- P yp- t e- j ≥kv en‰n¬
tImt{aUvkv' AÆm≥ Ahsc A`n-
hmZyw sNbvXp. Ah≥ `mh-t`-Z-an-
√msX ]d-™p-Xp-S-ßn.
"`qan- b n¬ aq∂mw temI- a - l m-
bp≤w \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
Rm\mWv bYm¿∞- Ø n¬ AXn\v
Imc-W° - m-c≥'. "]ns∂ Xm\-√msX a‰m-
sc-¶nepw hnNm-cn-®m¬ Hcp aq∂mw
temI-bp≤w D≠m-°p-hm≥ ]‰ptam?'.
\Nn- t I- X p- h ns‚ \mhn≥Xp- º n¬
Cßs\ Hcp {]Xn-I-cWw h∂p ap´n-
sb-¶nepw Ah-\Xp \nb-{¥n-®p. a[p-
hm-Is´ Pn⁄m-k-tbmsS AÆms‚
apJ-tØ-°p-‰p-t\m-°n.
AÆm≥ ]d-™p-Xp-S-ßn.
Chn- s S- b p- ≈ - h - s c√mw
aq∂mw temI-a-lm-bp≤w
kv { Io\n¬ \nco- £ n- ® p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°-bm-Wv. AWp-
t_mw- _ pw, ssl{U- P ≥
t_mw_pw N°-°pcp s]m´p-
∂- X p- t ]mse s]m´n- s Ø- d n- ® p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ib - m-Wv. ]e-`q-JW - vU-
ßfpw CXn-\Iw A{]-Xy-£-am-bn-
°- g n- ™ p. B{^n- ° ≥ ImSp- I ƒ
IØn-sb-cn-™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
I≠m-ar-Kß - fpw lnt∏m-Ifpw ac-Ws- h-
{]m- f - t ØmsS tImwtKm- \ - Z n- b n¬
sN∂p NmSn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Zzo]p-
Iƒ ap°mepw IS- e n- \ - S n- b n- e m- b n.
lnam-ebw Dcp-In-sbm-en®psIm≠n-cn-
°p-∂p. DØ-c-J-WvU-߃ sh≈-Øn-
\-Sn-bn-em-Wv. ]pI-°q-Wp-Iƒ°n-S-bn-
ep≈ Nne hnS-hp-Iƒ am{X-amWv `qan-
bn-te°v t\m°m-\p≈ Infn-hm-Xn-ep-
Iƒ. sshZyp-Xnbpw hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab
_‘-ßfpw Xosc Cs√-∂p-Xs∂ ]d-
bmw. _ln-cm-Im-iØ - p-ff- t- Ã-j\- p-Iƒ
\¬Ip∂ hnh- c - ß ƒ hni- I - e \w
sNømt\m hnX-cWw sNømt\m `qap-
JØv Hcp tI{µhpw Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂n-
√. IS-en-\-Sn-bn-te-bpw, `qan-°-Sn-bn-
tebpw kpc-£m-_¶ - d- p-Ifpw {]h¿Ø-
\-c-ln-X-am-Wv. a\p-jy≥ F∂ P¥p-
h¿§w an°-hmdpw Hcm-gvN-sIm≠v Ip‰n-
b-‰p-t]m-Ipw. a‰v Poh-Pm-e-ßfpw hwi-
\m-i-Øns‚ h°n-em-Wv. ih-߃ Ic-
bnepw IS-enepw Ip∂p-Iq-Sp-I-bm-Wv.
t_mw_¿hn-am-\-ßfpw anssk-ep-Ifpw
Ip´n-Iƒ Fdn-™p-S® Ifn-∏m-´-߃
t]mse `qap-J-ØmsI NnX-dn-°n-S-°p-
I- b m- W v . ]mXn- s h¥pw AwK- ` w- K w-
h∂pw \odp∂ ico-c-hp-ambn Ip™p-
ßfpw hr≤cpw kv{XoIfpw \ne-hn-fn-
°p-I-bm-Wv. kvIqfp-Ifpw Bip-]-{Xn-
Ifpw Nmc- ° q- \ - I ƒ°n- S - b n¬ ]pX-
™p- I n- S - ° p- I - b m- W v . a\p- j y≥
F¥n\o Bfl-\m-i-Øn-\n-S-h-cpØn
F∂v Nn¥n-°p-I-bmWv Rm≥'
"Xm¶-fmWv aq∂mw temI-bp-≤-
Øn\v Imc-W-°m-c≥ F∂m-Wt√m
Ipd®p apºv ]d- ™ - X v . AÆm≥
]d™p \n¿Øn-b-t∏mƒ a[p-_m-e-
tNm-Zn-®p. "AsX Rm\m-W-Xn\v hgn
acp-∂n-´Xv' AÆm≥ Zp:JtØmsS adp-
]Sn ]d-™p. "AsX-ß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p
k¿? \Nn-tIXp AÆm-s\-I-fn-bm-°m-
s\∂ t]mse tNmZn®p. F∂m¬ \Nn-
tIXp Xs∂ _lp-am-\]q¿∆w k¿
F∂v hnfn-®-Xn¬ kt¥mjw {]I-Sn-
∏n-®p-sIm≠v AÆm≥ ]d-™p-Xp-S-
ßn."\n߃°-dn-bm-a-t√m, Aa-cm-¥p-
cp-Øn-°m¿°v Aøm-bn-c-Øn-\p-ta¬
\yq¢n- b ¿ t_mw_p- I fpw AXnepw
F{Xtbm Cc´n BW- h - a n- s sk- e p-
Ifpw Ds≠- ∂ v . dpkm- ¥ p- c p- Ø p-
Im¿°pw,- N o- \ m- ¥ p- c p- Ø n- ° m¿°pw
A{X- X s∂ BW- h m- b p- [ - t i- J cw
ssIh-i-ap-≠v. FÆ-a‰ BW-th-Xc
Bbp-[-߃ thtd-bpw. Ch H∂msI
s]m´n-sØ-dn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ `qap-
JØv Pohs‚ \ne-\n¬∏v A]-I-S-Øn-
em-Ipw. CXv ap≥Iq-´n-I-≠mWv Rm≥
H2OF∂ H‰-bmƒ Hm∏-td-j≥ kwL-
Sn-∏n-®-Xv. AÆm≥ ho≠pw Bfl-{]-iw-
k- b n- t e°v IpXn- ° p- I - b m- s W∂v
\Nn°v tXm∂n.H2OF∂Xv sh≈-
Øns‚ cmk-kq-{X-hm-Iy-as√? a[p-
_me tNmZn®p "AsX AÆm≥ ]d-
™p.' Aa- c m- ¥ p- c p- Ø n- ° m- c psS
I∏¬]S H∂msI ap°n°f-™m¬
Hcp -h≥ BW-hm-bp-[-ti-Jcw AtXm-
sSm∏w IS-en-\-Sn-bn-emIpw F∂v Rm≥
Icp-Xn. IS¬ Hcm-W-h-i-h-∏-d-ºm-bn-am-
dp-sa-¶nepw `qan-bnse BW-h-`oXn
sX√v Ipd-bp-sa∂v Rm≥ [cn-®p. am{X-
a√ C∂sØ a´n-ep≈ i‡n-tI-{µo-
I-cWw Ah-km-\n-°p-sa∂pw temI-
Øn\v H‰-t∏m-eokv F∂ Ahÿ amdp-
sa∂pw Rm≥ sX‰n-≤-cn-®p.
"Xm¶ƒ H2O Hm∏-td-j-s\-°p-dn-
®p- ]-d-™n√' a[p-_me CSbv°p
Ibdn∏d- ™ p. AXp Xs∂- b mWv
Rm≥ ]d-™p-h-cp-∂-Xv. " Aa-cm-¥p-cp-
Øn-°m-cpsS I∏¬∏S Nne A`ym-k-
{]-I-S-\-߃°mbn \nß-fpsS ae-bm-
¥p-cpØn IS-en¬ h∂p-tN-cp-sa∂pw
At∏mƒ IS- e n- \ - S n- b nse Pew
H∂msI sshZypX hnt«-jWw hgn
HmIvkn-P\pw ssl{U-P\pambn-Øn-
cn®v s]s´-∂p-≠m-Ip∂ iq\y-X-bn-
te°v H∂msI ap°n-°-f-bm-sa-∂p-am-
bn- c p∂p Fs‚ πm≥' AÆm≥
XpS¿∂p. "Xm¶ƒ°v H‰bv ° v CXv
sNøm≥ Ign™p F∂mtWm ]d-bp-
∂Xv?' \Nn-tIXp tNmZn-®p. "]ns∂
C√msX?' AÆms‚ Ac-hm¬ Adn-
bmsX c≠p-h´w Db¿∂-XmWv? Nnepw
Nnepw F∂ hmbv Ø mcn apg- ß n.
"AsX-ß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p F hn- F-kv?'
`b- ` ‡n _lp- a m- \ - ß - t fmsS a[p-
_me tNmZn-®p. as‰mcp Ncn{X hnkva-
b-Øn-te°v F hn Fkv AÆm≥
Iq∏p IpØn. (X pScpw)
am¿®v 2008 41
 t^mt´m-Iznkv- ˛ 85

temI-{]-i-kvX-\mb `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn.
Ct±-l-sØ-∏‰n Hcp sNdnb Ipdn-s∏-gpXn
Ab-bv°pI.

Ah-km\ XnøXn : am¿®v 20.

hnemkw:
t^mt´m Iznkv 85,
imkv { X- t I- c fw,
Nme- ∏ pdw ]n. H,
tImgn-t°mSv ˛2

{Kl-\ne 15 ˛3˛ 2008 8PM, Lat. 10o.301 N Long 76o.151 E

amk-hn-ti-j-߃: am¿®v 3: _p[≥ kqcy-\n¬ \n∂v 270 AI-e-Øn¬. am¿®v 7: Idp-Ø-hm-hv. am¿®v 20: ka-cm-{X-
Zn-\w. am¿®v 21: shfp-Ø-hmhv. am¿®v 23: _p[≥ ip{I≥ 10 AI-e-Øn¬. am¿®v 27: _p[≥ bpdm-\-kn¬
\n∂v 1.70 AI-e-Øn¬.
Nm¿´n¬
{Klßsf {Klw ssd‰v `qan-bn¬\n∂v DZb AkvXa\
kqNn∏n°p Ak≥j≥ sU¢nt\j≥ Bƒ´n‰yqUv AknaØv Im¥nam\w Zqcw. (AU) kabw kabw cminÿm\w
∂ {]XoIw

_p[≥ 22 h.14 1.33 11 -12 0 .53 1.16 11 -44.62 0 262.19 0 -0.5. 1.11736 5.14 AM 4.55 PM Ipw`w cminbn¬.

ip{I≥ 22 h.22 1.32 11 -11 0.21 1.53 11 -42.6 o 264.15 o -3.9 1.54537 5.21 AM 5.04 PM Ipw`w cm-in-bn¬

sNm∆ 06 h.17 1 .23 11 +25 0.56 1.34 11 +70.27 0 327.27 0 0.5 1.17633 12.48 PM 1.30AM anYp\w cmin-bn¬

hymgw 19 h.17 1.53 11 -22 0.10 1.24 11 -78.14 0 189.79 0 -2 5.52129 2.28 AM 1.52 PM [\p cmin-bn¬

i\n 10 h.24 1.44 11 +11 0.55 1 .13 11 +42.09 o 83.35 o -0.2 8.35611 5.07 PM 5.27 AM Nnßw cminbn¬

bpdm-\kv 23 h.20 1.49 11 -5 P.00 1.48 11 -27.33 o 269.74 o +5.9 21.0819 6.17 AM 6.08 PM Ipw`w cminbn¬.

s\]vSyq¨ 21 h.46 1.36 11 -14 0 .00 1.50 11 -52.64 o 260.39 o +8.0 30.87477 4.45AM 4.22PM aIcw cminbn¬.
Printed and Published by V.G. Gopinathan on behalf of Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad and Printed at KTC Offset Printers Calicut -673007
and published at Parishad Bhavan, Chalappuram, Calicut - 673002. Editor: Prof. K. Pappootty Approved by CSIR for financial support.
 \£-{X- \n-co-£Ww Cu amksØ BImiw 8pm, 15-3-2006

{[ph≥

Ikn-tbm-∏nb
k]vX¿jn-Iƒ
B≥t{UmanU

A¬tKmƒ
Iyms]√ {Sbmw-Kpew
HmdnK
Imÿ
Im¿ØnI AizXn
]qcw t]mfIvkv
`cWn tchXn
Nnßw I¿°n-SIw anYp\w FShw
D{Xw ao\w
]qbw tcmlnWn taSw
I∂n aIw Xncp-hm-Xnc aIocyw
Im\nkv ssa\¿
]pW¿Xw

Hmdntbm¨ andm
Bbneyw
kndn-bkv doK¬ Fdn-Um-\kv
en∏kv ko‰kv
AØw
Im\nkv taP¿

AK-kvXy≥

N
E W
S

magnitude: s\_pe:
Nc\£{Xw
Cc´\£{Xw .
hm¬\£{Xw 0 1 2 3 4 5 Gs Oc Gc PI
£p{Z{Klw Neb