2008 am¿®v hmeyw 43 e°w 9 tIcf imkvv{Xkm-lnXy ]cn-jØv

Ih¿tÃmdn : Btcm-Ky-tI-cfw ]≤-Xnbpw tIc-fØ

- nse s]mXp-P\
- m-tcmKy taJ-ebpw

Btcm-Ky-tI-cfw ]≤-Xnbpw
tIc-fØ
- nse 11
s]mXp-P\- m-tcmKy taJ-ebpw
s{]m^. Sn.-]n. Ip™n-°Æ - ≥
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6 Kth-jW
- w, 42 IUT kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw
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hnZym-`ym-kw, RRII-105 t¢mWpw

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imkv{X-km-t¶-XnI hnZy - d∫¿ Irjn-bpsS

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ap-t∂m-´p-ff ]mX c£bv°v

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tUm: KwK≥ {]-Xm]v F¬. X¶Ω

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24 aqe-[\
- h
- m-gN
v b
- psS
46 tcmK\n¿ÆbtaJe
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ssZh-imkv{Xw
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\mY\n√m°fcn
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tPmPn Iq´p-tΩ¬ Sn. _meIrjvW≥ s\√\mSv

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28 hne-°-b‰w ˛ 51 tIc-fØ
- n¬
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`£ykpc£ Zpc¥\nhm-cW
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BtKmfhXvIc - Ww ]≤-Xn-bpsS {]k‡n?

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sI. sI. A\o-jvIp-am¿ tUm. Fkv. {ioIp-am¿

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37 am{¥nI acp-∂p-Ifpw 55 A-a-cXzw

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Bt£-]m¿l tXSn
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sXmgn-epd∏p ]≤Xn
19 ]c-ky-ßfpw kn.-hn. N{µ≥
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hb-\m-´n¬
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tUm. at\mPv tImaØv

s{]m^. sI. _me-tKm-]me≥
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56 imkv{Xhm¿Ø-
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41 t`m∏m¬ tUm.Fw.B¿. kpZ¿i\ Ipam¿

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33 sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤-Xn-bnse ad-°m-dm-bn-´n-√

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s]¨am-\ß - ƒ
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kXn-\mYv kmcwKn
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tUm. B\µn IrjvW≥

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FUn-‰¿ : B¿.-hn.Pn.- tat\m≥, amt\-PnMv FUn-‰¿ : Sn.-]n. kpIp-am-c≥, FIvkn. FUn-‰¿ : B¿. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥
]{Xm-[n-]k
- a
- nXn : s{]m^. sI.-B¿ P\m¿±-\≥, s{]m^. sI. {io[-c≥, s{]m^. Sn.-]n. Ip™n-°Æ - ≥, tUm. sI. ]n. Ac-hn-µ≥,
Pn. kmP≥, kn.-hn. N{µ≥, tUm. B¿.-_n. cmP-e£van, tUm. ANyp-Xvi¶ - ¿ Fkv. \mb¿, tUm. Fkv.F - k
- v. kt¥m-jvIp-am¿
FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ Akn-Â v : ]n. kptc-jv, Nn{Xo-Ic - Ww : kXojv
Ih¿ & teHu´v : cXojv, ssS∏v sk‰nMv : F¬. kpamtZhn
hnemkw
FUn-‰¿, imkv{X-KX
- n, Xncp-h\
- ¥
- ]- pcw ˛ 695 001. t^m¨ : 0471 2475668. C.-sa-bn¬ kssptvpm@yahoo.com
amt\-PnMv FUn-‰¿, imkv{X-KXn, tImgn-t°mSv ˛ 673 002
^mIvkv : 0495 2304780, t^m¨ : 2701919, 2702450. C.-sa-bn¬ ksspmagazine@gmail.com
H‰-{]Xn : 10 cq] ˛ hm¿jn-I-h-cn-kwJy : 100 cq]
teJ-\-ß-fnse A`n-{]m-b-߃ teJ-I-cp-tS-Xm-Wv; imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-j-Øn-t‚-Xm-I-W-sa-∂n-√.
 IØp-Iƒ

]T-\-hoSpw ]Tn-Ø-hoSpw
imkv{X-K-Xn-bpsS 2008 s^{_p-hcn e°w (hmeyw 43. e°w8) IqSm- s X, Chbv ° v Hcp Iayq- W n‰n/Iƒ®- d ¬ sk‚- d mbpw
ssI∏-‰n. AXn¬ {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-®n-cn-°p∂ hnhn[ {]mtZ-inI ]T- sse{_-dn-bmbpw {]h¿Øn-°p-h m-\ m-I pw. ]Tn-Ø-h o-Sp- I- fpsS
\-߃ {i≤-tbmSpw Xmev]-cy-tØmSpw IqSn hmbn-®p. Xo¿®- ÿm]-\-Ønepw \S-Øn-∏nepw {]ap-J-]¶v hln-t°-≠-Xv ]©m-
bmbpw CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ {]mtZ-in-I]-T-\-ß-fpsS {]k-‡nbpw b-Øp-I-fmW.v A°m-cy-Øn¬ th≠ klm-b-k-l-I-c-W-߃
Ah \¬Ip∂ Dƒ°m- g v ® bpw AwKo- I - c n- ° - s ∏- t S- ≠ - X m- W v . G¿s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv, hnZym-`ym-k-]-´n-I-t£-a-h-Ip-∏p-I-fm-Wv. Ch-
Ahsb ]q¿Æ-ambpw kzmKXw sNøp-∂p. bpsS {]mtZ-in-I\-S-Øn∏ns‚ Npa-X-e hln-t°-≠-Xv, ss{S_¬
s{]mtam-´¿am¿/tIm˛-Hm¿Un-t\-‰¿am¿ BWv. {Kma-]-©m-b-Øp-I-
{]kvXpX ]T-\-ß-fn-sem-∂v, I¬∏-‰-bn¬ \n∂pw sI. AtimIv tfmSv Npa-Xe- s
- ∏´ Ch-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ°v Ahiyw th≠
Ipam¿, Fw.-]n. aØm-bn, sI. k®n-Zm-\µ - ≥ F∂n-hc - pw, IWn-bm- ]cn-io-e\- hpw iº-fhpw G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ k¿°m-cns‚ klm-
º-‰b - n¬ \n∂pw Fw. tZh-Ip-am¿, ]n. cmPo-h≥ F∂n-hcpw AS- b-tØmsS ]©m-bØ - p-Iƒ ap≥ssI-sø-Sp-°p-Ibpw thWw. Cu
ßnb ]T-\-kwLw Ah-X-cn-∏n-® ]´nI-h¿§ hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS cwK-Øp-{]-h¿Øn-°p∂ F≥.-Pn.-Hm-Iƒ°pw ]Tn-Ø-ho-Sp-I-fpsS
sImgn-™p-t]m°v (t]Pv 19-˛21) F∂ ]T\w Bbn-cp-∂-t√m. \S-Øn-∏n¬ Imcy-amb kw`m-h\ - I
- ƒ \¬Ip-hm-\m-Ipw. ]Tn-Øh - o-
BZn- h m- k n Ip´n- I - f psS sImgn- ™ p- t ]m- ° n\v ]cn- l m- c - a mbn Sp-I-fpsS \S-Øn-∏n\v Bhiy-amb `uXn-I-km-l-N-cy-߃s°m-
{]kv X pX ]T\w tImf- \ n- I ƒ tI{µo- I - c n®v {]`m- X - Ø nepw ∏w, ]Tn- Ø - h o- s S∂ Bi- b - Ø n\v ]uc- k - a q- l - Ø n¬ th≠
kmbm- ” - Ø nepw {]h¿Øn- ° p∂ F√m kuI- c y- ß - t fmSpw B\p-Iqeyw e`n-°p-hm≥ th≠-hn-[Ø - n-ep≈ Bi-b{- ]-Nm-cWw
IqSnb Hcp ]T-\h - oSv \n¿Ωn-°Ww F∂p \n¿t±-in-®n-cn-°p-∂p. \S-Øp-hm≥ Ah¿°p Ign-bpw.
{]kvXpX hoSv G¿∏m-Sm-t°≠ kuI-cy-ßs - f-°p-dn-®p≈ \n¿t±-
i-ßfpw Ah G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬, BZn-hmkn t£a-Øn-\mbn 2007 se CSES s‚ ]T-\-Øn¬ t{]mPIvSv Ub-d-IvS¿ F∂
{]h¿Øn-°m≥ \nb-an-Xc - m-bn-´p≈ Fkv.S- n. s{]mtam-´¿am¿ hln- \ne-bn¬ {]h¿Øn® hy‡n-bmWv Cu IsØ-gp-Xp-∂X - v. s{]m^-
t°≠ ]¶n-s\-°p-dn®pw {]kvXpX ]T\w ]cm-a¿in-®n-´p-≠v. Cu k¿ sI.-sI. tPm¿Pv, s{]m^-k¿ ]cn-bmcw Fw. Nmt°m, tUm.-
\n¿t±-i-߃°v sIm®n-bnse sk‚¿ t^m¿ tkmtjym C°- F≥. APnXv I pam¿ XpS- ß nb \nc- h - [ n- t ]¿ Cu ]T- \ - Ø n¬
tWm-anIv B‚ v F≥htb¨sa‚ v ÃUo-kv, 2007 ¬ Xøm-dm- `mK-`m-°p-I-fm-IpIbpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Cu dnt∏m¿´nse \nK-a-\-
°nb Education of a Deprived Group in a Totally Literate ߃ tImgn-t°m-Spw, sIm®n-bnepw h®p \S-Ønb N¿®m ktΩ-
Region:The Case of Tribal Children in Kerala, [Report f-\-ß-fn¬ N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-I-bpw, tIm∏n-Iƒ Ccp-\q-dn-e-[nIw
Submitted to Action Aid, Chennai] ]T-\-Øn¬ \n¿t±-in® \S- hy‡n- I ƒ°pw ÿm]- \ - ß ƒ°pw Ab- ® p- s Im- S p- ° p- I bpw
]- S n- I - t fmSv Akm- a m- \ y- a mb kmayw ImWp- ∂ p- ≠ v . 2007 se sNbv X n- ´ p- ≠ v . IqSm- s X, hnhn[ ]{X- a m- k n- I - I ƒ, Cu
CSES s‚ ]T-\-Øn¬, BZn-hmkn hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS hnZym-`ym- dnt∏m¿´ns‚ \nK-a\ - ß
- ƒ {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-®n-´p-≠v. lnµp ]{Xw 2007
k-]-c-amb Ahn-I-knXm-h-ÿbv°p Imc-W-ambn I≠ {][m-\- G{]n¬ 23-˛mw Xob-Xn, a√ol cmL-h-ø, “State’s tribal hamlets
s∏´ c≠p LS-I-߃ Ah-cpsS Krlm-¥-co£w ]T-\-Øn\p in the grip of multiple deprivations” F∂ Xe-hm-N-I-Øn≥
klm-b-I-c-a-s√-∂-Xpw, kmaq-ly-]n-¥pW th≠-hn[w e`y-am-Ip- Iogn¬ kmam\yw hni-Za - mbn Cu dnt∏m¿´ns‚ \nK-a\ - ß- s - f-°p-
∂n√ F∂-Xp-am-Wv. Chbv°p ]cn-lm-ca - mbn C∂p \ne-hn-en-cn-°p- dn®v Fgp-Xn-bXv {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-®n-cp-∂p. C°mcy߃ ChnsS ]cm-
∂Xv tamU¬ dkn-U≥jy¬ kvIqfp-Ifpw ss{S_¬ tlmÃ-ep- a¿in-°p-∂-Xv, Bi-b-ß-fpsS ta¬ GsX-¶nepw hn[-Øn-ep≈
I-fp-am-Wv. Ch-bpsS A]-cym-]vXX-Iƒ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p-sIm-≠v, IpØ-Im-hI - miw ÿm]n--°p-hm≥ th≠n-b√ - . 2007 se CSES
2007 se CSES ]T-\w, Hmtcm Ducnepw/sk‰n¬sa‚nepw/tImf- s‚ ]T-\-Øn\p apºp Xs∂ CXn-t\mSp kam-\-amb \n¿t±iw
\nbnepw Hmtcm ]Tn- Ø - h oSv ÿm]n°Ww F∂ \n¿t±iw a‰m-sc-¶nepw apt∂m´p h®n-´pt≠m F∂v Xo¿®-bn-√. IqSmsX
apt∂m-´p-h-®p. Cu ]Tn-Ø-ho-Sp-Iƒ, BZn-hmkn hnZym¿∞n-I- ]cn-jØ- ns‚ {]mtZ-inI ]T-\k - w-Lhpw Rß-fpsS ]T-\Ø - n¬
fpsS Syqj≥, kπn-sa‚dn ]T-\w, am\-knI D√m-kw, hy‡n-]- D∂- b n® \n¿t±iw Xs∂ apt∂m- ´ p- h ®p F∂- d n- b p- ∂ - X n¬
chpw s]mXpthbpw Bb ipNn-Xzw, t\Xr-Xz]-cn-io-e\ - w, Ign-hp- kt¥m- j hpw A\- e v ] - a mb A`n- a m- \ hpw D≠v . ]t£ Cu
I- f psS hnI- k - \ w, F∂n- X ym- Z n- I m- c y- ß ƒ F√mw sNøWw \n¿t±iw t\ctØ Xs∂ N¿®-sN-ø-s∏-´n-cp∂p F∂p Nq≠n-
F∂pw Cu ]T\w \n¿t±-in-®n-cp-∂p. Npcp-°n-∏-d-™m¬, Ah- °m-Wn-t°≠XmWv F∂-Xns‚ t]cn¬am{XamWv Cu IsØ-gp-
cpsS Krlm-¥-co-£-Øn¬ \n∂pw Db¿∂p-h-cm-hp-∂ A]-kz-c- Xp-∂-Xv.
߃ Hgn-hm-°n, Hcp c≠mw-hotSm hoSp-t]msebp≈-Xmb as‰m-
cn-Stam Bbn thWw ]Tn-Ø-ho-Sp-Iƒ cq]-I-ev]-\sN-øp-hm≥. ]n.-sI. ssa°nƒ Xc-I≥
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Pohn-X-ssi-eo-tcm-K-ßfpw ktΩ-f-\-ßfpw sX‰mb

imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cnj-Øn¬ PohnXssi- hnfn' F∂ kn.-Un. kvIqfn¬ ImWn-®-t∏mƒ
eo-tcm-Kß- ƒ F∂ hoUntbm kn.-Un. ]pd- Ip´n-If
- n-ep≠mb {]Xn-Ic
- Ww hfsc \√-Xm-bn- hm¿Ø
Øn-d°- p-Ib - p-≠mbt√m? AXp I≠-t∏mƒ cp-∂p. ]cn-j-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-tØmSv CtXm- s^{_p-hcn e°w imkv{X-K-Xn-
hf-sc-b[ - nIw kt¥mjw tXm∂n. Imc-Ww, sSm∏w Hcp \n¿t±-ihpw hbv°p-∂p. kn.-Un- bpsS imkv { X- h m¿Ø hn`m- K -
sX‰nb Pohn-Xc - o-Xn-bmWv an° tcmK-ßf - p- bpsS {]Im-i\w an° Pn√-I-fnepw \S-∂Xv Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂ hymg-
ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xv. Pohn-X-ssi-eo-tcm-K-߃ Pn√m ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ h®mWv (A-dnhv sX‰m- Øns‚ CXp- h sc ImWmØ
F∂ hoUntbm knUn hfsc \√ coXn- sW-¶n¬ £an-°p-I). Pohn-Xs- si-eo-tcm-KØ
- n\v hiw I≠p F∂ Ipdn∏pw
bn¬ Btem-Nn®p Xøm-dm-°n-bX - m-Wv. CØ- {][m-\I- m-cWw sX‰m-bXpw Aan-Xhp-amb `£- Nn{Xhpw sX‰m-Wv. sak-©¿ D]-
c-Øn-ep≈ Hcp {ia-Øn\v ]cn-jØv Ft¥ W-am-Wv. ]cn-jØ
- ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ {Klw P\p-hcn 14\v _p[ {Kl-
C{X sshIn F∂ kwibw am{X-ta-bq-≈q. ]T-\-Iym-ºp-I-fnepw ¢m p-I-fnepw a‰pw an-X- Øns‚ Acn-In-eq-sS-bmWv IS-
]pkv X - I w, amknI F∂n- h tb- ° mfpw ambpw icn-bmb coXn-bp-≈-Xp-amb `£Ww ∂p-t]m-b-Xv.
km[m-cW P\-ßf - n-te°v Bibw {]N-cn- sImSp-°p-∂pt≠m F∂v t\XrXzw ]cn-tim-[n-
∏n-°m≥ Ffp∏w hnjz¬ aoUnb hgn-bm- t°-≠-Xm-Wv. ]n.-B¿. N{µ-tam-l\
- ≥
Wv. Ign-™-h¿jw ]pd-Øn-d-°nb "\ne- {]tamZv Ccp-ºgn

4 am¿®v 2008
 am¿®v 2008

kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS
\mS≥ ]mc-ºcyw
CØ-hW - sØ tIcf imkv{X-tIm¨{K- ns‚ Hcp khn-ti-jX AtXm-S\ - p-_‘ - n®p
kwL-Sn-∏n® “P\-Iob imkv{X-aqe’ (People’s Science Corner) Bbn-cp-∂p. imkv{Xkm-
t¶-XnI Kth-jW - ß - f- psS apJy-[m-cb - n¬ \n∂p thdn´v kz¥amb At\z-jW - ß - f - nepw
apJ-°p-dn∏v
I≠p-]n-Sn-Øß - f - nepw G¿s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂h - c
- psS Is≠-Øe - p-Ifpw krjvSn-Ifpw {]Z¿in∏n-
°m-s\mcp thZn. CtX-Øp-S¿∂v tIcf imkv{X-km-t¶-XnI ]cn-ÿnXn Iu¨knens‚
B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ ]me-°ms´ sF.-B¿.-Sn.-kn.-bn¬ h®v Cß-s\-bp-≈-h-cpsS Hcp IqSn-
t®-cepw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-bhpw (Rural Inventors’ Workshop) \S-°p-Ibp≠mbn. hfsc
hyXy-kvXc - m-bh - c - psS Hcp Iq´m-bvab - m-bn-cp∂p AXv. IjvSn®p \memw ¢m p-hsc am{Xw
]Tn-®-h¿ apX¬ _ncp-Z-˛-_n-cp-Zm-\-¥-c- hn-Zym`ymkw \S-Øn-b-h¿ hsc. Irjn-°m¿ Ic-
Iu-ie hnZ-Kv[¿, Znh-k-°qen ]Wn-°m¿, k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿ-cmbn s]≥j≥ ]‰n-b-
h¿...-]t£ A≤ym-]I - sc Bscbpw I≠n-√. F√m-hcpw ]pcp-j∑ - m¿. an°-hmdpw “H‰bm-
∑m¿” (GIm-¥-]-Yn-I¿ F∂p ]d-bmw!).
ck-Ic - a - mbn tXm∂nb kwK-Xn, C°q-´c - n¬ D]-cn-hn-Zym-`ymkw kn≤n-®h - ¿ t]mepw,
X߃ ]Tn® taJ-e-bn-e√ I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-Øn\p {ian-°p-∂Xv F∂-t{X. AXn-\p-]-Icw
X߃°v khn-tij XmXv]cyw tXm∂nb Nne Imcy-߃ sNøm≥ {ian-°p-∂p. AXn-
\p-th≠n F{X ka-bhpw A[zm-\hpw ]Whpw sNe-hm-°m≥ Ah¿ Hcp-°-am-Wv.
Nne-sc-¶nepw Nne-X-c-Øn-ep≈ ‘\nc¥c Ne-\-b-{¥-߃’ (Perpetual Motion
Machines) D≠m-°m-\p≈ hrYm-{i-aØ - n-emWv F∂-XmWp Zp:JI-ca - mb hkvXp-X. AXn-
s\-Xn-cmb imkv{X-kn-≤m-¥ß - ƒs°m∂pw sNhn-sIm-Sp-°m\h¿ Xøm-d√ - . AXn-\p-th≠n
Hcp ]pcp-jm-bp- pw- Ip-Spw-_kzØpw apSn-®-h¿ hsc A°q-´-Øn-ep-≠v. {]]-t©m-Xv]-
Øn-sb-∏-‰nbpw ]Zm¿∞-kz-`m-h-sØ-∏-‰nbpw Hs° shdpw `mh-\-bpsS am{Xw _e-
Øn¬ kn≤m-¥ß - ƒ sa\-bp-∂h - s
- cbpw A°q-´Ø - n¬ ImWmw. Ah-cpsS `mh-\s - bbpw
hn⁄m\ IuXp-I-sØbpw A`n-\-µn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ AØcw bXv\-ß-fpsS ]cn-
anXn Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m-Xn-cn-°m\pw Bhn√.
F∂m¬ Xß-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\a - W- vUe - tam \nXy-Po-hn-Xtam Bbn _‘-s∏´v A\p-
`-h-s∏´ {]mtbm-KnI {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m-\mbn ]pXnb am¿K-߃ ]co-£n-°p-∂,
]pXnb kwhn-[m-\-߃ cq]-I-ev]\ sNøm≥ {ian-°p∂ thsdmcp Iq´-cp-≠v. hfsc
efn-Xhpw ^e-{]-Z-hp-amWv Ah-cpsS krjvSn-Iƒ. Ah-cn¬ Nne¿ Cu I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-
߃°v t]‰s‚SpØv [\-k-ºm-Z\w kz]v\w ImWp-∂-h-cm-Wv. F∂m¬ ]e¿°pw
Xß-fpsS DXv]-∂߃°v AwKo-Imcw In´-W-sa-t∂-bp-≈q. Im¿jn-I-cw-KØpw eLp-
hy-h-kmb cwKØpw hfsc D]-Im-c-{]-Z-am-Im-hp∂ ]e Bi-b-߃°pw D]-I-c-W-
߃°pw Ah¿ cq]w-sIm-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. Ahsc A`n-\-µn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w CØcw {ia-
ßsf Fßs\ t{]m’mln-∏n-°m-sa∂pw \mw Btem-Nn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
C{Xbpw Fgp-Xn-bt- ∏mƒ as‰mcp tNmZyw-IqSn Db¿Øm-Xn-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√. Xß-
fpsS kzImcy Kth-j-W-Øn¬ Ch¿ ImWn-°p∂ Bth-ihpw hy{K-Xbpw XymK-k-∂-
≤-Xbpw ÿntcm-’m-lh - pw, F¥p-sIm-≠v, Kth-jWw D]-Po-h\ - hpw DtZym-Khpw Bbn-
s´-Sp-°m-\mbn kaqlw Dgn-™p-h-®n-´p-≈, AXn-\p-X-Ip∂ hnZym-`ym-khpw kml-N-cy-
ßfpw k∂m-lß - fpw Hcp-°n-s°m-Sp-Øn-´p-≈, \ΩpsS ‘s{]m-^j - W - ¬’ imkv{X-km-t¶-
XnI kaq-l-Øn\p ]e-t∏mgpw D≠m-Ip-∂n√?
Btem-Nn-t°≠ hnj-ba - m-Wv.

imkv{X-KXn 5
imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-j-Øns‚
45-˛mw hm¿jn-I-Øn¬ sIm®n
imkv{X-km-t¶-XnI k¿∆-I-em-ime
sshkv Nm≥k-e¿ tUm. KwK≥{]-Xm]v
\S-Ønb DZvLm-S-\-{]-kw-Kw.
Kth-jW
- w, hnZym-`ym-kw,
imkv{X-km-t¶-XnI hnZy
a- p-t∂m-´p-ff ]mX
tUm: KwK≥ {]-Xm]v
\nehn-ep-ff kml-Ncyw -_u-≤n-I-kzØv D¬]mZn-∏n-°p-∂- _ln-cm-Imi kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bn¬
“-am-\-h-hn-⁄m-\-Øns‚ `fimcw Xn¬ {]I-S\ - {- ]-h¿Ø\ kqN-IØ - ns‚ ]p-tcm-KX
- n-t\-Snb cmPy-ßf- n¬ ap≥\nc-
hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I. a\p-jy-Zp-cn-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ssN\-bp-tSXpambn °m-cpsS ]´n-Ib - n¬ C¥y ÿm\w ]nSn-
ImTn\yw Ipd-bv°pI” F∂n-h-bmWv Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ C¥y F{X- ®n-´p-s≠-¶nepw _ln-cm-Imi imkv{Xhn-
Hcp hy‡n°v Gs‰-Sp-°m-hp∂ G‰hpw tØmfw tami-am-sW∂v Nn{Xw 1 ImWn- ⁄m\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬
al-Ømb Imcyw F∂v _¿{Sm‚ d v  ¬ °p-∂p. F©n-\obdnßn-t‚bpw kmt¶- C¥y ]cm-Pb - s- ∏-Sp∂p F∂v ]´nI H∂v
Hcn-°¬ kqNn-∏n°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. \ne- XnI hnZy-bp-tSbpw kp{]-[m\ taJeI- kqNn- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ p. Cu taJ- e - b nse
hn¬ Cu c≠p Imcy-ß-fnepw temI- fmb Fbvtdmkvt]-kv, Iºyq-´¿, sajo- ap≥\nc cmPy-ß-fpsS BZysØ Ccp-
Ønse ap≥\n-c-°-mcn¬ \n∂p hfsc \-dn, Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIvkv apX-em-bh- b
- n¬ ]Xv FÆ- Ø n¬ Dƒs∏- S p- ∂ - X n\v
]pd-In-emWv \ΩpsS ]ptcm-KXn F∂v C¥y-bpsS Ah-ÿ- h-fsc timN-\o- C¥y°vIgn-™n-´n-√. sNdp-cm-Py-ßf - mb
ImWm-hp-∂X - m-W.v bamWv. kvtIm ´vem‚ v, Nnen, C{km-tb¬ apX-

6 am¿®v 2008
 C¥ysb Hcp hnam-\a - mbn k¶-ev]n-
°pI. Ata- c n° BIp∂ hnam- \ -
Øns‚ \men- c - ´ n- h- e n- ∏ - a p- f f Hcp
hnam\w. ]s£ i‡n AXns‚ 1/10
am{Xw (Nn{Xw 3). \yq´s‚ c≠mw
\nbaa\p-kc - n®v `mhn-bn-te-°p-ff C¥y-
bpsS XzcWw AY-hm- Ip-Xn-∏v CXp
{]Imcw Ata-cn-°-bptSXns‚ 1/40
am{X-am-bn-cn°pw. C∂v \mw A`n-ap-Jo-
I-cn-°p∂ sshI-ey-ß-fn¬ H∂v CXm-
Wv.
Nn{Xw 1˛ ssN\-bp-am-bn -Xm-c-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ _u≤n-I-kz-Øns‚ D¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬ Db¿∂p hcp∂ c≠p BtKmf `oa-
C¥y hfsc ]pd-In-emWv F∂v ImWpI (A-]¿W-_-kp). ∑m-cmb C¥y-tbbpw ssN\-tbbpw Xmc-
Xayw sNøpI F∂Xv C°m-eØv Hcp
em-bh Cu ]´n-I-bn¬ ÿm\w t\Sn-b- {Iaw 112 Dw 20 Dw BWv. Dt±iw 20 ^mj≥ Bbn-´p-≠v. Cßs\ Xøm-dm-
t∏m-gmWv CsX-t∂m¿°Ww! apX¬ 50 hsc aSßv Ipdhv. Cu taJ- °nb ]´nI 4¬ \n∂v C¥y ssN\-
F¥psIm≠v \ΩpsS Ahÿ e- b n¬ \n∂pw e`n- ° p∂ ^e{]m- bv°p hfsc ]n∂n¬ BsW∂p am{X-
C{Xbpw timN-\obambn F∂v ]´nI 2 ]vXnbpw AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ AXv`pXw a√ AXn-thKw ]nt∂m´pt]mbn-s°m-≠n-
ImWn-°p-∂p. Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp- Df-hm-°p-∂X - √. Kth-jW {]_-‘ß - - cn-°p-I-bm-W∂pw a\- n-emIpw. PhD
I-fp-tSbpw bqtdm-]y≥ bqWn-b-s‚-bpw fpsSbpw t]‰‚p- I - f p-
(B-ZysØ 15 cmjv{S-߃ tN¿∂-Xv) sSbpw FÆw ap≥]- ]´nI 1
imkv { X- k m- t ¶- X nI taJ- e - b n- e p- f f d™- cm-Py-ßf - p-tS-Xn-t\- _ln- c m-
I mi imkv{X-Øn¬ G‰hpw
\nt£-]-w -]-cn-tim-[n-®m¬ CXns‚ °mƒ P\-kw-Jy-bpsS IpSp- X ¬ ]cm- a¿i-hn-t[-b-amb
ImcWw hy‡-amIpw. Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ Zi-e£ - Ø- n\v 40 apX¬ 20 cmPy-߃ 1995˛ 2005 Pq¨ 30
P\-kw-Jy-bpsS Zi-e-£-Øn\v bYm- 70-hsc aSßv Ipd-hm-Wn- cmPyw {]kn-≤oI ]cma¿iw
hnsS. ÿm\w
{Iaw 4379, 2439 F∂o t- Xm-Xp-If - n-emWv c-Wß - ƒ
apgp-h≥ kab Kth-j-I-cpsS FÆw. CXv {Km^v cq]- 1 Ata-cn° 50,106 8,01,188
Kth-jW taJ-eb - nse samØw sNehv Øn¬ ^qSv{]n‚ v Ub-{K-
2 P¿Ω\n 15,086 2,08,591
{]Xn-io¿jw 1006 Dw 431 Dw Ata-cn-°≥ am°n Nn{Xw 2¬ ImWn-
tUmf¿ BWv. C¥y-bn¬ CXv bYm- ®n-cn-°p-∂p. imkv{X-km- 3 Cw•≠v 13,301 2,02,500
t¶- X nI taJ- e - b n¬ 4 {^m≥kv 12,232 40,186
C¥y-bn¬ \S-∂n-´p≈ 5 C‰en 9,629 1,21,624
bXv\ß - f- psS ^qSv{]n‚
6 s\X¿em≥Uvkv 5,083 79,340
vbp.Fkns‚bpw bqtdm-
]y≥ bqWn- b ≥˛15- 7 P∏m≥ 7,591 78,735
s‚bpw ^qSv{]n‚p-Isf 8 Im\U 4,707 78,520
At]- £ n®v hfsc 9 Bkvt{S-enb 4,236 66,818
sNdp- X mWv F∂p-
10 kvs]bn≥ 5,418 61,416
ImWmw.
C¥y-bn¬ Db¿∂ 11 djy 8,149 43,282
]cn- i o- e \w kn≤n® 12 Nnen 2,286 35,028
R&DhnZKv[ - c - psS FÆw 13 kvtImSvem‚ v 1,917 29,072
hfsc Ipd- h m- s W∂v 14 kzn‰vk¿em‚ v 2,077 27,800
]´nI 3 hy‡-am-°p∂p.
`mhn- b nse R&DbpsS 15 kzoU≥ 1,859 23,348
hnI-k-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-am- 16 t]mf≠v 2,205 21,347
b{X hnZ-K[ v ≥amsc \mw 17 sU≥am¿°v 1,373 21,318
krjvSn°p-∂n√ F∂v 18 C{km-tb¬ 1,316 20,895
CXn¬ \n∂pw sXfn-bp-
∂p. C¥y-bpsS \men- 19 saIvkns°m 1,963 19,437
sem∂v P\-kw-Jy a - m-{X- 20 {_ko¬ 2,054 17,987
ap- f f Ata- c n- ° - b n¬ t{kmX v : sF.- F - k v . sF Fk≥jy¬ kb≥kv
Chn-sS-bp-f-f-Xns‚ 10 C≥Unt°-t‰gvkv 2005 Pqsse 1 apX¬ D≈ sh_v ASn-
Cc-´n -im-kv{X-⁄≥am- ÿm-\a - m-°n-bp-ff D¬]-∂w. P\p-hcn 1995-˛P
- q¨ 2005hsc
cp≠v. ]Øp-h¿jhpw Bdp amkhpw Dƒs∏-´- Im-e-b-fhv.

imkv{X-KXn 7
_ncp-Z-߃ krjvSn-°p-∂Xv ssN\ AXp-t]m-se-bmWv C¥ybv°v tIcfw.
]q¿Æ-ambpw \n¿Øn-bm¬ t]mepw `qJfi-Øns‚ As√-¶n¬ D]-`q-Jfi - -
C∂sØ coXn- b n¬ t]mbm¬ Øns‚ Hc-‰-Øm-bmWv c≠n-s‚bpw
C¥ybv°v ssN\-bpsS IqsS FØm≥ ÿm\w. P\-kw-Jybpw GI-tZiw Htc
160 h¿j-ßsf-¶nepw th≠n-hcpw. t]mse (b-Ym-{Iaw 33 Zi-e£ - w, 24 Zi-
e-£w). kmay-X-Iƒ ]s£ ChnSw
Krlm-¶-W-Øn-te°v
sIm≠-hk - m-\n-°p∂p.
C\n- {i≤ \ap°v kz¥w ho´n-te°v Cu {]tZ-iß- f- psS k¿∆-Ie- m-im-e-
Xncn°mw. AXm- b Xv ssZh- Ø ns‚ I-fpsS A°m-Za- nI \ne-hm-cØ
- ns‚ ASn-
kz¥w \m´nse ÿnXnsb¥msW∂p ÿm-\-Øn-ep-ff {]I-S\w ]cn-K-Wn-°p-
]cn-tim-[n-°mw. bqtdm-∏n\v kvIm≥Un- I. \mep cmPy-߃ tN¿∂ kvIm≥Un-
t\-hn-b≥ cmPy-߃ Fß-s\-bmtWm t\hn-b-bn¬ D∂X-ß-fmb 24 k¿∆I-
Nn{Xw. 2 ˛ bp.-F-kv, C.bp˛15, C¥y F∂n-h-bpsS
imkv{X-km-t¶-XnI kqN-I-ß-fpsS ^qSv{]n‚p-Iƒ
8 am¿®v 2008
em- i m- e - I ƒ Ds≠∂v ImWm≥
\n߃°v km[n°pw. jm≥lmbv Pntbm-
tSmMv k¿∆-I-em-ime ]pd-Øn-d-°n-bn-
´p-ff temIsØ D∂-Xß - f - mb 500 k¿∆-
I-em-im-eI - psS ]´nI [tem-I k
- f - ¿∆-I-
em- i m- e - I - f psS A°m- Z - a n- I - d m-
¶nMv ˛ Academic Ranking of world
universities]bn¬ ÿm\w ]nSn-®n-´p-ff 24
k¿∆I-em-im-eI - f
- m-Wh - . C¥y- sam-Ø-
am-sb-Sp-Øm¬ t]mepw c≠v k¿∆-Ie - m-
im-e-Iƒt° ]´n-I-bn¬ CSw t\Sm≥
km[n-®n-´p-f-fq. tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂v Hcp
k¿∆-I-em-ime t]mepw Cu ]´n-I-bn-
en-√. \ΩptSXpt]mse hen-∏a - p-ff Hcp
cmPy- Ø nt\m kwÿm- \ - Ø n\p
Xs∂tbm `qj-Wa - √
- m-Ø, FÆ-Øn-epw,
hen-∏-Øn-epw, kmº-ØnI klm-b-
Ønepw hfsc sNdp-Xmb k¿∆-I-em-
im-eI - f- mWv \ap°p-ff - Xv. {]iv\ß - ƒ°v
Hcp {][m\ ImcWw CXp-X-s∂-bmWv.
tIc-fØ - nse ÿm]-\ß - f
- psS {]I-
S-\-sa∂ Aev]w IqSn Npcp-ßnb taJ-
e-bn-te°v Rm≥ Fs‚ N¿® tI{µo-I-
cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Fs‚ ]pXnb `h-\-amb
Ipkm-‰ns‚ {]I-S\w F{X- sa-®-am-
sW∂v ImWn-°pI F∂ kzm¿∞-Xbpw
`mKn-Ia - m-bm-sW-¶n¬ t]mepw Fs‚ Cu
e£y-Øn\v D≠v. tIc-f-Ønse Kth-
j-W-ta-J-e-bn¬ ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ \n∂n-
cp∂ ]Øv Kth-jW ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS
t]cp-If - mWv ]´nI 6¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-
∂Xv. imkv{X-sh_v Bb tXmwk¨
kb‚n-^nIv Um‰m-t_kv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-
®n-´p-ff ]´n-I-bm-WnXv. CXp {]Imcw
tIc-f-Ønse Kth-jW taJ-e-bnse
 Nn{Xw 3 ˛ C¥y-bp-sSbpw Ata-cn-°-bp-tSbpw R&D ssU\an-Ivkn¬ \yq´s‚
c≠mw \nbaw {]tbm-Kn®ncn-°p∂p

sW∂v ImWmw. CXv a\- n-em-Im≥ Hcp ]g-s©m-√mbn tkmf-a≥ sIm≠p-

A¥m-cmjv{S AwKo-Im-c-ap-ff {_m‚ v h∂ Cu k\m-X\ kXyw \nXy Pohn-
\maap-ff IIT Ifnse aqe-[\ \nt£]w X-Øn¬ F{X-tØmfw icn-bmWv ? tIc-
t\m°n-bm¬ aXn. km[m-cW - b
- mbn Hcp f-Ønse Hcp sIm®p ]´-W-Ønse
IIT bn¬ 5000-tØmfw hnZym¿∞n-Ifpw hmWn-`- tI-{µ-Øn¬ t]mepw cXv\-
150 tImSn cq]- b psS hm¿jnI ßfpw kz¿Æ-hpw, shf-fnbpw Xmc-Xayw
_UvP‰pw BWp-≈-Xv. {]Xn-io¿j C√mØ hn[w Aaq-ey-ß-fmbn Icp-X-
sNehv 3 e£- s a∂p
]dbmw. GI-tZiw 400 ]´nI 2
Kth-jW {]_-‘ß - ƒ imkv{X-km-t¶-XnI
C¥y ssN\-bv°p Hcp h¿jw ChnsS taJ-e-bnse kqN-I-߃
hfsc ]n∂n¬ \n∂pw Cd-ßp-∂p. Hcp
{]_-‘-Øns‚ sNehv Papers/ Patents/ FTERS/ GERD/
BsW∂p am{X-a√ 37.5e£w cq]. Ipkm- million million million head
AXn-thKw ]nt∂m´p ‰n¬ 4000¬ ]cw
t]mbn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I- hnZym¿∞n-I-fp-≠v. USA 809 53.1 4374 1006
bm-W∂pw a\- n-emIpw. hm¿jnI _Uv P ‰v 20 EU-15 822 36 2439 431
PhD _ncp-Zß- ƒ tImSn cq]. Hcp INDIA 20 0.7 112 20
krjvSn-°p-∂Xv ssN\ hnZym¿∞n-°p- ff sNehv ]´nI 3
]q¿Æ-ambpw \n¿Øn- GI- t Ziw 0.5 e£w.
R&D-hn-Z-Kv[cpw
bm¬ t]mepw C∂sØ 200¬ ]cw {]_-‘-ß-
fmWv Hcp h¿jw ChnsS R&Da-\p-jy-tijn hnI-k-\hpw
coXn-bn¬ t]mbm¬ \n∂v {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏- PhDs in S&T
C¥ybv°v ssN\-bpsS FTERS
Sp- ∂ - X v . Hcp {]_- ‘ - annually
IqsS FØm≥ Øn\v 10 e£w. \nt£-
160 h¿j-ßsf-¶nepw ]hpw \nt£-]-^-ehpw USA 11,50,000 28,000
th≠n-hcpw. XΩn-ep-ff A\p-]mXw CHINA 8,50,000 40,000
bYm-{Iaw 6x Dw 3.75x Dw. INDIA 1,15,000 5,600
anI-thdptºmƒ sNe-th-
anI® c≠m- a sØ ÿm]- \ - a mWv dp∂p! ]´nI 4
Ipkm‰v. tIc-f-Ønse G‰hpw anI-®- XXzNn¥m-]-c-amb C¥ybpw ssN\bpw Hcp Xmc-Xayw
bq-Wn-th-gk
v n-‰nbpw. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Cu
Hcp kw{Klw INDIA CHINA
ASp-Ø -Im-eØv C¥y-bnse hnhn[
k¿∆-Ie - m-im-eI
- f
- psS {]I-S\w hne-bn- 8:10˛ Fs‚ {]t_m-
[\w shf-fn°p ]I-chpw Science funding
cp-Øp∂ Hcmƒ°v Ipkm‰v G‰hpw
⁄m\w kz¿Æ-Øn\p 2002-03(us $ Billions) 3.7 15.5
anI® 20 k¿∆-I-em-im-e-I-fn¬ H∂m-
bn- c p∂p F∂p a\-   n- e m- ° m≥ ]I-chpw kzoI-cn-°pI Workers in R&D 1,15,000 8,50,000
km[n°pw (2006se {]I-S-\-amWv Cu 8:11˛ Fs¥- ∂ m¬ doctorates produced
Bh-iy-Øn-te°v ]cn-K-Wn-®n-cn-°p-∂- ⁄m\w cXv\ß - t- f-°mƒ per year 4,500 40,000
Xv). tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂v Cu ]´n-I-bn¬ t{ijv T a- s {X. \n߃ Sci-listed publications
CSw ]nSn®n´p-ff GI k¿∆-I-em-im- A`n-e-jn-°p-∂-sXm∂pw 2002-03 19,500 50,000
ebpw CXm-Wv. AXn\p Xpey-a√. tkmf-
a≥ (970-˛928 BCE) Xs‚ Percentage share
Kth-jWw, hnZym-`ym-kw, imkv{X-
kp`m-jn-Xß - f- n¬ (kp-`m- of global publications 1.9 5
km-t¶-Xn-IX F∂n-h-bnse anI-hn\v
hºn® aqe-[-\-\n-t£]w Bh-iy-am- jn-Xw.8) ]d-™X - m-WnX.v To catch up with static China,India needs >160 years

imkv{X-KXn 9
 ]´nI 5 s∏-Sp∂p F∂v F√m- fmbn k¿∆-I-em-im-e-Ifpw R&Dÿm]-
C¥ybpw tIc-fhpw h¿°pw Adnbmw. a\- \-ß-fpw AS-ßnb taJe A\p-`-h-ß-
]ns∂ kvIm≥Un-t\-hn-bbpw  n- e m- I m- Ø - I mcyw fn¬ \n∂p ]Tn-®n-´p-ffXpw AXmWv.
hnh-chpw hn⁄m-\hpw ASn-ÿm\ Kth-jW - Ø- ns‚ `mK-t[-b-
INDIA KERALA SCANDINAVIA Fß- s \- b mWv Xmc- sa-¥ms-W-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v bYm¿∞-
Xayw C√mØ kzØp- Øn¬ \ap°v Bi- b - ° p- g - ∏ - a p- ≠ v .
Population 1067 33 24 °- f m- h p- ∂ Xv F∂- tkmf-as‚ hn⁄m-\sØ io¿jm-k\ - -
(in million) XmWv . Xm]- K - X nI Ønem°m-\mWv \mw {ian-°p-∂X.v R&D
No of Univ {]Imcw Hcev]w ]cn- ÿm]- \ ßtfmSv hnhc- t Ø- b pw
in ARWU io- e - \ tam hn⁄m- hn⁄m-\t- Øbpw kz¿Æhpw sh≈n-
top 500 2 0 24 \tam c≠p-w IqsStbm bp-am-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv \mw
]W- a m- ° n - a m- ‰ pI sNøp-∂-Xv. Xncn-®p-ff Zni-bn¬ Hcp
]´nI 6 km[y-am-Wv. \ΩpsS IT {]h¿- Ø \w Bcp kwL- S n- ∏ n- ° pw.
Iº-\n-Iƒ I s ≠ - kz¿Æ-sØbpw shf-fn-sbbpw Adnhpw
tIc-f-Ønse ÿm]-\-߃ 1987-˛2007 Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv CXm- ⁄m\-hp-am-°pI F∂ IqSp-X¬ ZpjvI-
sh_v Hm^v kb≥kn¬ \n∂v Wv. At∏mƒ tkmf-a≥ c-amb tPmen Btc-s‰-Sp°pw ?
hy‡-am-°m≥ Dt±-in-®n- {]bp‡ Kth- j - W - Ø ns‚
record % of
INSTITUTION’S NAME cp-∂Xv F¥mWv ? AXv {]m[m\yw 3000 h¿j-߃°v apºm-W-
count 10935 kz¿Æ-sØbpw shf-fn- ¶n¬ t]mepw tkmf-as‚ ]nSn-bn¬ \n∂v
tbbpw hnh- c hpw c£-s∏-´n-´n-√. Xo¿®-bmbpw 8¬ kq‡w
CSIR 1437 13% hn⁄m-\hpw B°n- am- 12¬ At±lw ]d-bp-∂Xv AXns\ ]‰n-
COCHIN UNIVERSITY SCI ‰pI F∂Xv AXoh bmWv.
&TECHNOLOGY 1359 12% ZpjvIc - a
- m-sW-∂X
- mWv. 8:12-˛ ‘⁄m\-amWv Rm≥. Fs‚
Ign™ 60 h¿j- ß -
VIKRAM SARABAI
SPACE CENTRE 1236 11% ]´nI 7
UNIVERSITY OF KERALA 1223 11% C¥y≥ k¿∆-I-em-im-e-I-fpsS
SREE CHITHRA
2006se Kth-j-W-^-e-{]m]vXn sh_v Hm^v
THIRUNAL INST kb≥kn¬\n∂v
MED S&T 863 7% INSTITUTION RECORD %of
NAME COUNT 13803
MG UNIVERSITY 673 6%
IIT 839 6.1%
UNIVERSITY CLT 584 5% UNIVERSITY DELHI 544 3.9%
REG CANC CTR 386 4% BENARAS HINDU UNIV 474 3.4%
KERALA AGR JADAVPUR UNIV 451 3.3%
UNIVERSITY 256 2% UNIVERSITY MADRAS 416 3.0%
ANNA UNIVERISTY 368 2.7%
CTR EARTH
SCI STUDIES 175 2% INDIAN INST SCI 332 2.4%
PANJAB UNIVERSITY 306 2.2%
tIc-fØ- nse Kth-jW ALIGARH
MUSLIM UNIVERSITY 293 2.1%
taJ-eb
- nse anI® c≠m-asØ
UNIVIRSITY HYDRABAD 269 1.9%
ÿm]-\a- mWv Ipkm‰v.
tIc-fØ- nse G‰hpw anI-®- UNIVERSITY CALCUTTA 262 1.9%
bq-Wn-th-gvkn-‰nbpw. UNIVERSITY MYSORE 259 1.9%
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Cu ASp-Ø ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY 221 1.6%
I
- m-eØv C¥y-bnse hnhn[ UNIVERSITY RAJASTHAN 222 1.6%
k¿∆-I-em-im-e-I-fpsS {]I-S\w TATA INST FUNDAMENTAL RES 203 1.5%
hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ Hcmƒ°v BHABHA UNIV SCI & TECHNOLOGY 193 1.4%
Ipkm‰v G‰hpw anI® 20 CUSAT 192 1.4%
k¿∆-Ie- m-im-eI- f
- n¬ H∂m-b
- n-cp∂p GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY 177 1.3%
F∂p a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n°pw. PUNJAB UNIVERSITY 170 1.2%

10 am¿®v 2008
 Ih¿tÃmdn
hmkw hnth-IØ - nepw. ck-Ic - a
- mb
I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-߃°p-ff Adnhv
Rm≥ Is≠-Øp-∂p.’
hnth-It- Øm-Sp-Iq-Snb hn⁄m-
\-Ønt\ ]pØ≥ I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-
߃°v hgn-sbm-cp-°m≥ Ignbq.
C¥y Cu Imcy-ß-fn-se√mw tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv
FhnsS \n¬°p-∂p? C¥ybv°v 2008 s^{_p-hcn aq∂n\v Xncp-h\ - ¥
- ]
- pcw
{]tXy-In®v tIc-fØ - n\v hfsc ]g- {]kv ¢_v lmfn¬ h®v \S-Ønb
°-ap≠v. kz¿Æ-Øns‚bpw shf-
fn-bp-sSbpw temI-Ønse G‰hpw \mj-W¬ dqd¬ sl¬Øv anj\pw
henb D]-t`m-‡m-hmWv C¥y. tIc-f-Ønse s]mXp-P-\m-tcm-Ky-cw-Khpw
C¥y- b n- e m- s W- ¶ n¬ F\n- ° p- d - F∂ skan-\m-dn¬ Ah-Xc - n-∏n® {]_-‘w.
∏mWv kz¿Æ-Øn-s‚bpw shf-fn-bp-
sSbpw {]Xn-io¿j D]-t`m-KØ - n¬
tIc-fa - m-bn-cn°pw G‰hpw ap∂n¬.
Hcp kwkv I m- c - s a∂ \ne- b n¬
\ΩpsS ap≥K- W - \ - I ƒ F¥m-
Btcm-Ky-tI-cfw
sW∂v
tXm∂p∂p!
\ap- ° - d n- b m- s a∂p

P¿Ω\n Hcn-°¬ Hcp kp∏¿

a{¥me- b w(- s uper ministry)
D≠m°n. kpIp≥^v‰vkv an\n-Ão-
cn-bw˛ `mhn-bpsS a{¥m-e-bw. -A-
Xn\v \mep hn`m-K-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p
D≠m-bn-cp-∂X
Kth-jWw
- v.
hnZym-`ymkw
imkv{Xw
kmt¶-Xn-Ih - nZy
GsXmcp B[p- \ nI kmº-
ØnI hyh- ÿ - t bbqw Xmßn-
\n¿Øp∂ kvXw`ß-fmWv Ch.
tIc- f - Ø n\pw 2020¬ BtKmf
t\Xr- X z- a m- I p- s a∂p Icp- X p∂
C¥ybv°pw th≠n Cu taJ-e-I-
fn¬ Fs¥√mw sNøm-sa-∂-Xn-s\-
]‰n Hcp ]p\¿ hnNn- ¥ \w
\ΩpsS e£y-Øn-te-°p-ff am¿§-
ß-fn¬ \mw \S-Øntb ]‰q. C¥y
temI-Øns‚ ]n≥\n-c-°m-c-\m-I-
tWm ? AtXm Kth-j-W-Ønepw
cq]-I-ev]-\-bn-epw, F©n-\o-b-dn-
ßnepw hnI-k-\-Ønepw t\Xr-\n-
c-bn-te-s°-ØtWm? a‰p sh√p-hn-
fn-Iƒ°p-ff \ΩpsS DØcw \ni-
_vZ-X-bm-bn-cn-°tWm? Kth-j-W-
Ønepw, imkv{X-Øn-epw, hnZym-`ym-
k-Øn-epw, kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bnepw
F¥p-sN-øWw F∂ \ΩpsS a\-
 ns‚ GIm-{K-Xsb B{i-bn-®n-cn-
°p∂p F√mw.

sshkv Nm≥ke¿, sIm®n
imkv{X-km-t¶-XnI k¿∆-I-em-
ime
]≤-Xnbpw
tIc-f-Ønse
s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKy
taJ-ebpw
]Xn-‰m-≠p-I-fmbn \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xpw Ht´sd
P\-Io-b {]t£m`-ß-fn-eqsS cq]-s∏´p h∂-Xp-w Bb
tIcfØnse s]mXp BtcmKy kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚
Iogn-ep≈ Hcp LSIw am{X-ambn {]h¿Øn-t°-≠Xpw,
{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ ]q¿Æ-ambn X-t±-i-`-cW kan-Xn-Isf
G¬∏n-t°-≠-Xp-amb NRHM,skmssk-‰n-Iƒ F∂
t]cn¬ \mSp-\osf _Z¬ kwhn-[m-\-߃ D≠m°p∂
{]h-WX XS-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. ]Icw BtcmKy hIp-∏n-s\bpw
kwhn-[m-\-sØbpw i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øn AXns‚ Iogn¬
]qc-I-ambn h¿Øn-°p∂ kwhn-[m-\-amWv Bh-iyw.
-s{]m-^. Sn.-]n. Ip™n-°-Æ≥
tZ iob {KmaoW Btcm-Ky-an-j≥ (Na-
tional Rural Health Mission - NRHM)-
\n¿t±-i-߃ ka¿∏n-°p-hm-\mWv Cu
teJ-\-Øn-eqsS {ian-°p-∂-Xv.
F∂ tI{µm-hn-jvIrX ]≤Xn \ΩpsS
F¥mWv NRHM
kwÿm-\Øv “Btcm-Ky-tI-cfw” F∂
t]cn¬ \S-∏m-°n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-W- kmaqly˛km-ºØ - nI hn-Ik
- \- Ø- n¬
t√m. Cu ]cn-]m-Sn-bpsS hni-Zmw-iß- ƒ P\- Btcm-Ky-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw IW-°n-se-
]-£-Øp-\n-∂p-sIm≠p t\m°n-°m-Wp- SpØv Cu cwK-Øp≈ t\´-߃ kw_-
hm\pw hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øp- ‘n-®p≈ {]mtZ-inI Ak-¥p-en-Xm-hÿ
hm\pw Iqtd-°qSn sa®-s∏´ coXn-bn¬ \S- ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw _P‰v hnln-Xw- ]Sn-]-Sn-
∏n-em-°p-hm-\p-ap-XI
- p-sa∂p Icp-Xp∂ Nne bmbn h¿≤n- ∏ n- ° m\pw KpW- ] - c - a mb

imkv{X-KXn 11
am\ZWvU߃ Dd-∏m-°m-\p-ambn cq]w-
sIm≠ Hcp tI{µm-hn-jvIrX ]≤-Xn-
bmWv tZiob {KmaoW BtcmKy anj≥
AYhm NRHM. t]mj-Ww, ipNn-Xzw,
IpSn-sh-≈w, hnhn[ NnIn’m coXn-Iƒ
F∂n- h sb ]c- k v ] c ]qc- I - a mbn
tN¿Øp-sIm≠v \ne-hn-ep≈ hnhn[
tI{µm-hn-jvIrX ]≤-Xn-Isf Hcp IpS-
°o-gn¬ {]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv
anj≥ ZuXyw. 2005 apX¬ 2012
hscbmWv anj≥ {]h¿Ø-\-Im-ew.
s]mXp-ta-Je IqSp-X¬ Imcy-£a - a
- m-
°m-\p≈ {ia-߃, _P‰v ]n¥p-W,
NnIn’m coXn-I-fp-sSbpw a\pjy hn-
`htijn- b p- s Sbpw GtIm- ] - \ w,
hnhckmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS ]n≥_-e-
tØm-sS-bp≈ kwh¿≤-\£ - a - X
- , hntI-
{µo-Ir-X-amb `c-Whpw kwLm-S-\hpw,
kmaqly ]¶m-fnØw F∂nh Cu ]cn-
]m-Sn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-b-Xn-\m¬
kmº-ØnI sRcp-°-Øm¬ s]mXp-ta-
Je XI¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ kml-N-
cy-Øn¬ tIc-f-Ønse s]mXp-P-\m-
tcmKy taJ-esb i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈
Bi-ba - mbn CXns\ ]cn-KW - n-°mw. Cu
Ah-k-c-sØbpw kmº-ØnI t{kmX-
 n-s\bpw ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠-
Xp-am-W.v CXns‚ \S-∏n-em°¬ coXn-sb-
°p-dn®v Poh-\° - m-cp-sSbpw P\-߃°n-
S-bnepw \ne-hn-ep≈ Bi-¶I - fpw DXvI-
WvTI- fpw amt‰-≠X- p-s≠∂pw kpXmcyX
Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-Xp-s≠∂pw D≈ A`n-
{]m-bw- Db¿∂p-h∂ - n-´p-≠v.
{][m\e£y߃
- n¬ NRHM
AJn-te-¥ym-Sn-ÿm-\Ø
s‚ {][m\ e£y-߃ Xmsg-]-d-bp-∂-
h-bm-W.v
a. 2012 HmsS inip acW \nc°pw amXr-
a-cW \nc°pw C¥y-bn¬ Ct∏m-g-
tØ-Xns‚ ]Ip-Xn-bm°n Ipd-°pI
b. kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw
{]tXyI BtcmKy {]iv\-߃°v
]cn-lmcw ImWpI,-tcmK {]Xn-tcm[
IpØnsh-bv]p-Iƒ km¿∆-{XnIam-
°pI.
c. ]I¿®-hym-[nIfpw Pohn-X-ssieo
tcmK-ßfpw XS-bp-Ibpw \nb--{¥n-°p-
Ibpw sNøp-I.
d. {]mY-anI BtcmKy tkh\w F√m-
h¿°pw e`yam-°pI
e. hnhn[ NnIn’m coXn-Iƒ GtIm-
]n∏n-°p-Ibpw B[p-\nI NnIn’m
kuIcy߃ F√mh¿°pw e`y-am-
°pIbpw sNøp-I.
12
f. {KmaoW BtcmKy {]iv\-߃ ]cn-
l-cn-°p-∂X- n\v BtcmKy]≤-Xn-Iƒ
Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\pw\S-∏n-em-°p-∂-
Xn\pw ]©m-b-Øp-Isf {]m]vX-am-
°pI
g. ipNn-Xzw,-am-en\y\n¿am¿P-\w,- ip-
≤-P-e e-`yX F∂nh Dd-∏m-°pI
h. k_v s k‚¿, {]mY- a n- I m- t cmKy
tI{µw, kmaq-ln-Im-tcmKy tI{µw,
XpSßnb kwhn-[m-\ß - sf i‡n-s∏-
Sp-ØpI
i. Btcm-Ky-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw
sNøp-∂X - n\pw GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂X- n-
\p-ap≈ Pn√m-Xe BtcmKy anj≥
]´n-I 1
NRHM eIvjyhpw tIc-f-Øns‚ t\´hpw
C\w C¥y-bnse
ÿnXn(2005)
inip-a-cW \nc°v/1000 60.00
amXr-ac- W \nc°v 407.0
(e£-Øn\v)
Total Fertility Rate 3.30
cq]o-Ic- n-°p-I.
j. tI{µm-hn-jvIrX BtcmKy ]cn-]m-Sn-
Iƒ kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ GtIm-]n-
∏n-°p-I.
k. kzIm-cy-ta-Je - sb kmaqly \nb-{¥-
W-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°pI
l. {Kma-Xe BtcmKy {]h¿Ø-Ic - mbn
‘ASHA’ (Acredited Social Health
Activist) tkh\w e`yam-°p-I.
CS-s]-S¬ X{¥-ßsf s]mXp-hn¬
ASn- ÿ m\ X{¥e£y- ß ƒ (core
strategy), ]qcI X{¥- ß ƒ
(suplementary stratagy) F∂nßs\
c≠mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. CXn-\\ - p-
k-cn-®mWv ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cn-
°p-∂X - v.
F√m hy‡n-Iƒ°pw {]tXy-In®v
{Kma-ß-fnse Zcn-{Z¿°pw ]m¿iz-h-XvI-
cn-°-s∏´ P\-ß-ƒ°pw KpW-\n-e-hm-
c-ap≈ BtcmKy kwhn-[m\w FØn-
°pI F∂-Xm-Wv NRHMs‚ {][m-\-
ZuXyw. CXn-∂m-h-iy-amb Af-hn¬
tI{µ k¿°m-cns‚ Btcm-Ky-cw-KsØ
sNehv h¿[n-∏n°pw. Ct∏mƒ GDP-
bpsS 0.9% BWv Btcm-Ky-Øn-\mbn
sNe-hg- n-°p-∂X.v 2012 BIp-tºm-tg°pw
3% hsc Db¿Øm≥ e£y-an-Sp-∂p.
c≠m-bncmamt≠msS t\tS-≠nbn-
cp∂ Btcm-Ky-kqN-I-߃ ssIh-cn-
°msX t]mb 18 kwÿm-\-߃°v
Du∂¬ \¬In Xøm- d m- ° n- b - X mWv
anj≥ ]cn]m-Sn. Cu kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬
\ne-hn-ep≈ A[n-Imc hntI-{µo-Ic - Ww
^e-{]-Za - s
- öpw s]mXp-P\
- m-tcm-Ky-kw-
hn-[m\w Xr]vXn-I-c-a-söpw NRHM
tcJ ]d-bp-∂p. t\c-tØ-bp≈ tI{µm-
hn-jvIrX BtcmKy ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS
kwtbm-P-\-amWv NRHMF∂v kqNn-
∏n®t√m. ""CXv Hcp ]pXnb ]cn-]m-Sn-
b√ adn®v \ne-hn-ep≈ BtcmKy ]cn-
]m-Sn-I-fpsS GIo-I-c-Whpw im‡o-I-c-
Whpw IqSp- X ¬ Imcy- £ - a - a mb
{]h¿Ø-\hpw Dt±-in®v am{X-am-Wv.''
(“Btcm-Ky-tI-cfw” t]Pv 9)
NRHM hn`m-h\w tIc-fØ
- nse
sNøp-∂Xv(2012) t\´w (2004)
30.0 11.0
100.0 30.0
2.1 1.99
BZyw 18 ]nt∂m° kwÿm-\-
ßfn¬ am{X-am-b-Xn-\m¬ tIc-fsØ
]n∂o-SmWv Cu ]≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-
Øn-b-Xv. kwÿm-\-ß-fnse kmaqly
˛B-tcmKy kml-N-cy-߃°\p-k-cn®v
]≤-Xn-bn¬ am‰-߃ hcp-Øm\pw CS-
s]-Sm\pw kwÿm-\ß - ƒ°v Ign-bWsa-
∂-mWv NRHM tcJ-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂-
Xv. “NRHM provides broad concep-
tional frame work, state would provide
operational modalities in their state
action plan, to be decided in consulta-
tion with mission steering group.”
[Bullet 2, No-8, Role of State Govt under
NRHM- NRHM Document]
P\-Iob imkv{X-{]-ÿm-\-ß-
fpsS \ne-]mSv
NRHM s‚ {]mcw-`L - ´- Ø
- n¬ Xs∂
C¥y-bnse P\-Io-bm-tcmKy {]ÿm-\-
ß-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-ambn A[n-Im-cn-
Iƒ N¿® \S-Øn-bn-cp∂p. {]h¿Ø-\-
ßsf s]mXp-hn¬ kzmKXw sNbvXt- Xm-
sSm∏w Nne Imcy-Øn-ep≈ hntbm-
Pn∏pw Ah¿ At∏mƒØs∂ {]I-Sn-
∏n-®n-cp-∂p. H∏w Ipsd-tbsd \n¿t±-i-
߃ apt∂m-´p-sh-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-
∂p. Ahsb Cßns\ t{ImUo-Ic - n-°mw.
“{][m-\-ambpw k∂≤ P\-Io-bm-
am¿®v 2008
tcmKy {]h¿Ø-I-cmb ASHAbpsS
sXc-s™-Sp∏v , kzIm-cy-]-¶m-fn-Øw,
kmº- Ø nI kaml- c - W - Ø n- \ mbn
bqk¿ ^okv G¿s∏-Sp-ج, XpS-ßnb
Imcyß-fn-emWv `n∂m-`n-{]m-bß - ƒ D≠m-
b-Xv. 25 apX¬ 45 hb- phsc-bp≈
Ahn-hm-ln-XI - tfm hnhm-lt- am-Nn-Xtcm
hn[-hI- tfm Bb F´mw ¢mkp-hs - c-sb-
¶nepw ]Tn® h\n-XI - sf ASHA Ifmbn
sXc-s™-Sp-°m≥ k¿°m¿ N¿®-If - n¬
kΩ-Xn-®n-´p-≠.v kzImcy ]¶m-fn-ØsØ
s]mXp-hn¬ P\-Io-bm-tcm-Ky-{]-h¿Ø-I¿
FXn¿Øp. C°m-cy-Øn-ep-ff Ahy-
‡X Ct∏mgpw \ne-\n¬°p-I-bm-Wv.
]n≥hm-Xn-en-eqsS kzIm-cy-h-XvI-cWw
\S- Ø p- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ clky AP≠
CXn\v ]n∂n-ep-s≠∂v ]e hy‡n-Ifpw
kwibw {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-´p-≠.v CsXm-s°-bm-
sW-¶nepw F{Xtbm h¿j-ß-fmbn
C¥y-bpsS P\-Io-bm-tcmKy {]h¿Ø-I¿
apt∂m-´p-sh-®n-cp∂ ]e kao-]\ - ß
- f - pw
{KmaoW BtcmKy anjs‚ {]h¿Ø-\-
]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v
F∂ hkvXpX AwKo-Ic - n-°msX \nhr-
Øn- b n- √ . XpS¿®- b mb \nco- £ Ww
\SØn Ipd-hp-Iƒ Is≠Øn k¿°m-
cn-t‚bpw P\-ß-fp-tSbpw {i≤-bn¬
sIm≠p-hc - n-I, {]Jym-]nX e£y-ßf - n¬
\n∂v hyXn-Ne - n-®m¬ P\-Iob {]t£m-
imkv{X-KXn
kmaqly˛km-º-ØnI hn-I-k-\-Øn¬ Btcm-Ky-
Øns‚ {]m[m\yw IW- ° n- s e- S pØv Cu cwK-
Øp≈ t\´-߃ kw_-‘n-®p≈ {]mtZ-inI Ak-
¥p-en-Xm-hÿ ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw _P‰v hnln-Xw- ]Sn-
]- S n- b mbn h¿≤n- ∏ n- ° m\pw KpW- ] - c - a mb
am\ZWvU߃ Dd-∏m-°m-\p-ambn cq]w-sIm≠ Hcp
tI{µm-hn-jvIrX ]≤-Xn-bmWv tZiob {KmaoW
BtcmKy anj≥ AYhm NRHM.
`-Øn-eqsS DNn-X-amb am‰-߃ hcp- ∏ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnse KpW-ta∑,
Øm≥ k¿°m-cn¬ kΩ¿±w sNep-Øp- Imcy-£-a-X,kpXm-cy-X, h¿≤n® P\-]-
I,ASHA IfpsS ]cn-io-e\ ]cn-]m-Sn- ¶m-fn-Øw,hntI-{µo-Ir-X-amb kwLm-S-
Iƒ°v t\XrXzw sImSp-°pI XpS-ßnb \hpw \S-Øn∏pw, hnhn[ ]≤-Xn-If - psS
am¿§ß-fn-eqsS amdn \n∂v hna¿in°p- GIo-I-cWw F∂n-ßs\ BtcmKy
∂-Xn\v ]Icw Hcp Xncp-ج i‡n- {]h¿Ø-\ß - sf ]q¿∆m-[nIw P\-Io-b-
bmbn {]h¿Øn-°m-\m-Wv P\-Io-bm- am-°m-hp∂ Hcp-Zn-im-am‰w anj≥tc-JI- -
tcmKy {]h¿Ø-I¿ Xocp-am-\n-®-Xv.'' fn¬ hnh-cn-®n-´p-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v IqSn-
(tUm. _n.-C-Iv_m¬˛ tZiob {KmaoW bmWv NRHM{]h¿Ø-\ß - sf P\-Iob
Btcm-Ky-an-j≥˛ tIc-f-Øn¬ ˛B-tcm- imkv{X {]ÿm-\-߃ s]mXp-hn¬
Ky-am-kn-I, sk]vXw-_¿ 2006) kzmKXw sNbvXX - v.
s]mXpsh Ah-KW - n-°s
- ∏´ Btcm- tIc-f-Ønse \S-Øn∏v
Ky-ta-Je
- b
- n¬ Hcp ]pXnb DW¿∆p-≠m-
Cu Ign™ h¿j-ßf - n¬ anjs‚
°m\pw {]Xo-£bvs°mØv Db-cm\pw
\S-Øn-∏n¬ A`n-am-\m¿l-amb thKX
\nd-th-‰m\pw D≈ am¿§-am-bmWv P\-
anj\v ssIh-cn-°m-\m-bn-´p-≠v. Bfn-
- ƒ NRHM s\
Io-bimkv{- X-{]-ÿm-\ß
√msX InS∂ NnIn’m tI{µ-ß-fn¬
I≠-Xv. BtcmKy kqNn-I-bn¬ am‰w
]e-Xnepw C∂v tUmIvS¿amcpw \gvkp-
hcpØn kaXzw hos≠-Sp-°¬, Zcn-{Z-
amcpw e`y-am-W.v tIc-fØ
- n¬ kmw{I-anI
cpsS {]tXyI ]cn-c£, Btcm-Ky-h-Ip-
13
tcmK-߃ D≠m-bt- ∏mƒ {]Xn-tcm[ \S-
]-Sn-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ Cu kwhn-[m-\-
Øn\p Ign-™n-´p-≠v. `c-W-X-e-Øn¬
DØ-ch - pIfnd-°m\pw HutZymKnI ao‰nw-
Kp-Iƒ Nn´-bmbn kwL-Sn-∏n-°m\pw
{]h¿Ø-\ß - sf A∏-t∏mƒXs∂ am[y-
a-ßfn-eqsS P\-ß-fn-se-Øn-°m\pw
anj\p Ign-™n-´p-≠v.
- n¬ NRHM]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-
tIc-fØ
∏m-°p-∂Xv ""BtcmKy tIcfw'' F∂
{]tXy-I D∂-Xm-[n-Imc k - whn-[m\w hgn-
bm-Wv. BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ C∂-
sØ ImeØv BtcmKy cwKØv
Db¿∂p hcp∂ `oj-Wn-I-fn¬ \n∂v
Zcn{Z P\-ßsf Ipd-s®-¶nepw klm-
bn-°p∂Xn\p≈ IqSp-X¬ km[y-XI - ƒ
NRHMhgn tIc-fØ - n¬ D≠m-°mhp-∂-
XmWv. tIc-fØn¬ Cu km[y-X-Isf
]q¿Æambpw {]tbm-P\ - s- ∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-
bp-∂n-s√-∂XmWv CXp-ht- c-bp≈ A\p-
`hw. AXns‚ Imc-W߃ {][m-\-
ambpw Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-Xm-Wv.
1. tIc-f-Øns‚ -Im-enI BtcmKy
{]iv\ß - ƒ ]c-nl-cn-°p-∂X - n\v ]q¿-
Æ--ambpw klm-bI - a- m-bn-´√ ‘Btcm-
Ky-tIcfw’]≤-XnbpsS Ct∏m-gsØ
\S-∏n-em-°¬
2. tIc-fØ - nse Xt±i `c-Wÿ - m-]\- -
ß-sfbpw hntI-{µo-IrX Bkq-{X-W-
sØbpw th≠ coXn-bn¬ Dƒs°m-
≠n-´n-√. AXn-\m¬ tIc-f-Ønse
P\-Io-b-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fpsS ]¶m-
fnØw Dd-∏p-hcpØm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√.
3. ‘BtcmKy tIcfw‘ ]≤Xn Btcm-
Ky-h-Ip∏ns‚ kam-¥c kwhn-[m-\-
am-bn-am-dns°m≠ncn°-bm-Wv. .
Ch Hmtcm-∂mbn ]cntim-[n°mw.
tIc-f-Øns‚ Bh-iy-߃
NRHMs‚ {]h¿Ø- \ - c oXn
kwÿm-\-ßfnse Btcm-Ky-B-h-iy-
߃°-\p-k-cn®v am‰m≥ ]≤-Xn-bn¬
Xs∂ A\p-hm-Z-ap-s≠∂v kqNn-∏n-®-
s√m. NRHM tcJ-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂-X-\p-k-
cn®v s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKy kwhn-[m\w
]q¿Æ-ambn {]h¿Ø-\-£-a-am-IWsa-
¶n¬ P\-ß-fp-sS Bh-iy-߃°-\p-k-
cn®v ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°m\pw \S-∏m-
°m\pw Ign-b-Ww. “ Rather than fund
being allotted to the states for
implementing programmes designed
and approved at the GOI level , the
states would be encouraged to prepare
their perspective and annual plan”.
(frame work for implementation- (FI))
14
Nn{Xw 1
BtcmKy hIp∏v ˛ Btcm-Ky-tI-cfw kwhn-[m\w
Btcm-Ky-hI
- p∏v Btcm-Ky-tI-cfw
Ubd-ISv ¿ tÉv anj≥ UbdIvS¿



AUo-jW
- ¬ Ub-dI
- vS¿am¿ tÉv t{]m{Kmw amt\-P¿



Pn√m saUn-°¬ Hm^o-k¿ I¨kƒ´‚pIƒ


MO,HS,LHS(CHC Xew)



MO,HI,LHI(PHC Xew) Pn√m t{]m{Kmw amt\-P¿



2-5 JHI tªm°v tImHm¿Un-t\-‰¿


3-˛10 JPHN



(3000˛5000 t]¿°v H∂p hoXw) 30-˛50 ASHA (1000 P\-kw-Jybv°v
AwK≥hmSn h¿°¿ Hcmƒ hoXw)
(1000 P\-߃°v H∂v hoXw)
F∂mWv am¿K \n¿tZ-iw. fpsS Xncn®phc-hv, Pohn-Xs - sieo tcmK-
NRHMs‚ e£y kqNn-I-I-sf√mw ß-fpsS hym]-\w, kzIm-cy-hX - vIc - W
- w,
tIcfw t\csØ t\Sn-°g- n-™h - b
- m-Wv. am\-hh - n-`h - t- imNyX XpS-ßnbh-bmWv
(]-´nI 1,2 ImWp-I). B ÿnXn°v tIc- C∂sØ {][m-\ -{]-iv\-߃. CØcw
f-Øn¬ C∂v \ne-\n¬°p∂ ]pXnb {]iv\ß - ƒ - °,v DS-\Sn {]tbm-Kß - ƒ°p-
Btcm-Ky-{]-i\ v ß - ƒ°\pk-cn®v NRHM ]-Icw auen-Ihpw imiz-Xhpamb ]cn-
]cn-]m-Snsb ]p\cm-hnjv°cn®v {]tbm- lm-c-ap-≠m-°-Ø° coXn-bn¬ \ΩpsS
P- \ - s ∏- S p- t Ø- ≠ - X p- ≠ v . (“While BtcmKy hIp-∏ns‚ ÿncw kwhn-[m-
recognising the leadership role of the \-ßsf im‡o-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. CXn-
states in this regard, it is proposed to te-°mbn anjs‚ {]h¿Ø-\ß - sf D]-
provide necessary flexibility to the tbm-Kn-°W - w.
states to take care of the local needs tIc-f-Ønse h¿≤n® tcmKm-Xp-c-
and socio-cultural variations” (FI page Xbpw ssieo-tcm-Kß - f- psS hym]-\hpw
19 -point 10). BtcmKy tIcfw ]cn- IW-°m°n Btcm-Ky-hI - p-∏nse Ac-e-
]mSnbn¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ ]p\-cm-hn- £-tØmfw Poh-\-°msc Cu {]iv\-
jvIc - Ww ]q¿Æ-ambpw \S-∏n-em-t°-≠- ߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ im‡o-I-cn-t°-≠-
Xp-≠v. Xp-≠v. ]Ww, {]h¿Ø\ kzmX-{¥yw,
P\-ß-fpsS CS-s]-S-emWv tIc-f- Bhiym-[n-jvTnX Bkq-{X-W-km-[yX
ØnseBtcmKy taJ-esb C¥ybv°p F∂n-hs - b-√mw BtcmKy-ta-Je - b - n-te°v
Xs∂ amXr-Ib - m-°n-bX- .v AXmWv "tIc- th≠{X FØn-°m≥ NRHM]≤Xn
f- BtcmKy amXr-I'bv°v cq]w \¬In- ]cym-]vXa - m-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Cu
b-Xv. {it≤bamb tIcf Btcm-Ky-am- ]≤-Xn-sIm≠v tIc-f-Øn¬ ]eXpw
XrI (good health at low cost) Ign™ sNøm-hp-∂Xpam-Wv. HutZym-KnI tcJ-
10-˛15 h¿j-ßf - mbn {]Xn-k‘ - n-bn-te°v Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p, “To establish a mecha-
\oßp-I-bm-Wv. NnIn’m sNe-hnse nism to provide flexibility to the states
`mcn-® -h¿≤\, s]mXp kwhn-[m-\-ß- and the community to provide local
fpsS XI¿®, ]pXnb ]I¿®-hym-[n-I- initiatives” (F.I-Page 10). AXn-\m¬,
fpsS B[n- I yhpw hym]- \ hpw, tZio-b-e-£y-ßsf tIc-fw CXn-\Iw
\n¿am¿P\w sNbvX ]I¿®-hym-[n-I- ssIh- c n® Db¿∂ BtcmKy \ne-
am¿®v 2008
hmcØn\pw ka-Im-enI Btcm-Ky-{]-i\
߃°pw A\p-k-cn®v ]p\¿ \n¿∆-
Nn°-Ww. kwÿm-\-Øns‚ BtcmKy
{]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈ ]pXnb
\S-]S- n-Iƒ N¿®-If - n-eqsS Dcp-Øn-cn™p
hc-Ww. AXn\v k¿°mcpw Xt±i`cW
ÿm]-\(PRI)-ßfpw ap≥ssI-sø-Sp-°-
Ww. {Kma-Xe ipNnXzw t]mse Xs∂
]©m-b-Øp-X-e-Ønepw Xmeq°v Xe-
Ønepw Pn√m Xe- Ø nepw CØcw
{]h¿Ø\w A\n-hm-cy-amWv. CXn-te-
bv°p≈ hn]p-ea - mb ]cn-io-e\
\ap-°m-hi - yw.
tIcfw sa®s∏´ BtcmKyt\´-߃
ssIh- c n- ® Xv Ipd™ sNe- h n- e m-
sW∂pw Cu t\´-߃°v ]nd-In¬ `q]-
cn-jvI-c-Ww, s]mXp-hn-X-c-Ww, an\naw
Iqen -hy-h-ÿ, hn]p-e-amb NnIn’m
irwJ-eI - ƒ, A[n-Im-ch - n-tI-{µo-Ic- Ww
F∂n- h - b m- s W∂pap≈ hkv X pX
NRHM tcJbpw icn-sh-°p-∂p. CØcw
kmaq-ly-˛c - m-j{v Sob am‰-ßfpw kwhn-[m-
\-ßfpw an° kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw \ne-
hnen-√m-ØX - n-\m-emWv NRHM]cn-]mSn
Xs∂ th≠n-h∂ - s - X∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. B
]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ tIcfw ssIh-cn®
t\´- ß ƒ \ne \n¿Øp- ∂ - X n\pw
C\nbpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw BhWw
\mw {ian-t°-≠-Xv. CXn¬ Hcp {][m\
cwKw- A-[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-c-W-hpambn
_‘-s∏-´X - m-Wv.
hntI-{µo-I-c-Whpw
P\-]-¶m-fn-Øhpw
A[n-Imc hntI-{µo-I-cW Imcy-
Øn¬ ap∂n´p \n¬°p∂ tIc-fØ - n¬
ap≥ bp.-Un.-F^v k¿°m¿ NRHMPn√m
anjs‚ sNb¿am\mbn Pn√m IfIvSsd
\ntbm-Kn-®p. F¬.-Un.-F-^v. k¿°m¿
A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂v 5 amkw Ign™v
(22.09.2006-\)v Gsd kΩ¿±-Øn\p tijw
Cu ÿm\w Pn√m ]©m-bØv {]kn-
U≠n\v \¬In. Hcp h¿jØntesd
Ign™n´pw {]mtbm-Kn-Ia - mbn Imcy-߃
\S-∏m-°p-∂Xv FIvkn-Iyq-´ohv IΩ‰n-
bmWv.AXns‚ Npa-Xe Ct∏mgpw Pn√m
If-IvS¿°pw a‰v DtZym-K-ÿ¿°pam-Wv.
Xmsg- X - ´ n¬ ]Ww sNe- h m-
°p∂Xn\p≈ am¿§tc- J - s b- I p- d n®v
Ct∏mgpw th≠{X [mcW C√. Xocp-a-
\-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ°v
Ct∏mgpw ]¶m-fn-Ø-an-√.
NRHMhgn tIc- f - Ø n\v Ht´sd
]pXnb km[y-XI - ƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°b
- m-W.v
BtcmKy kwhn-[m-\-ß-fpsS hntI-{µo-
imkv{X-KXn
v - I-cWw, CXc kwÿm-\-ß-fp-sS-Xn-t\-
°mƒ IqSp-X¬ {]mh¿Øn-Ia - m-°n-bn-´p-
≈Xv tIc-f-Øn-em-Wv. PHCIƒ apX¬
Pn√m Bip]- { Xn- I ƒ hsc PRI
Iƒ°mbn ssIam-dn-bn-´p-≈-Xp-sIm≠v
anj≥ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏m-°pI Ffp-
∏-am-W.v Btcm-Ky-hIp∏pw PRIbpw XΩn-
ep≈ _‘w IqSp-X¬ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm-
\p≈ IÆn-bmIm\pw Xmsg-°n-Sb - n-ep≈
Bip]-{Xn-If- psS {]h¿Ø\w sa®-s∏-
Sp-Øm\pw CXphgn Ign-bpw. tI{µm-hn-
- ß
- f
- mWv jvIrX ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ kzX-{¥-am-bn \S-
∏m-°p∂ C∂sØ coXn am‰n anj-\n-
eqsS GtIm- ] n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ Xpw \√Xp
Xs∂. Pohn-X-ssieo tcmK-߃ IqSn
anjs‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ sIm≠p-h∂ - n-´p-≈Xv
CØcw tcmK-߃ h¿≤n-®p-hc - p∂ tIc-
f-Øn¬ tI{µ-Øn¬ \n∂pw IqSp-X¬
tIc-f-Ønse h¿≤n® tcmKm-Xp-c-Xbpw ssieo-tcm-K-
ß-fpsS hym]-\hpw IW-°m°n Btcm-Ky-h-Ip-∏nse
Ac-e-£-tØmfw Poh-\-°msc Cu {]iv\-߃ ]cn-
l-cn-°m≥ im‡o-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ]Ww, {]h¿Ø\
kzmX-{¥yw, Bhiym-[n-jvTnX Bkq-{X-W-km-[yX
F∂n- h - s b- √ mw BtcmKy- t a- J - e - b n- t e°v th≠{X
FØn-°m≥ NRHM]≤Xn ]cym-]vX-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-
≠p-Xs∂ Cu ]≤-Xn-sIm≠v tIc-f-Øn¬ ]eXpw
sNøm-hp-∂Xpam-Wv.
kmº-ØnI klmbw e`n-°p-∂-Xn\pw
klm-b-I-am-Ipw. (“From the XIth plan
onwards , it is proposed to have a
single budget head for the activities
under the Mission. This would provide
the states much needed flexibility to
direct the funds to those areas where
they are needed the most.” (F.I. Page
4)) F∂ \n¿tZ-isØ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-
Øp-Ib - mWv th≠-Xv.
NRHM s‚ Dt±-ie - £ - y-߃ \S-∏m-
°m≥ hnim-e-amb P\-Iob ASn-Ø-
dbpw hn]p-e-amb P\-Iob ]¶m-fn-
Øhpw \n¿h-lW kwhn-[m-\hpw Bh-
iy-am-Wv. PHCIƒ hgn- {]mtZ-inI
{]tXy- I - X - I ƒ A\p- k - c n- ® p≈
{]h¿Ø\ amXr-II - ƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥
Ign-bpw. CXn-s\√mw ]qc-Ihpw klm-
b- I - h p- a mb ]cn- ] m- S n- I ƒ BtcmKy-
tIcfw ]≤Xnbn¬ D≠m-hWw. (“The
states would be urged to take up
innovative schemes to deal with local
issues” ...... “Keeping in view the
decentralisation envisaged under
NRHM , the states would be required
to devolve sufficient administrative /
financial powers to the PRIs” ( Page 19
Point 10))
“The PRIs right from the village to
district level would have the
ownership of the public health delivery
system in their respective jurisdiction.
Some states like Kerala, West Bengal,
Maharashtra, Gujarat have already
taken initiatives in this regard and their
experiments have shown the positive
gains of institutionalising involvement
of the PRIs” ( F.I. Page 19-20 point 11)
F∂m¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ ]©m-bØv Xe-
Øn¬ ]≤Xn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - n¬ Xt±-
i-`c- W
- k
- a
- n-Xn-Ifpw BtcmKy tIc-fhpw
XΩn¬ GtIm-]\ - w- - ^e-{]-Za
- mbn D≠m-
tI-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ign™ h¿jsØ
NRHM]≤-Xn-Xømdm-°n-bXv `qcn-]£w
ÿe-ß-fnepw PRIIfpsS ]¶m-fnØw
D≠m-bn-´n-s√∂ ]cm-Xn-bp-≠v. Ah
tIhew Hcp NRHM t{]mPIvSv F∂
\ne-bn¬ am{X-am-bn Npcp-ßn-t∏mbn.
]s£ HutZym-KnI tcJ-Iƒ ]d-bp-
∂Xv C{]-Im-ca - m-Wv. “Set up a platform
for involving the Panchayathi Raj
15
institutions and community in the
management of Primary health
programmes and infrastructurs”
(F.I.Page 10).
tcJ-Iƒ {][m-\-ambpw e£y-an-Sp-
∂X,v “Train and enhance capacity of
Panchayth Raj institutions to own
control and manage public health
services” (Page 12-core strategy item
number 1). F∂m¬, tIc-f-Øntem?
{Kma-ß-fn¬ hnt√Pv sl¬Øv IΩ‰n
Xøm-dm-°p∂ Btcm-Ky-]-≤Xn \ne-hn-
ep≈ hntI-{µo-IrX Bkq-{XW kwhn-
[m-\-Øn\v ]pd-Øm-Wv. Npcp°-Øn¬
NRHM\v Hcp ]≤-Xnbpw ]©m-bØ - nv\v
as‰mcp ]≤-Xnbpw F∂ Xc-Øn¬
XmsgØe-Øn¬ Btcm-Ky-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ
kam- ¥ - c - a mbn \S- ° p- I - b m- W v . Cu
ÿnXn tªm°nepw Pn√-bnepw kwÿm-
\Øpw Hs° \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. ASn-b-
¥n- c - a mbn Btcm- K y- h - I p- ∏ n- s ebpw
]©m- b - Ø p- I - f n- s ebpw ]≤- X n- I ƒ
GtIm-]n-∏n-t°-≠X - p-≠v.
“The District Health Mission under
the Jilla parishad would get the district
plan prepared covering Health and
other determinanats of health” (Page
4). tIc-f-Øn-em-I-s´, {Kmak`Ifpw
hnt√Pv sl¬Øv IΩn-‰nbpw c≠p hgn-
°mWv s]mbvs°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂X - v.
kam-¥-c-kw-hn[m\w
“The challenge of ,NRHM,
therefore is to strengthen the public
health institutiions likes SHC/ PHC/
CHC/ Sub Divisional and District
hospitals” (F.I. Page 26 Point 32)
F∂mWv NRHM tcJ ]d-bp-∂Xv. tIc-
f- Ø n¬ k_v s k‚- ¿ Xe- Ø n¬
JPHNDw, JHIbpw PHCbn¬- A-h-cpsS
kq∏¿sshk¿am-cmb HI, LHI, Medical
Officer F∂n-h¿ {Kma-]© - m-bØp Xe-
Ønepw LHS, MO C≥-˛-Nm¿Pv F∂n-
h¿ tªm°v Xe-Ønepw D≠v. Ch¿°p
]pdsa hnhn[ hn`m-K-ßfpsS Pn√m
kwÿm\ kq∏¿ssh-k¿amcpw Dy.
DMO amcpw DMO,Additional Director
am¿,Btcm-Ky-h-Ip∏v Ub-d-IvS¿ F∂n-
hcpw kwkvYm-\Øv Btcm-Ky-h-Ip∏v
{]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-Øp-∂p(Nn{Xw 1
ImWp-I). s¢dn-°¬ hn`mKw Dƒs∏´
B^okv kwhn-[m\w PHC apX¬ apI-
fn-te°v \ne-hn-ep-≠v. Cu HutZym-KnI
irwJ-eb - n¬ GXm≠v 20,000 Hmfw Poh-
\-°m¿ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p≠.v
C{Xbpw hn]p-e-amb HutZym-KnI
16
kwhn-[m\w \ne\n¬s°, \ne-hn-ep≈ eqsS s]mXp- P - \ m- t cm- K y- c w- K sØ
]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ am{Xw GtIm-]n-∏n®v \S- k¿°m¿ kwhn-[m\w Zp¿_-e-s∏-Sp-
Øm\pw Ah- b psS GIo- I - c - W hpw sa∂v kwi-bn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
im‡o-I-c-Whpw Imcy-£-a-am-°m\pw Btcm-Ky-tI-cf - Øns‚ `mK-ambn \S-
e£y-an-´p≈ NRHM tIc-f-Øn¬ \S- °p∂ \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-∏‰n
∏m- ° p- ∂ - X v XnI®pw kam- ¥ - c - a mb P\{]Xn-\n-[n-If - n¬Xs∂ A`n{]mb-hy-
as‰mcp kwhn-[m\w ˛ "Btcm-Ky-tI-cfw'˛ Xym-k-ap≠v. s]mXp-ta-Jem Iº-\n-bm-
aptJ\-bmWv. kwÿm-\Øv anj≥ sW-¶nepw lnµp-ÿm≥ em‰Ivkv F∂
Ub-d-IvS¿ Hm^okpw Pn√-bn¬ Pn√m \n¿ΩmW cwKØv ]cn-Nb - a
- n-√mØ Hcp
t{]m{Kmw at\-Pc - psS Hm^o-kpw, tªm°v Iº-\n-°mWv \n¿Ωm-WØ - ns‚ Npa-Xe.
Xe-Øn¬ tªm°v tIm˛-Hm¿Un-t\-‰dpw F√mw tI{µo- I rXambn Cu
AXn\v Xmsg 1000 P\-߃°v H∂v GP≥knsb G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bX - m-sW-∂d- n-
F∂ tXmXn¬ ASHA {]h¿Ø-Icpw bp-∂p.
AS-ßp-∂-XWv NRHM s‚ \S-Øn∏v tIc- f - Ø ns‚ s]mXp- h n- I -
kwhn-[m\w. CXv ]q¿Æ-ambpw \ne-hn- k\Øn\mbn H∂pw sNøm-ØX - pw, Hcp
ep≈ Btcm-Ky-kw-hn-[m-\Ø - ns‚ Iogn- tªUv Iº\n t]mse {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-
em-t°-≠X - m-W.v tªm°v tImHm¿Un-t\- Xp-amb ICICI F∂ [\-Imcy ÿm]\w
‰¿amscbmIs´ 80% Øntesdbpw Icm- hgn-bm-Wv kmº-ØnI {Ib-hn-{Ibw
d- S n- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ \nb- a n- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ p. ]q¿Æ-ambpw \S-°p-∂X - .v C°mcyw Hcp
saUn-°¬ Hm^o-ksd-t∏mepw adn-IS- ∂v k¿°m¿ DØ-c-hn¬ {]tXyIw ]d-bp-
A[n-Im-c-ßfpw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. (IqSp- ∂p-≠v. (item 13, Annuxure of GO. No.
X¬ hnh-c-Øn\v Job responsibilities 2043)
of block coordinators (GO (Rt) No.
]´n-I 2
NRHM eIvjyhpw tIc-f-Øns‚ t\´hpw
C\w NRHM e£yw tIc-fØ
- nse
Ct∏m-gsØ Ahÿ
ae-º\n _m[nX 2010¬ 50% Ipd-bv°Ww Ct∏mƒ C√
acW \nc°v
a¥v Ipd-°¬ 2010 ¬ 70%Ipdbv-°Ww Ct∏mƒ C√
U¶n-∏\n 2010 ¬ 50% Ipdbv-°Ww IW°v e`y-a-√(-h-f-sc-°p-d-hv)
P∏m≥ Pzcw 2010¬ 50% Ipd-bv°Ww IW°v e`y-a-√(-h-f-sc-°p-d-hv)
IpjvTt- cmKw 1/10000 te°v Ipdbv-°Ww Ct∏mƒ Xs∂
1/10000 ¬ Ipdhv
£b-tcmKw 85% tIkp-Iƒ
t`Z-am-°m≥ I
- g
- n-bWw Ct∏mƒ 85%¬ A[nIw
t`Z-am-°s- ∏-Sp∂p
4043./07 dt. 30-11-07) ImWpI). Icm-d- ChnsSsb√mw t\csØ `b-s∏-´X - p-
Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ \nb-a-\-ßsf ]‰n t]m-ep≈ ]n≥hm-Xn-en-eqsS kzIm-cy-
Ht´sd hna¿i-\-߃ Db¿∂p h∂n-´p- hXvIc - W
- km[yX ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
≠v. CXv \ne-hn-ep≈ XkvXn-I-Iƒ°v BtcmKy tIcfw {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ
]pdsa BtI-≠-Xp-≠v. \ne-hn-ep≈ kpXm- c y- a - s √∂ A`n- { ]m- b - a p≠v .
Xkv X nI- I ƒ \nI- Ø m≥ bmsXmcp sh_vssk‰v Bcw-`n-®n´v Imew Gsd-
Aam-¥hpw ]mSn-√. Icm¿ \nb-a\w Hcp bm-sb-¶nepw hnhcßsfm∂pw AhnsS
imizX ]cn-lm-ca - mbn XpS-cm≥ bmsXm- e`y-a-√. F{X ]Ww e`n-®p˛F{X D]-
cp-hn-[-Ønepw A\ph-Zn-°-cp-Xv. \ne- tbm-Kn-®p, F∂n-ßs - \-bp≈ Imcy-߃
hn¬ Btcm-Ky-h-Ip∏v DtZym-K-ÿ¿ H∂pw sh_vssk-‰n¬ ]d-bp-∂n-√. Pn√m
sNøp∂ AtX tPmen-Iƒ Xs∂ sNøm- ˛ kwÿm\ B£≥ πm\p-I-sf-¶n-epw
\mWv ]pXnb Icm¿ \nb-a-\-߃ \S- ssk‰n¬ e`y- a m- t I- ≠ - X m- b n- c p- ∂ p..
Øn-bXv. CØcw Icm¿ \nb-a-\-ß-fn- k¿t∆ hnh-cß - fpw th≠{X \¬In-bn-
am¿®v 2008
´n-√.
Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Nne -{]-[m\
tNmZy-߃ Db¿∂p-hc - n-Ib
- m-Wv
1. \ne-hn-ep≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Xs∂
GtIm-]n-∏n-®X
- mWv Btcm-Ky-tI-cfw
]≤Xn F∂ps≠¶n¬ ]pXn-sbmcp
kam-¥c kwhn-[m\w F¥n-\m-Wv.
2. \ne-hn¬ Btcm-Ky-h-Ip∏v Poh-\-
°m¿ sNbv X p h∂ Imcy߃
Xs∂-bmWv Icm¿ \nb-a-\-°m-cpw
sNøp-∂-sX-¶n¬ Icm¿ \nb-a\w
F¥n-\m-bn-cp∂p?
3. Btcm-Ky-tI-cfØn\v th≠n-bp≈
sNehv samØw Btcm-Ky-kw-hn-[m-
\sØ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn D]-tbm-
Kn®p IqsS ?
4. kwÿm-\-߃°v th≠{X am‰-
߃ hcp-Ømsa∂n-cn-s° tIc-f-
Øn¬ CXn\v {ian-°m-Øs - X-¥m-Wv
? tIc-f-Ønse PRI Isf th≠{X
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-ØXv F¥mWv ?
5. AWW, MSS F∂o hn`m-K-Øn¬
Zcn{Z kv{XoIƒ th≠{X hcp-am-\-
an-√msX Xs∂ Ct∏mƒ hm¿UvXew
hsc {]h¿Øn®p hcp- t ºmƒ
ASHA Fs∂mcp {]tXyI hn`mKw
IqSn IrXy-amb {]Xn-^ew t]mepw
\n¿Æ-bn-°msX X´n-°q´n \nb-an-°p-
∂Xv F¥n-\m-Wv ? NRHM s‚ Dt±-i-e-£y-߃ \S-∏m-°m≥ hnim-e-
\n¿t±-i-߃ amb P\-Iob ASn-Ø-dbpw hn]p-e-amb P\-Iob ]¶m-

NRHM ]≤-Xnbn¬ {Kma ]©m- fn-Øhpw \n¿h-lW kwhn-[m-\hpw Bh-iy-am-Wv.
bØp Xe-Øn-ep≈ BtcmKy ]cn- PHCIƒ hgn- {]mtZ-inI {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ A\p-k-cn-
]m-Sn°v Xmc-X-tay\ {]k‡n Ipd- ®p≈ {]h¿Ø\ amXr-I-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.
hm-W.v Pn√m-˛t- ªm°v Xe-߃°mWv
{]mapJyw IqSp-X¬. tIc-f-Øn-em-
CXn-s\√mw ]qc-Ihpw klm-b-I-hp-amb ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ
Is´, kwtbm-P\ km[yX sIm≠pw BtcmKy-tIcfw ]≤Xnbn¬ D≠m-hWw.
Imcy-£a - X sIm≠pw {Kma-]© - m-b-
Øp-I-fmWv ap∂n¬. AXp-sIm≠v \zbw thWw. kw-hn-[m-\-Øns‚ XI¿®-bn-em-bn-
{Kma-]-©m-bØp Xe-Øn¬ \n∂m-
kwÿm- \ Øv \ne- \ n¬°p∂ cn°pw CXp sNs∂-Øp-I. s]mXp
bn- c n- ° Ww “Btcm- K y- t I- c fw” {]tXyI s]mXpP\m-tcmKy {]iv\- kwhn- [ m- \ - Ø ns‚ Imcy- £ - a X
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS XpS-°w. ß-fpsS ]›m-Øe - Ø
- n¬ kwÿm\ h¿[n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ - X n\v Bh- i y- a mb

CX-\p-kc - n®v {Kma-ßf
- n¬ \S-°p∂ ˛Pn-√˛- t- ªm°v˛{Kma-Xew hsc Btcm- Af-hn¬ am\-h-tijn hnI-k-\hpw
BtcmKy {]h¿Ø- \ - Ø n- \ p≈ Ky-{]-iv\ß - f
- psS ap≥K-W\m ]´nI s{]m-^j- W - ¬ I¨kƒ´≥knbpw
sNehv {Kma ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ°v Xøm-dm-°p-Ibpw e£y-߃ \n¿∆- Pn√-˛-kw-ÿm-\-X-e-ß-fn¬ e`y-am-
\¬IWw. CXn- \ mbn {]tXyI Nn-°p-Ibpw AXv t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂- °Ww. Cs√-¶n¬ s{]mPIvSv Imem-
skmssk-‰n-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-t°-≠- Xn\v Bh-iy-amb ]qcI \S-]S- n-Iƒ h[n Ign- b p- t ºm- t g°pw \ne- h n-
Xn√. hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw thWw. ep≈ BtcmKyhIp∏v Zp¿_es∏-

ASHA kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ samØw
Btcm-Ky-tI-cfw kwÿm-\Øpw Spw.
{]h¿Ø\ coXn-Iƒ ]p\-x]-cn-tim- Pn√m-Xe - Ø
- nepw Btcm-Ky-hI- p-∏n\v
tIcf ]›m-Øe - Ø- n¬ s]mXpP\m-
[n-°Ww. kam-¥-c-amb Hcp i‡n-tI-{µ-ambn tcmKy hIp∏pw Xt±-i-`-cW kwhn-

Xt±i `cW ÿm]- \ - ß fpsS \ne-sIm--≈p-∂p. ^≠pw A[n-Im- [m-\hpw i‡-am-sW-∂n-cns° NGO
BtcmKy ]≤-Xn-bn¬ “Btcm-Ky-tI- chpw apJy-[m-c-bn¬ \n∂pw am‰n ]¶mfnØw {]k-‡-a-√. F∂m¬
cfw” ^≠pw πm≥ ^≠pw H∂n- s{]mPIvSv amt\-P¿am-cpsS ssII-fn- k∂≤ kwL- S - \ - I ƒ, P\- I ob
®p-]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-X-c-Øn¬ ka- te°v FØp-∂p. s]mXp Btcm-Ky- BtcmKy {]h¿Ø-I¿ F∂n-hcpsS
imkv{X-KXn 17
 ]¶m-fnØcoXn hy‡-am-°W - w.

[\-hn-\n-tbm-K-Øns‚ F√m hnh-c-
ßfpw kpXm-cy-am-°W - w.

{Kma-k-`-Iƒ°v IqSp-X¬ DØ-c-hm-
\n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\ß
ZnXzw \¬Ip- I bpw {Kma- k - ` -
bn¬\n∂p Xs∂ hnt√Pv sl¬Øv
IΩ-‰n-I-ƒ cq]o-Icn-°m≥ {Kma-k-`-
Iƒ°v A[n-Imcw \¬Ip-Ibpw \S-
BtcmKy tIcfw ]≤Xn°v hn]p-e-
]-Sn-bp-≠m-hpIbpw thWw.

tIc-f-Øn¬ PohnX ssieo tcmK-
߃s°-Xn-sc-bpff {]h¿Ø-\ß
{][m\ X{¥-(core strategy)ß-fn¬
H∂m-IWw. AXn-\\ - p-kc - n®v ]cn-]m-
Sn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNø-Ww.

saUn-°¬ Kth-jW ÿm]-\-ß-
sfbpw, sa- U n- ° ¬ \gv k nßv ,
sU‚¬,- ^m¿a- k n,- em_v
sSIv \ ojy≥ tImtf- P p- I - s fbpw
Dƒs°m-≈n®p sIm≠v BtcmKy
A[n-Imc hntI-{µo-I-c-W-Øns‚
{]h¿Ø-I-cpsS ]cn-io-e-\-Øn\pw
Kth-jW - Ø - n-\p-ambn Hcp I¿Ω ]cn-
]mSn Bhn-jv°-cn-°-Ww.

F√m Pn√-I-fnepw Hs∂∂ coXn-
bn¬ ¢n\n-°¬ ]cn-tim-[\
apX¬ Fw.-B¿.sF kvIm≥
hsc-bp≈ B[p-\nI kwhn-
[m- \ - ß - t fmSp IqSnb
tcmK\n¿Æb tI{µ- ß ƒ
ÿm]n- ° - W w. Zcn- { Z¿°v
]q¿Æ kuP-\yhpw kº-∂-
cn¬ \n∂v bYm¿∞ sNehpw
CuSm-°p∂ hn[-am-bn-cn-°Ww
{]h¿Ø-\w. Db¿∂ tbmKy-X-
bp≈ hsc \nban- ° m\pw,
k¿∆o-kn-ep≈ em_v sSIv\o-
jy≥,- F-Ivksd sSIv\o-jy≥
F∂n- h ¿°p≈ \nc- ¥ c
]cnio- e \ tI{µ- ß - f m°n
Chsb am‰pIbpw thWw.

\ne-hn-ep≈ Btcm-Ky-h-Ip∏v
kwhn- [ m- \ sØ i‡n- s ∏-
SpØpw hn[w Btcm-Ky-tI-cfw
]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Btcm-Ky-˛-sF.-
kn.-Un.-Fkv hIp-∏n-eqsS \S-
∏m- ° p- I . kam- ¥ c kwhn-
[m\w ths≠∂v sh°p- I .
Btcm- K y- ˛ - s F.- k n.- U n.- F kv
hIp-∏n-te°v Bh-iym-\p-k-
cWw ÿncw Poh- \ - ° msc
\nb-an-°pI. IrXy-amb ]cn-io-
e\w \¬Im≥ kwhn-[m-\-ap-
≠m-°pI.

ka-{K-amb BtcmKy ]cn-tim-
[-\bpw XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-
fpsS Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ø° coXn-
18
bn¬ Bip- ] - { Xn- b n¬ h®p \S-
Øp∂ tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm[ Iymws]bv-
\p-Iƒ Hcp-°-Ww.
- fpsS DØ-
c-hm-ZnXzw PRI Iƒ°v \¬IWw.
Ch Bip-]{Xn IΩ‰nIƒ aptJ\
am{Xw \S-∏m-°W - w.
amb tkmjy¬ HmUn‰v kwhn-[m-
\hpw coXnbpw Bhn-jv°-cn-°-Ww.
hnh-c-߃ \n¿_-‘-ambpw s]mXp-
- ƒ
P-\ß- ƒ°v kuP-\y-ambn \¬Im≥
kwhn-[m\w D≠m-IW - w.

BtcmKytIcfw ]≤Xn tIc-fØ
\ne- h n-
e p≈ s]mXp Btcm-K y-kw-
hn-[m-\Ø - ns‚ KpW-ta≥abpw Imcy-
ti-jnbpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ th≠n
{]tbm-P\-s∏-Sp-ØW - w.
apgp-h≥ km[y-XI - fpw {]tbm-P\- s-- ∏-
SpØn s]mXp-P\ Btcm-Ky-kw-hn-[m-
\sØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm\p≈ D]m-[n-
bYm¿∞-Øn¬,
Btcm-Ky-h-Ip-∏n¬
\ne-hn-ep≈ \yq\-X-Iƒ
]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈
hoWp-In-´nb A-h-k-c-ambn
anj≥ {]h¿Ø-\sØ
tIc-f-Øn¬
{]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-bn-
cp∂p th≠Xv. A-Xn-\p≈
km[y-X-Iƒ C\nbpw
\ne-\n¬°p-∂p.
bmbn Btcm-Ky-tI-cfw amd-Ww.

hn]p- e - a mb P\- I ob N¿®bv ° v
hnt[-ba - m°n Btcm-Ky-tI-cfw ]≤-
Xnsb \ho-I-cn°Ww.
D]-kw-lmcw
BtcmKy cwKsØ {][m\ ÿm]-
\-ßf- mb saUn-°¬ tImtf-Pp-Iƒ,- {io-
Nn{X sk‚¿, ANyp-Xt- a-t\m≥ sk‚¿
F∂n-hn-Sßfnse sshZ-Kv[ysØ D]-
tbm-Kn®v sa®-s∏´ coXn-bn¬ B[p-\nI
Adn-hp-Iƒ ]I-cp∂ ]cn-io-e-\-߃
hgn samØw BtcmKy kwhn-[m-\-
Øns‚ Imcy-tijn h¿≤n∏n-°m-\p≈
- n¬
{iaw C\nbpw D≠m-tI-≠n-bn-cn°p-∂p.
]Xn- ‰ m- ≠ p- I - f mbn \ne- \ n¬°p-
∂Xpw Ht´sd P\-Io-b {]t£m`-ß-fn-
eqsS cq]- s ∏´p h∂- X p- w Bb
tIcfØnse s]mXp BtcmKy kwhn-
[m-\-Øns‚ Iogn-ep≈ Hcp LSIw
am{X- a mbn {]h¿Øn- t °- ≠ Xpw,{]-
h¿Ø-\-߃ ]q¿Æ-ambn X-t±-i-`-cW
kan- X n- I sf G¬∏n- t °- ≠ - X p- a mb
NRHM,skmssk-‰n-Iƒ F∂ t]cn¬
\mSp-\osf _Z¬ kwhn-[m-\ß - ƒ
D≠m°p∂ {]h-WX XS-tb-≠X - p-
≠v . ]Icw BtcmKy hIp- ∏ n-
s\bpw kwhn-[m-\s - Øbpw i‡n-
s∏-Sp-Øn AXns‚ Iogn¬ ]qc-I-
ambn h¿Øn-°p∂ kwhn-[m-\-
amWv Bh-iyw.
bYm¿∞-Øn¬, Btcm-Ky-hI - p-
∏n¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ \yq\-XI - ƒ ]cn-
l-cn-°m-\p≈ hoWp-In-´nb A-h-
k-c-ambn anj≥ {]h¿Ø-\sØ
tIc-fØ - n¬ {]tbm-P\ - s
- ∏-Sp-Øp-I-
bm-bn-cp∂p th≠Xv.A-Xn-\p≈
km[y-XI - ƒ C\nbpw \ne-\n¬°p-
∂p.
]cn-tim-[\
- bv°v
1. NRHM :Framework
for Implementation ,2005-2012-
Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare -GOI
2.NRHM : Role of state under
NRHM-Bullet-2
3. Govt.of Kerala: Btcm-Ky-tI-cfw
˛ am¿K-tcJ
4. Govt.of Kerala : (GORt)number
4043/07 dt.30-11-07
5. Govt.of Kerala : (GORt)number
2043/07 dt.8-6-07
6. tUm._n CI-_m¬ : tZiob
{KmaoW BtcmKyanj≥-˛-tI-c-f-
Øn¬,-am-Xr-`qan Btcm-Ky-amknI

am¿®v 2008
 hnI-k\w
kzm
∏n-em-°s
X-{¥ym-\-¥c `mc-X-Øn¬ \S-
- ∏-´n-´p≈ hnhn[ sXmgn¬Zm\
]≤--Xn-I-fn¬ \ns∂√mw hyXy-kvXX
]pe¿Øp-∂-XmWv tZiob {KmaoW
sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤-Xn. {Iam-\p-K-X-ambn
h¿≤n-°p∂ {KmaoW taJ-eb - nse Zmcn-
{Zy-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Ip∂ LS-I-ßsf
Is≠Øn {lkz-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\Ø - nepw
Zo¿L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\Ø - nepw ]cn-lmcw
tXSp∂p F∂-XmWv CXns‚ ImX-emb
hiw. ap≥-Ime Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿am¿P\ ]≤-
Xn-I-fnepw ta¬∏-d™ Du∂¬ D≠m-
bn-cp∂p F∂Xp icn-bm-Wv. F∂m¬
Cu ]≤-Xn-bn¬ AXns‚ e£y-ßf - n¬
\n∂p hgp-Xn-am-dn-t∏m-Im-Xn-cn-°-Ø-°-
hn[w {]h¿Ø- \ - ß sf apt∂m´p
sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn\p≈ \nb-{¥W
LS-Iß - ƒ Bh-iym-\p-kc - Ww CW-°n-
t®¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p. CX\pk-cn®v ]≤-
Xnsb Nen-∏n-°p-hm≥ ]≤Xn \S-Øn-
∏p-Im¿ \n¿_-‘n-Xc - m-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. am{X-
a-√, C—m-i‡ - n-bp≈ Hcp cmjv{So-b˛- k- m-
aqly Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬ kmaq-ly-amb
tamWn-‰d- n-ßn-s‚bpw HmUn-‰nßn-s‚bpw

sXmgn-epd∏p ]≤Xn
hb-\m-´n¬
s{]m^. sI. _me-tKm-]me≥
kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c `mc-X-Øn¬ \S-∏n-em-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ hnhn[
sXmgn¬Zm\ ]≤--Xn-I-fn¬ \ns∂√mw hyXy-kvXX ]pe¿Øp-∂-XmWv
tZiob {KmaoW sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤-Xn. {Iam-\p-K-X-ambn h¿≤n-°p∂
{KmaoW taJ-e-bnse Zmcn-{Zy-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Ip∂ LS-I-ßsf Is≠Øn
{lkz-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Ønepw Zo¿L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Ønepw ]cn-lmcw tXSp∂p
F∂-XmWv CXns‚ ImX-emb hiw. C—m-i-‡n-bp≈ Hcp cmjv{So-b-˛-km-aqly
Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬ kmaq-ly-amb tamWn-‰-dn-ßn-s‚bpw HmUn-‰nßn-s‚bpw
km[yX Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-s°m≠v P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb hnI-k\{]{In-bbv°v
Ifsamcp-°p-hm≥ sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤-Xn°v Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p.

imkv{X-KXn 19
km[yX Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-s°m≠v P\m-[n- °- s ∏- ´ n- c n- ° p∂ an\naw thX- \ - hcp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
]- X y- ] - c - a mb hnI- k \{]{In- b bv ° v Øn\v Ah-Im-iw. • KpW-t`m-‡m-°-fpsS FÆw ]cn-an-
Ifsamcp-°p-hm≥ sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤- sXmgn¬Zm\ ]≤-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂v X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´n-√. cPn-ktv {S-j≥ Hcp
Xn°v Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p. sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤-Xn-bn-te-°p≈ Cu XpS¿{]-{In-bb - m-Wv.
apI-fn¬ ]d™ Imcy-߃°v Dt]m- am‰-amWv CXns\ Hcp Ah-Im-im-[n- • Hmtcm {]tZ-iØpw cPn-ÿ sNø-
Xv_e - I- a - mb k¶-e] v ß
- sf ap≥\n¿Øn- jvTnX]≤-Xn-bm-°p-∂-Xv. \n¿ÆmbI- s∏-Sp∂ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v Bh-iy-
s°m≠v ]≤-XnbpsS C∂sØ Ah- amb sXmgn-e-h-Im-i-߃°v \nb-a-]-cn- ambXn¬ Ipd- b msX sXmgn¬
ÿsb hne-bn-cp-Øp-I, ]≤-Xn t\cn- c£ \¬In-s°m≠pw Ahsb kmaqly t\ctØ Is≠Øn Icp-Xn-h-bv°p-
Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw km[y-XI - fpw ]cn- kΩ¿±-߃°v ASn-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠pw ∂p.
tim-[n-°pI F∂-XmWv Cu teJ-\- \n¿_-‘nX \S-∏n-em-°e - n\v hnt[-ba- m- • {]tXy-In®v sshZKv[yw Bh-iy-an-
Øns‚ Dt±-iyw. °n-s°m-≠p-amWv CXp km[n-°p-∂-Xv. √mØ Imbn-Im-[zm-\-amWv sXmgn-
k¶-ev]-߃ Bh-iym-[n-jvTnXw emfn \¬tI-≠X - v.
Hcp IpSpw-_-Øn\v {]Xn-h¿jw 100 Zo¿L-Im-eh - n-Ik - \ ImgvN∏ - mSv
Ah-Im-im-[n-jvTnXw
Znhkw F∂ ]cn-[n-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v {Kma- { ]- t Z- i - ß - f nse Irjnbpw
C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ hn`m-h\w F{X sXmgn¬ Zn\-߃ krjvSn-°mtam
sNø-s∏´ {]Imcw A¥- mbn tPmen- ssIsØm- g nepw \ne- \ n¿Øm\pw
AXn\v Bh- i y- a mb thX- \ hpw ÿmbn-bmb DXv]m-Z\ - h- ¿≤-\hv ssIh-
sNbvXp Pohn-°m-\p≈ ]ucs‚ Ah- samØw t{]mPIvSv sNe-hns‚ 40 iX-
Imiw Cu ]Zv[Xn Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂p. cn-°m\pw ]≤Xn e£y-an-Sp-∂p. Gs‰-
am-\-Øn¬ Ihn-bmsX km[-\-km-a-{Kn- Sp-°m-hp∂ {]hr-Øn-Isf kw_-‘n-
2005- sk]v‰w_dn¬ ]m¿e-sa‚ v ]m m- Iƒ°p≈ sNehpw ]≤-Xn°p In´p-
°nb tZiob {KmaoW sXmgn-ep-d∏v \nb- ®p≈ am¿§ \n¿t±-i-߃ CXv {]Xn-^-
∂p. CXn\p Ign-bØ - ° - h- n-[Ø
- n¬ _P- en-∏n°p-∂p-≠v.
aw, tZiob hnh-cm-h-Imi\nbaw F∂n- ‰n¬ XpI hI- s Im- ≈ n- ® n- c n- ° - W w.
h-bpsS ka-RvP-k-amb ktΩ-f-\-amWv • aÆv, Pe kwc-£W {]hr-Øn-Iƒ,
bmsXmcp Imc-Wh - i
- mepw ]W-an-√msX ag-sh≈ kw`-cW - w, hcƒ®-˛s - h-≈-
Cu Ah-Imiw ]uc\v Dd-∏m-°n-s°m- hcn-Itbm ka-bØv ]Ww In´msX hcn-
Sp-°p-∂-Xv. Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ LS-I-߃ s∏m° \nb-{¥-Ww, lcn-X-h-XvI-
Itbm hcp∂ kml-Ncyw ]≤-Xn-bn¬ cWw XpS-ßnb {]h¿Øn-Iƒ°v
]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ CXp hy‡-am-Ipw. Hgn-hm-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂
• {KmaoW taJ-e-bnse Hmtcm IpSpw- ap≥K-W-\.
coXn-bn¬ CXn-\m-hi - y-amb {Iao-Ic - Ww
_-Øn\pw h¿j-Øn¬ Ipd™Xv
100 sXmgn¬ Zn\-߃ Dd-∏p-hc - p-Øp-
∂p. ]´nI 1
• 18 hb p ]q¿Øn-bmb GsXmcm-ƒ- 1. BsI ]©m-bØ
- p-Iƒ 25
°pw ]≤-Xn-bn¬ cPn-ÿ sNøm\pw
cPn-ÿ sNbvX-h¿°v 15 Znh-k-Øn- samØw IpSpw-_ß
- ƒ 1,66,763
\Iw sXmgn¬ Im¿Uv e`n-°m-\p- 2. sXmgn-en-\mbn cPn-ÿ sNbvX IpSpw-_-߃ 1,14,870 (68.88%)
ap≈ Ah-Im-iw.
BsI ]´n-I-h¿§ IpSpw-_-߃ 30,491
• sXmgn¬ Im¿Un\v 5 h¿jsØ
{]m_-eyw. cPn-ÿ sNbvX ]´n-I-h¿§ IpSpw_w 29,141 (95%)
• sXmgn-en\v At]-£n-°p∂ Im¿Up- cPn-ÿ sNbvX ]´n-I-PmXn IpSpw_w 7,587 (98%)
S-a-Iƒ°v At]£n®v 15 Znh-k-Øn-
\Iw sXmgn-e-h-kcw cPn-ÿ sNbvX P\-d¬ IpSpw_w 78,142
• Xma-kn-°p∂ {]tZ-i-Øn-\-SpØv ]´nI 2
sXmgn¬.
• \n›n-Xk - a- b
- Øv sXmgn¬ In´m-Ø-
Gs‰-SpØ {][m\ {]hr-Øn-Iƒ
h¿°v sXmgn-en-√mbvamthX-\w. Pe-kw-`c
- W {]hr-Øn-Iƒ 1748
• Hmtcm 14 Znh-k-Øn-sem-cn-°epw hcƒ®-\n-hm-cW {]hr-Øn-Iƒ 79
Iqen In´m\pw Iqen sshIn-bm¬
\jvS-]-cn-lm-c-Øn\pw A¿lX. sNdp-InS Pe-tk-N\ {]hr-Øn-Iƒ 387
• sXmgn-en-Sß - f - n¬ ASn-ÿm\ kuI- Fkv.-kn./Fkv.-Sn./sF.-F.-ssh. KpW-t`m-‡m-°-fpsS
cy-߃. `qan-bnse Pe-tk-N\ kuI-cy-߃ e`y-am-°¬ 108
• A]-I-S-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂-h¿°v NnIn-
’bpw Bip-]-{Xn-bn¬ InS-°p∂ ]c-º-cm-KX Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-I-fpsS ]p\-cp-≤m-cWw 635
Znh-kß- f- n¬ Ac Znh-ksØ thX- `qhn-I-k\ {]hr-Øn-Iƒ 832
\-hpw.
• kv{Xo˛-]p-cpj hyXym-k-an-√msX sh≈-s∏m° \nb-{¥W/kwc-£W {]hr-Øn-Iƒ 1455
AXmXv kwÿm-\ßfn¬ \n›-bn- {KmaoW tdmUv \n¿amWw 282

20 am¿®v 2008

• Ahn-ZKv[ sXmgn¬ D]-tbm-Kn®v
ÿmbn-bmb Im¿jnI BkvXn-I-
fpsS \n¿am-Ww. Chbv°v Zo¿L-Im-
em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ DXv]m-Z-\-h¿≤-
\hv ssIh- c n- ° - Ø - ° - h n[w
\nt£] kz`m-h-ap-≠m-I-Ww.
• {]IrXn hn`-h-ßsf kwc-£n-®p-
sIm≠pw Ah-bpsS e`yX Db¿Øn-
s°m≠pw ]c-º-cm-KX ssIsØm-
gn¬ taJ-esb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m≥
Ign-bpw.
AXm-bXv I¿j-I-cp-sSbpw ssI-
sØm-gn¬Im-cp-sSbpw PohnX-kpc£
ÿnc-ambn Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-s°m≠v Hcp
kº-∂-amb \o¿Ø-Sm-[n-jvTnX D]-Po-
h-\k
- w-hn-[m\w krjvSn-°m-\p≈ {]mY-
anI apX¬ap-S-°mWv \S-Øp-∂-Xv.
kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-bpsS Nhn-´p-]Sn
{KmaoW taJ-e-bnse kmaq-lnI
kmº-ØnI Ak-aX - z-߃ Ipd-bv°p-∂-
Xn\p klm-bn-°p∂ coXn-im-kv{X-amWv
sXmgn- e p- d ∏p ]≤- X n- b psS
{]h¿Ø\Øn¬ ImWp-I.
• Akw-LS- nX {KmaoW taJ-eb - nepw
kv{Xo˛-]p-cpj hyXym-k-an-√msX
Xpey-tPm-en°v Xpey-th-X-\w.
• I¶mWnam-cp-sSbpw CS-\n-e-°m-cp-
sSbpw Nqj-W-an-√msX kz¥-amb
_m¶v A°u-≠n-eqsS kuI-cy-a\ - p-
k-cn®v ]n≥h-en-°m-hp∂ Xc-Øn¬
Iqen.
• sIm®p-Ip--´n-Isf ]cn-]m-en-°m\pw
imkv{X-KXn
Sm-bva-Ifpw am‰n-h®p ]Wn-Iƒ \S-
Øn-s°m≠v t]mIm\pw Iq´m-bva-bn-
eqsS eLq-I-cWw \S-Øm\pw Ign-
bp-∂p.
• im‡o-I-c-W-amWv \oXn-bpsS ASn-
Ød F∂Xv {]tbm-K-£-a-am-°n-
s°m≠p XpS¿®-bmb Iq´m-bva-bn-
eqsS {Kma-ß-fnse sXmgn¬ taJ-e-
bn¬ kwL-SnX {ia-߃ D≠m-bn-
h-cp-∂p.
s]mXp-IW - °- p-]d
- ®- n-en\v
]pXnb apJw
Agn-aXncln-Xa - mbpw kpXm-cy-ambpw
s]mXp-]Ww sNe-h-gn-®p-sIm≠v hnI-
k\ {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ \S-Øm-sa∂v sXfn-
bp-∂p. ]≤Xn \S-Øn∏p kwhn-[m-\hpw
`c-WI
- q-Shpw s]mXp-P\ - ß
- t- fmSv t\cn´p
IW°v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ coXn-bn¬
kmaqly HmUn-‰nMv efn-X-ambn kwhn-
[m\w sNø-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p.
• thX\w Hmtcm sXmgn-em-fn-bp-sSbpw
Hcp IpSpw-_-Øn\v {]Xn-h¿jw 100 Znhkw F∂ ]cn-
[n-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v F{X sXmgn¬ Zn\-߃ krjvSn-
°mtam AXn\v Bh-iy-amb thX-\hpw samØw
t{]mPIvSv sNe-hns‚ 40 iX-am-\-Øn¬ Ihn-bmsX
km[-\-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ°p≈ sNehpw ]≤-Xn°p In´p-
∂p. CXn\p Ign-b-Ø-°-hn-[-Øn¬ _P-‰n¬ XpI
hI-sIm-≈n-®n-cn-°-Ww. bmsXmcp Imc-W-h-imepw
]W-an-√msX hcn-Itbm ka-bØv ]Ww In´msX hcn-
Itbm hcp∂ kml-Ncyw ]≤-Xn-bn¬ Hgn-hm-°-s∏-
´n-cn-°p-∂p.
IpSn-sh-≈Ø - n\pw XW-en-\pw- sXm- (Ip-Spw-_Ø
- n-s‚-b√- ) _m¶v A°u-
gn¬ÿeØv kuI-cy-߃. ≠n-eqsS am{Xw \¬Ip-∂p.
• _me-the ]q¿Æambpw XSbp∂-Xn- • km[-\-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ hmßp-∂-Xn\v
\mbn 18 hb v ASn-ÿm\ tbmKy- P\-Iob IΩn‰n kwhn-[m-\w.
X. {]mbm-[n-Iyhpw tcmKm-Xp-cX - bpw • {]hrØn hnebn-cp-Øp-hm≥ {Kmao-
aqe- a p≈ A[zm- \ - £ - a - X - b nse W-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ hnPn-e≥kv
Ipdhv Iq´mb {]hr-Øn-bn-eqsS ]cn- B‚ v tamWn-‰-dnMv kan-Xn-Iƒ.
l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. • ]≤-Xnsb \J-in-Jm¥w hna¿i-\-
• sXmgn¬\-SØ - n-∏ns‚ Npa-Xe tIc- hn-t[-b-am-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ ]q¿Æ-
f-Øn¬ ]q¿Æ-ambpw kv{XoIƒ°v ambpw {Kma-k-`-bn¬ kzX-{¥-ambn
G¬∏n-®p-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. Nen-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ tkmjy¬ HmUn-
• GXp-X-c-Ønepw ka-b-{I-a-Ønepw ‰nMv kw-hn-[m-\w.
{]hr-Øn-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Hmtcm ]uc\pw tNmZyw tNmZn-
Abhp≈Xp- s Im≠v G‰hpw °m\pw DØcw tXSm-\p-ap≈ Ah-kcw
]nt∂m-°° - m-cmb ]´nI h¿§-°msc {Km-a-X-e-Øn¬ Xs∂ Hcp-°n-bn-cn-°p-
sXmgn-en-te°v BI¿jn-°m\pw ∂p. Bcpw tNmZn-°msX Xs∂ F√m
ÿnc-hc - p-am-\°
- m-cm°m\pw Ign-bp- hnh-c-ßfpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v
∂p. \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂p-≠v. tZiob
• PmXn-hy-Xym-k-ßfpw a‰p sXm´p-Iq- hnh-cm-h-Imi \nb-ahpw CtXm-sSm∏w
21
{]tbm-P\ - s - ∏-Sp-tØ-≠X - mWv.
\nb-aØ - ns‚
sXmgn-emfn ]£-]m-XnXzw
sXmgn-ep-d∏p \nbaw ]q¿Æambpw
sXmgn-emfn tI{µo-Ir-X-am-bmWv \n¿an-
°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂X - v.
• kz¥w {Kma-Øn¬ Xs∂ tPmen
Hcp-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p. AYhm kao-]-
{]-tZ-i-tØ°v t]mtI≠n h∂m¬
bm{Xm-°qen e`n-°p-∂p.
• ÿnc-ambn sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂
sXmgn-en\p ]pd-ta-bmWv Cu ]≤Xn-
bnse sXmgn¬. \ne-hn-ep≈ sXmgn-
ep-Iƒ \jvS-s∏-SmØ hn[-Øn¬
sXmgn- e p- d ∏p ]≤- X n- b psS
BIvj≥πm≥ {Iao-Ic - n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
• sXmgn- e m- f n- I ƒ°v H‰bv ° pw
Iq´mbpw Bh-iy-amb kabw \n›-
bn-°m\pw AX-\p-k-cn®v sXmgn¬
Bh-iy-s∏-Sm\pw Ign-bpw.
• A©p- h - b -   n\p Xmsg- b p≈
Ip™p-ßsf ]cn-]m-en-°m≥ ]Wn-
ÿ-eØv {]tXyIw kuI-cyw.
• sXmgn¬ kabw 7 aWn-°q-dmbn ]cn-
an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
• sXmgn-en-\p-th≠n Ab¬ kwÿm-
\-ßf - n-te°pw \K-cß - f- n-te-°p-ap≈
\n¿_-‘nX Ae-®n¬ Ah-km-\n-
∏n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p. CXns‚ sa®w
A[:ÿnX {KmaoW hyh-ÿb - n¬
Fßs\ {]Xn-^e - n-°p∂p F∂Xv
hni-Za - mbn ]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠X - m-Wv.
]pXnb km[yX-Iƒ
tIc-fØ - n¬ cq]-s∏-´n-´p≈ \nc-h[
bmb kmaq-ly-km-º-ØnI kwhn-[m-\-
ßsf sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤-Xn-bp-ambn `mh-
\m-]q¿Æ-ambn Cg-]n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS
{KmaoW taJ-e-bnse P\-Iob kwL-
S\m kwhn-[m\w i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw
bYm¿∞ DXv]m-Z\i‡n-Isf kwL-
hXv I - c n- ° m\pw Ign- b pw. am{X- a √
Chsb Xmakw hn\m ÿm]-\-h-XvI-
cn-°m\pw Ignbpw. tijn hnI-k-\-
Øns‚ t{iWn _≤X t\m°p-I.
• aÿ tdmfp-I-fn¬ ssIsbm-∏n´v
lmP¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw kz¥w
_m¶v A°u- ≠ n- e qsS thX\w
ssI∏-‰m\pw Ign-bp-∂p.
• {]h¿Øn-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂X - p-ap-X¬
ta¬t\m´w hln-°p-∂Xpw kmaqly
HmUn‰v \S-Øp-∂Xpw hsc-bp≈
hnhn[ L´-ß-fn¬ s{]m^-j-W-
embn CS-s]-Sp-∂X - n-eqsS kv{XoIƒ
t\XrXzw \¬Ip∂ Ab¬°q´
22
kwhn-[m-\-ß-fpsS amt\-Pvsa‚ v
Imcy-£-aX Db-cp-∂p.
• XpS¿®-bmbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ hnPn-
e≥kv B‚ v tamWn-‰-dnMv IΩ-n‰n-
I-fn¬ ]¶m-fnØw hln-°p-∂-Xn-
eqsS kmaqly ta¬t\m´ tijn Db-
cp-∂p.
- n-
• km[- \ - k m- a - { Kn- I ƒ hmßm\pw
kq£n-°m\pw D≠m-bn-h-cp∂ P\-
Iob kwhn- [ m\w `c- W - c w- K Øv
]pXnb kwLm-S\ amXrI D≠m-°p-
∂p.
• `c-W] - c
- a
- m-bn-Øs∂ kwL-Sn-Xc- mbn
{]h¿Øn-°p∂ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v
te_¿{Kq-∏p-Ifpw te_¿ _m¶pw
Bbn amdm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. kzbw hnZ-
Kv[-cm-hp-Ibpw sXmgn¬ sshZ-Kv[y-
ap- ≈ - h sc Iq´nt®¿°p- I bpw
sNbvXp-sIm≠v {Kma-{]-tZ-isØ
hnhn-[-ß-fmb sXmgn¬ Bh-iy-
߃ \n¿∆- l n- ® p- s Im- S p- ° m≥
Ch¿°p Ign-bpw. {KmaoW sXmgn¬
hyh-ÿbv°v sI´p-d∏pw ÿmbn-
Xzhpw D≠m-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w CXv
sXmgn-ens‚ A¥ v Db¿Øp-Ibpw
sNøpw.
PohnX kpc-£-bp-sSbpw kmaq-ly-
\o-Xn-bp-sSbpw F{Xtbm ]pXnb am\-
߃ tXSm≥ X°-hÆw hnim-e-amb
`qan-I-bmWv tZiob {KmaoW sXmgn-ep-
d∏p ]≤-Xn-°p-≈-Xv. hb-\mSv Pn√-bn¬
Hcp h¿j-°m-e-ambn Cu ]≤Xn \S-
∏n-em°n hcp-∂X - ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø
- n¬
Hcp ho£Ww am{Xw \S-Øm-\mWv C\n
{ian-°p-∂X- v.
II
C∂sØ ÿnXn
{Kma-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂
Zmcn- { Zy- Ø ns‚ apJw shfn- ® Øp
sIm≠p-hc - p∂ Xc-Øn¬ F√m {]Xo£-
Iƒ°pw A∏p-d-Øm-bn-cp∂p sXmgn-em-
fn-If
- psS cPn-ktv {S-j≥. cPn-ÿ sNbvX
IpSpw-_ß - ƒ 80 iX-am-\Ø - n-tesd ]≤-
Xn- b n¬ sXmgn¬ sNbv X p XpS- ß n.
Ign™ Hcp-h¿jsØ Ime-b-f-hn¬
icm-icn Hcp tImSn-bn¬ A[nIw hcp∂
XpI-bmWv hb-\m-´nse {Kma-]© - m-bØ- p-
I-fn¬ Cu ]≤-Xn-bn-eqsS sNe-h-gn-®-
Xv. F¨]-Xn-\m-bn-c-Øn¬ A[nIw
IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-≈-h¿ Cu ]≤-
Xn-bn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-bn. 30 tImSn-tbmfw
hcp∂ XpI-bm-Wv CXn-eqsS {Kma-{]-tZ-
i-tØ°v Hgp-In-sb-Øn-b-Xv. {][m-\-
sa∂v tXm∂p∂ GXm\pw Imcy-߃
ChnsS FSp-Øp-]d - b- p-Ib
- m-Wv.
{]mtZ-inIkmº-ØnIhnI-k\ - hpw
Pohn-X\ - n-eh - m-cØ- n-ep≈ Db¿®bpw
• BsI sNe-hm-°nb XpI-bpsS 85
iX-am-\hpw sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°p≈
thX-\-ambn \¬I-s∏-´p. Cu XpI
{KmaoW taJ-e-bnse Zcn{Z IpSpw-
_-ßf - n-te°v t\cn´v FØn-t®¿∂p.
• 15 Znh-ksØ Iqen H∂n®p In´n-b-
Xn-\m¬ Zcn-{Z-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn¬ BZy-
ambn AXym-hiy Krtlm-]-I-c-W-
߃ hmßm\pw a‰p- sNehpIƒ
\S-Øm\pw Ign-™p. {KmaoW IpSpw-
_- ß - f psS Pohn- X - \ n- e - h mcw
Db¿Øm≥ hen-bt- Xm-Xn-emWv CXp
klm-bI - a- m-bX
- .v
• Irjn Zo¿L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬
sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - n\p klm-bI - a
- mb
BkvXn-Iƒ {Kmao-W-ta-J-e-bn¬
\n¿an®p XpS-ßn-bn-´p-≠.v Icm¿ hyh-
ÿ- b n¬ \n∂v hyXy- k v X - a mbn
t\cn´v \n¿amW {]hrØn-Iƒ \S-
Øn-b-Xn-\m¬ sNe-hmb XpIbv°v
B\p-]m-Xn-I-am-b-Xn¬ IqSp-X¬
\nt£]w \S-∂n-´p-s≠∂v A\p-am-
\n-°mw.
• P\-ß-fpsS hm߬ tijn h¿≤n-
®-Xn-\m¬ DXv]-∂-߃°v hn]-Wn-
am¿®v 2008
 bp-≠m-hp-Ibpw AXv {]mtZ-inI I®-
hStaJ-ebv°v Icp-tØ-Ip-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
Zp¿_-ec - psS
apJy-[m-cb - n-te-°p≈ {]th-i\w
Ct∂-hsc hnI-k-\-Øns‚ c≠mw-
\n-c-bn¬ HXp°-s∏-´-h¿°v A¿l-amb
ÿm\w e`n-°p-∂p.
• Xpey-Iq-en-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ F∂-
t]mse amt\- P v s a‚ v cwKØpw
{KmaoWkv{XoIƒ°v ]pcp-j-t\m-
sSm∏w ÿm\w e`n-°p-∂p.
• BZn-hmkn taJ-e-bnse G‰hpw
]nt∂m-°-°m¿ kwL-SnX-sXmgn¬-
taJ-e-bn-te°v IS∂p hcp-∂p.
• h\hpw ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw hnI-k-\-
Øns‚ ImX-em-sW∂ Xncn-®-dnhv
D≠m-Ip-∂p.
F∂m¬ [rXn-]n-Sn-®p≈ ]≤Xn \S-
Øn∏pw `c-Wc - w-KsØ t]mcm-bvaI - fpw,
Imcy-£a - X- b- n-√m-ba v bpw Nne hn]-co-Xm-
\p-`-h-߃ Df-hm-°p-Ibpw hna¿i-\-
߃ hnfn-®p-hc - p-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠.v
Bkq-{X-Wa - n-√mbva
{]hr-Øn-Iƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-
Xn\pw Ahsb Imem-h-ÿm-\p-kr-X-
ambn hn\y-kn-°p-∂-Xn\pw ImWn®
A\h[m-\X aqew {]iv\ß - ƒ D≠mbn.
• aÆv-˛-Pe kwc-£W {]hr-Øn-Iƒ
Aim- k v { Xo- b - a mbn ssIImcyw
sNbvXX - n-\m¬ hn]-coX A\p-`h - ß- -
fp-≠m-°p-sa∂v `b-s∏-tS-≠n-bn-cn-
°p∂p.
• tXm´-ßf- psS hoXn Iq´¬ {]h¿Ø-
\-߃ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]mcn-
ÿn- X nI Bhm- k - h y- h - ÿ bv ° v
Kpcp-X-c-amb XI-cm-dp-≠m-°n. CXv
]cn- l - c n- ° p∂ {]hr- Ø n- I ƒ°v
Aam-¥-ap-≠m-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
• km[m-cW Im¿jnI {]hr-Øn-I-
fpsS Ie-≠¿ XInSw adn-°p∂ Xc-
Øn¬ sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤Xn \S-∏n-
em-t°≠n h∂-Xn-\m¬ I¿j-I¿°v
cq£-amb sXmgn-em-fn-£maw A\p-
`-hs
- ∏-´p. CXv hym]-Ia - mb FXn¿∏v
hnfn-®p-h-cp-Øp-∂p.
• ]cn-ÿnXn ]p\:ÿm]-\s- a∂ Bi-
b-Øn\v thtcm-´-ap-≠m-sb-¶nepw
AXn\v A\p-kr-Xa - mb aps∂m-cp-°-
߃°v Xøm-dm-hm-ØXpaqew Hcp
kok¨ IqSn \jvS-s∏-Sp∂ Ah-
ÿ-bn-te°v \oßp-∂p.
• ka-{Kamb B£≥ πm≥ Xøm-dm-
°m-\p≈ hnap-JX aqew an°-hmdpw
imkv{X-KXn
]´nI 3
kv{XoIfpw sXmgnepw
BsI sXmgn¬ sXmgn¬ e`n®hcn¬ e`n® sXmgn¬ Iqen-bmbn
e`n-®h
- ¿ kv{XoIƒ Znh-kß
- ƒ e`n® XpI
1,19,015 7,0534 9,51,098 11,69,95,054 cq]
{]hr-Øn-Iƒ tdmU-cp-Inse HmS-Iƒ \p≈ {]th-i-\-I-hm-S-ambn tZiob
\n¿an- ° pI XpS- ß nb Xc- Ø n¬ {KmaoW sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤-Xn°v Ign-
Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p. tb-≠X- m-W.v
• s]mXp-kw-Lm-S-\-Øn\v i‡n-tb- III
Im≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xp-aqew Cu ]≤-
sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ
Xn°v Hcp Iymws]-bn\ns‚ cq]-Øn-
te°v Db-cm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√. tZiob sXmgn- e p- d ∏p \nb- a hpw
• Hcp Ah-Im-im-[n-jvTnX ]≤-Xn-bp- am¿K-tc-Jbpw F√m km[y-XI - fpw Xpd-
∂n-Sp-∂p-sh-¶nepw ta¬ kqNn-∏n® {]Im-
ambmWv X߃ _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-
sX∂v hfsc ]Xp-s°-bmWv sXmgn- c-Øn-¬ Zo¿L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈
Hcp ka-{Kho£Ww {]mtZ-in-Ia- mbn cq]-
em-fn-Iƒ a\- n-em°n hcp-∂-Xv.
AtX-ka - bw Hcp kwL-{]-h¿Ø-\- s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - n-ep≈ Aew-`mhw ]≤-Xn-
bpsS \S-Øn-∏n¬ {]Xn-^-en-°p-∂p-≠v.
Øn\v G¿s∏-Sp-tºmƒ D≠m-tI-≠-
Xmb Npa-X-em-t_m-[-Øns‚ A`m- • am‰-an-√mØ amXr-Ib - n¬ Xf-b° v s - ∏-
Sp-∂-Xp-aqew Bh-iy-amb tXmXn¬
hhpw Ht´sd {]iv\-߃ krjvSn-
°p-∂p≠v. ]pXnb sXmgn¬ taJ-e-Iƒ Is≠-
Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√. Cu cwKØv
Hcp ka-{K-ho-£-W-Øns‚ A`m-h-
Kth-j-W-kz-`m-h-ap≈ At\z-j-W-
Øn¬ CØcw Xncn-®d - n-hp-Iƒ icn-bmb
߃ \S-°m-ØXp aqew A\n-›n-
A¿∞-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØmsX t]mIp-
XXzw IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p. CXns\ adn-I-
∂p- ≠ v . `£y- k p- c - £ , Pe- k p- c - £ ,
S-°m-\mbn ]≤-Xn-bpsS {]mtZ-inI
Du¿P-kp-c£ F∂n-ßs\ D]-Po-h-\-
Øn-s‚bpw a\p-jy-cm-in-bp-sS AXn-Po- A°m-Z-an-I-Xew hn]p-e-s∏-Sp-Ø-
h-\Ø- n-s‚bpw aq∂p a¿Ω-{]-[m\ taJ- Ww. Hcp imkv{X-kw-L-S\ F∂
e-I-fnepw icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ {KmaoW \ne-bn¬ tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy
kwL-SnX sXmgn¬ tijn Xncn-®p-hn-Sm- ]cn-jØv Cu ]T-\k - m-[yX D]-tbm-
K-s∏-Sp-ØW - w.
• Ahn-Z-Kv[-cmb sXmgn¬ tk\sb
{ItaW sshZ- K v [ y- a p- ≈ - h - c m°n
tIc-f-Øn¬ am‰n \mSns‚ amdp∂ Bh- i y-
cq]-s∏-´n-´p≈ \nc-h-[n- ߃°v D]-tbm-Ks - ∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p≈
bmb kmaq-ly-km-º- kwhn- [ m\w Cu \nb- a - Ø n¬
ØnI kwhn-[m-\ß - sf C√mØ Hcp IÆn-bm-W.v amdn-hc - p∂
sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤-Xn-bp- kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zym-cw-KØv ]g-Inb
ambn `mh-\m-]q¿Æ-ambn Ahn- Z Kv [ sXmgn¬ taJ- e bv°v
Cg-]n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Gsd-°mew ]nSn®p \n¬°m-\m-hn-
√. ]≤-Xnsb sXmgn-e[ - n-jvTn-Xa- mbn
{KmaoW taJ-eb - nse \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v.
P\-Iob kwL-S\m Cu sshcp-[yw a\- n-em°n \b-cq-
kwhn-[m\w i‡n-s∏-Sp- ]o-Ic - Ww \S-Øp-Ib - mWv th≠-Xv.
Øm\pw bYm¿∞ • kzImcy aqe-[\ hyhÿ \ne-
DXv]m-Z\i‡n-Isf \n¬°p∂ Hcp kwhn-[m-\-Øn-\-
kwL-hXvI-cn-°m\pw IØv P\-Io-ba- mb amt\-Ps v a‚ v ]co-
Ign-bpw. am{X-a√ £- W - ß ƒ \S- Ø p- t ºmƒ AXv
Chsb Xmakw [mcmfw aps∂m-cp-°ß - fpw ]cn-io-e-
\-ßfpw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. \nc-¥-
hn\m ÿm]-\-h-XvI-cn-
°m\pw Ignbpw. c-amb CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eq-sSbpw ]cn-
io-e-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw P\-ß-fpsS
23
 \nco-£Ww
tijn-hn-I-k\w Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww.
Cu cwKØv [ochpw ]cym-]vX-hp-
amb Hcp apt∂‰w Bh-iy-am-Wv. H‰-
s∏´ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hnIn-cW
Zu¿_eyw apt∂m-´p≈ ]Ÿm-hn¬
\ncm-i-bpsS \ng¬ hogvØpw.
• Im¿jnI hnI-k-\w, {]mtZ-inI
DXv]m-Z-\m-[n-jvTnX kmº-ØnI
hnI- k - \ w, AXym- h iy tkh\
{]Zm\w XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fp-ambn
]≤-Xnsb _‘n-∏n-t°-≠Xv Hcp
sh√p-hn-fn-bmbn Gs‰-Sp-°W - w. ]≤-
Xn-bn-eqsS Hgp-In-sb-Øp∂ ]Ww
I®-hS irwJ-eb - n-eq-sS kztX hnI-
kn-X-amb taJ-e-I-fn-te°v Hgp-Ip-
∂Xv Ahn-I-knX {KmaoW taJ-
ebv°v KpWw sNøn-√.
• \S-Øn∏p kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ B¥-
cnI Zu¿_-ey-߃ am‰n-sb-Sp-°W - w.
Cu ]≤Xn AXy¥w Ne-\m-fl-I-
am-b Hcp Iymws]-bn≥ ]cn-]m-Sn-bmbn
amdp- ∂ - X n\v Bcp- s S- s b- ¶ nepw
e£yt_m[an-√m-bvatbm sNøp∂
{]hr-Øn-bpsS cmjv{Sobw Xncn-®-dn-
bm-Xn-cn-°tem hn]-coX _p≤ntbm
H∂pw Hcp XS- -am-bn-°q-Sm.
• Cu ]≤-Xnbpw ]pXnb Ip∏n-bn¬
\nd® ]gb ho™m-sW∂ a´n¬
cpNn®p t\m°m≥ t]mepw aSn-°p∂
cmjv{So-b˛km-aq-ly-˛-km-º-ØnI
kwhn-[m-\-ßsf ]≤-Xn-bpsS \S-
Øn-∏n\v DtØ-P\w \¬I-Ø°
coXn-bn¬ CS-s]-Sm≥ {]m]vX-am-°-
Ww. {KmaoW taJ-e-bnse Zmcn-{Zy-
Øns‚ `qan-imkv{Xw am‰m≥ Ign-hp-
≈-XmWv Cu ]≤-Xn-sb-∂Xv Bcpw
Xncn-®-dn-bmsX t]mI-cp-Xv.
D]-kw-lmcw
{Kma-ß-fnse Zcn-{Z-cp-sS, hnti-jn®v
]m¿iz-hX - vIc - n-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂h
- c - psS Pohn-X-
kp-c£ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v hnI-k-\-
]-≤X - n-Iƒ°p Ign-tb-≠X - m-Wv. tIh-e-
amb Hcp ]≤-Xn-bn-eq-sStbm AXn-\mbn
\n›-bn-°-s∏´ DtZym-K-ÿ-kw-hn-[m-\-
am¿Ivknkw Hcp \ncoizc {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-am-I-bm¬
Øn-eq-sStbm Cu t\´-߃ D≠m-hn-√. AXp-ambn HØp-t]m-Im≥ ItØm-en°m k`bv°v Ign-
{Kma-ßf - psS ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw {Kma-hm-kn- bn-s√-∂mWv tIc-f-Ønse Nne ItØm-en°m ]ptcm-
I-fpsS a\ pw tN¿∂p cq]-s∏-SpØp∂ ln-X-∑m¿ {]Jym-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ CXv
hnim-ea - mb Im≥hm-kn-emWv hnI-k\ - - kXy- h n- c p- ≤ - a mb Imcy- a m- W v . kzImcykzØns\
Øns‚ ka{K Nn{X-߃ hc-bvt°-≠- kw_-‘n-°p∂ Iayq-WnÃv \ne-]m-Sp-I-fmWv ItØm-
Xv. ]pXnb Nn¥-Iƒ Db¿∂p-h-cm-\mbn en°m k` am¿Ivkn-ksØ \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈
IqSn-t®-ce - p-Ifpw kwhm-Zß - fpw D≠m-h- Imc-W-ambn t]m∏v setbm Ak∂n-Kv[-ambn {]Jym-
Ww. Cu ]pXnb Znim-t_m[w \¬Im-
\p≈ \b-cq-]o-I-c-W-amWv D≠m-th-
]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXp ad-®p-h-®mWv tIc-f-Ønse ]S-
≠Xv.
∏p-d-∏m-Sv.

24 am¿®v 2008
aqe-[-\-hm-gvN-bpsS
ssZh-imkv{Xw
tPmPn Iq´p-tΩ¬

tkm jy-enkw ÿm]n-°s

sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v \jvSa
- ∏-Sp-∂Xv
- p-≠m-°p∂ Hcp
tkmjy-enkw, am¿Ivknkw XpS-ßnb
{]Xyb-im-k{v X-ßf - m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu {]Xy-
]Icw Iayq-Wn-ksØ \ncm-I-cn-°m≥
t]m∏n-\p≈ G‰hpw {][m\ ImcWw
kwK-Xn-bmWv F∂ hmZw tI´n-´pt≠m? b-im-kv{X-ß-tfmSv F¥p kao-]\w Iayq-Wnkw kzImcy kzØns\ \ntj-
Aß-s\-sbmcp hmZ-ap-≠v. {]Xn^ew kzoI-cn-°Ww F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ k`- [n- ° p∂p F∂p- ≈ Xp am{X- a m- W v .
In´p∂ tPmen-bn¬ Bfp-Iƒ G¿s∏-Sp- bv°p-≈n¬ \S∂ hnhn[ N¿®-Iƒ°v bYm¿∞Øn¬ tIc-fØ - nse ItØm-
∂Xv kzØp kºm- Z n- ° m\pw AXv hncm-a-an-´p-sIm≠mWv Cu Nm{In-I-te- en°m _nj-∏p-am¿ \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-
kzIm- c y- k z- Ø mbn kq£n- ° m\pw J\w {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. °p∂ {]N-cWw k`-bpsS HutZym-KnI
th≠n- b mWv F∂ k¶- e v ] - Ø n¬ CXns\ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS am\n- ImgvN-∏m-Sn\p \nc-°p-∂X√.
\n∂mWv Cu hmZw XpS-ßp-∂X - v. Hcmƒ s^tÃm F∂mWv ItØm-en°m k` Iayq-Wnkw sXmgn-em-fnsb `qhpS-
Iqen-the sNbvXv AXns‚ {]Xn-^ew ]n∂oSv hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv. sXmgn-em-fn-I- abm-°p-∂Xp XS-bp∂p F∂Xp IqSmsX
]‰p-∂p. ‘Ah≥ anX-hybw sIm≠v fpsS Ah-Im-i-߃°p th≠nbp≈ kzImcy kzØp-ambn _‘-s∏´ a‰p
]Ww kºm-Zn-°p-Ibpw AXv `qkz-Øn¬ ItØm- e n°m k`- b psS hmZ- ß ƒ Nne Imcy-߃ IqSn Cu Nm{In-It- e-J-
\nt£-]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ B CXn¬ ssk≤m- ¥ n- I - a m- b n- Ø s∂ \-Øn¬ t]m∏v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.
`qkzØv as‰mcp cq]-Øn-ep≈ Ahs‚ {]Jym-]\w sNbvX - n--cn-°p-∂p. Cu Nm{In- kzImcy kzØ-hI - miw {]Ir-Xn-ZØ - a
- m-
the-°qen Xs∂-bm-Wv’. tkmjy-enkw I- t e- J - \ - Ø n- e q- s S- Wv, AXv ssZh-Z-Ø-
h∂m¬ Cßs\ anX-hybw sNbvXv an®- bmWv t]m∏v Iayq-Wn- amW,v F∂o c≠p
ap-≠m-°p∂ ]Ww D]-tbm-Kn®v `qkz- ksØ \ncm-Ic - n-®n-cn- hmZ-ßf - mWv {][m-\-
Øp-hmßn `qhp-Sa - b
- m-Im-\p≈ sXmgn-em- °p-∂-Xv. ItØm-en- ambpw At±lw
fn-bpsS AhI-miw l\n-°s - ∏-Spw. AXm- °m-k-`bpw Iayq-Wn- {]Jym- ] n- ° p- ∂ - X v .
bXv tkmjy-enkw sXmgn-emfn hncp-≤- khpw XΩn- e p≈ Xs‚ Cu hmZ-߃
am-W.v sshcp[yw tIc- f - ÿm]n- s ®- S p- ° m≥
Bcp-tS-XmWv Cu hmZw F∂-dn- Ønse Hcp {]mtZ- ]n∂o-S-t±lw B{i-
bmtam? ItØm-en°m k` tkmjy-en- inI {]iv\-a-s√-∂m- bn-°p-∂Xv a\p-jy-
k- s Ø- ° p- d n®v \S- Ø nb BZysØ Wn- X n- s ‚- b ¿∞w. k-aq-lØ - n¬ Ak-a-
HutZym-KnI {]Jym]-\Ø - ns‚ BZy-`m- F∂m¬ F¥p-Im-c- Xz-߃ A\n-hm-cy-
K-am-Wv. shdpw {]Jym-]-\-a√, k`m-X- W-Øm-emWv t]m∏v amWv F∂ {]kvXm-
e-h-\mb t]m∏ns‚ CXp kw_-‘n® Iayq-Wn-ksØ \ncm- h- \ - b m- W v . t]m∏v
Nm{InI teJ-\Ø - n-emWv CXv hni-Za - m- I-cn-°p-∂Xv? ]ecpw Cßs\ Fgp-Xp-∂p.
°p-∂X - v. Icp-Xp-∂-Xp-t]mse “a\pjy kap-Zm-
1891 emWv t]m∏v setbm XIII Xs‚ Iayq- W nkw Hcp bsØ \nc-∏m°n
‘tdcpw s\mhmcpw’ F∂ Nm{In-I-te- \nco- i z- c - { ]- ÿ m- \ - Htc \ne-bn-te°p
J\w ]pd- s ∏- S p- h n- ® - X v . ‘tdcpw amb-X√ Cu \ncm-I- sIm≠p-h-cnI
s\mhmcpw’ F∂ hm°n-s‚-b¿∞w c- W - Ø ns‚ H∂m- km[y-a-√. tkmjy-
]pXnb Imcy-߃ F∂m-Wv. Nm{In-I- asØ ImcWw. Cu en-Ãp-Iƒ {]kvXpX
te-J-\-Øns‚ ae-bmf ]cn-`m-j-bn¬ am\ns^-tÃm-bn¬ Cuiz-c-hn-izmkw e£y-Øn\p th≠n Xß-fpsS Ign-hp-
CXns\ ‘hnπ-h-I-c-amb ]cn-h¿Ø-\- kw_- ‘ n® Nne B\pjw- K nI Iƒ apgp-h≥ {]tbm-Kn-°p-am-bn-cn-°pw.
߃’ F∂mWv samgn-am‰w sNbvXn-´p- {]kvXm-h-\-I-f-√msX Iayq-Wnkw Hcp ]t£ {]Ir-Xn-s°-Xn-cmb {]h¿Ø-\-
≈-Xv. Cu hnπ-h-I-c-amb ]cn-h¿Ø-\- \nco-izc {]Xy-bi - mkv{Xw BbXn\m¬ ß-sf√mw hy¿∞-am-Wv”.
߃ AYhm ]pXnb Imcy- ß ƒ AXns\ \ncm-Ic - n-°Ww F∂p Xpd∂p Cßs\ Fgp-Xnb Cu k`m-[n-Imcn
F∂XpsIm≠v t]m∏v Dt±- i n- ® Xv ]d-bm≥ t]m∏v ss[cy-s∏-Sp-t∂-bn-√. XpS¿∂p≈ t]Pp-I-fn¬ “Zmcn{Zyhpw
imkv{X-KXn 25
sXmgnepw A]-am-\I - c - a
- √” F∂v sXmgn-
em- f n- I sf Biz- k n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ p- ≠ v .
sXmgn¬ A∂pw C∂pw A]-am-\-I-c-
ambn Bcpw Icp-Xp-∂n-√. ]t£ Zmcn{Zyw
A]-am-\-Icw Xs∂-bm-Wv. Zmcn-{Zyhpw
ssZh-\n-›-b-am-sW∂v t]m∏v ss__n-
fnse DXv ] Øn ]pkv X - I - Ø n¬
\n∂p≈ hmIyw D≤-cn®v ÿm]n-°p-∂p-
≠v.
‘tdcpw s\mhm- c p’- a n- s \- ° p- d n®v
Ct∏mƒ ]d-bm-\p-≠mb ImcWw ItØm-
en°m k`bpw Iayq-Wn-khpw XΩn-
ep≈ sshcp-≤y-sØ-∏‰n h¿Ø-am-\I
eØv D≠m-bn-´p≈ hmKzm-Z-ß-fpsS
]›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-Wv. am¿Ivknkw Hcp
\ncoizc {]Xy-bi - m-k{v X-am-Ib - m¬ AXp-
ambn HØp- t ]m- I m≥ ItØm- e n°m
k`bv°v Ign-bn-s√-∂mWv tIc-fØ
Nne ItØm-en°m ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿
{]Jym-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. bYm¿∞-Øn¬
CXv kXy- h n- c p- ≤ - a mb Imcy- a m- W v .
kzImcykzØns\ kw_- ‘ n- ° p∂
Iayq-WnÃv \ne-]m-Sp-I-fmWv ItØm-
en°m k` am¿Ivkn-ksØ \ncm-I-cn-
°p- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ Imc- W - a mbn t]m∏v
setbm Ak∂n--Kv[a - mbn {]Jym-]n-®n-cn-
°p-∂-Xv. AXp ad-®p-
h-®mWv tIc-fØ - nse
]S-∏p-d-∏m-Sv.
sXmgn-em-fn-If - psS
am\n-s^-tÃm F∂
hntijWw Xo¿®-
bmbpw Hcp ]mc-Un-
bm-Wv. 1881 ¬ t]m∏v
setbm XIII ‘tdcpw
s\mhmcpw’ Fgp-Xp-∂-
Xn\v ap∏- Ø n- a q∂v
h ¿ j - ß ƒ ° v
apºmWv am¿Ivkpw
FwK¬kpw- tN¿∂v
Iayq- W nÃv am\n-
s^tÃm {]kn-≤o-I-
cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. AXn-s‚-
B- Z y- h m- N - I - Ø n¬
Xs∂ Iayq-Wn-kØ - n-
s\- X n- c mbn cq]w- s Im≠ ]mh\
kJysØ Ah¿ Xpd∂p ImWn-®n-´p-
≠v. Cu kJy-Ønse H∂mw I£n-bmbn
Ah¿ t]m∏ns\ Nq≠n°m- ´ p- I bpw
sNbvXp.
kXy-Øn¬ Iayq-Wn-kt- ØmSv F¥v
kao-]\w kzoI-cn-°Ww F∂ Imcy-
Øn¬ ItØm-en°mk`-bn¬ F∂pw
hncp≤ A`n-{]m-b-߃ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.
tkmjy-enÃv Bi-b-߃ BZy-ambn
26
Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°s - ∏-´t- ∏mƒ AXns\ XmXzn- ∂p. AXm-Is´ ]q¿Æ-ambpw aqe-[-\-
I-ambn \ncm-Ic - n-°p-hm≥ ItØm-en-°¿ hm-gN
v b
- psS ssZh-im-k{v XsØ ASn-ÿm-
AS- ° - a p≈ ss{Ikv X h hn`m- K - \-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp-≈-Xpw. Cu Ncn-{X-L-´-
߃s°m- ∂ n\pw Ign- ™ n- c p- ∂ n- √ . Øn¬ Hcp {]ap-J-km-º-ØnI Z¿i-\-
ImcWw kmaq-ly-˛k - m-ºØ - nI PohnX ambn tkmjy- e nkw hcn- I bpw
ssien- I - s f- ° p- d n- ® p≈ ss__nƒ am¿Ivknkw AXn\v imkv{Xob {]Xy-
`mjy-Øn¬ \n∂v H´pw `n-∂a - m-bn-cp-∂n√ b-im-k{v X-Øns‚ ASn-Ød \¬Ip-Ibpw
AXv . BZna k`bv ° v kmaq- l nI sNbvX-t∏mƒ ItØm-en°m k`-bv°p-
\oXnsb°pdn- ® p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂ Ah- ≈n¬ Nne Bi-b° - p-g∏- ß- ƒ cq]w-sIm-
t_m[w ss__nƒ Cßs\ shfn-hm- ≠p. CXv ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ ItØm-en°m
°p-∂p. k` Hcp Ipdp-°p-hgn Is≠-Øn. Aß-
“AhcpsS CS-bn¬ Zmcn{Zyw A\p-`- s\-bmWv ItØm-en°m tkmjy-enkw
- m- hn-°p-∂-h¿ Bcpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. F∂ kn≤m¥w cq]-s∏-´X - v. ss__nƒ
ImcWw ]dºpw hoSpw kz¥-ambn D≠m- Z¿i-\hpw kzIm-cykzØns‚ cmjv{So-
bn-cp-∂-h-sc√mw Ahb{Xbpw hn‰p-In- bhpw XΩn-ep≈ sshcp[yw ]cn-l-cn-
´nb XpI At∏m-kvXe∑m-cpsS Im¬- °m-\mWv ItØm-en°m tkmjy-enkw
°¬ A¿∏n-®p. Ah Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp- F∂ {]tbmKw sIm≠v Ah¿ {ian-®Xv.
- nse sSbpw Bh-iy-Øn-\\ - p-kc
- n®v hnX-cWw P¿Ω-\n-bnse _nj∏v hneyw FΩm-
sNø-s∏-´p. \p-th¬, t^m¨ sI‰-e¿, Hmkvt{S-en-
{InkvXp Pohn-®n-cp-∂-bm-fmtWm, bm-bnse thmsl¬km-Mv, dqtUmƒ^v
ta¬∏-d™ - X
- p-t]mse Pohn-®n-cp∂ Hcp tab¿, {^m≥knse Unaq¨, {^U-dnIv
BZn-k-aqlw bmYm¿∞y-am-bn-cp-t∂m H m\mw F∂n-h¿ hnhn[ cmPy-ßf - n¬
XpS-ßnb Imcy-ßs - fm∂pw ChnsS ]cn- ItØm-en°m tkmjy--en-khpw AXn-\m-
tim-[n-°p-∂n-√. ]t£ tase-gp-Xnb bp≈ aXm-[n-jvTnX sXmgn-emfn-kwL--S-
ss__nƒhmIyw Hcp kmaq-ly-Z¿i- \-Ifpw ÿm]n-°m≥ {ian-®-h-cm-Wv.
\sØ hni- Z o- I - c n- ° p- ∂ p- ≠ v . Cu Cu ]cn-{i-a-ß-fpsS `mK-am-bmWv
hnZqc `qX- I m- e Øv
Nne ItØm- e n°/
ss{IkvXh ]ptcm-ln-
X- ∑ m- c psS t\Xr- X z-
Øn¬ \S-∂n-cp∂ H‰-
s∏´ Poh-Im-cp-Wy-{]-
h¿Ø-\-߃°v
kwL-SnX cq]w In´p-
∂-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn
1576 apX¬ 1660 hsc
{^m≥kn¬ Pohn-®n-
cp∂ Hcp ]ptcm- l n-
X≥ Bbn- c p∂p
hn≥sk‚ v Un. t]mƒ.
Ct±lw Hcp Poh-Im-
cpWy-{]h¿Ø-I\ - m-bn-
cp-∂p. ItØm-en°m
tkmjy-enkw ÿm]n-
°p-∂X - n-\p≈ {ia-Øn-
Z¿i\w tkmjy-en-kØ - n¬ \n∂v Gsd- emWv {^U- d nIv Hkm\w 1833 ¬
sbm∂pw AI-eØ - m-bn-cp-∂n-√. hn≥sk‚ v Un t]mƒ skmssk‰n
F∂m¬ BZna ss{IkvXhk`-bp- ÿm]n- ° p- ∂ - X v . CØ- c - Ø n- e p≈
ambn Imcy-amb _‘-ßs - fm-∂p-an-√msX {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ samØ-Øn¬ IW-°n-
N{I- h ¿Øn- a m- c p- s Sbpw alm- c m- P m- se-Sp-ØmWv Iayq-WnÃv am\n-s^-tÃm-
°∑mcpsSbpw sIm´m-cA - I-Øf - ß- f - n¬ bn¬ Iayq-WnÃv hncp≤ ]mh\kJy-
\n∂p≈ cmjv{So-bhpw ssk\n-Ih - p-amb Øns‚ H∂mw LS- I - I £nbmbn
]n¥p-WI - ƒsIm-≠pam{Xw hf¿∂p hnI- am¿Ivkpw FwK¬kpw t]m∏ns\ hne-
kn® ItØm-en°m k` ]pXn-sbmcp bn-cp-Øn-bX- v.
kmaq-ly-Z¿i\w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ib - m-bn-cp- F¥m- b n- c p∂p ItØm- e n°m
am¿®v 2008
tkmjy- e n- k - Ø ns‚ ImX¬? AXv
tkmjy-enÃv kmº-ØnI Z¿i-\sØ
AwKo-Icn®p. AtX-ka - bw kzIm-cy-kz-
Ø-h-Im-isØ ]cn-]m-h-\-ambn \ne-
\n¿Øn. sXmgn-em-fn-If - psS Iqen k{º-
Zm-bsØ am‰n em`-hn-lnXw \¬IpI
F∂ kn≤m-¥hpw Ch-cn¬ Nne¿ kzoI-
cn- ® p. F∂m¬ Ch- s bm∂pw Nqj-
WsØ XpS®p \o°m≥ ]cym-]vXa - m-bn-
cp-∂n-√. am¿Ivkn-b≥ kn≤m¥w t]mbn´v
F√mhcpw ka-∑m-cm-Ip∂ ss__nƒ
Z¿i\w t]mep-am-bn-cp-∂n-√ Ah-cpsS
kz]v\w. ]Icw kº-∂¿ Xß-fpsS
HuZmcyw sIm≠v Zcn-{Zsc klm-bn-°-
W-sa∂ ]£-am-bn-cp∂p Ah¿°p-≠m-
bn-cp-∂-Xv. Cu hmZ-߃ Iayq-WnÃv
BNm-cy-∑m¿ ImWm-Xn-cp-∂n-√. 1847 ¬
D≠m-bn-cp∂ c≠p-Xcw tkmjy-en-Ãp-I-
sf- ° p- d n®v ]cm- a ¿in- ° p- t ºmƒ
FwK¬kv ]n∂oSv Cßs\ Fgp-Xp-
∂p≠v.
“adp`m-KØ - m-sW-¶n¬ FÆn-bm-sem-
Sp-ßmØ kmaqly apdn-ssh-Zy-∑m¿. apS-
°p-apX-en\pw em`-Øn\pw lm\n-X´- msX
F√m-Øcw Ipcp´phnZy-Ifpw {]tbm-Kn-
®p-sIm≠v k¿∆-hn[ kmaq-ly-]o-U-
Ifpw ian-∏n-°m-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂h - c- mWo
Iq´¿”.
CXp-am-{X-a√, Cu teJ-\-Øns‚
A¥y-Øn¬ Nq≠n-°m-´nb t]m∏ns‚
hmZ-ap-≠t√m? sXmgn-em-fn°v sNehv
Npcp°n an®w ]nSn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS `qhp-
S-a-bm-Im-\p≈ km[yX apX-em-fnØw
\¬Ip-∂p-sh∂ hmZw. Cu hmZw Iayq-
WnÃv am\n- s ^- t Ãm- b n¬ Xs∂
am¿Ivkpw FwK¬kpw \ncm-Ic - n-®n-cp-∂-
Xp-am-Wv. Ah¿ Cßs\ Fgp-Xn.
“apXem-fnIƒ XΩn¬ aqØp-hc - p∂
InS-a-’-chpw XXv^-e-amb hym]m-c-{]-
Xn-k-‘n-Ifpw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Iqen
A[n-I-a-[nIw Aÿn-c-am-°n-Øo¿°p-
∂p. A[n-I-a-[nIw thK-Øn¬ hnI-kn-
®p-hc - p∂ bt{¥m-]I - c
- W - ß- f- psS Ahn-
cm-a-amb A`n-hr≤n sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS
D]-Po-h\ - sØ h¿≤-am-\a - mb tXmXn¬
A]-I-S-Øn-em-°p-∂p”. (I-ayq-WnÃv
am\n-s^-tÃm)
Cu hmIyw ImWm-sXtbm I≠n-
s√∂p \Snt®m BWv t]m∏v Xs‚ `q˛-
D-S-a-mkm-[yXm kn≤m¥w apt∂m-´p-h-
bv°p-∂X - v. CØ-cØ- n¬ D≈ Hcp Ipdp-
°-phgn Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p Iqen°v ]Icw
em`-hn-lnXw F∂p-≈X - pw. Iqen F∂Xv
sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS A[zm-\-i-‡n-bpsS
hne-bm-Wv. B hne apgp-h≥ sImSp-
imkv{X-KXn
t]m∏v entbm XIII
°msX Hcp `mKw ]nSn®p h®mWv apX-
emfn em`-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xv. At∏mgpw
Iqen Xs∂ sImSpt°≠Xn-√. em`-hn-
lnXw am{Xw \evIn-bm¬ aXn-sb-∂Xv
sImSnb Nqj-W-Øn-\p≈ Hcp kq{X-
hm-Iy-ambn amdp-Ib
- m-Wv.
Cu hn[-N¿®-Iƒ ItØm-en°m
k`-bn¬ hnhn-[-ß-fmb Bib-°p-g-∏-
߃ krjvSn-°pI Xs∂-sN-bvXp. Ac-
\q-‰m-≠n-e-[nIw Imew hnhn[ cmPy-ß-
fn¬ ItØm-en°m ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿
Cu Ncn-{X-L-´-Øn¬ Hcp {]ap-J-km-º-ØnI Z¿i-\-
ambn tkmjy-enkw hcn-Ibpw am¿Ivknkw AXn\v
imkv{Xob {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-Øns‚ ASn-Ød \¬Ip-
Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ ItØm-en°m k`-bv°p-≈n¬
Nne Bi-b-°p-g-∏-߃ cq]w-sIm-≠p. CXv ]cn-l-cn-
°m≥ ItØm-en°m k` Hcp Ipdp-°p-hgn Is≠-
Øn. Aß-s\-bmWv ItØm-en°m tkmjy-enkw
F∂ kn≤m¥w cq]-s∏-´-Xv.
AXy-[zm\w sNbvXv \n¿an-s®-SpØ
ItØm- e n°m tkmjy- e n- k - Ø n\v
ssk≤m-¥n-Ia - mbpw {]mtbm-Kn-Ia
- mbpw
\ne-\n¬∏n-s√∂p h∂p. Cu {]Xn-k-
‘n-bn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-Sm-\mWv t]m∏v
setbm XIII ‘tdcpw s\mhmcpw’ FgpXn
tkmjy-en-k-sØ-Øs∂ \ncm-I-cn-°p-
Ibpw kzIm-cy-kz-Øh - I
- miw ssZh-ZØ- -
am-sW∂p {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXX - v.
Cu Ncn{Xw \¬Ip∂ kqN\
ItØm-en°m k`bv°v bYm¿∞-Øn¬
Iayq- W n- k - t Øm- S p≈ FXn¿∏ns‚
ImcWw C∂sØ Nne ]ptcm-ln-X∑ - m¿
]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse Cuizc/\ncoizc
hnizm-k-a-s√-∂-Xm-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse
_nj-∏p-am¿ C°m-cy-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS
Xs∂ hnizmknI-sfbpw s]mXp-ka - q-l-
sØbpw I_-fn-∏n-°p-Ib - p-am-Wv.
‘tdcpw s\mhmcpw’ Hcp km[m-cW
Nm{In-I-te-J\w am{X-a-√. Ign™ Hcp
\q‰m≠v ImesØ Iayq-Wn-kØ - n-s\-Xn-
cm- b p≈ ItØm- e n°m k`- b psS
ssk≤m-¥nI B{I-a-W-Øn‚ ASn-
ÿm-\-am-W-Xv. Cu Nm{In-I-te-J-\-
Øns‚ \nc- h [n hm¿jnIßfn¬
AXnse {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ ]n∂oSp h∂
t]m∏p-am¿ Bh¿Øn®p {]Jym-]n-®n-´p-
≠v.
1931 ¬ (tdcpw s\mhm- c p- h ns‚
\mev]-Xmw-h¿jw) t]m∏v ]obqkv XI
FgpXnb ‘Izm{ZmsP-knthm At∂m’
(\mev]Xmw h¿j-Øn¬) 1961 se (F-
gp-]Xmw hm¿jn-Iw) tPm¨ XXIII
FgpXnb ‘amsØ¿ GXv aPn-k{v X’˛ (am-
Xmhpw Kpcp-\m-Y-bpw), 1963 ¬ At±lw
Xs∂ ]pd- s ∏- S p- h n® ]mt®w C≥
tXmdokv (`qan-bn¬ kam-[m-\w), 1967 ¬
t]m∏v t]mƒ VI FgpXnb t]m∏p-tfmcpw
t{]ms{]- ntbm, 1971 ¬ (F¨]Xmw
hm¿jn-Iw) At±lw Xs∂ Fgp-Xnb
Ht‡m tPkna AZvthXn-tb≥kv (B-
k-∂a - mb F¨]Xmw h¿j-Øn¬), 1981
¬ (sXm-Æqdmw hm¿jn-Iw) tPm¨t]mƒ
II Fgp-Xnb et_m¿ FIvk¿t®¿kv
(sXm-gn¬), 1991 ¬ (i-Xm-_vZn) At±lw
Xs∂ Fgp-Xnb sNt¥-kn-aqkv A∂qkv
(\q-dmw-h¿jw) F∂o teJ-\-ß-sf√mw
‘tdcpw s\mhm-cp’-anse Bi-b-߃
Bh¿Øn®v {]Jym-]n-°m≥ th≠n
Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≈h- b
- m-Wv.
Ch-bn¬ Ht‡m-tP-kna AtZz-\n-
b≥kv Hcp Nm{In-I-te-J-\-a-√. CXv
BtKm-f-k-`-bv°p-th-≠n-b√ em‰n≥
Ata-cn-°-bnse ItØm-en-°¿°mbn
Fgp-X-s∏´ Hcp t]∏¬ IØm-Wv. 1971
emWv CsX- g p- X p- ∂ - X v . C°m- e - a m-
bt∏mtg°pw em‰n≥ Ata-cn-°-bnse
27

ItØm- e n°m k`- b v ° p- ≈ n¬
am¿IvknÃv Nn¥-Iƒ°v kzm[o\w In´n-
bn-cp-∂p. Ah-bmWv hntam-N\ ssZh-
im-k{v X-ambn hf¿∂p hnIkn-®X - .v kXy-
Øn¬ Cu t]∏¬I- Ø n- e mWv
am¿Ivknkw Hcp \nco-izc-{]-ÿm-\-am-
I-bm¬ AXn-t\mSp tbmPn-°m-\m-hn√
F∂ X{¥w t]m∏v sa\-s™-Sp-°p-∂-
Xv. hntam-N\ ssZh-im-k{v X-Øn¬ BIr-
jvS-cmb I¿±n-\mƒamcpw _nj-∏p-amcpw
AS-°-ap≈ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑msc hnc´n
IqsS \n¿Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn-cp∂p t]m∏v
Cu hmZw Db¿Øn-bX - v. AXm-bXv \nco-
iz-c {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw F∂ Bt£]w
ItØm-en°m k` Iayq-Wn-k-Øns‚
ta¬ Btcm-]n-°p-∂Xv Iayq-Wn-ksØ
{]Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ th≠n-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√.
]Icw k`m-hn-izm-kn-Iƒ am¿IvknÃv
am¿Ivkn-b≥ kn≤m¥w
t]mbn´v F√mhcpw
ka-∑m-cm-Ip∂
ss__nƒ Z¿i\w
t]mep-am-bn-cp-∂n-√
Ah-cpsS kz]v\w.
]Icw kº-∂¿
Xß-fpsS HuZmcyw
sIm≠v Zcn-{Zsc
klm-bn-°-W-sa∂
]£-am-bn-cp∂p
Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
{]Xy- b - i m- k v { X- Ø n¬ hniz- k n®v
kzImcy kzØn-s\-Xnsc kacw sNøm-
Xn-cn-°m≥ th≠n am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p.
C∏-d™ - X
- n-s‚-sb√mw A¿∞-sa¥m-
Wv? ItØm-en°m k`bv°v Hscm‰
ssZh-im-k{v X-ta-bp-≈q. AXv aqe-[\ - h
- m-
gvNb- p-sS- Xm¬]cy߃ kwc-£n-°p∂
apX-em-fn-ØØns‚ XmXv]-cy-ß-fm-Wv.
Zcn-{Z≥ Zmcn{Zyw ssZh-\n›-bam-sW∂p
hniz- k n®v apX- e m- f n- b psS kzIm-
cykzØns\ _lp-am-\n-°Ww. ItØm-
en°m hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ItØm-en°m
hnZym-ebßfn¬ ]Tn®v ItØm-en°m
aqey-߃ Dƒs°m-≈-W-sa∂v _nj∏v
{]kvXm-hn-°p-tºmƒ AXn-s‚-b¿∞w
Cu hnZym-eb - ß- f - n¬ kzIm-cy-kz-Øns‚
A]-Zm-\-߃ hmgvØn-∏m-Sp∂ apX-em-
fn- Ø aqey- ß ƒ {]N- c n- ∏ n°m\p≈
clky AP≠ Ah¿ Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p-
s≠∂p am{XamWv. Cu apX-em-fnØ
aqe-[\ XmXv]-cy-߃ kwc-£n-°m-
\p≈ Hcp D]m-[n-am-{X-amWv Ah¿°v
\yq\-]£ - m-hI - m-iß
- f
- pw. XßfpsS Cu
apJw Ah¿ a‰p-≈-h-cnepw ImWp-∂p.
AXp-sIm-≠mWv Iayq-Wn-Ãp-Im¿ hnZym-
e-bß - f - n¬ h∂v Iayq-Wnkw ]Tn-∏n-t®-
°ptam F∂v Ah¿ Bi-¶-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
1881 apX¬ 2007-hsc ItØm-en°m
k` IayqWnkØns\-Xnsc Db¿Ønb
hna¿i-\-ß-fn¬ ]e-Xcw AS-hp-X-{¥-
߃ amdn-amdn kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xv ImWmw.
BZyw tkmjy-en-ksØ AwKo-I-cn®v
ItØm-en°m tkmjy-enkw ÿm]n-
°m≥ {ian-®p. ]n∂oSv tkmjy-en-ks
Øs∂ X≈n-∏d™v Ak-aXzw A\n-
hm-cy-am-sW∂p {]Jym-]n-®p. ]n∂oSv
tkmjy- e n- k - s Øbpw apX- e m- f n- Ø -
sØbpw Htc kabw X≈n-∏-d-™p.
H∏w Xs∂ k∂≤ kwL-S\ - m-{]-h¿Ø-
\-߃ hgn Zmcn{Zyw eLq-I-cn-°m≥
{ian-°W - s
- a∂v D]-tZ-in-®p. Cu ae°w
adn- ® n- e p- I - s f√mw Hscm‰ e£yw
ap≥\n¿Øn am{X-am-Wv. kzIm-cy-kz-
Øns‚ hnip-≤nsb Bcpw tNmZyw
sNøm-Xn-cn-°p-I. 1891 ¬ ]®-bmbn
]d™ C°mcyw Ct∏mƒ Xpd∂p ]d-
bm≥ Ah¿°p aSn-bp-≠v. AXn-\p≈
Hfn-®p-I-fn-bmWv \nco-iz-cXz Bt£-
]hpw \yq\-]£ Ah-Im-iß - f - p-sa-√mw.
ItØm-en°m ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS Cu
apX-em-fnØ at\m-`m-hsØ A\m-hr-X-
am-°m≥ Ct∏mƒ tIc-fØ - n¬ \S-°p∂
hnZym-`ymk hnhm-Z-߃°v Ign-™n-cn-
°p-∂p.
B[m-c-tc-J-Iƒ
1. tdcpw s\mhmcpw (]p-Xnb Imcy-
߃). t]m∏v setbm XIII Fgp-Xnb
Nm{In-I-te-J\w 1891.
2. CtX Nm{In-It- e-J\w
3. DXv]Øn ]pkvXIw 3:17
“\ns∂ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw `qan
i]n-°s - ∏-´X- m-bn-cn-°pw. \ns‚ Pohn-
X-Im-e-sam-s°bpw A[zm-\n®v `qan-
bn¬ \n∂v \o `£n-°-Ww”˛ sX‰v
sNbvX BZ-ans\ ssZhw i]n-°p-
∂-Xn-ßs - \-bm-W.v
4. “bqtdm∏ns\ Hcp `qXw _m[n-®n-cn-
°p-∂p....” F∂v XpS-ßp∂ am\n-s^-
tÃm-bpsS BZy-JW - vUn-I.
5. At∏mkvXe-∑m-cpsS \S-]-Sn-Iƒ.
4:34-˛35 (]p-Xnb \nb-aw)
6. Iayq-WnÃv am\n-s^-tÃm-bpsS 1888
se Cw•ojv ]Xn-∏n-\p≈ apJ-hp-c-
bn¬.

kmº-ØnIw
sI. sI. A\o-jvIp-am¿
hn e-°-b‰w C∂v \ΩpsS `£y-kp-
c-£bv°v `oj-Wn-bm-hp-Ib - mWv. ChnsS
`£y-kp-c£ - s- b-∂Xv \ap-°m-hi - y-amb
`£Ww \ΩpsS \m´n¬ Xs∂ DXv]m-
Zn-∏n-°p-I-sb∂Xv am{X-a√ adn®v AXv
Xmßm-hp∂ hnebv°v F√m-h¿°pw
e`y-am-°p-I-sb∂ ZuXyw IqSn-bm-Wv.
AXn-\m¬ CXv D¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬ am{Xw
HXp-ßp-∂-X√ AXn\v kw`-c-Ww, hnX-
cWw XpSßn taJ-eI - ƒ IqSn {]k-‡-
- Ø-
am-Wv. tIhe Zmcn-{Zy-hpw, kmº-Øn-Im-
k- a - X zhpw Gdnb tXmXn¬ \ne-
\n¬°p∂ \Ωp-tS-Xp-t]m-ep≈ Hcp
kaq-lØ - n¬ k¿°m¿ \nb-{¥-Wt- Øm-
Sp-Iq-Snb DXv]m-Z-\-˛-kw-`-c-W-˛-hn-X-cW
k{º-Zm-b-߃ Xo¿Øpw A\n-hm-cy-am-
Ip- ∂ p. AXn- \ m¬Xs∂ `£y- k p- c -
£bv°v ]c-a-{]m-[m\yw \¬In-sIm-
≠p≈ Ht´sd \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzmX-{¥ym-
\-¥cw \mw ssIsIm-≠p. `t£ymXv]m-
Z-\sØ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, h¿≤n-X-
amb DXv]m-Z\ - sØ kw`-cn-°p-∂X - n\pw
AXv \ymb-amb hnebv°v hnX-cWw
sNøp-∂X - n\pw Ht´sd ÿm]-\] - c - a
- mb
kwhn- [ m- \ - ß ƒ°v cq]w \¬In.
F∂m¬ `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-
Ønepw \nb-{¥-WØ - nepw ssIsIm≠
ta¬∏-d™ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ C∂v Hmtcm-
∂mbn C√m-Xmbns°m≠n-cn-°p-∂p. \h-
en- _ - d ¬ kmº- Ø nI \b- ß ƒ
k¿°m¿ \nb- { ¥Ww ]q¿Æ- a mbn
C√mXm-°n-s°m≠v k¿∆-X{¥ kzX-{¥-
amb Itºm-f-Øn\p th≠n {]h¿Øn-
°p-∂p. `£y-kp-c£ - b - psS Hmtcm taJ-
ebpw A\n-b{- ¥n-Xa - mb hmWnPy-hX - vI-
c-W-Øn\v thZn-bm-Ip-∂p. Hcp P\-X-
bpsS `£ym-h-iy-߃ Itºm-f-Øns‚
Zbm-Zm-£W - y-߃°p ap≥]n¬ ImØp-
In-S-°p-∂p.
˛ C\n `£y-kp-c-£-bpsS Hmtcm
taJ-es - bbpw {]tXy-Is - a-SpØv ]cn-tim-
[n-°mw.
DXv]m-Z\w
\ΩpsS `£y- [ m- t \ymXv ] m- Z \w
Imcy-amb hf¿®-bn-√msX ÿnc-ambn
\ne-\n¬°pIbmWv. DXv]m-Z-\sØ
\n›-bn-°p∂ c≠p kp{]-[m-\L - S- I
- ß
- -
fn¬
(i) `£y-[m-\y-߃ hnf-hn-d° - p∂ `qhn-
kvXrXnbpw (Area)
(ii) DXv]m-Z\
- £
- a
- X - nse (Productivity)
- b
hyXn-bm-\-ßfpamWv \n¿Æm-b-I-am-Ip-
∂Xv. CXn¬ `£y-[m-\y-߃ hnf-hn-d-

28 am¿®v 2008
hne-°b
- ‰w ˛ `£ykpc£
BtKmfhXvI-cWw
°p∂ `qhn-kX v rXn 1991˛\p tijw {Iam- ]´nI 1 ≈-Xv. F∂m¬ C°m-eØv CXv {Iam-
\p-K-X-am-bn Ipd™p h-cp∂ {]h--W-X- \p-K-X-ambn Ipd-™p-sIm-≠p-h-cp∂
bm- W p- ≈ - X v . 1990˛91emWv G‰hpw `£y-[m\y `qhn-kvXrXn {]h-WX - b
- m-Wp-≈X - v. `qhn-kvXr-Xn-bn-ep-
Db¿∂ 12,78,35,000 slIvS¿ {]tZiw (in "000h) ≠m-Ip∂ Ipd-hp-If - pw, DXv]m-Z\ - £
- a - X
- -
`£y-[m-\y-߃°mbn \o°n-sh-®-sX- h¿jw C¥y tIcfw bnse t]mcm-bva-Ifpw tN¿∂v `£y-
¶n¬ XpS¿∂v AXv Ipd-™p-h∂v 2004˛05 1970-˛71 1,24,316 926 [mt\ymXv]m-Z\w h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ P\-
¬ 11,64,78,000 slIvS-dmbn Npcpßn. 1980-˛81 1,26,667 842 kwJybv°\p-kc - n®v h¿≤n-°m-ØX - ns‚
1,13,57,000 slIvS-dns‚ Ipd-hmWv A\p- 1990˛91 1,27,835 594 {]Xn- k ‘n \mw A\p- ` - h n- ° p- ∂ p.
`-hs- ∏-Sp-∂X- .v tIc-fØ - n-em-sW-¶n¬ CXv 2000˛01 1,21,048 365 \ΩpsS Btfm-lcn `£y-[m-\y-e-`yX
5,94,000 slIvSd - n¬ \n∂v 2,91,000 slIvS- 2001˛02 1,22,752 343 1990˛I-fpsS a[yw apX¬ s\K-‰ohv \nc-
dmbn Ipd-bp-∂p. B Ipdhv {][m-\- 2002˛03 1,13,858 325 °p-Iƒ ImWn-°p-∂p.
ambpw Im¿jnI taJ-e-bnse h≥tXm- 2003˛04 1,23,160 309 as‰mcp hn[-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬ P\-
Xn-ep≈ hmWn-Py-h-Xv°-c-W-sØbpw 2004˛05 1,16,478 326 kwJym hf¿®m \nc- ° n- t \- ° mƒ
as‰mcp hn[-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬ BZm-b- Xmgv∂ \nc-°n-emWv \ΩpsS `£y-[m-
I-ca - mb \mWy-hn-fI - f - n-te-bv°p≈ ]cn- £-a-X-bnse t\cnb h¿≤-\-hm-Wv. t\ymXv]m-Z\ - Ø
- ns‚ h¿≤-\h - .v CXv \h-
h¿Ø-\sØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. tIc-f- ]t£ \ΩpsS DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X-h-enb en-_-d-enkw \h-sIm-tfm-Wn-b-enkw
ØnemsW¶n¬ hmWnPy-h-Xv°-cWw tXmXn¬ {]Xn-k-‘nsb t\cn-Sp-∂p. Xs∂-bm-sW∂ Xncn-®d - n-hn-te-bv°mWv
"C\n s\√pXv]m-Z\w km-[yas√∂' {]tXy-In®pw aÆns‚ ^e-`q-bn-jvTn-bn- \sΩ sIms≠-Øn-°p-∂X - v. Acnbv°pw
\nK-a-\-Øn¬ t]mepw FØn-t®cpw ep- ≠ m- I p∂ Ipd- h p- I fpw a‰pw tKmX-ºn\pw ]Icw NW-hpw-˛-]-cp-Øn-
hn[w i‡-am-Wv. C∂v CtX Af-hn-en- D≠m°p∂ {]Xn-k‘ - n-Iƒ hfsc hep- bpw-˛-\o-ehpw hnf-bn® sImtfm-Wn-b¬
s√-¶nepw CØ-c-samcp \nK-a-\-Øn- Xm-W.v Im¿jn-It- a-Je- b- nse s]mXp aqe- Imew £ma-Øn-s‚bpw ]´n-Wn-bp-sSbpw
tebv°v Xs∂-bmWv C¥y-bnse apJy- [\ \nt£]w F∂-tØ-°mfpw h¿≤n- hdp-Xn-bn¬s∏´v Zi-e£ - ° - W-°n\v a\p-
`-t£ymXv]m-ZI kwÿm-\ß - f - nsebpw ∏n-t°-≠p∂ kml-Nc - y-amWv \ne-hn-ep- jy¿ NsØm-Sp-ßnb Imew IqSn-bm-bn-
hmWn-Py-h-Xv°-cW {]{Inb \oßp-∂-
Xv. CXns‚ i‡-amb kqN-\b - m-Wv `qhn-
kvXr-Xn-bn¬ h∂p sIm≠n-cn-°p∂ Cu
Ipdhv. Acn tIc-f-Øn-en-s√-¶n¬ a‰p
kwÿm\- ß fn¬ \n∂v F∂- h mZw
ChnsS AXn-thKw Zp¿∫-e-s∏-Sp-∂p.
`qhn- k v X r- X n- b n- e p- ≠ m- I p∂ Ipd-
hns\ ]cn-lc - n-®p-sIm≠v DXv]m-Z\ - sØ
ÿnc-ambn \ne-\n-dp-Øp-∂X - v DXv]m-Z\- -

C∂pw i‡-ambn XpS¿∂p t]mcp-∂-

\h-en-_-d¬ kmº-ØnI \b-߃°pth≠n
s]mXpkwhn-[m-\-ßsf D∑q-e\w sNøp∂
\S-]-Sn-I-fmWv C∂v h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈
hne-°-b-‰-Øn-\pw- X-Zzmc `£y-kp-c-£bv°pw
`oj-Wn-bmbn Xo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂Xv.
Cu \b-ßsf XncpØn-°pdn-°p∂Xn\p≈
i‡-amb P\-Iob {]t£m-`-߃
Db¿∂p htc-≠-Xp-≠v.
imkv{X-KXn 29
cp-∂p. Hcp kaq-l-Øns‚ `£ym-h-iy-
߃°-∏p-dØv DXv]m-Zn-∏n°p-∂-hs‚
BZm-bsØ am{Xw B[m-c-am-°p∂
Im¿jnI taJ-e-bmWv \h-en-_-d¬
ImgvN] - mSpw hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂Xv. CXv
\ΩpsS Im¿jnI taJ-esb \mWy-hn-
f- I - f n- t e- b v ° pw, _tbm- ^ yq- h ¬
t]mep≈ B[p-\nI hymh-km-bn-Im-h-
iy-ßf - n-tebv°pw \bn-°p-∂p. sImtfm-
Wn-b¬ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ t\XrXzw
\¬Inb a\p-jy-°p-cp-Xn-Iƒ \hen-_-
d¬ \b-߃ \S-∏n-em-°p∂ \ΩpsS
kz¥w `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Bh¿Øn°p-
∂-Xns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-amWv ChnsS Hcp-
ßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂X - v. Im¿jn-It- a-Je - -
bn¬ \n∂v I¿jIs\ \njvIm-k\w
sNøp∂ {]hr-Ønbpw CtXm-sSm∏w
tN¿Øp-hm-bn-t°-≠X - m-Wv. 60 iX-am-\-
tØmfw hcp∂ _lp-`q-cn]£w P\-
߃ D]-Po-h-\-Øn\v B{i-bn-°p∂
Cu taJe-bn¬ kzImcy tIm¿∏-td‰v
i‡n-I-fpw, aqe-[-\-i-‡n-Ifpw ]nSn-ap-
dp-°p-Ib - m-Wv.
sNdp- I n- S - - \ m- a - a m{X I¿j- I ¿
CØcw Igp-Ø-d-∏≥ hmWnPy-h-XvI-
cW {]{In-b-bn¬ kz¥w BkvXn-I-
sf√mw \jvS-s∏´v ]pdwt]m°p-I-fn-
tebv°v ]em-b\w sNøp∂p. C¥y-bpsS
apJy-`t- £ym-Xv]m-ZI kwÿm-\ß - f - n¬
Ac-tß-dp∂ I¿jI Bfl-lX - y-Iƒ
BkvXn-IƒsIm≠pw Xo¿°m-Ø{X
_m[y-X-I-fp-sSbpw Zpcn-X-ß-fp-sSbpw
ZrjvSm-¥ß - f - m-W.v tIc-fØ - n-em-sW-¶n¬
`qan h≥tXm-Xn¬ kº-∂¿°p Iogn¬
tI{µo- I - c n- ° p∂ dnb¬ FtÉv
{]h¿Ø\amWv kmº-ØnI hf¿®-
bn¬ Xs∂ apJy-]-¶p-h-ln-°p-∂-Xv.
CsX√mw Xs∂ Irjn-`qan I¿jI\n¬
\n∂pw A\y-h-Xv°-cn-°p-∂p. h≥In-S-˛-
Ip-Ø-I-˛-aq-e-[\ i‡n-Iƒ DXv]m-Z-I-
cmbn amdp∂ Cu {]{In-b-bn¬ DXv]m-Z-
\-Øns‚ t{]c-W em`w am{Xam-Ip-∂p.
Ch¿ kw`-c-W-˛-hn-X-cW {]h¿Ø-\-
߃IqSn Gs‰-Sp-°p-tºmƒ B[n-]Xyw
]q¿Æ-am-Ip-∂p. DXv]m-ZI - ≥ kzbw I¿j-
I-\-√mØ ]pXnb kml-N-cy-Øn¬
\n∂v AYhm DXv]m-Z-I≥ Xs∂ amdn-
t∏mb kml-N-cy-Øn¬ \n∂pw thWw
""DXv]m-Z-I\v \ymb-amb hne'' F∂
hmZw t]mepw hne-bn-cp-Øm≥. Npcp-°-
Øn¬ DXv]m-Z-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v
(i) Btfm-lcn `£y-[m-t\ymXv]m-
Z\w Ipd™p hcp-∂p.
(ii) Im¿jnI taJ- e - b n¬ \n∂v
I¿j-I¿ Xs∂ \njvIm-kn-Xc - m-Ip-∂p.
CXp-aqew C¥y-bn¬ D≠m-bn-sIm-≠n-cn-
30
°p∂ {]h-W-X-Iƒ kphn-Zn-X-am-Wv.
C¥y-bn¬ tIhe Zmcn{Zyw Ipd-™p-
sh∂ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-߃ \h-en-_-d¬
h‡m-°ƒ Bh¿Øn-°p-tºmgpw AXn-
\m-[m-c-amb HutZym-KnI ÿnXn-hn-h-c-
I-W-°p-Iƒ°p t]mepw kXyw ad-®p-
h-bv°m-\m-Ip-∂n-√. tIhe Zmcn{Zyw
A\p-Zn\w IqSn-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ib - m-Wv.
(i) \mj-W¬ kmºnƒ k¿s∆ IW-°-
\p-k-cn®v 1993˛94 Iƒ°p-tijw Hmtcm
h¿jhpw samØw P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 70
iX-am-\Ø - n-e[ - n-Ihpw G‰hpw Ipd™
2100 Intem-I-temdn Du¿Pw e`n-°p-∂-
Xn- \ m- h - i y- a mb `£y- ] - Z m¿∞- ß ƒ
t]mepw In´m-Øh - c
- m-W.v F∂m¬ Zmcn{Z
tcJ kmt¶-Xn-I-ambn 327 cq] F∂v
\n›-bn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS 1993˛94¬ \n∂v
1999˛00¬ Zcn-{Z¿ 26 iX-am-\-ambn Ipd-
™p-sh∂ Ah-Im-ih - mZw D∂-bn-°p-∂p.
(ii) 1999˛00se kmºnƒ k¿s∆
IW--°p--Iƒ {]Imcw \ΩpsS {Kma-ß-
fnse 80 iX-am\w P\-ßfpw \K-c-ß-
fnse 40 iX-am\w P\-ßfpw Xß-fpsS
samØw sNe-hns‚ 60 iX-am-\-Øn-e-
[n-I hpw `£- W - Ø n- \ p- t h- ≠ n- b mWv
\o°n-h° - p-∂X - v. ssN\-t]m-ep≈ cmPy-
ß-fn¬ samØw sNe-hns‚ 50 iX-am\w
`£-W-Øn\p th≠n-bmWv \o°n-sh-
bv°p-∂s - X-¶n¬ Ah¿ Zmcn{Zy-tcJbv°v
Xmsg-bm-Wv. Cusbmcp am\-Z-WvU-a-\p-
k-cn®v C¥y-bnse 80 iX-am\w P\-
ßfpw Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv°v Xmsg-bm-Wv.
(iii) 2005˛06¬ \S∂ tZiob IpSpw-
_m-tcmKy k¿s∆˛3 (NFHS˛3) {]Imcw
1998˛99 \p tijw P\-ß-fpsS t]mj-
Im-lmc e`y-Xb - psS Imcy-Øn¬ s]mXp-
sh-bpw, kv{XoI-fp-sS-bpw˛Ip´n-If - p-sSbpw
Imcy-Øn¬ {]tXy-In®pw KWy-amb Ipd-
hp-≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. cmPysØ 56.2 iX-
am\w kv{XoI-fpw, {Kmao-Wc - mb 58.2 iX-
am\w kv{XoIfpw hnf¿® _m[n-®-h-cm-
Wv. hnf¿® _m[n® K¿`n-Wn-I-fn¬
1998˛99 s\ At]-£n®v 8 iX-am\w
h¿≤-\h - p-≠m-bn. CXv 57.9 iX-am-\Ø - n-
se-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. 6˛35 amk-°m-e-b-f-
hnse inip-°f - psS Imcy-Øn¬ 79.2 iX-
am\w t]cpw Xq°-°p-d-hp-≈-h-cm-Wv.
CXv 1998˛99 t\°mƒ 5 iX-am\w IqSp-
X-em-Wv. Ipt]mj-W-hpw-˛-Zm-cn-{Zyhpw
aqew tcmKn-Ifpw \ncm-ew-_-cp-am-Ip∂
Hcp P\-X-bnemWv CtX-Im-e-b-f-hn¬
Zmcn{Zyw 26 iX-am-\Ø - n¬ \n∂ 22 iX-
am- \ - a mbn Ipd- ™ n- c n- ° p- ∂ p- s h- ∂ v
2005˛06 se \mj-W¬ kmºnƒ k¿s∆
dnt∏m¿´v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CXns‚
cmjv{Sobw \ap°v Ffp∏w t_m[y-am-
Ipw.
tIhe Zmcn{Zyw h¿≤n-X-am-bn-sIm-
≠n-cp∂ CtX-Im-eb - f- h
- n¬ Xs∂-bmWv
\ΩpsS `£y-[m\y tIm¿∏-td-j-\nse
(FCI) `£y[m\y Icp-X¬ tiJcw
(Buffer stock) KWy-ambn h¿≤n-®s - X∂
hkvXp-Xbpw \ap°v ad-°m-\m-In-√. CXv
`£y-[m-\y-߃ Ip∂p-IqSn £p{Z-Po-hn-
Iƒ Xn∂p-Xo¿°p-tºmgpw Zcn-{Z-cmb P\-
߃°v {Ibm-ti-jn-bn-√m-ØX - p-aqew ]´n-
Wn-bn¬ Xs∂ Ign-tb-≠n-h∂ Zpc-hÿ - -
bmWvv. Imen-Xo-‰bv°v Ib-‰n Ab°p-
am¿®v 2008
tºmgpw Chn-SpsØ ]´nWn ]mh-ßsf
ImWmØ `c-W-IqS `oI-c-Xbpw \mw
I≠p. CØ-cØ - n¬ hne-h¿≤-\h- p-ambn
_‘s∏´v `£y-[m-\y-ß-fpsS DXv]m-
Z\w krjvSn-°p∂ {]Xn-k‘n hfsc
hep-Xm-W.v F∂m¬ AtXm-sSm∏w {][m-
\-amWv kw`-c-Whpw hnX-c-W-hpw.
kw`-c-Whpw˛hn-X-c-Whpw
C¥y-bnse `£y-kp-c£ em°m-°n-
sIm- ≠ p≈ G‰hpw {][m\s∏´
GP≥kn-bmWv `£y-tIm¿∏-td-j≥
(FCI). I¿j-I-cn¬ \n∂v `£y-[m-\y-
߃ IpØI kw`-cWw \SØn Icp-
X¬ tiJcw \ne-\n-dp-Øp∂ GP≥kn-
bm-WnXv. Cu Icp-X¬ tiJ-c-amWv
s]mXp-hn-Xc- W k{º-Zm-bØ - n-eqsS hnX-
cWw sNøp-∂X - v. F∂m¬ \h-en-_d - ¬
\b-߃ 1991˛ap-X¬ Cu taJ-e-bn¬
\S-Ønb ssII-SØ - e
- p-Iƒ s]mXp hnX-
cW k{º-Zm-b-sØbpw XZzmc `£y
tIm¿∏-td-js - \bpw XI¿°p-∂X - pw-˛A- -
{]-k-‡-am-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ChnsS
aq∂p {][m\s∏´ \bhyXn-bm-\-߃
ImWmw.
(i) Cu taJ-e-bnse G‰hpw {][m-\-
s∏´ \nb-a ]cn-c-£-bmb Ah-iy-
km- [ \ \nb- a w˛1955 (Essential
Commodities Act-1955) Hmtcm
h¿jhpw `£y-[m-\y-ß-fpƒs∏-sS-
bp≈ Ah-iy-km-[-\-ßsf \nb-a-
imkv{X-KXn
Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ \n∂v Hgn-hm-°n-
sIm≠v Zp¿∫-e-am°n Xo¿Øp.
(ii) km¿∆-{Xn-I-am-bn-cp∂ s]mXphnX-
cW k{º-Zm-bsØ 1997˛¬ B\p-
Iq-ey-߃ an°-hmdpw Zmcn-{Zy-tc-
Jbv°v Xmsg-bp-≈-h¿°p (BPL)
am{X-ambn Sm¿P‰v sNøp∂ s]mXp-
hn-X-cW (TPDS) k{º-Zm-b-am°n
am‰n.
(iii) as‰m∂v Ahiy `£y[m\y-ta-J-e-
bn¬ t]mepw Ah[n hym]mcw
(Forward Trading/ Future Trading)
A\p-hZ- n-®p-sh-∂X- m-Wv.
Ahiy km[\ \nb-a-Ønse Hgn-
hm-°-ep-Iƒ aqew at‰-sXmcp km[-\-
Øn-t‚bpw t]mse Acn-bn-epw-˛-tKm-X-
ºnepw kzImcy IpØI kw`-cWw
km[y-am-bn. C¥y-bpsS Iq‰≥ `£y-[m-
\y-It- ºm-fØ - n-te-b°v p≈ Cu hmXm-b-
\sØ C¥y≥ IpØI-I-fpw-˛-_-lp-
Cu h¿jw C¥y G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ tKmXºv Cd-°p-
aXn sNøp∂ cmPy-sa∂ Ip{]-kn≤n t\Sn-bn-cn-°p-
∂p. CXv 6 apX¬ 8.5 Zi-e£w SÆmWv. cmPysØ
B`y-¥c DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ hen-sbmcp iX-am\w
IpØI kw`-c-W-Øn-eqsS ssI°-em-°nb Cargill,
Australian Wheat Board F∂o- _-lpcmjv{S IpØ-
I-Iƒ°p Xs∂-bmWv Cd-°p-a-Xn-°p≈ teehpw e`n-
®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
cmjv { S IpØI- I fpw
Bth-i-tØm-sS-bmWv
FXn-tc-‰-Xv. dne-b≥kv,
_Pm-P,v Im¿Kn¬ C¥y,
ITC XpSßn Ht´sd Iº-
\n- I ƒ cwK- Ø p- h - ∂ p.
IqSmsX `£y-tIm¿∏-td-
j≥ (FCI) IpØI kw`-
c-WØ - ns‚ ]cn[n {Iam-
Xo- X - a mbn sh´n- I p- d -
®Xpw IpØI kw`-c-
Ww Xs∂ Hcp kzImcy
GP≥kn-°v G¬]n®p
sImSp- Ø Xpw (Out
Sourcing)kzIm-cy-hX - I
v -
cW {]h- W - X - I ƒ°v
Icp-tØ-In. Hcp L´-
Øn¬ kzIm-cy-Ip-ØI
kw`-cWw aqew `£y-
[m- \ y- t Im¿∏- t d- j \v
(FCI) sh´n- ° p- d ®
an\naw ]cn[n [m\y-
߃ t]mepw kw`-cn-°m-
\m-hmØ ÿnXn kwPm-
X-am-bn. Ign-™-h¿jw
an\naw ]cn-[n-bmb 160e£w SÆn\v
]Icw tIhew 92 e£w S¨ am{X-
amWv kw`-cn-°m\m-bX - v.
ChnsS `£y-[m-\y-ßf - psS IpØI
kw`-cWw kzIm-cy-hX - Iv cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v
am{X-a√ `£y-[m\y taJ-eb - n¬ Ah[n
hym]mcw A\p-h-Zn-°pI IqSn sNbvXp.
CXv `£y-kp-c-£-bpsS X{¥-{]-[m-\-
amb Cu taJ-eb - n¬ A\n-b{- ¥n-Xa - mb
[\-Im-cy-aq-e-[-\-Øns‚ NqXm-´-Øn\v
hgn-sh-®p. `£y-[m\y Hml-cn-I-fpsS
tÃm°v am¿°‰v ssIam-‰Ø - n-eqsS s]cp-
∏n-s®-SpØ hne-Iƒ t\cn´v Itºm-f-hn-
e-Isf kzm[o-\n-°m≥ XpS-ßn. C\nbpw
hne-h¿≤\ {]Xo-£n®v ]qgvØn-hbv]v
hym]-I-am-bn. I¿j-Is\ klm-bn-°m-
s\∂ t]cn¬ \S-°p∂ Cu \S-]S- n-Iƒ
sIm≠v NqXm-´° - m-cpw, h≥InS IpØI
Iº- \ n- I - f pw, ]qgv Ø n- h - b v ] p- I mcpw
sIm≈-em`w sImbvXp. DZm-l-W-Øn\v
tIhew aq∂p- h ¿j- ° m- e - b - f - h n¬
(2003˛06) Ah[n hym]-mc-Øn-eqsSbp≈
(Future Trade) Im¿jn-tIm¬]-∂-ß-
fpsS samØw aqeyw 600 iX-am\w h¿≤n-
®p. 2003˛04¬ CXv 1.29 e£w tImSn
cq]-bm-bn-cp-∂Xv 2004˛05 ¬ 5.71 e£w
tImSn cq]-bmbpw 2005˛06¬ 21.43 e£w
tImSn cq]-bmbpw h¿≤n-®p. Cu h¿≤-
\-hns‚ t\´w apgp-h≥ ta¬]-d™
hn`m-Kß- f- mWv Ic-ÿa - m-°n-bX- .v A
- h - i - y-
km-[\ - ß
- f - psS Ah-[n-hym-]mcw kw_-
‘n®v ]m¿e-sa‚dn Ãm‚nwMv IΩn‰n
\¬Inb dnt∏m¿´v CXv bmsXmcp hnt[-
s\bpw A\p-h-Zn-°m-\m-hn√ F∂mWv.
F∂n-cn-°epw k¿°m¿ AXv AwKo-I-
cn-°m≥ Xøm-dm-ImsX Dcp-f°ng-ßv,
kt_mf XpSßn Im¿jn-tImXv]∂ - ß - -
fn¬ IqSn Ah-[n-hym-]mcw A\p-h-Zn-
°p∂ kao-]\-amWv kzoI-cn-°p∂Xv.
kw`-cW - c - w-KsØ A\n-b{- ¥n-Xa - mb
kzIm-cy-hX - °v c - W
- hpw, `£y-tIm¿∏-td-
j≥ Xs∂ Xß-fpsS IpØ-Ik - w-`c - Ww
]pdw GP≥kn-Isf G¬∏n-°p-∂Xpw
`£y- t Im¿∏- t d- j s\ A£- c m¿∞-
Øn¬ \mam-h-ti-j-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
31
FCI bpsS 273 tKmUu-Wp-Iƒ Dt]-£n-
bv°-s∏-Sp-∂p. 2004 \p tijw 10,000
tØmfw FCI Poh\°m¿ VRS FSp-Øn-
cn-°p-∂p. CØ-cØ - n¬ s]mXp hnX-cW
kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ \s´-√mb Cu kw-`-
cW kwhn-[m\w hgn-am-dp-∂p. hne-\n-
b-{¥Ww IqSp-X¬ Akm-[y-am-bnØo-
cp∂p.
hne-\n-b{- ¥-WsØ Akm-[y-am°n
Xo¿Ø as‰mcp \S-]-Sn-bmWv 1997˛¬
km¿∆-{XnI s]mXp-hn-Xc - W k{º-Zmbw
\ndp-Øe - .v PDS \p ]Icw TPDS
- m-°n-bX
\S-∏n-em-°n-b-t∏mƒ B\p-Iq-ey-߃
apgp-h\pw Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv°v Xmsg-bp-≈-
h¿°v (BPL) am{X-ambn ]cn-an-X-s∏-´p.
Zcn-{Z-cm-bn-cp-∂n´pw tIhew kmt¶-Xn-
Im¿∞-Øn¬ am{Xw Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv°v
tase-bm°s∏´-h¿°v s]mXp-hn-X-c-W-
k-{º-Zm-b-Øn-se hne s]mXpItºm-f-
Ønse (Open market) hnebv°v Xpey-
am-bn-cp-∂p. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw APL-
hn`mKw s]mXp-hn-Xc - W k{º-Zm-bØ - n¬
\n∂-I∂ - p. tIc-fØ - n¬ am{Xw ]cn-tim-
[n-°p-tºmƒ 1997˛\p ap≥]v (TPDS-\p
ap≥]v) 14,139 tdj≥ tjm∏p-I-fn-eqsS
1,55,000 S¨ Acn- b pw, 35,000 S¨
tKmXºpw hn‰-gn-®t- ∏mƒ 1997\p tijw
CXv IrXyw aq∂n-sem-∂mbn Npcp-ßn.
AJn-te¥ym Xe-Øn¬ Xs∂ s]mXp-
hn-X-cW k{º-Zmbw KWy-ambn ]cn-an-
X-s∏-´p. CXp-X-s∂-bmWv C°m-e-b-f-
hn¬ FCI tKmUu-Wp-If - n¬ h≥tXm-Xn-
ep≈ [m\y-Iq-ºm-c-Øn\pw [m\y-߃
sI´n-In-S∂v \in-°p-∂X - n\pw a‰pw Imc-
W-am-bX - .v
`£y-[m-\y-߃°v Bh-iy-°m-cn-√m-
Ø-Xp-aq-ea - √ sI´n-°nS∂-Xv. adn®v Ipd-
™-hn-ebv°v In´n-bn-cp∂ k{º-Zm-b-
Øn¬ \n∂v hen-sbmcp hn`mKw P\-
Xsb ]pdwX≈n-bXpaqe-sa∂ Xncn-®-
dnhv \ap-°p-≈n¬ Hcp sR´-ep-fh - m-t°-
≠-Xm-Wv. t\csØ kqNn-∏n® `t£ym-
]-t`m-Ks - Ø-bpw,-t]m-jW - s - Øbpw Ipdn-
®p≈ ÿnXn-hn-h-c-I-W-°p-Iƒ Cu
]pdw- X - ≈ ¬ krjv S n® Zpc- ¥ sØ
Xs∂-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂X - v.
km¿∆-{Xn-I -s]mXphnX-cW k{º-
Zmbw \ndp-Ø-em-°n-bXp aqew ]´n-Wn-
°m-cn¬ Xs∂ hen-sbmcp hn`m-KsØ
Ir{Xn-aa - mbn Hgn-hm°nsb∂Xp am{X-a√
{]iv\w adn®v s]mXp-hn-X-cW k{º-Zm-
b-Øn\v Itºm-f-hn-esb kzm[o-\n-°p-
∂-Xn-\p≈ tijn KWy-ambn Ipd-bp-
Ibpw sNbvXp. AXm-bXv 1997 hsc
C¥y-bnse `£y-[m-\y-hn-esb ÿnc-
am°n \ne-\n-dp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ apJy-]-¶p-
h-ln® s]mXp-hn-X-cW k{º-Zm-bsØ
32
tIhew Zmcn{ZytcJbv°v Xmsg-bp≈ 36
iX-am\w P\-߃°p am{X-ambn ]cn-
an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ Itºm-f-hn-esb
kzm[o-\n-°m-\p≈ PDSs‚ tijn 100
iX-am-\-Øn¬ \n∂v 36 iX-am-\-ambn
Ipd-™p. Npcp-°Ø - n¬ aq∂n-sem-∂mbn
Ipd- ™ p. CXv Zmcn- { Zy- t cJ hfsc
Ipd™ tIcfw t]mep≈ kwÿm-\-
ß-fn¬ (Zm-cn-Zy-tcJ icm-icn 10 iX-am-
\w) ]Øn-sem-∂mbn amdn. X≥aqew
AJn-te¥ymXe-Øn¬ s]mXp-shbpw,
Zmcn-Zy-tcJ Ipd™ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬
{]tXy-In®pw hne-h¿≤-\h - n\v ISn-™m-
Wn-Sp∂ Hcp k{º-Zmbw A{]-Xy-£-
amIpIbpw k¿°m-cns‚ `£y-kp-c-
£bv°v th≠p∂ hn]Wn CS-s]-S¬
(Market Intervention) Akm- [ y- a m-
IpIbpw sNbv X p. h≥In- S - ° m- c pw- ˛ -
]qgvØn-sh-bv∏p-Imcpw {]Xn-k-‘nIƒ
krjvSn-°p∂ Cu ASn-b-¥nc kml-N-
cy-Øn¬ t]mepw k¿°m-cn\v Imcy-am-
sbm∂pw sNøm-\m-Ip-∂n-√. sNøp-∂X - m-
Is´ hn]- c oX ^eapfhm- ° p- I bpw
sNøp-∂p. DZm-lc - W
- Ø- n\v `£y-[m\y
Cd-°p-a-Xn.
(i) IpØI kw`-cWw \ne-®-Xp-aqew
PDS\v Bh-iy-amb `£y-[m-\y-ß-sf-
Øn- ° m\mIp∂n- √ . PDS te°p≈
tKmXºv hnlnXw \hw-_¿ 2005se 24
e£w SÆn¬ \n∂v \hw-_¿ 2006¬
8.4 e£w SÆmbn sh´n-°p-d-®p. Cu
kml-Nc - y-Øn-emWv `£y-[m\y Cd-°p-
a-Xn.
(ii) Cu h¿jw C¥y G‰hpw IqSp-X¬
tKmXºv Cd-°p-aXn sNøp∂ cmPy-sa∂
Ip{]-kn≤n t\Sn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXv 6
apX¬ 8.5 Zi-e£w SÆmWv. cmPysØ
B`y-¥c DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ hen-sbmcp
iX-am\w IpØI kw`-c-W-Øn-eqsS
ssI°- e m- ° nb Cargill, Australian
Wheat Board F∂o- _- l pcmjv { S
IpØ-II - ƒ°p Xs∂-bmWv Cd-°p-aX - n-
°p≈ teehpw e`n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
(iii) kz¥w I¿j-I\v \¬Ip∂ hne-tb-
°mƒ Izn‚-sem-∂n\v 400 cq] A[nIw
\¬In- b mWv Cd- ° p- a Xn F∂Xpw
{]kvXm-hy-am-Wv. \ΩpsS I¿j-I\v e`n-
t°≠ `£y k_vkn-Un-bmWv CXp-
hgn hntZi IpØ-II - ƒ kz¥-am-°p-∂-
Xv.
(iv)CXphgn k¿°mcns‚ samØw
sNehv 5300 tImSn cq]-bpsS hntZi
\mWy tiJ-ca - m-Wv.
cmPysØ `£y-ta-J-esb k¿∆-
X{¥ kzX-{¥-am°n hne-°b - ‰
- sØ XS-
bm≥ `£y-[m-\y-߃ hntZ-iØv \n∂v
Cd-°p-aXn sNtø-≠p∂ Ah-ÿ-bn-
te°v Itºmf auen-I-hmZw \sΩ
sIms≠-Øn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
DXv]m-Z\w t]mse Xs∂- `£y-kp-
c-£bv°v {][m-\-amWv kw`-c-W-hpw
hnX-c-W-hpw. 40 e£-tØmfw a\p-jy-
Po-h-\p-Iƒ \jvS-s∏´ _wKmƒ £maw
\S∂ 1943se `t£ym¬]m-Z\w 1942t\-
°mƒ Db¿∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ hkvXpX
hnkvac - n-°m-hp-∂X - √ - . P\-ßf - psS {Ib-
ti-jn-s°mØv hnesb \nP-s∏-Sp-Øm≥
kw`-cW - h - pw- h - n-Xc- W
- hpw {Iao-Ic - n-t°-
≠-∂-Xns‚ Bh-iyIXsb Hm¿Ω-s∏-
Sp-Øp∂ Cu Zpc-¥sØ \h-en-_-d¬
\b-߃°p th≠n am{Xw hnkvac - n-°m-
\m-hp-∂-X-√.
Npcp-°Ø - n¬ `t£ym¬]m-Z\ - w-˛k - w-
`-cW- w-˛h - n-Xc - Ww XpSßnb taJ-eI - f - n¬
1990I-fn¬ Bcw-`n-®Xpw C∂pw i‡-
ambn XpS¿∂p t]mcp-∂ \h-en-_-d¬
kmº-ØnI \b-߃°pth≠n s]mXp-
kwhn-[m-\ß - sf D∑q-e\w sNøp∂ \S-
]-Sn-I-fmWv C∂v h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ hne-
°- b - ‰ - Ø n- \ pw- X- Z zmc `£y- k p- c -
£bv°pw `oj-Wn-bmbn Xo¿∂n-cn-°p-
∂Xv. CXv £Wn®p hcp-Ønb Zpc-¥-
am-Wv. CØ-cs - amcp Zpc¥w P\m-[n-]Xy
k{º-Zm-bØ - n-eqsS A[n-Im-cØ - n¬ h∂
Hcp k¿°m-cn\pw `qj-W-a√ F∂v
k¿°m-cns\ Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-tXm-
sSm∏w Cu \b-ßsf XncpØn-°pdn-
°p∂Xn\p≈ i‡- a mb P\- I ob
{]t£m-`-߃ Db¿Øn-sIm≠phcn-
Ibpw thWw. ChnsS
(i) Ahiykm[\ \nbaw I¿°-ia - m-
°pI
(ii) FCIbpsS IpØI kw`- c Ww
]p\xÿm]n-°pI
(iii) `£y ]Zm¿∞-ß-fnse Ah[n
hym]mcw \ntcm-[n-°pI
(iv) PDS km¿∆-{Xn-Ia - m-°pI
(v) Im¿jnI taJ-e-bnse A\n-b-
{¥nX hmWn-Py-h-Xv°-c-WsØ
sNdp-°pI
(vi) Irjn-sb I¿jIcp-tSXv Xs∂-
bm°n \ne-\n¿ØpI
XpSßnb Bh-iy-ßf - mWv Db¿∂p
htc-≠X - .v cmPy-Øns‚ `£y-kp-c£ - °v
th≠n-bp≈ Cu \n¿Æm-bI ka-c-
Øn¬ \h-en-_-d¬ \b-߃s°-Xnsc
\ap-s°m-∂n®v AWn-tN-cmw.

Refe : 1. Fight to change Food Politics of UPA
govt. - Brinda Karat June
2. Economic Survey 2007
3. Economic Review 2007
am¿®v 2008
 hnI-k\w

sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤-Xn-bnse
s]¨am-\-߃
tUm. B\µn IrjvW≥

C ¥y- b n¬, sXmgn¬ ]¶m- f nØ

\nc°v h¿jw-t¥mdpw Ipd-™p-h-cn-I-
ep-d∏p ]≤-Xnsb hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv.
C¥ybnse sXmgn- s e- S p- ° p∂
bm-W.v - kv{Xo-sØm-gn¬ ]¶m-fn-Ø\ - n-c°v kv{XoI-fn¬ 83 iX-am-\hpw Im¿jnI
25 iX-am-\Ø - n¬ \n∂p-bc - mØ ÿnXn- kw_-‘-amb taJ-esb B{i-bn-®p-I-
hn-ti-ja - m-Wp-≈X - v. ‘A¥-t msS Pohn- gn- b p- ∂ - h - c m- W v . Im¿jn- I - c w- K sØ
°m-\p-≈-- A-hI - miw C¥y-bnse Hmtcm XI¿® ]e-co-Xn-bn¬ Chsc _m[n-°p-
]uc\pw \ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ A\p-im- ∂p-≠v. km[-\-ß-fpsS hne-°-b-‰-sØ-
kn-°p-tºmƒ, h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ kmº- Øp-S¿∂v, aq∂p-t\cw hb-dp\n-db - v°m≥
ØnI Ac-£n-X-Xzhpw sXmgn-en-√m- aq∂pw \mepw Xc-Øn¬ ]e-Xp-dI - f
- nepw
bvabpw AXv shdpw kz]v\-am°n am‰n- ]Wn- s b- S pØv IpSpw_w t]mt‰≠
s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. ]e hnI-knX cmPy- ÿnXn-hn-ti-j-am-Wn-∂p-≈-Xv. 61-˛mw
ß-fnepw sXmgn-en-√m-Øh - sc ‘kmaqly du≠v tZio-bk - m-ºnƒ k¿s∆ IW-°p-
kpc£’ F∂ t]cn¬ `c- W - I qSw Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂X - v, {KmaoW kv{XoI-
klm-bn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw AsX√mw fpsS sXmgn¬ ]¶m-fnØ \nc°v h¿≤n-
A]-cym-]vXa - mbmWv ImWp-∂X - v. C¥y- ®n-´p≠v F∂m-Wv. AtX-k-a-bw, Ah-
bn¬ kmaqly kpc£ Cs√∂p am{X- cpsS icm-icn Znh-k-°q-en-bn¬ KWy-
a-√, h¿≤n-®p-hc - p∂ BtKm-fo-Ic - W- Ø - n- amb Ipdhpw ImWp-∂-Xmbn ]d-bp-∂p.
s‚bpw I®-hS- a - q-e[ - \- Ø
- n-s‚bpw ]›m- (71.79 cq]bn¬ \n∂v 48.69 cq]bmbn Ipd-
Ø-eØ - n¬ Zmcn-{ZysØtbm sXmgn-en-√m- ™n-cn-°p-∂p). AXn-\¿∞w Hcp t{kmX-
{Kmao-W-ta-J-e-I-fnse bva-sbtbm A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°mt\m ]cn-  n¬/]Wn-bn¬/A[zm-\-Øn¬ \n∂p
sXmgn-en-√m-bva, l-cn-°mt\m \ΩpsS `cWIq-S-Øn\v e`n-®n-cp∂ thX-\-Øn¬ h∂ Ipd-hv
I¿j-I-cpsS Bfl-l-Xy, Ign-bp-∂n-√. F¶nepw AXn-\p≈ Nne kv{XoIƒ ]cn-lc - n-°p-∂X - ,v IqSp-Xe- mbn
XI¿∂p Xcn-∏-W-am-Ip∂ {ia-߃ \S-°m-sX-bn-√. AØ-c-Øn- a‰p Xpd-I-fn¬ A[zm-\n-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv.
Im¿jn-I-cw-Kw, semcp {ia-amWv sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤-Xn- ‘sXmgn¬’ F∂ \n¿∆-N\ - Ø- n\p Xs∂
bn-eqsS bp.-]n.-F. Kh¨sa‚ v Bhn- am‰w krjvSn-®p-sIm≠v ‘sXmgn¬ ka-
]c-º-cm-KX taJ-e, jvIc - n-®n-´p-≈X - v. bw’ F∂v {]tXy-Ia - m-sbm-∂n-√m-sX, Dd-
sXmgn¬tXSn \K-c-ß-fn- ]Xn-s\m∂mw ]≤-Xn-bpsS Ic-Sp-tc- ßp-∂sXmgnsI-bp≈ kabw apgp-h≥
te-°p≈ IpSn-am‰w J, C¥y-bn¬ h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ Im¿jn- A[zm-\n-°pI F∂ ÿnXn-bmWv C∂v
F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ I-cw-KsØ XI¿®-sb-°p-dn®v Bi-¶{- ]- C¥y≥ kv{XobpsS Ah-ÿ. CtX
kΩn-{i-{]-iv\-ß-fpsS I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. {Kmao-Wt- a-Je - I - f - nse IW-°p-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂-Xv, ‘kzbwsXm-
sXmgn-en-√m-bva, I¿j-I-cpsS Bfl-l- gn¬’ F∂Xv {KmaoW kv{XoIƒ AwKo-
]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv Xy, XI¿∂p Xcn-∏-W-am-Ip∂ Im¿jn- I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂pw amk-Øn¬ 1000
\mw sXmgn-ep-d∏p I- c w- K w, ]c- º - c m- K X taJ- e , cq] XnI®p In´n-bm¬ Xs∂ kwXr]vXn
]≤-Xnsb sXmgn¬tXSn \K-cß - f - n-te-°p≈ IpSn- AS-bp∂ coXn-bn¬, `qcn-`mKw t]cpw
hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xv. am‰w F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ kΩn-{i-{]-iv\- amdn-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂p-am-Wv. CXn-\mbn
ß-fpsS ]›m-Øe - Ø- n-emWv \mw sXmgn- \K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-tebv°v sXmgn-e-t\z-
imkv{X-KXn 33
jn®v kv{XoIƒ IpSn-tb-dp-∂p. P\n-®p- 1. sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ F∂ t]cn¬ Pn√-bnse 9 ]©m-bØ - p-Iƒ tN¿∂v P\-
h-f¿∂ kml-Nc - yhpw hf¿Øn-sb-SpØ 2. {Kma-k-`-bn¬ `qcn-]£w kv{XoIƒ tN-X\ kwÿm≥ F∂ kwL-S\ - b
- psS
`qan-bp-sams° hen-s®-dn-™,v kv{XoIƒ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂X - p-sIm-≠v, ]Wn Xocp- t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ]Z-bm{X \S-Ønb tijw
\Kcw tXSn t]mIp-∂Xv Cu XpO-amb am-\n-°p∂p F∂ coXn-bn¬. 42 cq]bn¬ \n∂v thX\w 72 Bbn
iº-f-Øn\p th≠n-bmWv F∂Xv Zmcn- $ Xpey tPmen°v Xpey- t h- X \w Db¿Øn. sdk-h-Ime F∂ ]©m-b-
{Zy-Øns‚ ]mc-aysØ hnfn-®d - n-bn-°p-∂- F∂Xv Ime-ß-fmbn \mw Bh-iy- Øn¬ 30 cq]bv°v hsc 200 ¬ IqSpX¬
XmW.v sXmgn¬ P∑m-h-Im-i-ambn ]d- s∏-Sp-∂X - m-W.v Np´p-s]m-≈p∂ shbn- t]sc ]Wn-sb-Sp-∏n-®n´p≠v. 21 cq]bv°v
bp∂ ]e ÿe- ß - f nepw ‘an\naw en¬ ]mS-Øp-\n∂v ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p- Da¿Wn ]©m-b-Øn¬ 100 ¬ IqSp-X¬
thPpw IqSn \n¿_-‘a - m-°n’s°m≠p≈ tºmgpw I√pw aÆpw Npa∂v ASn- t]sc ]Wn-sb-Sp-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. ]Z-bm-
am‰- ß ƒ A\n- h m- c y- a mWv F∂Xv ]-Xd- msX Db-cß - f - ntebv°v FØn- {Xbv°p tijw 41 cq]-bpsS hyXymkw
\nkvX¿°-am-Wv. °p-tºm-gpw, hn{i-a-an-√m-sX, _oUn- D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.
sXmgn-ep-d-∏p-]-≤-Xn-bpsS h- e n- ° m- t \m Nmb- I p- S n- ° mt\m ]e kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw {]Xn-tj-[-
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ kabw ]mgm-°msX ITn-\m-[zm\w ߃°p tij-amWv an\naw thX\w \S-
s]mXp- a n- \ naw ]cn- ] m- S n- b psS sNøp-tºmgpw \ΩpsS kaq-lØ - n¬ ∏n-em-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. _olm-dnse shÃv
(Common Minimum Programme) `mK- \ne\n¬°p∂ [mc-W, kv{Xo-Iƒ- Nºm-c≥ Pn√-bnse Kpcp-]m-enb {Kma-
ambn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bX - m-sW-¶n-epw, sXmgn- °v ITn-\m-[zm\w sNøp-hm≥ Ign- Øn¬ 68 cq]-bn¬ 50 cq] am{Xsa
ep-d-∏p-]-≤-Xn, _lp-P-\-kw-L-S\Ifp- bn-√ F∂mWv. AXp-sIm≠v Xpey- sImSp-Øn-´p-≈q.
sSbpw CS-Xp-]-£-Øn-s‚bpw \nc-¥-c- th-X-\-Øns‚ Bh-iy-an-√. an\naw DØ¿{]- t Z- i n¬ kv { XoIƒ°v
amb CS-s]-Se - p-Iƒ°v tij-amWv {]m_- thPv t]mep- a n- √ msX kv { XoIƒ sXmgn¬ Im¿Uv sImSp- ° p- ∂ n- √ .
ey-Øn¬ hcp-∂-Xv. BZysØ c≠p A[zm- \ n- t °- ≠ n- h - c p∂p F∂Xv ‘CØcw ]Wn- s bm∂pw sNøm≥
h¿j-ß-fn-embn 331 Pn√-I-fmWv sXc- BtKm-f{- ]-Xn-`m-ka - mbn amdn-s°m-≠n- \n߃°- d n- b n√’ F∂p ]d™v
s™-Sp-°s - ∏-´X- v.a
- n-\naw 100 Znh-ksØ cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Xan-gv\m-´nepw a‰p kv { XoIsf Xpc- Ø n- h n- S p- I - b mWv
sXmgn¬ Dd- ∏ p- h - c p- Ø pI F∂Xp Z£n-tW-¥y≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw k¿]©v.
IqSmsX sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤-Xn-bpsS KpW- kv{XoIƒ ‘tPmSn’bmbn {]h¿Øn- {Xn]p-c-bnepw a[y-{]-tZ-inepw hn[-
]-c-amb a‰p hi-߃, °p∂p F∂ coXn-bn¬ ]pcp-js‚ h-Isf sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-
$ kpÿn-c-amb sXmgn¬ e`yX ]IpXn Iqen am{Xta sImSp-°p-∂p- Sp-Øp-∂n-√. I¿Wm-S-I-bn¬ K¿`n-Wn-I-
≈q. CXn-s\ms° A]-hm-Z-ambn sf-bpw, ]©m-_n¬ Ahn-hm-ln-X-I-
$ P\-ß-fpsS hm߬ tijn h¿≤n-
Xpey- t Pm- e n°p Xpey- t h- X \w sfbpw ]≤-Xn-bp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-∂n-
°p∂p
F∂Xv {]mh¿Øn-Ia - m-°p∂p F∂- √. sXmgn¬ Im¿Un\v At]-£n-°p-∂-
$ Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp∂p Xv, NREGA bpsS {]tXy-IX - b
- m-Wv. Xp- a p- X ¬ t]mcm- ´ - a m- W v . At]- £ m-
$ IpSn-tb‰w (Labour migration) Ipd- F¶nepw C¥y-bnse ]e kwÿm- t^mdw e`n-°m≥, sXmgn¬Im¿Uv e`n-
bp∂p \-ß-fnepw C\nbpw ]q¿Æ-ambn ]≤- °m≥, sXmgn¬e-`n-°m≥ F∂n-ßs\
$ {]Ir- X n- h n- ` - h - ß ƒ ]p\- c p- ÷ o- Xnsb AwKo-I-cn®p Ign-™n-´n-√. ]e aq∂p-L´- ß - f
- nepw t]mcm´w \S-Øn-bmWv
hn∏n°s∏Sp∂p ÿe-ß-fnepw an\naw thPv t]mepw _olm-dnepw cmP-ÿm-\nepw Pm¿J-
F∂n-hI - q-SmsX {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°n-bn-´n-√. Agn-a-Xnbpw WvUnepw ]Wn-°m¿ FØp-∂-Xv.
$ 33 iX-am\w kv{XosØm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ
\n¿_-‘a - mWv
$ {Kma-k-`-bmWv ]Wn-Xo-cp-am-\n-°p- IrXy- a mb kpÿnc hnI- k - \ - Ø n- \ p- t h- ≠ n- b p≈
∂Xv sXmgn- e p- I ƒ°v `qhp- S - a - ÿ X \¬In- , DXv ] m- Z \
$ Xpey-tPm-en°v Xpey-th-X\w e`n- {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-Øn-s°m≠p am{Xta ÿmbn-
°p-∂p. bmb am‰w ImWm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q.
C¥y≥ kv{XoIfpw
sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤-Xnbpw
$ 70 iX-am-\Ø
- n¬ IqSp-X¬ kv{XoI- Ipd-h-√. B{‘-bn¬ Hcp Iyq_nIv ao‰- XpS¿®-bmbn At]-£n-®n´pw KpP-dm-
fpsS ]¶m-fnØw an°-hmdpw F√m dn\v 50 cq] F∂v Fgp-Xn-h®n´v, sImSp- Øn¬ ap…ow aX-hn-`m-KsØ ]≤-Xn-
kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw dnt∏m¿´v °p-∂Xv 40 cq] am{Xw. IqSmsX Iqen bn¬ \n∂p am‰n \n¿Øn-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-
sNø-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xmbn IW-°p-Iƒ t]mÃv Hm^o-kn-emWv sUt]m-kn‰v Wv. KpP-dmØv Iem-]Ø- n¬ ]s¶-SpØ
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. kv{XoI-fpsS CS- sNøp-∂X - .v I≈ H∏n´v ss]k-hm-ßp∂ ]ecpw hoSpw \mSpw hn´v ]em-b\w
bnse sXmgn-en-√mbva A{X-b-[nIw coXn-bp-ap-≠v. sNbvXp-sh-¶nepw hoSn-√m-Ø-h-cmWv
cq£-am-sW∂mWnXp ImWn-°p-∂- sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ cPn-ÿ sNøm≥ F∂ t]cn¬ Ch¿ sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤-
Xv . AtX- k - a bw OØokv K Uv , t]mepw Iq´m-°mØ ÿe-ß-fp-≠v. Xn°v ]pd-Øm-Wv.
Hdok F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ Ct∏mgpw OØo-kvKU - nse k¿KpPm Pn√-bn¬ 16 F¶nepw KpP-dm-Øn¬ GI-ehybpw
kv { XoIsf ]Wn°v \n¿ØmØ kwL-S-\-Iƒ tN¿∂v {]N-cWw \S- ‘Zn\’ F∂ kwL- S - \ bpw tN¿∂v
ÿnXn-hn-tijw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. Ønb tij-amWv sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ cPn- NREGS Workers Union D≠m°n-bn-cp-
ÿ sNbvXp XpS-ßn-b-Xv. ∂p. KpP-dmØv te_¿ IΩo-jW - ¿ CXv
$ {Kma-k` ]Wn-Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xp-
sIm≠v, k{Xo-Iƒ c≠p-X-c-Øn¬ cmP-ÿm-\n¬ ]Z-bm{X \S-Øn-bn- AwKo-I-cn-®p. sXmgn¬ \nb-a-Øns‚
´mWv thX\w Db¿Øn-b-Xv. kntcmln Iogn-ep≈ BZysØ cPn-ÿ sNbvX
{]mXn-\n[yw t\Sp-∂p.
34 am¿®v 2008
 $ kq∏¿ssh- k ¿am¿ IpSpw- _ {io
AwK-ß-fm-Wv. 50 kv{XosØmgn-
emfnIƒ°v Hcp kq∏¿ssh- k ¿
F∂ coXn-bn¬. cPn-ÿ kq£n-°p-
I, Iqen- h n- X - c Ww sNøp- I ,
cPnkv t {Sj≥ \S- Ø p- I , ]Wn
tamWn-´¿ sNøpI F∂n-hb - m-Wn-h¿
sNøp-∂X - v.
$ {Kma-k-`-bmWv ]Wn Xocp-am-\n-°p-
∂-X.v
$ hm¿Up- X ew hsc hnPn- e ≥kv
IΩn‰n \ne- h n- e p- ≠ v . kv { XoIƒ
F√m IΩ-‰n-bn-ep-ap-≠v.
Pn√m-Xe - Ø- n¬ ˛ SmkvIvt^mgvkv +
D]-tZ-iI kanXn (I-f-IvS¿ sNb¿t]-
gv k Wpw Pn√m πm\nMv Hm^ok¿
saºdp-am-bn)
]©m-bØv ˛ SmkvIvt^mgvkv
hm¿Up-Xew ˛ hnPn-e≥kv+tamWn-
‰-dnMv IΩ-‰n-Iƒ.
$ ÿncw cPn-kvt{S-j≥ \ne-hn-ep-≠v.
$ 18-˛55 hb- n-\n-Sb - n-ep-≈h - c
- mWv cPn-
ÿ sNøp-∂-Xv. 80 iX-am\w 40-˛55
{]mb-ap-≈h - ¿
$ 20 iX-am-\-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ kv{Xo
t\XrXz IpSpw-_ß - f - m-Wv.
$ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw t]cn¬ _m¶v
A°u≠v D≠v . ]©m- b - Ø n¬
\n∂p t\tc _m¶n-emWv ]Ww
\nt£- ] n- ° p- ∂ - X v . (Hcp _m¶v
A°u-≠ns‚ DSa F∂ t]cn¬
kv { XoIƒ°v Bfl- h n- i zm- k hpw
AwKo-Im-chpw e`n-®-Xmbn Ah¿
]d™p).
$ Xma-k-ÿ-e-Øns‚ 3 In.-ao. Np‰-f-
hn-emWv ]Wn-ÿew F∂-Xn-\m¬
Ip´n- I sf ape- b q- ´ m\pw a‰pw
kv{XoIƒ°v t]mIm-\p≈ kwhn-[m-
\-ap-≠v. F¶nepw Ip´n-I¬ IqSp-X-
bqWn-b-\m-sW∂ s]cpa CXn-\p-≠v. Hdok 30 ep≈ ÿe- ß - f n¬ {Ijp- I ƒ
ap…ow kv{XoIsf sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤-Xn- {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v.
_wKmƒ 70
bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ {iaw $ ]me-°m-´v 70 iX-am\w I\m-ep-Ifpw
{Xn]pc 70 Ipf-ßfpw hrØn-bm-°n-bX - mbn {ioa-
Ch¿ \S-Øn-h-cp-∂p. ]©m_v 80
Xan-g\
v m-´n¬ hn√p-]pcw Pn√-bn¬ Zfn- Xn. hnP- b - e £v a n ]d- ™ p. ag-
tIcfw 125 sh≈w hfsc Ffp-∏-Øn¬ Hgp-
X¿°v an\naw thPn\pw Xmsg Iqen
sImSp-Ø-Xn-\m¬ {]Xn-tj-[-ap-≠m-bn. tIc-fhpw Int∏mImØ coXn-bn¬ {Iao-Ic - n-®n-
t\XrXzw sImSp-ØXv kv{XoI-fm-bn- sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤-Xnbpw ´p≠v F∂pw, AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂
cp∂p. tIc-fØ- n¬, 2006 ¬ hb-\mSpw ]me- Cu th\-en¬ IpSn-sh≈ £maw
°mSpw 2007 ¬ Imk¿tKmSpw CSp-°n- Ipdbpsa∂pa-h¿ kqNn-∏n-®p.
an\naw Iqen (cq-])
bp-amWv sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤Xn \S-∏n-em- $ PmXn-aXt`Z-an-√m-sX, kv{XoIƒ cPn-
I¿Wm-SIw 74 ÿ sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. 65-˛75 iX-am\w
°n-bX- v.
B{‘-{]-tZiv 80 BZn-hm-kn-˛F - k
- v.k- n./Fkv.S- n. hn`m-
$ 85 iX-am-\Ø - n¬ IqSp-X¬ kv{XoI-
Xan-gv\mSv 80 fmWv K-Øn-ep-≈-h¿ sXmgn-ep-d-∏p]≤-Xn-
cmP-ÿm≥ 60 $ henb {]iv\-ß-fn-√msX kv{Xo]p- bn¬ G¿s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.
a[y-{]-tZiv 60 cp-j-∑m¿°v XpeythX\w 125 cq] $ hb-\m-´n¬ Pe-hn-`-h-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v,
DØ¿{]-tZiv 70 sImSp-°p-∂p-≠v. h\-h-XvI-c-Ww, aÆv ]cn-tim-[\/

imkv{X-KXn 35
 amt\- P v s a‚ v F∂nh \S- Ø n- b -
Xmbpw hb-\m-´n¬ am{Xw 12 tImSn
cq]-bpsS ]Wn \S-∂-Xmbpw Djm-
Ip-amcn kqNn-∏n-®p.
F¶nepw Nne A]m- I - X - I fpw
C√mXn-√.
$ a‰p kwÿm-\ß - f - n¬ th≠n-h∂ - X - p-
t]mse ]Z-bm-{X-t]m-ep≈ {]Nm-c-
W-ßs - fm∂pw tIc-fØ - n¬ th≠n-h-
∂n-√. F¶nepw ]pcp-j-∑m¿ IqSp-X-
embn cwK-Øp-h-cp-∂n-√. Iqen Ipd-
hmWv F∂-XmWv Hcp Imc-Ww.
$ ]©m-bØv {]kn-U‚ v, hn.-C.-Hm.,
F.-Un.-Fk - v. F∂n-hc - n-eqsS Acn-®p-
am{Xw FØp∂ {]Xn- ^ ew
ssIøn¬ In´m≥ 20 Znh-k-ß-fn¬
IqSp-X¬ BIp-∂p-≠v. ]e ]©m-
b-Øp-I-fnepw aÿ tdmƒ icn-bm-
°n, iºfw IW-°m-°n, DtZym-Kÿ
cpsS H∏pw hmßn- sN°v e`n-
°ptºmtg°pw Znh-kß - t- f-sd-bm-Ip-
∂p. Znh-k-°q-en°v ]Wn-sb-SpØp
ioen-®-hcm-b-Xn-\m¬ ho≠pw ]en-
ibv°v IS-sa-Sp-t°≠ KXn-tI-SmWv
]e¿°pw. sXmgn-ep-≈X - n-\m¬ ISw
e`n°m≥ Ffp-∏a - m-sW-¶nepw ]eni
Ipd-bp-∂n-√.
$ kv{XoIƒ ÿnc-ambn sNbvXp-hc
]Wn-If√ Ah¿ sNøp-∂Xv F∂-
Xn-\m¬ Btcm-Ky-{]-i\ v ß- ƒ h¿≤n-
®p-hc- p-∂p, IqsS NnIn-’m-s®-eh
IqSmsX ]n°mkv/a¨sh´n F∂n-
h-sIm-≠p-≠m-Ip∂ apdn-hp-Iƒ°p
hsc {]mY-anI ip{iqj e`n-°mØ
ÿnXn-bp-ap-≠v. ]Wn-ÿ-e-Øp-\n-
∂p-≠m-Ip∂ A]-I-S-߃°v DØ-
c-hm-ZnØw Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ Bcp-an-√.
$ ]Wn-bm-bp-[ß - ƒ Ipd-hm-Wv. AtX-
k-abw IrXy-k-a-bØv ]Wn Xoc-
W-sa∂ F©n-\o-b¿am-cpsS `oj-
Wnbpw IqSn-bm-hp-tºmƒ sXmgn¬
cwKsØ D’m-lØ - n\v amµyw kw`-
hn-°p-∂p.
Nne \n¿t±-i-߃
1. sXmgn-ep-d∏p ]≤-Xn-bn¬ ‘sXmgn¬’
F∂Xv ]›m-Ø-e-ku-I-cy-sam-cp-
°p∂ sXmgn¬ am{X-am-Wv. DZm: Pe-
hn-`h
- a
- m-t\-Pvsa‚ v, hcƒ® XS-b¬,
h\-hX - vIc
- W- w, Cdn-tK-j≥ I\m¬
\n¿am-Ww, _≠v \n¿am-Ww, InW¿,
Ipfw, ip≤o-Ic - W
- w, sNdnb {KmaoW
tdmUv \n¿amWw F∂n-ßs - \-bp-≈-
h-bm-Wv. Ch IqSm-sX, {]mtZ-inI
XmXv ] - c y- ß ƒ IW- ° n- s e- S pØv
Dev]m-Z-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te°pw
IqSn Ch hym]n-∏n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
{]tXy-In®pw Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-bn-
36
te°pw ]®-°dn tXm´-Øn-te°pw Ww. AØ-cØ - n¬ ap≥K-W\ - m-{Iaw
hym]n- ∏ n- ° - W w. Irjn- ∏ - W n- I ƒ D≠m-th-≠X - m-W.v
kv { XoIƒ°v A\y- a √ F∂- X p- 6. `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-am-b- hy-Xymk߃
Xs∂ AXp- a mbn _‘- s ∏´ IW- ° n- s e- S p- Ø p- s Im≠v ]Wn
{]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ DXv]m-Z\ - m-[n-jTv nX \n›-bn-°-Ww. Hcp Znh-kw-sIm≠v
hnI-k-\-Øn-te°p \bn-°m≥ Ign- C{X ASn \ofw, hoXn, Bgw F∂n-
b-Ww. ßs\ Af∂p Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ
2. \ne-\n¬°p∂ DtZym-Kÿm-ta-[m-hn- ]md- s °- ´ p≈ `qanbpw sN¶¬
Xz-Øn-¬ am‰w htc-≠X - p-≠v. BgvN- aÆp≈ `qanbpw XΩn¬ th¿Xn-cn-
bn¬ Hcp Znhkw Iqen sImSp-°p∂ hp-≠m-IW - w.
coXn-bn¬ kwhn-[m\w Ffp-∏-am-°- 7. hn[-h-Iƒ°pw `¿Øm-hp-t]-£n-®-
Ww. h¿°pw IqSp- X ¬ {]mXn- \ n[yw
3. sXmgn¬ ÿesØ A]-IS- ß - ƒ°v sImSp-°W - w.
s]s´∂v {]mY-anI ip{iqj sImSp- 8. Xcn- i p- ` qan Irjn- ° p- ] - b p- ‡ - a m-
°p∂ coXn-bn¬ ss{]adn sl¬Øv °p∂ ]Wn-Iƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw Irjn
sk‚-dp-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp- ho≠pw sIm≠p-h-cn-Ibpw thWw.
Itbm sP.-]n.-F-®v.-F≥. amcpsS 9. ]©m-b-Ønse ]mS-ti-J-c-k-an-Xn-
kµ¿i\w BgvN-bn-semcp Znh-k- Ifpw sXmgn- e p- d ∏p ]≤- X nbpw
- - sa-¶nepw D≠m-hp-Itbm thWw. XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°-Ww.
4. an°-hmdpw 60 hb v Ign-™-h¿ 25 F¥m- b mepw 100 Znh- k - ß ƒ
iX-am-\w- t]sc¶nep-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xp- sXmgn¬ sImSp- ° p- ∂ Xv Zmcn{Zy
sIm≠v sXmgn¬ hn`-P\w/coXn-bn¬ \n¿am¿P-\Ø - nt\m sXmgn-en-√m-ba v t°m
hyXym-ka - p-≠m-IW - w. ÿmbn-bmb ]cn-lm-c-a-√. sXmgn¬
5. Imem-hÿ- b - °v \- p-kc- n®v ]Wn-bpsS sNøp-∂p, ^≠v sNe-hm-Ip∂p F∂-
coXn {Iao-I-cn-°-Ww. DZm: ag Ign- sXm-gn-®m¬, ]Wn ho≠pw AZr-iy-am-
™-bp-Ss\ Nmev Iodp-I, tdmUv Wv. AXp-sIm≠v IrXy-amb kpÿnc
icn-bm-°pI F∂nh sNøp-Ibpw hnI-k-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ sXmgn-ep-
- p∂ (aÆv \\™n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Iƒ°v `qhp-S-a-ÿX \¬In-, DXv]m-Z\
]Wn kpK-aa - m-bn-cn-°pw.) h\-hX - vI- {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ \S-Øn-s°m≠p am{Xta
c-Ww, Ipfw, InW¿ hrØn-bm-°¬ ÿmbn-bmb am‰w ImWm≥ Ign-bp-I-
- pw. F∂nh th\¬°m-eØpw hbv°- bp≈q.

STATEMENT ABOUT OWNERSHIP AND OTHER
PARTICULARS OF THE SASTHRAGATHI MONTHLY (MALAYALAM)
Form IV
1. Place of Publication : Kozhikode
2. Periodicity of Publication : Monthly
3. Printer’s Name : V.G. Gopinathan
Nationality : Indian
Address : Parishad Bhavan, Kozhikode - 673002
4. Publisher’s Name : V.G. Gopinathan
5. Editor’s Name : R.V.G. Menon
Nationality : Indian
Address : Parishad Bhavan, Kozhikode-673002
6. Name & Address of individuals : Kerala Sasthrasahithya
who own the Newspaper or Parishad,
share holders holding more Kozhikode - 673002
than 1% of the total capital
I, V.G. Gopinathan hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to the
best of my knowledge and belief.
Kozhikode Sd/-
23/03/2008 V.G. Gopinathan
am¿®v 2008
 I]-S-imkv{Xw
tcmKn-I-fpsS kpc£ Dt±-in-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Huj-[-\n-b-{¥W \nb-a-ßfpw
AXv Dd-∏n-°m-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw \ΩpsS cmPyØv \ne-hn-ep-≠v.
`mc-X-Øn\p kzmX{¥yw In´p-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ ChnsS {UKv B‚ v
tImkva-‰nIvkv BIvSv \nb-am-h-en-Iƒ cq]-s∏-´p-I-gn-™n-cp∂p.
C∂v C¥y-bn¬ GXp cmkuj-[hpw, Xt±-io-b-am-bmepw Cd-°p-aXn
sNbvX-Xm-bm-epw, \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ ]men®v {UKvkv I¨t{Sm-f-dpsS
A\p-aXn kºm-Znt® s]mXp-hn-]-W\w \S-Øm-\m-hq. D]-tbm-K-Øn¬
KpW-\n-e-hmcw Ipd-™p-I-≠m¬ acp-∂ns‚ hn]-W-\mw-Ko-Imcw
d±m-°m\pw hyh-ÿ-bp-≠v.

am{¥nI acp-∂p-Ifpw
Bt£-]m¿l ]c-ky-ßfpw
tUm. at\mPv tImaØv
] cn-jvIrX kaq-lØ - n¬ as‰m-cmsf
]d™p ]‰n-°p-∂Xv A]-a-cym-Z-bm-Wv.
AXn-eqsS kzIm-cy-t\-´a - p-≠m-°m-\p≈
{iaw Ip‰- I - c - h pw. NnIn- ’ - b p- a mbn
_‘-s∏-´X - mWv CØcw X´n-∏p-Is - f-¶n-
eXv IqSp-X¬ Kuc-h-ap-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p.
ImcWw a\p-jy-Po-h≥ sIm≠p
]¥m-Sm≥ \mam-scbpw A\p-hZ- n-®p-
Iq-Sm. am{¥nI kn≤n-bp-s≠-∂h - I- m-
i-s∏-Sp∂ acp-∂p-Ifpw NnIn-’-
Ifpw \nb-{¥n-°m\pw X’w-_‘ - a - mb
{]N-c-W-Øn\p XS-bn-Sm\pw k¿°m¿
t\cn-´n-Ss
- ]-tS-≠X- m-W.v C°m-cy-ßs - f-°p-
dn®v B¿°pw X¿°-ap-≠m-hn-√. AXp-
sIm-≠p-X-s∂, Btcm-Ky-Øn\p lm\n-
I-c-am-tb-°m-hp∂ Huj-[-hm-Wn-`sØ
\nb-{¥n-°m\pw ]c-ky-ß-ƒ \ntcm-[n-
°m-\p-ap≈ Btcm-Ky-a{- ¥n-bpsS ]pXnb
\n¿t±iw kzmKXw sNø-s∏-Spw.
A¤pX Huj-[-߃
]t£, ta¬∏-d™ C\-Øn¬s∏-
Sp∂ Huj-[-߃ GsXm-°-bm-Wv, ]c-
ky-߃ GsXm-s°-bmWv F∂-t\z-
jn®p sN√p-tºmƒ \nß-fº - c
- ∂
- n-cn-°pw.
H∏w hntbm-P\w {]I-Sn-∏n-s®∂pw hcpw.
Fs¥-∂m¬ \ap°p am[y-a-ß-fn-eqsS
kp]-cn-Nn-Xhpw D]-t`m-‡m-°t- f-sd-bp-≈-
Xp-amb an° {_m‚p-Ifpw Cubn-\Ø - n¬
s]Sp-sa∂p ImWmw. Bbp¿th-ZØ - ns‚
`mK-am-sW∂pw ]c-º-cm-KX Adn-hp-I-
fpsS Nph-Sp-]n-Sn-®p-≈-Xm-sW∂pw a‰pw
Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp h≥\nc Huj-[-
ß-fmWv ]{X-Øm-fpI-fn-eq-sS, sSen-hn-
j≥ kv{Io\n-eqsS \ΩpsS apºn¬ \nc-
imkv{X-KXn
°p-∂-Xv. hnZ-Kv[-amb ]c-ky-ß-fn-eqsS
P\-ß-fpsS hnizm-k-am¿Pn-°p-Ibpw
sshtZym-]t- Ziw IqSmsX acp-∂p-hm-ßn-
°-gn-°p-hm≥ Ahsc t{]cn-∏n-°p-I-
bpamWp \n¿am-Xm-°f - psS X{¥w. C°-
gn™ Hcp ZiIw sIm≠v A¤p-X-a-cp-
∂p-If - psS imZz-e`- q-an-bmbn tIcfw amdn-
°-gn-™n-´p-≠v.
]c-ky-ß-fnse A¤p-X-a-cp-∂p-
Iƒ hc-´p-sNmdn apX¬ FbvUvkv
hsc, B[p-\nI imkv{X-Øn\p
]cn-lmcw Is≠-Øm-\m-Im-Ø-
sX∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ Akp-J-
߃°v A¤p-X-I-chpw £n{]-hp-
amb ]cn-lmcw hmKvZm\w sNøp-
∂p. ]pcp- j - ∑ m¿°p [mXp- i ‡n
h¿≤n°m\pw cl-ky-tcm-K-߃ C√m-
Xm-°m-\p-ap-≈-h-bm-Wn-Xn¬ Hcp hn`m-
Kw. kv{Xotcm-Kß - ƒ°pw kvss{XW-]p-
jv S n- ° p- a p- ≈ h thsd. ico- c - h Æw
Iq´m\pw Ipd-bv°m-\p-ap≈ acp∂p-I-fp-
ap-≠v. C∂sØ kaq-l-Øn\p `oj-Wn-
bmb ªUv {]j¿, Ub- _ - ‰ n- k v ,
BkvXa XpS-ßn-bh - bv°v FÆ-a‰ kc-
f-Nn-In-’I - fpw acp-∂p-Ifpw ]c-ky-Øn¬
ImWmw. B¿°pw (a-Zy-]n®pw btYjvSw
`£n-®pw) Pohn-X-am-kz-Zn-°m≥ ]mI-
Øn¬ Ic-fns\ kwc-£n-°p∂ tSmWn-
°p--Ifpw Ip´n-Iƒ°pw apXn¿∂-h¿°pw
Hcp-t]mse _p≤nbpw Hm¿a-i-‡nbpw
h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\p≈ Xøm-dn-∏p-Ifpw kpe-
`w. B¿°p-th-W-sa-¶nepw Ft∏mƒth-
W-sa-¶nepw hmßn-°mw. Ah-bpsS
am{¥n-I-kn-≤n-Iƒ \pI-cmw.
Btcm- K y- c - £ bv ° p th≠ntbm
shdpw IuXpIw ap≥\n¿Øn-tbm Ch-
bn¬ Nne-sX-¶nepw hmßn ]co-£n-®p-
t\m-°m-Ø-h¿ hnc-f-am-bn-cn-°pw. AXp-
sIm-≠p-Xs∂ C{Xbpw ]d-bp-tºmƒ adp-
tNm- Z y- ß fpw Db- c pw- ˛ - a oUnb hgn
37
C{Xbpw {]Nm-chpw P\-]n-¥p-Wbpw
kn≤n® acp-∂p-Isf Fßs\ am{¥n-I-
a-cp-∂p-If
- mbn ap{Z-bS- n-°m≥ ]‰pw? Ch
I]-Ss - a∂p ]d-bm≥ F¥m-WS- n-ÿm\w?
AXn-\p≈ am\-ZWvUß-sf-¥mWv; Npa-
X-e-s∏-´-h¿ BcmWv? B[p-\n-I-Nn-In-
’m-cw-KsØ acp-∂p-Isf t{]m’m-ln-
∏n-°p-tºmƒ CØcw Xt±-iob Is≠-
Ø-ep-Isf I]-Ss - a∂p hnfn-°p-∂Xv Nne
\n¿±njvS tem_n-If - psS KqV-AP- ≠
- b
- m-
bn-°qtS?
]d-™p-hc - p-tºmƒ, am{¥nI acp-∂p-
Iƒs°- X nsc I®- s I- ´ n- b n- d - ß nb
\ΩpsS a\- n-se-hn-sStbm Ah-tbm-
Sp≈ aaX Ah-£n-]vX-s∏´p InS-°p-
∂-Xp-ImWmw!
Huj-[-\n¿am-Whpw
\nb-{¥-Whpw
C∂p tcmK-Nn-In-’m¿∞-ap≈ Huj-
[-ß-fpsS \n¿am-W-Øn-sebpw hn]-W-
\-Øn-sebpw Imcyhpw I]-Shpw th¿Xn-
cn- ® - d n- b m\pw \nb- { ¥- W - t a¿s∏- S p-
Øm\pw Fs¥ms° am¿§-ßf - p-s≠∂p
t\m°mw.
ssPh-i-co-c-Øn¬ {]`m-h-ap-≠m-
°m≥ t]m∂ `t£y-X-c-h-kvXp-°-sf-
bmWv cmku-j[w AYhm {UKv (Drug)
F∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. s]mXp-P-\-ß-fpsS
Btcm-Ky-hp-ambn t\cn´p _‘-ap-≈X
b-Xn-\m¬ F√m `c-W-Iq-S-ßfpw CXp-
ambn _‘-s∏´ \b-ßfpw \nb-aß - fpw
cq]- s ∏- S p- Ø n- b n- ´ p- ≠ v . tcmK- ] - c n- l m-
cm¿∞w ico- c - Ø n¬ sNep- Ø p∂
F¥pw \nb-a-]-c-ambn ‘{UKvkv’ hn`m-K-
Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. ]hn-{X-ambn Icp-X-s∏-
Sp∂ a\p-jy-ic - o-csØ t\cn-´p-_m-[n-°p-
sa-∂-Xp-sIm≠v {U§p-Iƒ \n¿an-°p-∂-
Xnepw {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂X - nepw hn]-W\w
\S-Øp-∂-Xn-epw- H-t´sd [m¿an-I-˛-ss\-
XnI {]iv\-߃ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p-≠v.
G‰hpw {][m\w Huj- [ - Ø n\p
^e-kn-≤n-bpt≠m (A-Xm-bXv D±n-jSv t- cm-
K-Øn-\Xp ]cn-lmcw \¬Ip-∂p-t≠m)
a\pjy D]-tbm-K-Øn\p kpc-£n-X-
amtWm (A-Xm-bXv Dt±-in-°mØ ]m¿iz-
^-e-ßtfm hnj-Im-c-I-Xztam Dt≠m)
F∂o-Im-cy-ßf - m-W.v Hmtcm ]pXnb Huj-
[-Øn\pw ]pXnb tNcp-hbv°pw Ch
c≠pw \nb-a-]-c-ambn ]cn-tim-[n®v Dd-
∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. Huj-[-\n¿am-W-
Øn¬ DØ-a-Iogvhg°-߃ (Good
manufacturing practices) ]men-°-s∏-
Sp-∂p-t≠m, KpW-\n-e-hmcw hniz-k-\o-
b-amtWm F∂n-ßs - \-bp≈ LS-Iß - fpw
]cn-tim-[n-°W - w. kaq-lØ - nse Huj-
38
\ΩpsS \m´n-ep-ap-≠v.
hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°-s∏-Sp∂ {U§p-
IfpsS ^e-kn≤n (efficacy) kpc-£n-
XXzw (safety) F∂nh hne-bn-cp-Øm≥
^m¿a-t°m-fPn F∂ ]Iz-am-sbmcp
imkv{X-im-J-X-s∂-bp-≠v. Fen-Iƒ
sXm´v sNdp-Po-hn-I-fnepw arK-ß-fnepw
XpS¿∂v a\p-jy-cnepw \S-Ø-s∏-Sp∂
Nn´-bm-bp≈ ]co-£-W-߃ hgn-bmWv
]pXnb acp-∂p-I-fpsS Huj-[-Kp-Whpw
kpc-£n-Xa - m-{X-Ifpw (safe doses) \n›-
bn-°p-∂X - v. Huj[ ]co-£W - ß
- ƒ \S-
Øp-tºmƒ th≠{X kpXm-cy-Xbpw
am\p-jnI aqey-ßfpw ]cn-]m-en-°s - ∏
- Sp-
∂n-s√-∂Xv \mw ]e-t∏mgpw tI´n-´p≈
]cm-Xn-bm-W.v \mtem At©m Zi-Iß - ƒ
apºp- \ - S ∂ Nne kw`- h - ß - f mImw
CØcw Hcp [mcW hf-cm≥ Imc-Ww.
C∂v arK-ß-fnepw tcmKn-I-fnepw {U§p-
Iƒ ]co-£n-°p-∂Xv ‘FØnIvkv IΩn-
[-Øns‚ hn]W\w Nqj-W-c-ln-X-am-
sW∂pw Dd- ∏ m- ° - W w. acp- ∂ p- I ƒ
\¬Im≥ ]cn-io-e\w kn≤n® cPn-
tÿUv saUn- ° ¬ {]mIv S o- j -
W¿am¿t° tcmKn-Iƒ°mbn acp-∂p-Ip-
dn-°m-\-h-Im-i-ap-≈q. CXn\p \n›nX
am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßfpw (t{]m-t´m-t°mƒ)
\ne-hn-ep-≠v. tUmIvSd - psS Ipdn-∏Sn ]cn-
tim-[n®v acp-∂p-I-fpsS am{X--Ifpw k¶-
- m-
e-\-hpw-i-cn-X-s∂-sb-∂p-d-∏p-h-cp-Øm-
\mWv Huj-[-hn¬]-\-tI-{µ-ß-fn¬
AwKo-IrX ^m¿a-kn-Ãp-Isf \ntbm-Kn-
®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. tcmKn-bpsS kpc-£n-X-Xz-
Øn-eq-∂n-s°m-≠p≈ Cu Imcy-ß-
sfms° \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øm-\p≈ hn]p-
‰n’-I-fpsS ta¬t\m-´-Øn¬ ap≥Iq¿
e-amb kwhn-[m-\-߃ F√m cmPy-
A\p-hm-Z-tØmsS kpXm-cy-ambn thW-
ßfnep-ap-≠v.
sa∂v \nb-a-ap-≠v. A¥¿tZ-iob Xe-
sshZy-imkv{X-Øn¬ (saUn°¬ Øn¬ AwKo-Ic - n-°s- ∏´ am¿§-tc-JI - fpw
kb≥kv) a\p-jy-i-co-c-Øns‚ {]h¿- ]n¥p-St- c-≠X - p-≠v.
Ø\sØ°p- d n®v X∑m- { Xm- X - e - Ø n-
Huj[w tcmKn-I-fn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°m-
temfw sN√p∂ Adnhv C∂p-≠v. Hmtcm
\p≈ A\p-hmZw e`n-®p-I-gn-™m¬
tcmK-Øns‚bpw aqe-Im-cWw Is≠Øn
hymhkm-bnI Xe-Øn-ep≈ \n¿am-W-
]cn-lmcw Bcm-bm≥ imkv{X-K-th-j-
amWv ASp-Ø] - S- n. ChnsS Xo¿®-bmbpw
I¿°p km[n- ° p- ∂ p. CXp- { ]- I mcw
kwcw-`I - s‚ _nkn-\ v Xm¬]-cy-߃
\n›n-X-tcm-K-Øn\v X∑m-{Xm-X-e-Øn¬
IS-∂p-hc - pw. Huj[ \n¿am-W˛- h - n-]W- \
{]h¿Øn®v tcmK-im¥n ssIh-cp-Øp∂
cwK-ß-fnse X´n∏pw Nqj-Whpw Hgn-
{U§p-Iƒ cq]-Ie - v]\ sNbvsX-Sp-°p∂
hm-°m-\p-t±-in-®p-sIm-≠p≈ ‘{UKvkv
coXn-bmWv C∂p-≈-Xv. ico-c-Ønse
I¨t{Smƒ’ kwhn[m\w C∂p an°
ssPh-cm-k-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ _mly-
cmPy-ß-fnepw \S-∏m-bn-°-gn-™p.
amb X∑m-{X-Iƒ sNep-Øp∂ kzm[o-
tcmKn-If - psS kpc£ Dt±-in-®p-sIm-
\-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈- A-Xn-hn]peamb hnh-
≠p≈ Huj-[-\n-b-{¥W \nb-a-ßfpw
c-ti-Jcw (Data Base) h®p-sIm-≠m-Wn-
AXv Dd-∏n-°m-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw
Xn\p km[n-°p-∂-Xv. B[p-\nI Huj-
\ΩpsS cmPyØv \ne-hn-ep-≠v. `mc-X-
[-cq-]I
- e
- ]
v \
- m-cw-KØp hym]r-Xc - mb \nc-
Øn\p kzmX{¥yw In´p-∂-Xn\p apºp-
h[n Kth-j-I-kw-L-߃ (k¿°m¿
Xs∂ ChnsS {UKv B‚ v tImkva-
Xe- Ø nepw kzIm- c y- X - e - Ø n- e pw)
am¿®v 2008
‰nIvkv BIvSv \nb-am-h-en-Iƒ cq]-s∏-
´p-Ig
- n-™n-cp∂p. C∂v C¥y-bn¬ GXp
cmkuj-[hpw, Xt±-io-b-am-bmepw Cd-
°p-aXn sNbvXX - m-bm-epw, \nb-ah
- y-hÿ
- -
Iƒ ]men®v {UKvkv I¨t{Sm-f-dpsS
A\p-aXn kºm-Znt® s]mXp-hn-]-W\w
\S-Øm-\m-hq. D]-tbm-K-Øn¬ KpW-\n-
e-hmcw Ipd-™p-I-≠m¬ acp-∂ns‚
hn]-W\ - mw-Ko-Imcw d±m-°m\pw hyh-ÿ-
bp-≠.v AXp-t]mse tUmIvS¿am¿°mbn
NnIn-’-bv°m-bp≈ t{]mt´m-t°mfpw
a‰pw \n¿t±-in-°m\pw ¢n\n-°¬ {Sb-ep-
Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw hnhn[ D∂-Xm-
[n-Imc kan-Xn-Ifpw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
am{¥nI acp-∂p-Iƒ
IS-∂p-h-cp-tºmƒ
\ne-hn-ep≈ NnIn-’m-⁄m-\Ø - n-\p-
]-cn-bmb ^e-kn≤n Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂,
AtX-k-a-bw, AXn-\p-t]mZv_-e-I-amb
hkvXp-\n-jT v sX-fn-hp-Iƒ lmP-cm-°mØ
Huj-[ß - f - mWp am{¥n-Ia - c
- p-∂p-If
- psS
(Magic Remedies) C\-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂X - .v
kpc-£n-XXzw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-sXbpw
Huj-[-\n-b-a-߃ ]men-°m-sX-bp-am-
Wnh {]N-cn-∏n-°-p-∂-Xv. {][m-\-ambpw
]c-º-cm-KX Adn-hp-I-fn¬ \n∂p-cp-Øn-
cn™ cl-ky-t^m¿ap-eI - ƒ F∂ coXn-
bn-emWo acp-∂p-Iƒ P\-߃°p ap∂n-
se-Øp-I. P\-ß-fpsS IÆn¬ s]mSn-
bn- S m\pw \nb- a - Ø ns‚ IÆp- s h- ´ n-
°m\pw CØcw Ffp-∏-h-gn-Iƒ \n¿am-
Xm-°ƒ Is≠-Øpw. H∏w hnP-b-Øn-
\p≈ km£y-]-{X-ßfpw Ah-Im-i-hm-
Z-ßfpw btYjvSw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw
sNøpw.
am{¥n-I-tcm-K-im¥n hmKvZm\w sNøp∂ sXfn-hn-
√mØ acp-∂p-Isf \nb-{¥n-°m\pw sX‰n-≤m-c-Wm-P-
\- I - a mb NnIn- ’ m- ] - c - k y- ß ƒ \¬In P\- ß sf
NqjWw sNøp-∂-Xn\p ISn-™m-Wn-Sm≥ th≠n-bp-
ap≈-XmWv 1954 se Cu BIvSv. ^e-kn-≤nsb∏‰n tcJ-
I-sfm-∂p-an-√mØ {]mtZ-inI Huj-[-߃, H‰-aq-en-
Iƒ XpSßn am{¥nI Ge-kp-Iƒ hsc CXns‚ ]cn-
[n-bn¬h-cpw. IqSmsX 54 Xcw tcmK-ßsf _Z¬
am¿§-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®p NnIn-’n-®p-am-‰m-sa-∂-h-Im-i-ap-
∂-bn-°p-∂Xpw hne-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
Cu am{¥n-Iu-j-[-߃ bYm¿∞-
Øn¬ KpWw sNøptam Ah- b psS
]m¿iz-^-e-sa-¥mhpw XpS-ßnb Imcy-
߃ Ahy-‡a - m-Wv. Ioi ho¿∏n-°m≥
I®-sI-´n-bn-d-ßn-b-h¿ D]-t`m-‡m-°-
tfmSv Ah¿ tcmKn-If - m-sW-¶n¬t∏mepw
klm-\p-`qXn Im´p-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°m≥
imkv{X-KXn
hø-t√m. P\-ß-fpsS BtcmKyw ]¥m-
Sp∂ Cu lo\-{]-h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ \nb-{¥n-
°m≥ am¿§-ß-fn-t√-sb∂v CØ-cp-W-
Øn¬ \nß-fp-ds° tNmZn-t®-°mw. CXn-
\p≈ adp-a-cp∂v Aº-Øn-c≠p h¿jw
apºp-Xs∂ \nb-a-cq-t]W \ne-hn¬
h∂n- ´ p- s ≠∂XmWp hmkv X hw.
AXmWv ‘am{¥nI acp-∂˛-v B - t- £-]m¿l
]cky BIv S v ’ (Magic Remedies-
Objectionable Advertisement Act).
am{¥n- I - t cm- K - i m¥n hmKv Z m\w
sNøp∂ sXfn-hn-√mØ acp-∂p-Isf
\nb-{¥n-°m\pw sX‰n-≤m-cW - m-P\
- I - a
- mb
NnIn-’m-]-c-ky-߃ \¬In P\-ßsf
NqjWw sNøp-∂X - n\p ISn-™m-Wn-Sm≥
th≠n- b pap- ≈ - X mWv 1954 se Cu
BIvS.v ^e-kn-≤nsb∏‰n tcJ-Is - fm-∂p-
an-√mØ {]mtZ-inI Huj-[-߃, H‰-aq-
en-Iƒ XpSßn am{¥nI Ge-kp-Iƒ
hsc CXns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬h-cpw. IqSmsX
54 Xcw tcmK-ßsf _Z¬ am¿§-ß-fp-
]-tbm-Kn®p NnIn-’n-®p-am-‰m-sa-∂-h-Im-
i-ap-∂-bn-°p-∂Xpw hne-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS ssewKn-I-tijn h¿≤-
\-hn\pw kv{Xo-tcmK-߃-°pap≈ NnIn-
’-Isf {]tXyIw ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p.
lrZ-bw, Icƒ, Xe-t®m-dv, K¿`-]m{Xw
F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ tcmK-߃
enÃn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. IqSmsX Iym≥k¿,
{]ta-lw, A]-kvam-cw, am\-kn-Im-kzm-
ÿy-߃, Xf¿hm-Xw, £bw, IpjvTw,
Syqa¿, ssSt^m-bvUv, A∏‚n-ssk-‰n-kv,
hrj-W-ho-°w, Aƒk¿, sh≈-∏m-≠v,
ssewKn-It- cm-Kß
- ƒ Ch-bpsS NnIn-’m-
]-c-ky-ßfpw BIvSns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬
hcpw. ]\n-sbbpw Hgn-hm-°n-bn-´n-√.
BIvSn¬ ]cm-a¿in® Akp-J-߃°v
am{¥n-IN- n-In’ sNøm-sa∂v s]mXp-k-
a£w Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw ]ckyw
\¬Ip-∂Xpw Ip‰-I-c-am-Wv. ]ckyw
A®-Sn-®-hcpw acp∂p kq£n-®-hcpw
in£m¿lcpsS Iq´-Øn¬s∏-Spw.
\nb-a-ß-fnse ]gp-Xp-Iƒ
C{Xbpw tI´m¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw \nß-
f-º-c-°p-sa-∂p- Xo¿®. \ntXy\ ]{X-
am- k n- I - I - f nepw sSen- h n- j - \ nepw
Xeßpw hneßpw {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂
NnIn-’m-˛H - u-j[ ]c-ky-߃ GXm≠p
apgp-h\pw BIvSns‚ ]cn-[n-bn-¬s∏-Sp-
∂p. \ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a-ßsf sIm™-
\wIpØn Hcp kaq-lsØ apgp-h≥ \·-
ambn NqjWw sNøp∂ I]-S- Hu-j[
\n¿am-W-sØbpw hn]-W-\-sØbpw
Xncn-®d- n-bmt\m Nq≠n-°m´mt\m C{X-Im-
e-am-bn´pw Chn-sS-bmcpw apt∂m´p h∂n-
s√t∂m? IuXp-II - c
- s
- a-∂X
- n-ep-]cn Zb-
\o-ba - mb Cu Ah-ÿbv°p Imc-Ws - a-
¥mWv?
H∂m- a - X mbn s]mXp- P - \ - ß ƒ°v
cmku-j[ - ß - f - psS kmt¶-Xn-Itam \nb-
a-]-c-tam Bb hi-ßsf°pdn®v H´pw
[mc-W-bn√m F∂p ]d-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p-
∂p. Hcp \n¿Ωm-Xmhv ]pXnb acp-∂p-
ambn ]c-ky-Øn-\n-d-ßp-tºmƒ AXp
39
kXy-amtWm I]-S-amtWm F∂p hne-
bn-cp-Øm-\-h¿°p km[n-°p-∂n-√. Ah-
Im-ih - mZw \nb-am-\p-kr-Xa
- m-tWm-sb∂v
Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw ]‰p-∂n-√.
Huj-[-ß-tfm-Sp≈ ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS
hnt[-bX - z-amWv as‰mcp Imc-Ww. Btcm-
Ky- c - £ - s b- ∂ m¬ Bip- ] {Xn NnIn-
’bpw acp-∂p-`-£n-°-ep-amWv F∂
[mcW ChnsS cqV- a q- e - a m- W v .
tUmIv S ¿am- c psS Ipdn- ∏ Sn IqSmsX
hmßm≥ In´p∂ GXp acp∂pw NqS-∏w-
t]mse ChnsS sNe-hm-Ip∂p F∂-
XmWp hmkv X - h w. Ch- c n¬ Iptd-
t∏¿s°-¶n-epw, CX-c-Im-c-W-ß-fm¬,
tcmK-im¥n ssIh-t∂-°mw. ]t£ AXv
Ct∏mƒ {]N-cn-∏n-°-s∏-
Sp∂ FÆ-a‰ am{¥n-Iu-
j-[-߃ apgp-h\pw
Bbp¿thZ-⁄m\
Øns‚ ad-]-‰n-bmWp
]pd-Øn-d-ßp-∂-sX∂p
{i≤n-°p-I. ]c-º-cm-K-X
Bbp¿thZ acp-∂p-Iƒ
hn]-W\w sNøm-sa∂
B\p-Iqeyw AXn-hn-Z-
Kv[-ambn apX-se-Sp-°-s∏-
Sp-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS. ]c-º-
cm-KX {KŸ-ß-fn¬ ]d-
bmØ ]pØ≥ tNcp-h-
Iƒ ^m¿at°m-f-Pn-
°¬ sXfn-hp-I-sfm-∂p-
an-√msX hn‰-gn-°-s∏-Sp-
tºmƒ \nb-a-Øn-\Xp
tNmZyw sNøm-\m-hmØ
Ahÿ hcp-∂p.
I]-Sa- c
- p-∂ns‚ ^e-ambn sIm´n-KvtLm-
jn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p.
amPnIv sda-Uokv BIvSv \S-∏m-°m≥
Npa-X-e-s∏-´-h¿°p Xs∂ I]-S-a-cp∂p
]c-ky-߃ apgp-h≥ AXXv kabw
NnI™p Is≠-Øm-\p≈ tamWn-´d - nMv
kwhn-[m-\-ß-fn-√. an° acp-∂p-Ifpw
Npcp-ßnb ka-bw-sIm≠v h≥]-ck - y-ß-
fn-eqsS DS-\Sn hn‰-gn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bmWp
sNøp-∂X - .v A[n-Ir-Xc
- psS {i≤-bn¬s∏-
Sp-tºm-tg°v H∂p-In¬ acp-∂n\v h≥P-
\-{]oXn kn≤n-®n-cn-°pw, As√-¶n¬
\n¿amXmhv em`hpw sIm≠p apßn-°-
40
sNøm-\m-hmØ Ahÿ hcp-∂p.
CØcw Imc-Wß - ƒ HØp-tN¿∂-
t∏mƒ, tIcfw \nc-£-c-cpsS {]tZ-i-
sa∂p \mw Icp-Xp∂ _olm-dn-t\-°mƒ
henb I]-Sa - c- p∂p hn]-W\-tI-{µ-ambn
amdn. I]-S-a-cp-∂p-Iƒ°v bYm¿∞ acp-
∂p-I-sf-°mƒ {]Nmcw kn≤n® sh≈-
cn-°m-∏´- W
- a - m-bn-cn-°p∂p tIc-fw. {_“n
_p≤n h¿≤n-∏n-°p-sa∂pw \mbv°p-cp-
W-∏-cn∏pw apkvenbpw ssewKn-I-tijn
Iq´p- s a∂pw D∂- X - _ n- c p- Z - [ m- c n-
Iƒt]mepw hniz-kn-°p-∂p. ]mc-ºcy
coXn NnIn’ ZpjvIc - s- a∂v Bbp¿thZw
hn[n-®n-´p≈ BkvXabpw {]ta-l-hp-
sams° ‘Cuknbmbn’ am‰p∂ \nc-h[n
am{¥n- I - a - c p- ∂ p- I ƒ S¨ IW- ° n\v
gn-™n-cn-°pw. {]ikvXnt\Snb acp-∂p- ChnsS sNehm-Ip∂p. FbvUvkn\pw
I-fpsS \n¿am-Xm-°ƒ \nb-aØ - ns‚ ]gp- Ij- ≠ n°pw acp∂p ‘I≠p]n- S n®v ’
Xp-Iƒ apX-se-SpØv \S-]-Sn-Isf \nb-a- temIØn\p amXr-Ib - mb {]tZ-ia
- mWo
]-c-ambn t\cn´ Ncn-{X-hpap-≠v. sIm®p-tI-cf - w.
\nb-a-Øn¬Øs∂ AXn-hn-im-e- \ntcm-[-\-Øns‚ hn[n
amb ]gp-Xp-Iƒ \¬I-s∏-´n-´p-s≠-∂Xp I]-S-˛-am-{¥nI acp-∂p-Iƒ DSse-
thsdmcp sshcp-[yw. \ΩpsS \m´n¬ Sp°m\pw {]N-cn-°m\pw t{]c-I-amb
]mc-ºc - y-˛k
- a - m-¥c NnIn-’I - fpw _‘- kml-Ncyw tIc-f-Øn-ep-s≠-∂n-cnt°
s∏´ Huj-[-ßfpw AwKo-Ir-X-am-Wv. Ch-bpsS ]ckyw \nb-{¥n-°m-\p≈
{UKvkv I¨t{Smƒ BIvSnse N´-h-´- k¿°m-cns‚ \o°-Øns‚ KXn-sb-¥m-
߃ CXn-\mbn btYjvSw Ab-hp-h-cp- Ip-sa∂p {]tXy-In®p ]d-tb-≠-Xn-√.
Øn-bn-´p-s≠-∂p-≈X - n-\m¬ I]-Sa - c
- p-∂p- P\-߃ apgp-h≥ I]-S-a-cp-∂p-Iƒs°-
Iƒ°p kpK-a-amb ]mX Xpd-∂p-In-´p- Xn-cm-bm¬t∏mepw amPnIv sda-Uokv
∂p. Ct∏mƒ {]N-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ FÆ- BIvSns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \nb-a-]-c-
a‰ am{¥n- I u- j - [ - ß ƒ apgp- h \pw ambn am{Xw \S-]-Sn-I-sf-Sp-°m≥ ]cn-an-
‘Bbp¿thZ-⁄m\’ Øns‚ ad-]-‰n- Xn-If
- p-≠v.
bmWp ]pd-Øn-dß - p-∂s - X∂p {i≤n-°p- BIv S v ewLn- ® mepw e`n- ° p∂
I. ]c-º-cm-K-X Bbp¿thZ acp-∂p-Iƒ in£ shdpw Bdp-amkw XShpw ]ng-
hn]-W\w sNøm-sa∂ B\p-Iqeyw bp-am-Wv. Hc-Sn-]n-Sn-t°-kns‚ Kuchw.
AXn-hn-ZK - [v a
- mbn apX-se-Sp-°s - ∏-Sp-Ib - m- Hcp hiØv, aXn-bmb ]c-ky-ß-tfmsS
Wn-hn-sS. ]c-ºc - m-KX {KŸ-ßf - n¬ ]d- {]ta-l-a-cpt∂m BkvXa acpt∂m Cd-
bmØ ]pØ≥ tNcp-hI - ƒ ^m¿at°m- °n-bm¬ tImSn-I-fmWp em`w. CØ-
f-Pn-°¬ sXfn-hp-Is - fm-∂p-an-√msX hn‰- cØn¬ in£m- \ - S - ] - S n- I ƒ t\cn´
gn-°s- ∏-Sp-tºmƒ \nb-aØ - n-\Xp tNmZyw ]ecpw \nb-a-Øns‚ ]gp-Xn-eqsS hnZ-
Kv[-ambn c£-s∏-´n´p-ap-≠v. \nc-h[n
XhW tImSXn Ib-dnb tIc-f-Øns‚
kz¥w Fbv U v k v acp∂v Ct∏mgpw
btYjvSw hn‰p-h-cp-∂p.
]c-ky-\n-tcm-[\w F¥p-am{Xw hne-
t∏m-Ip-sa∂p I≠p-Xs∂ Adn-b-Ww.
Ct∏mƒ amPnIv sda-Uokv BIvSn¬
A®Sn ]c-ky-ßsf am{Xta Dƒs∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-´p-≈q. sSen-hn-j≥ C‚¿s\‰v ]c-
ky-ßsf Fßs\ ssIImcyw sNøp-
sa-∂Xv tNmZy-Nn-”a - mbn Ah-ti-jn-°p-
∂p. DNn-Xhpw i‡-hp-amb \nb-a\ - n¿am-
W-Øns‚ ]n≥_-e-tØmsS am{Xta
Chn-SsØ am{¥n-I-a-cp-∂p-Iƒ°p ISn-
™m- W n- S m≥ ]pd- s ∏- S mhq F∂p
Npcp°w.

am¿®v 2008
 ]cn-kcw
t`m∏m¬
ad-°m-dm-bn-´n-√
t`m∏m¬ Zpc¥w H‰-s∏´ Hcp kw`-h-a-√.
temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ ]Xps°
]Xps° \ni-_vZ-amb t`m∏m-ep-Iƒ
Bh¿Øn-°p-I-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂
""t`m∏m¬ Bh¿Øn-bv°-cpXv'' F∂
Zpc-¥-_m-[n-X-cpsS Blzm\w
hnj-hm-X-I-ß-fpsS km{am-PyXz
hym]-\-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-bp≈ sh√p-hn-fn-bm-Wv.
kXn-\mYv kmcwKn
1984 Unkw-_¿ 2. A¿≤-cm-{Xn. a[y-
{]-tZ-ins‚ Xe-ÿm-\a - mb t`m∏m¬ \K-
c-Ønse bqWn-b≥ Im¿ss_Up ^mIvS-
dn-bn¬ \n∂pw 40 SÆn-e[ - nIw aossY¬
sFtkm-k-b-t\-‰v, ssl{U-P≥ kb-
ss\Uv XpS-ßnb amc-I-amb hmX-I-
߃ ]pd-tØ°v han-®p. ^mIvSd - n-bpsS
sX°p `mK- Ø mbn Xma- k n- ® n- c p∂
A©p e£- Ø n- e - [ nIw P\- ß ƒ
kv{XoIfpw Ip´n-Ifpw ]pcp-j-∑m-cp-
sa√mw Dd-ßn-°n-S°th I´nIqSnb hnj-
ta-L-߃ Ahsc hebw sNbvXp.
kao] {]tZ- i sØ GtXm apfIv
tKmUu-Wn\v Xo]n-Sn-®X- m-hm-sa∂v [cn®v
Ah¿ Npa®pw izmkw ap´nbpw Fgp-
t∂-‰p. HmSn c£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬
Ah¿ ho≠pw ho≠pw hnj-hm-XI - ß- ƒ
izkn-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Zpc¥w
\S∂v aq∂p Znh-k-Øn-\p≈n¬ Xs∂
imkv{X-KXn
8000-Øn-e[ - nIw Bfp-Iƒ acn-®p-Ig- n-™n-
cp-∂p. ]gb t`m∏m-ense 5 e£-Øn-e-
[nIw P\-ß-fn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw hnj-hm-
X-Iß - ƒ c‡-Øn¬ Ie¿∂v an° Ah-
b-h-߃°pw \miw kw`-hn®v tcmKn-I-
fmbn Xo¿∂p. temI-Ønse G‰hpw
`oI-c-amb hymh-km-bnI Zpc-¥-Øns‚
XpS°w Cß- s \- b m- b n- c p- ∂ p. AXv
C∂pw XpS-cp-Ib - m-Wv.
Zpc-¥-Øn-\p-tijw CXp-hsc 15000-
tØmfw Bƒ°m¿ acn- ® p- I - g n- ™ p.
Gsd- \ m- f sØ bmX- \ - b v ° p- t ijw
Ct∏mgpw acn- ® p- s Im- ≠ n- c n- ° p- ∂ p.
Ct∏mƒ 23 h¿j-Øn-\p-tijw Hcp
e£-tØmfw t]¿ izmk-XS-   - w, ÿnc-
amb Npa, sNdnb {]mb-Øn-ep≈ Xnan-
cw, B¿Ø-hh - p-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]iv\-
߃, ico-c`- m-Kß - ƒ°v kwth-Z\ - £
- a- X
\jv S - s ∏- S ¬, £oWw, BImw- £ ,
hnjmZw XpSßn Ht´sd Zo¿L-Ime
tcmK-߃ Im¿ss_Uv hnj-hm-XI - ß
- ƒ
izkn-®-Xp-aqew A\p-`-hn-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-
cn-°p-∂p. Zpc-¥-_m-[n-X-cn¬ £bw,
Im≥k¿, XpS-ßnb tcmK-߃ Akm-
[m-cW- amw-hn[w A[n-Ia - m-Wv. \h-PmX
inip-°f - nse AwK-ssh-Ie - y-ßfpw IqSp-
X-em-Wv.
Zpc¥ _m[n- X - c n¬ Ah- t i- j n-
bv°p∂hcn¬ 70%Øne-[nIw t]cpw
ITn-\m-[zm-\-Øn-eqsS Pohn-X-hrØn
Is≠-Øn-bh - c
- m-bn-cp-∂p. dn£ hen®pw
aÆpNp-a-∂pw, NpaSv FSpØpw F√mw
Pohn- ® p- h ∂ Ah¿°v ]n∂o- s Sm- c n-
bv°epw Aßs\ A≤zm-\n-bv°m-\m-bn-
´n-√. hnjhm-XIw izkn-t°-≠n-h∂
^mIvSdn sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ C∂pw tcmK-
߃ ImcWw amk-Øn¬ 15 Znh-k-
tØmfw tPmen sNøm-\m-hmsX IjvS-
s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. k¿°m¿ ]p\-c-[n-hmk
]≤-Xn-Iƒ ]q¿Æ-ambpw A]-cym-]vX-
amb kml-Nc - y-Øn¬ Bbn-c° - W
- °- n\v
Zpc-¥-_m-[n-X¿ ]´n-Wn-bn-em-Wv.
t`m∏m¬ Zpc¥w H‰-s∏´ Hcp kw`-
h-a√
- . temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ßf - n¬
]Xps° ]Xps° \ni-_vZ-amb t`m∏m-
ep-Iƒ Bh¿Øn-°p-Ib - m-W.v AXp-sIm-
≠p-Xs∂ ""t`m∏m¬ Bh¿Øn-b° v c- pXv''
F∂ Zpc-¥-_m-[n-X-cpsS Blzm\w
hnj-hm-X-I-ß-fpsS km{am-PyXz hym]-
41
 Irjn
\-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-bp≈ sh√p-hn-fn-bm-Wv.
t`m∏m¬ Zpc-¥Ø - n¬ \n∂pw c£-s∏-´-
h¿ \ΩpsS cmPyØv Uu sIan-°e - ns‚

IUT
(Dow Chemical) hym]\w XS-bm\pw
Ah-tcmSv \jvS] - c
- n-lmcw hmßm-\p-ap≈
Xocp-am-\s- a-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-Ib- m-Wv. tIm¿∏-
td‰v {Ian- \ - e p- I - f mb bqWn- b ≥
Im¿ss_Upw Uu sIan- ° epw
C\nbpw XpS¿∂m¬, Ah¿ in£n-bv°-
s∏-Sm-Xn-cp-∂m¬ AXv cmPysØ km[m-
cW P\-ßf - psS Poh\pw Btcm-Kyhpw
sIm≠v em`-ap-≠m-°p-hm≥ t{]m’m-
l\w \¬Ip-I-bm-hp-sa∂v Ah¿ Icp-
kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw
RRII-105
t¢mWpw
d∫¿ Irjn-bpsS
c£bv°v
F¬. X¶Ω

d∫¿ dnk¿®v C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v C¥y-bnse ssat°m-f-PnÃv Bbn-

Xp∂p. bqWn- b ≥ Im¿ss_- U n- \ pw
sX‰p-sNbvX DtZym-K-ÿ¿°pw ]c-am-
h[n in£ \¬I-Ws - a∂pw Ah¿ Bh-
iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Ch- c psS t]mcm- ´ sØ klm- b n-
°m≥ \n߃°v B{K-la - p-s≠-¶n¬ Zb-
hmbn Xmsg ]d-bp∂ sh_vssk‰v
kµ¿in-°p-Itbm As√-¶n¬ Cu hnem-
k-Øn¬ Fgp-Xp-Itbm sNøp-I.

hnemkw
Rachana Dhingra, International campaign
for justice in Bhopal, 44 Sant Kanwar,
Ram Nagar, Berasia Road, Bhopal-462018
Website: www.bhopal.net,
www.studentsforbhopal.org.
cp∂ teJnI Xs‚ Zo¿L-Im-esØ A\p-`-h-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-
Øn¬ kzbw Gs‰-SpØp \S-Ønb Kth-j-W-Øn-eqsS t_m[y-s∏´
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ c≠p Imcy-߃ d∫¿ Irjn-bp-sSbpw d∫¿ Irjn-
°m-cp-sSbpw klm-b-Øn-\mbn DS≥ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øm≥ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
FSp-°-W-sa-∂m-h-iy-s∏´v d∫¿ t_m¿Uns\ kao-]n-®p.
1. ]´-a-c-∏n\p ]cn-lm-c-am-hp-Ibpw DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-Xbv°p hgn-h-bv°p-
Ibpw sNøp∂ ]pØ≥ Sm∏nMv kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bmb IUT d∫¿
I¿j-I¿°v thK-Øn¬ ]I¿∂p \¬Ip-I.
2. RRII - 414, RR II - 430 F∂o t¢mWp-Iƒ DS-\Sn \ntcm-[n-°p-I-
bpw- \n-e-hn-encn°p∂ RRII-105 t¢m¨ XpS¿∂p]tbm-Kn-°m≥
th≠ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-I.
F∂m¬ d∫¿ t_m¿Un¬ \n∂pw A\p-Iq-e-amb {]Xn-I-cWw
e`n-°m-Ø-Xp-aqew {ioa-Xn. X¶Ω Cu Bh-iy-߃ \S-∏n-em°n
In´p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-ambn Hcp s]mXp-Xm-Xv]cy l¿Pn-bn-eqsS tIc-f-
ssl-t°m-S-Xn-sb kao-]n-°pIbp≠m-bn. 2007 Unkw-_¿12-˛mw XobXn
_lp. sslt°mSXn ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® hn[n-\ym-b-Øn-eqsS l¿Pn-°m-
cn-bpsS Bh-iy-߃ ]cn-K-Wn®v bp‡-amb Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\mbn
d∫¿ dnk¿®v C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v C¥y-bpsS Ub-d-IvS¿°p \n¿t±iw
\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. IUT
RRII-

42 am¿®v 2008
F¥mWv IUT?
IUT F∂m¬ Inclined Upward Tap-
ping ˛ Ncn™ ]m\-en¬ taevt]m-´p-
sh-´¬ Sm∏n-sß-∂m¬ Ncn™ ]m\-
en¬ taevt]m´p am{Xta BIm-hq.
Fs¥-∂m¬ ]mens‚ Hgp°pZni -
ap-I-fn¬ \n∂p Xmtgbv°p am{XamWv.
AXn\p Aß-s\tb Ign-bq. kky-ß-
fpsS B¥-cn-I-L-S-\m-im-kv{X-Øns‚
_me- ] mTw Adn- b m- h p∂ GsXm-
cmƒ°pw Adn-bmw, kky-ß-fpsS ]´-
bv°p-≈nse Pholem Iebp-sS [¿Ωw
Ce- b n¬ {]Im- i - k w- t «- j Ww hgn
\n¿Ωn® A∂-PsØ Xmtgbv°p hln-
imkv{X-KXn
°pI F∂-Xm-sW-∂v. X∑qew Phloem
Øn\p≈n- e mbn hn\y- k n- ® n- c n- ° p∂
]m¬°p-g-ep-Iƒ°p-≈nse ]mens‚
Hgp-°p-Zn-ibpw Xmtgbv°p am{Xta Bbn-
cn-°q. A∂Pw BWv ]mep-Xv]m-Z\
\m-bp-≈ Akw-kvIrX hkvXp. AXp
XS- -ta-Xp-an-√msX XpS¿®-bmbn apI-
fn¬ \n∂p Xmtgbv°p \oßns°m≠ncp-
∂m¬ am{Xta ]mep-Xv]m-Z\w th≠-
hÆw \S-°q. ]mense d∫¿ Awiw
Db¿∂-\n-e-bn¬ XpS-cq. ]t£ \ne-hn-
ep≈ coXn- b n¬ ˛DVT˛ IpØs\
Xpd∂ ]m\- e n¬ apI- f n¬ \n∂p
Xmtgbv°p sh´n Cd-ßp∂ coXn-bn¬
sh´p-tºmƒ BZysØ sht´msS Xs∂
apI-fnse Akw-kvIr-Xh - kvXp t{kmX-
 p-am-bp≈ _‘w Xo¿Øpw apdn-™p-
t]m-Ip-∂p. ]n∂oSp Sm∏n-ßp-If - n¬ e`n-
°p∂ ]m¬ Xmsg-bp≈ `mKØv e`y-
- Ø
- n- amb Akw-kvIrX hkvXp D]-tbm-Kn-
®p≈ DXv]m-Z\ - Ø
- n¬ \n∂p e`n-°p-∂-
Xp-am-{X-am-W.v AXm-bXv sh´n-\p-ap-If
- n¬
hn`-hw-]m-gm-°¬, ASn-`m-KØv Aan-X-
Nq-jWw. Cu AanXNqj-Wa - mWv ]´-a-
c-∏n\p hgn-h-bv°p-∂-Xv. CXmWv \ne-
hn-ep≈ Sm∏nMv coXn-bmb DVT XpSßn-
b-Imew apX¬ A\p-h¿Øn-®p-t]m∂
`oam-_‘ - a - mb Sm∏nMv k{º-Zm-bw-. 1890-
˛91 ¬ HN dnUven F∂ bqtdm-]y≥
imkv{X-⁄≥ ]msem-gp-In-bn-d-ßm-
\ne-hn-ep≈ coXn-bn¬
˛DVT˛ IpØs\ Xpd∂
]m\-en¬ apI-fn¬ \n∂p
Xmtgbv°p sh´n Cd-
ßp∂ coXn-bn¬ sh´p-
tºmƒ BZysØ
sht´msS Xs∂ apI-fnse
Akw-kvIr-X-hkvXp
t{kmX- p-am-bp≈
_‘w Xo¿Øpw
apdn-™p-t]m-Ip-∂p.
]n∂oSp Sm∏n-ßp-I-fn¬
e`n-°p∂ ]m¬ Xmsg-
bp≈ `mKØv e`y-amb
Akw-kvIrX hkvXp
D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ DXv]m-Z-\-
Øn¬ \n∂p e`n-°p-∂-Xp-
am-{X-am-Wv.
\p≈ kuIcyw am{Xw IW-°n-se-Sp-Øv
]´-bpsS B¥-cn-IL - S- \
- tbm ]msem-gp-
°ns‚ Znitbm IW-°n-se-Sp-°msX
hnI-kn-∏n-s®-SpØ k{º-Zmbw BWn-X.v
Aßs\ XnI®pw sX‰mb Cu k{º-
Zmbw A\p-h¿Øn-°pI hgn ]mep-Xv]m-
Z-\-Øn¬ h≥\jvSw hcp-∂-Xp-Iq-SmsX
Db¿∂ Af-hn¬ ac-߃ ]´-a-c®p
DXv]m-Z\
- £
- a- a
- √
- mXm-Ip-Ibpw AXp-hgn
I¿j-I\p h≥]n® \jvSØ - n-\n-Sb
- m-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp-t]m-∂p. ]´-a-c-∏p-hgn 10
apX¬ 40-˛50 iX-am\w hsc ac-ßf - mWv
DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-a-√m-sX-bmbn amdp-∂Xv
F∂p IW- ° m- ° p- t ºmƒ CXp- h gn
D≠m-Ip∂ h≥\jvSw Duln-°m-hp-∂-
tX-bp-≈q.
d∫¿Sm- ∏ nMv hnj- b - Ø nse Cu
Aim-k{v Xo-bX IW-°n-se-SpØ,v d∫¿
ac- ß ƒ Xmsg XpSßn taev t ]m´p
43
 ]´nI
RRII-105 -w ]pXnb c≠n-\-ßfpw XΩn¬ Xmc-X-ay-]-T\w
RRII-105 RRII-414 RRII-430
amXr]n-Xr-t¢m-Wp-Iƒ Tjir 1xGIz RRII-105xRRIC 100 RRII-105xRRIC100
DXv]mZ-\£- a - X 2210.-In. {Kmw. hnhcw e`y-a√ hnhcw e`y-a√
tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[t- ijn Db¿∂Xv {]Xn-tcm-[t- ijn {]Xn-tcm-[t- ijn
kvt{]bnMv Ct√-bn√ Ct√-bn√
Bh-iy-an√ kvt{] sNbvXmepw tcmKw kvt{] sNbvXmepw tcmKm-{I-aWw
ITn-\a- mbn _m[n°pw Kpcp-Xcw

am{Xta Sm∏p sNømhq F∂pw, ]m¬°p-
g- e p- I - f psS Ncn- h p- I - W - ° n- s e- S pØv
AXn\p kam-¥-c-ambn Xpd∂ Ncn™
]m\-enem-bn-cn-°Ww Sm∏nMv F∂pw
AXm-bXv IUT coXn-bn¬- Bbn-cn-°-W-
sa∂pw AXp-hgn Db¿∂ DXv]m-Z-\-£-
a-Xbv°p hgn-Xp-d-°p-sa∂pw H∏w ]´-a-
c-∏n\p ]cn-lmcw Is≠-Øm-sa∂pw
ImWn®v Hcp Kth-jW t{]mPIvSv Xøm-
dm-°s - ∏-´p. 1987 ¬ ka¿∏n® t{]mPIvSv
IS-º-I-tf-sd-°-S∂v 93 te \S-∏m-°m≥
Ign-™p-≈q. 96 ¬ aq∂p-h¿jw-sIm≠v
350 acw hoX-ap≈ c≠p tªm°p-I-fn-¬
Xmc-Xa - y-]T
- \w \S-Øn. AXn-ib - I
- c- s
- a-
t∂mWw hn`m-h-\-sN-bvX-Xp-t]m-se-
Xs∂ 45 iX-am\w DXv]m-Z\ - h- ¿≤-\bpw
]´-ac - ∏- n\v aq∂n-sem-∂mbn Ipdhpw e`n-
®p. ]msem-gpIn \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂Xv ]pXp-
Xmbn cq]-I-ev]\ sNbvXp hnI-kn-∏n-
s®-SpØ AXoh eLp-hmb Hcp d∫¿
D]I-cWw hgn ]q¿Æ-ambpw ^e-{]-Z-
ambn \nb-{¥n-°m-\m-bn.
Cu k{º-Zm-b-Øn\v DXv]m-Z-\-£-
aXm h¿≤- \ - h n\pw ]´- a - c - ∏ p- { ]- X - n -
tcm[Øn\pw ]pdsa \nc-h[n t\´-߃
IqSn-bp-≠v. Ah Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂p.
1. BZm-bI - c
- a
- mb DXv]m-Z\ - I- mew Cc-
´n-bmbn h¿≤n-°p-∂p. AXm-bXv
samØw 50 h¿jw.
2. Hcp CS-°me doπm‚nMv Hgn-hm-Ip-
∂p. A°m- e sØ ssPh- h - f - \ n-
t£]w km[y-am-Ip-∂p.
3. Hcp h¿jw t\ctØ ac-߃ Sm∏n-
ßn-s\-Øp-∂p.
4. Sm∏nMv sXmgn- e m- f n°p thX- \ ,
sXmgn-e-h-k-c-h¿≤\ Db¿∂-tXm-
Xn¬ D≠m-Ip-∂p.
5. ]´-a-c-∏p-Ip-d-hp-aqew Sm∏nMv CS-th-
f-Ip-d®v aq∂n-semcp Znh-k-Øn-\p-]-
Icw H∂n-cmSw B°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
Aßs\ LFT, CUT F∂o Sm∏nMv
coXn-Iƒ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ Ign-
bp∂p.
6. AXp-hgn Sm∏n-MvZn-\ß - ƒ IqSp-∂X
44
aqew ag-°m-e-Sm-∏nMv Hgn-hm-°m-\m-
Ip-∂p.
7. AXp-aqew sdbn≥Km¿Unßpw ag-
°m-e] - m\¬ tcmK-ßfpw Ahbvs°-
Xn-sc-bp≈ Ipanƒ \min-\n-{]-tbm-
Khpw Hgn-hm-°m-\m-Ip-∂p.
8. G‰hpw {][m-\-ambn ssPh-hn-L-S-
\-Øn\p hg-ßmsX Zo¿L-Imew
\ne-\n¬°p∂ ˛POP˛ Bb Hm¿K-
t\m-t¢m-dn≥ tImw]u≠pw X∑qew
AXoh hn\m-i-Im-cn-bmb cmk-D-
tØ-PI - h
- k
- vXp-hpamb Ft{X-ens‚
D]-tbmKw Xo¿Øpw Hgn-hm-°m-\m-
Ip-∂p.
9. ac-Øns‚ Bbpkv 25 h¿j-Øn¬
\n∂v 50 h¿jw BIp-∂X - p-aqew XSn-
e-`yX Cc-´n-I-≠p-h¿≤n-°p-∂p.
RRII 414, RRII 430 F∂o
A¥t¢mWpI-fn¬ \n∂v RRII 105
F∂ A\p-{K-loX t¢mWns\ c£n-
°p-I.
- p-
1954 ¬ Ir{Xna ]cm-KWw hgn _oP-
k-¶-e\w \SØn hnI-kn-∏n® RRII 105
F∂ C\w 1980 ¬ \So-en-\m-bn i - p-]m¿i-
sN- ø - s ∏- ´ p. Im¬\q- ‰ m≠psIm≠v
samØw hnkvXr-Xnbn¬ 85 iX-am-\Ø - n-
tesd hcp∂ tXm´-ß-fn¬ Cubn\w
{]N-cn-®p. Xnf-°-am¿∂ Ccp≠ ]®-\n-
d-Øn-ep≈ Ce-®n-en-\p-Sa - b
- mb Cubn\w
\ΩpsS d∫¿ tXm´-߃°msI Ccp≠
]®-∏-´p-ta-em-∏-Wn-bn®p. d∫¿tXm-´-hy-
h-km-bØ - n\p Xs∂ Xnf°w h¿≤n-®p.
GXm≠p Xmb-Ø-Sn-tbm-sSm∏w Xs∂
hÆ-ap≈ inJ-cß - ƒ tN¿∂v Y BIrXn-
bn-ep≈ hr£-߃ IqSp-X¬ ]´-b-hn-
kvXr-Xnbpw X∑qew IqSp-X¬ Pholem
tissue hpw ]m¬°p-g¬ kap-®-bhpw
D≈-hb - m-W.v Du¿÷-kz-eX Gdnb Cu
C\w Cu Imc-Wß - ƒ sIm≠pXs∂
AXyp-Xv]m-Z-\-ti-jnbv°v DS-a-bmWv.
C¥y d∫¿ Irjn-bn¬ DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-
Xm-hn-j-bØn¬ 1879 Intem-{Km-tamsS
H∂mw ÿm\- s Ø- Ø m≥ Htc Hcp
ImcWw RRII-105 BWv. H∏w kz¥w
DXv]m-Z\ - £- a- X 2210 Intem{Kmw FØn-
bv°m\pw 105 \p Ign-™n-cn-°p-∂p. IUT
coXn-bn¬ Sm∏nßp \S-Øn-bt- ∏mƒ 3763
Intem-{Km--amWv slIvS¿{]Xn e`n®
DXv]m-Z\ - w. ]´-ac- ∏
- p-{]-Xn-tcm[w km[y-
am-Ip-∂-Xp-aqew {ItaW IUT aqeap≈
DXv]m-Z-\-h¿≤-\hv 100 iX-am-\-Øn-
tesd AXm-bXv 4500 Intem{Kmw BIp-
sa-∂X - n¬ kwi-bt- a-Xp-an√ Xs∂. XpS-
ßn- b - I mew apX¬ \ne- h n¬ h∂
hm¿jnI acp-∂p-X-fn. AIm-enI Ce-
s]m-gn-®n-se∂ Ipanƒ tcmK-_m-[b - vs°-
Xn-sc-˛105 C\-Øns‚ Akm-[m-cW - a- mb
{]Xn-tcm-[i - ‡n hy‡-am-bn. RRII-105
F∂ t¢mWns‚ Akm-[m-cW - a- mb Cu
ÿnXn-hn-tijw A\p-`-h-Øn¬ \n∂p
a\- n-em-°nb d∫¿ I¿j-I¿ kzbw
Cu kky-kw-c-£W \S-]-Sn°p hnS-]-
d-™p. 80 IfpsS a[y-tØmsS d∫¿
ac-߃°p kvt{]bnMv Xo¿Øpw Ah-
km-\n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Aßs\ d∫¿
Irjn-sb-kw-_‘ - n-®n-St- Ømfw G‰hpw
am¿®v 2008
sNe- t h- d nb Im¿jn- I - h r- Ø n- b mb ØnI klmbw kzoI-cn®p Ign-™n-S- c∏p {]Xntcm[w hgn ho≠pw
kv t {]bnMv Ah- k m- \ n∏n- ° pI hgn tØmfw tem¨ ZmXm-°f - psS XmXv]cyw Db¿∂ BZm-bh - ¿≤-\.
Irjn-s®-eh - n¬ hºn® Ipd-hp-≠m-bXp kwc-£n-t°≠ _m[y-X-bn¬ \n∂v 3. sXmgn-emfnbv°p sXmgn-e-h-k-c,
IqSmsX A\m-h-iy-amb ]cn-k-c-a-en-\o- t_m¿Un\p c£-s∏-Sm-\m-hn-√. D]-tbm- thX-\h - ¿≤\
I-cWw Hgn-hm-°m-\m-bn. Aßs\ A\- Kn-t°-≠p∂ \So¬ hkvXp, Ipanƒ\m- 4. Sm∏nMv CS-thf Ipd-bv°¬, ag-°m-
\y-km-[m-cW - a - mw-hn[w Db¿∂ DXv]m-Z- in-\n, cmk-D-tØ-PI hkvXp Ah-bn- e- S m- ∏ nMv Hgn- h m- ° ¬, sdbn≥
\-£-a-Xbpw H∏w Xs∂ Db¿∂ tcmK- sem-s°-Øs∂ tem¨ ZmXm-hns‚ Km¿UnMv Hgn-hm-°¬ ag-°me tcmK-
{]- X n- t cm- [ - t i- j nbpw Htc Hcp Xocp-am-\hpw \n¿t±-ih
- p-amIpw \S-∏n-em- ßfpw Ipanƒ\m-in\n {]tbm-Khpw
hnØn\Øn¬ ktΩ- f n- ° pI F∂ hp-I. Hgn-hm-°¬.
Akm[-c-W {]Xn-`m-k-Øn\v DS-a-bmb {]mb-amb d∫¿a-c-Øn\v Xo¿Øpw 5. BZm-b-I-c-amb DXv]m-Z\ Imew 50
105 F∂ Cubn\w kI-eI - m¿jnI hnf- A\m-h-iy-amb cmk-hf D]-tbmKw h¿jw Bbn h¿≤n-°¬. Hcp CS-
I-fnepw h®v Hc-¤pX C\w Xs∂bmWv A\n-hm-cy-am-Ipw. °me doπm‚nMv Hgn-hm-°¬
F∂Xv A\n-tj-[y-amb hkvXp-Xb - m-W.v
]pXnb IUT kmt¶Xn-I-hnZy 6. R.R.II - 105 s\ kwc-£n-°¬ hgn
Aß-s\-bp≈ C\-Øns‚ A¥-I- hmKvZm\w sNøp∂ t\´-߃ kvt{]bnMv Fs∂-t∂-°p-ambn hnS-
\mbn Ct∏mƒ IpSw-Xp-d∂ - p-hn-´n-cn-°p∂ ]-db- ¬
c≠n-\-ßfmWv RRII-414 Dw RRI 430, 1. ]´-ac
- ∏
- p-{]-Xn-tcm[w
2. 45 iX-am\w BZm-b-h¿≤-\. ]´-a- 7. CUT, LFT Hgn-hm-°¬ hgn amc-I^ - -
Dw. Ahbv°p c≠n\pw slIvS¿{]Xn
e-߃ Df-hm-°p∂ Ft{X¬ D]-
DXv]m-Z\w F{X-sb-∂-Xn\v CtX-
tbmKw Hgn-hm-°¬.
hsc tcJ-I-fn-√. tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[-
tijn Xo¿Øp-an-s√-∂-Xn\v d∫¿ 8. samØ-Øn¬ bmsXm-cp-]W - s - ®-
t_m¿Uns‚ Xs∂ AwKo-IrX tcJ- e-hp-an-√msX Xs∂ I¿j-I, sXmgn-
bp- ≠ p- X m- \ pw. AXm- b Xv kv t {] em- f n, ]cn- ÿ n- X n, kulr- Z w
sNbvXn´pw IqSn-bt- Xm-Xn¬ tcmKm-{I- ]pe¿Øp∂ ssPh- I r- j n- b mbn
a-WØ - n\p hnt[-ba - m-sb-∂p-km-cw. d∫¿ Irjnsb am‰p-I.
Zo¿L-Im-em-Sn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ Cu cmPy- Ø ns‚ ]c- a m- [ n- I mcw
c≠n-\ß - ƒ 105 s\ Aev]m-e] v a- mbn ]q¿Æ-ambn \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m≠v
D∑q-e\w sNbvXv \m´n-emsI {]N- B¿°pw IS-s∏-SmsX Xs∂.
cn-∏n®v Xnf-°-am¿∂ Ccp≠p ]®® Aim- k v { Xo- b - a mb, \ne- h n-
taem-∏n\p ]Icw a™-fn® ]®- ep≈ DVT kmt¶Xn-I-hn-Zybpw
taem∏p sIm≠p-aq-Sp-tºmƒ, {]Xn- _‘-s∏´ CUT,LFT coXn-Ifpw
tcm- [ - t ijn Db¿∂- t cm- K m- X p- c - krjvSn-°p∂ sISp-Xn-Iƒ.
Xbv ° p hgn- a m- d p- t ºmƒ 60 Ifn- 1. Db¿∂ Af-hn¬ ]´-a-c∏v
sebpw 70 Ifn- s ebpw t]mse 2. s]mXp-hn-ep-≈Xpw ]´-ac - ∏
- p-aq-e-
\ΩpsS d∫¿ taJ- e - b msI hpap≈ BZmb \jvSw
Ipanƒ\m-in\n ag-s]-øn-®p-sIm≠v 3. samØw Sm∏nMv sXmgn-em-fn-I-
slen-tIm-]v‰-dp-Iƒ aqfn-∏-d-°pw. fn¬ aq∂n-sem∂p`mK-Øn\pw sXmgn-
\ne-Øp-\n∂v ssat{Im¨ kvt{]b- e- h - k - c - \ jv S w. ]´- a - c - ∏ p- a q- e hpw
dp-Iƒ Ipanƒ\m-in\n ^u≠-\p-Iƒ \jvSw.
hln®p \nc- ¥ cw k©- c n- ° pw. 4. DXv]m-Z-\-Imew 25 h¿j-Øn¬
slIv S ¿{]Xn A\m- h - i y- a mb Ipd-hp-am{Xw
Ipanƒ\m-in-\n-{]-tbmKw hgn ]Xn- A\-\y-km-[m-c-W-amw-hn[w 5. Ft{X¬ DtØ-P-I-h-kvXp-{]-
\m-bn-cß - ƒ sNe-hmIpw. I¿j-I\v Db¿∂ DXv]m-Z-\-£-a- tbmKw aqe-ap≈ Btcm-Ky-ae - n-\o-I-
hcp-am-\-\-jvSw, ]cn-k-c-a-en-\o-I- Xbpw H∏w Xs∂ Db¿∂ c-W{- ]-i\ v ß- ƒ: Kpcp-Xc - a- mb Btcm-
cWw Ch A\m-h-iy-ambn krjvSn- Ky-{]-iv\w.
°-s∏-Spw. ]´nI ImWp-I.
tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[-ti-jnbpw 6. RRII-105 \p ]Icw A¥-I-t¢m-
CXn- s ‚- s b√mw ]n∂n¬
Htc Hcp hnØn\Øn¬ Wp-Isf {]N-cn-∏n-°pI hgn, \n∂p-
{]h¿Øn-°p∂ t{]c-Ii - ‡n `c-W- ktΩ-fn-°pI F∂ t]mb acp-∂p-Xf - n-sb-]p-\c - p-÷o-hn-∏n-
L-S\ A\p-im-kn-°p-∂-Xp-{]-Im-c- Akm[-c-W {]Xn-`m-k- °¬.
ap≈ I¿j-I-cp-sS, sXmgn-em-fn-I- Øn\v DS-a-bmb 105 F∂ AXp-hgn I¿j-I\ - p-\jvSw. ]cn-
fpsS d∫¿tXm-´-hy-h-km-b-Øns‚ Cubn\w kI-e-Im¿jnI k-c-a-en-\o-I-cWw. Cu A\m-h-iy-
\mSns‚ samØ-Øn-ep≈ XmXv]c - y- hnf-I-fnepw h®v Hc-¤pX amb Im¿jn-Ih - r-Øn-Iƒ hgn t\Sm-
kw-c-£-W-a-t√-b√ F∂p hy‡w. hp∂ Db¿∂ DXv]m-Z\ - h- ¿≤-\tbm
]Icw thƒUv _m¶n-s‚, _lp-cm-
C\w Xs∂bmWv F∂Xv shdpw 28-˛30 iX-am\w am{Xhpw!
jv{S-Ip-ØI - ° - º - \
- n-If- psS XmXv]cy
A\n-tj-[y-amb bYm¿∞ KpW-t`m-‡m-°tfm
kwc- £ - W - a mWv F∂p- ≈ Xpw hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. temI-_m¶pw _lp-cm-jv{S-Ip-Ø-I-
hy‡w. thƒUv _m-¶ns‚ kmº- °-º-\n-I-fpw.

imkv{X-KXn 45
 BtcmKyw

tcmK\n¿ÆbtaJe
\mY\n√m°fcn
Sn. _meIrjvW≥ s\√\mSv
et_m- d ´dn ]cn- t im- [ - \ m- ^ - e ߃
]e Imcy-Ønepw cmPy-Øn\p amXr-I-bmb AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. tcmKn-°pw,
\ΩpsS kwÿm\w Ip‰-a‰ \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-eqsS NnIn-’n-°p∂ tUmIvS¿°pw icnbpw
AJn-te¥ym Xe-Øn¬ amXr-I-bm-°m-hp∂ IrXy-hp-amb ]cn-tim-[\m-^e߃
]mcm-sa-Un-°¬ Iu¨kn¬ cq]o-I-cn-°-Ww. e`y- a m- ° pI F∂ I¿Ø- h y- a mWv
P\-ß-fpsS Poh-\n¬ AXoh {i≤-bp≈ et_m-d´- d- n-Iƒ°p-≈Xv. tcmKm-hÿ - b - p-
ambpw tUmIvSd - psS {]mY-an-I]
- c- n-tim-
Hcp Kh¨sa‚n\v am{Xta CXv sNøm-\m-hq. [-\m-\n-Ka\ßfpambpw HØp-t]m-Ip∂
dnkƒ´v e`n- ° p- I bpw thWw.
tcmK\n¿Æb kwhn-[m\w ]c-kv]c
C cp]Xmw\q‰m≠ns‚ Ahkm\
ZiIØn¬ imkv{Xkmt¶XnI cwK-
IqSpX¬ kmt¶XnI-hnZym-tI{µoIrX-
amIpIbpw ]cntim[\m^eßfpsS
DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-Xhpw
k¿°m¿ kwhn-[m\ßfpsStbm DØ-
Øp- ≠ mb IpXn®pNm´w t\cn´p IrXyX GdpIbpw sNbv X p. tcmK- c-hm-Zs
- ∏´ s{]m^-jW - ¬ GP≥kn-bp-
{]Xn^en® H∂mWv tcmK\n¿Æb- \n¿Æbw sSIvt\m-fP - n-tI-{µo-Ir-Xa
- m-b- sStbm I¿i\ \nb- { ¥- W - Ø nepw
taJe. hnhckmt¶XnI hnZybnepw tXmsS tcmK-Nn-In-’b - psS Ahn-`m-Py- Bh¿Øn- ® p≈ \nco- £ - W - Ø nepw
ssPh kmt¶XnIhnZybnepap≠mb L-SI
- a
- mbn et_m-d´- d- n-Iƒ amdp-Ibpw hne-bn-cp-Ø-enepw hnt[-b-am-bn-cn-t°-
hnπhw ]pXnb b{¥- k whn[m\- ß - Hc¿∞- Ø n¬ NnIn’ sNe- t h- d p- ≠- X p- a m- W v . P\ßfpsS Btcm- K y-
fpsS Is≠ØepIfntebv ° pw Ibpw sNbvXp. Ønepw t£a-Ønepw Xm¬∏-cy-ap≈
]pXnb ]cntim[\mcoXnIfntebv°pw tcmK- \ n¿Æ- b - Ø n\pw NnIn- ’ - k¿°m-cn-\v Cu DØ-c-hm-ZnØØn¬
\bn®p. et_md´dn ]cntim[\Iƒ bv°pw tcmK-]q¿∆-\n-co-£-W-Øn\pw \n∂v Hgn-™p-am-dm-\m-hn-√.
46 am¿®v 2008
 BtcmKy Ah-t_m-[Ø - ns‚ Imcy-
Ønepw Btcm-Ky-kq-Nn-II-fpsS Imcy-
Ønepw hnI-knX cmPy߃s°m∏w
\n¬°p∂ tIc- f - Ø ns‚ Ahÿ
CØ-cp-WØ - n¬ ]cn-tim-[n-®p-t\m-°mw.
1. tIc- f - Ø n¬ F{X ¢n\n- ° ¬
et_m--d- ´ - d n- I ƒ {]- h ¿Øn- ° p∂p
F∂-Xn\v Btcm-Ky-Ip-Spw-_t- £-ah
Ip-∏ns‚ ssI-bn¬ bmsXmcp tcJ-
bp-an-√.
2. imkv{X-km-t¶-Xn-I-ta-J-e-bp-ambpw
Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bp-am-bpw At`-Zy-_-
‘- a p≈ Ub- t ·m- Ã nIv sk‚- d p-
Iƒ°v {]h¿Øn-°m≥ Xt±-ik - z-bw-
`- c - W - ÿ m- ] \ßfn¬ \n∂p≈
tjm∏v sse- k ≥kv am{Xw aXn.
kzIm-cy--kw-cw`߃ IqWp-t]mse
apf-®p-s]m-¥m≥ D≠mb kml-Nc - y-
an-Xm-Wv. k¿°m-cns‚ A\p-aX - ntbm
\nb-{¥-Wtam C√m-sX-Xs∂ Imip-
≈- B¿°pw et_m-d´- dn XpSßmw.
3. Hcp tjm∏v sse-k≥kv h®v \nc-
h[n {_m©p- I ƒ {]h¿Øn- ° p-
∂p≠v.
4. kzIm-cy-et- _m-d´- d - n-Iƒ Gsd Xg®p
hf-cp-∂Xv s]mXp Btcm-Ky-ÿm-
imkv{X-KXn
Im‰-Kdn
A[ym-]-I¿ (s{]m-^., Atkm.s{]m^.,
Akn. s{]m^., eIvN-d¿)
tImgvkp-Iƒ
(BsI ko‰v)
- -
et_m-d´- dn ]cn-tim-[\
- I
- ƒ (F-Æw)
et_m-d´- dn sSIv\o-jy≥
]\ßfpsS kao-]{- ]-tZißfnem-W.v
ssIbpw IW-°p-an-√msX {]h¿Øn-
°p∂ kzIm-cy-ÿm-]\߃ D∂w
hbv°p-∂Xv k¿°m¿ Bip-]-{Xn-
bnse tcmKn-Is - f-bm-Wv.
5. et_m-d´- dn ]cn-tim-[\ - I- f- psS KpW-
\n-e-hm-c-an-√m-bva-bpw ]cn-tim-[-\m-
^eßfpsS hyXymkßfpw Kpcp-X-
c-amb {]iv\a - m-Wv. ÿm]\-ßf
X\-Xmb {]tXy-IX - I - ƒ-sIm≠pw D]-
tbm-Kn-°p∂ cmk-]-Zm-¿-∞ß-fpsS
hyXymk- ß ƒ sIm≠pw Gsd-
°psd hyXym-k-ß-ƒ D≠m-hm-sa-
¶nepw `oa-amb hyXym-k-߃ ]e-
t∏mgpw hcm-dp-≠v.
6. kzImcy et_m-d-´-dn-I-
fnse ]cn-tim-[\ - I- ƒ \SØp-
∂-Xn¬ _lp-`q-cn-`mKw t]cpw
bmsXm- c p- h n[ kmt¶- X nI
]cn-io-e-\hpw t\Sn-b-h-c-√.
hnZym- ` ym- k - t bm- K y- X tbm
AwKo-Ir-X-]-cn-io-e-\tam e`n-
®-h¿ hnc-f-am-Wv. et_m-d-´-dn-
bn¬ {]h¿Øn- ® p≈ ]cn-
Nbw am{X-amWv ]e¿°p-ap-
≈Xv (F- k v . - F - k v . - F ¬.- k n.
tXm‰-h¿°p-t]mepw tImgvkv
\S- Ø p∂ ÿm]- \ ߃
km£-ct- I-cf - Ø- n-ep-≠v!
7. et_m-d´- dn sSÃp-Iƒ°v
CuSm-°p∂ ^okn\v GIo-
IrX kz`m-h-an-√. bYm¿∞
sNe- h ns‚ A©n- c - ´ n- b n- e -
[nIw ^okv CuSm-°p-∂p-≠v.
8. {]m-Y-an-Im-tcmKy-tI{µ-
ßfn¬ km[m-cW et_m-d-
´dn ]cn- t im- [ - \ - I ƒ°p- f f
et_m-d-´n-Iƒ C√. kn.-F-®v.-
kn. Ifn¬ H´p- a n- ° - X nepw
\mj-W¬ kv°oap-Iƒ°p-th-
≠n-bp≈ ]cn-tim-[\ - I
- ƒ \S-
tØ- ≠ n- h - c p- ∂ - X n- \ m¬ a‰v
]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ°p≈ kuI-
cyw e`n-°m-dn-√.
h¿jw h¿≤\
1976˛77 2001-˛02 (iX-am-\w)
324 624 93
458 854 86
2,40,774 8,39,264 249
50 62 24
9. k¿°m¿ taJ-eb - n¬ kmt¶-Xn-Ih - n-
Zym-`ymkw t\Snb et_m-d´- dn sSIv-
\o-jy-∑m-cm-Wp-≈s - X-¶nepw tkh\w
A]-cym-]vXa - m-Wv.
10. ]cn-tim-[\ - m-^e߃ icn-bm-tWm
F∂-dn-bm-\p≈ KpW-\n-e-hm-c-\n-b-
{¥-W-kw-hn-[m\߃ C√.
11.tUmIvS¿amcpw kzIm-cy-e-t_m-d-´-dn-
- psS Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ Ahnip≤_‘w
h≥Nq-j-W-Øn\pw A\m-hiy ]cn-
tim-[\ - I
- ƒ°pw tcmKn-Isf hnt[-b-
am-°p-∂p.
F¥p-sIm-≠mWv Cu Aim-
kv{Xo-bX \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv?
1. k¿°m¿ taJ-e-bnse a\p-jy-hn-
`-ht- i-jn-bp-sSbpw `uXn-Ik - m-lN- -
cy-ß-fpsSbpw Ipd-hv.
2. kmaq-ly-\n-b{- ¥-Wa- n-√mbva
3. saUn-°¬ s{]m^-j-W-ep-I-fpsS
Aan-Xa - mb IΩo-j≥ ssI∏‰¬
4. A\m-hi - y-amb em_v ]cn-tim-[\ - -
Iƒ°v \n¿_-‘n-°¬
5. kzImcy et_m- d - ´ - d n- I - f n¬
th≠{X kmt¶-XnI ]cn-⁄m\w
C√m-Ø-h¿ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.
k¿°m¿ taJ-e-bnse
A]-cym-]vXX
tIc-fØ - nse 5 saUn-°¬ tImtf-
Pp-If - n-epw ]ªnIv sl¬Øv et_m-d-
´-dn-I-fnepw doPn-b-W¬ et_m-d-´-dn-I-
fnepw, Pn√m-˛-Xm-eq°v Bip-]-{Xn-I-
fnepw IΩyq-Wn‰n sl¬Øv sk‚-dp-
I-fn-ep-amWv k¿°m¿ et_m-d-´-dn-Iƒ
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. saUn-°¬ tImtf-
Pp-Iƒ, ]ªnIv sl¬Øv et_m-d´- d - n,
doPn-b-W¬ et_m-d-´-dn, Pn√m Bip-
]-{Xn-Iƒ F∂n-hnSßfnemWv B[p-
\nI ]cn-tim-[\ - m-kw-hn-[m\߃ D≈-
Xv. kmt¶-XnI ]cn-io-e\ - hpw anIhpw
]cn-Nb - h- p-ap≈ et_m-d´- dn sSIv\o-jy-
∑m-cmWv ChnsS tPmen-sN-øp-∂-sX-
¶nepw tkh\w ]cym- ] v X - a m- s W∂v
47
]d- b m- \ m- h n- √ . B[p- \ nI D]- I -
cWßfpsS A`m-hw, cmk-hk - X
v p-°ƒ
bYm-k-abw e`n-°m-bvI, IrXy-amb
tamWn-‰d - nwKv C√m-bI v , C≥ k¿∆okv
tImgv k ns‚ A`mhw, XpSßnb
ImcWßfm¬ k¿°m¿ k¿∆o-kn¬
s]mXp- t h- b p≈ sas√- t ∏m°v Chn-
sSbpw ImWmw. tcmKn-I-fpsS FÆ-
Øn- \ m- \ p- ] m- X n- I - a mbn et_m- d - ´ dn
kwhn-[m\߃ Hcp-°m-ØXpw Poh-\-
°msc \nb-an-°m-ØXpw {][m-\{- ]-i\
am-Wv. ]©m-b-Øo-cmPv ÿm]\ß-
ƒ°v A[n- I mcw ssI- a m- d n- b - X ns‚
^e- a mbn ]n.- F - ® v . - k n. Ifn¬ ]e-
Xnepw et_m-d-´-dn-Iƒ ÿm]n-®n-´p-
s≠-¶nepw ÿncw Poh-\° - msc \nb-
an-°m-ØXp-sIm≠v ]eXpw {]h¿-Ø-
\-£-a-a-√.
tIc-f-Ønse BZy-tØXpw G‰-
hpw anI- ® - X p- a mb Xncp- h - \ - ¥ - ] pcw
saUn-°¬ tImtf-Pns\ tI{µo-I-cn-
®p≈ Hcp ]T\w {i≤n- ° mw. 1952
emWv Xncp- h - \ - ¥ - ] pcw saUn- ° ¬
tImtfPv ÿm]n-®-Xv. \ma-am-{X-amb
kuIcyßtfmsS \ne-hn¬h∂ Cu
ÿm]\w Ime-{I-taW hf¿∂p-hn-I-
kn- ® p. tcmKn- I - f psS FÆ- Ø nepw
tImgv k p- I - f psS FÆ- Ø nepw h≥
h¿≤-\b - p-≠m-bn. F¶nepw et_m-d´- dn
kwhn-[m\߃ Gsd H∂pw amdn-bn-´n-
√. et_m- d - ´ dn ]cn- t im- [ - \ - I - f psS
Imcy-Øn¬ `oaamb h¿≤-\-bp-≠m-
bn´pw sSIv\o-jy-∑m-cpsS FÆ-Øn¬
Kpcp- X - c - a mb A]- c ym- ] v X X \ne-
\n¬°p-∂p-≠v.
Btcm-Ky-hI - p-∏n\p Iogn¬ ]ªnIv
sl¬Øv et_m-d-´dn apX¬ kn.-F-
®v.k
- n. hsc et_m-d´- d - n-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-
°p- ∂ p- ≠ v . tªm°v ]©m- b - Ø n\p
Iogn-ep≈ aZ¿ ]n.-F-®v.-kn. Ifnepw
et_m- d - ´ - d n- I ƒ D≠v . kn.- F - ® v . - k n.
bnepw aZ¿ ]n.- F - ® v . - k n. Ifnepw
{]mY- a nI ]cn- t im- [ - \ - I ƒ \S- Ø m-
\p≈ kwhn-[m\ßtf \ne-hn-ep-≈q.
{Kma-]©- m-bØ - p-If - psS Iogn-ep≈ ]n.-
F-®v.-kn. Ifn¬ et_m-d-´dn sSIv\o-
jy- ∑ msc \nb- a n- ® n- ´ n- √ . \mj- W ¬
kvIoap-If - psS `mK-am-bp≈ ]cn-tim-[-
\-Iƒ kn.-F® - v.k
- n. Ifn-emWv \S-Øp-
∂-Xv. tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[-Øn\v Du∂¬
\¬Ip- ∂ - h - b mWv {]mY- a n- I m- t cm- K y-
tI{µßsf¶nepw P\߃ Ahsb
NnIn--’m-tI{µ-ßf - m-bmWv ImWp-∂X - v.
amdn-h-cp∂ tIc-fob kml-N-cy-Øn-\-
\p- k r- X - a mbn {]mY- a n- I m- t cm- K y- t k-
48
v -
h\߃ sa®- s ∏- t S- ≠ - X p- ≠ v .
NnIn’m kuI-cy-tØm-sSm∏w em{_-
´dn kuI-cy-ßfpw h¿≤n-∏n-t°-≠-
Xp≠v.
et_m-d-´dn Ãm^v, Hm-Un-‰v,
A{I-Un-t‰-j≥
dnkƒ´ns‚ IrXy-Xbpw Bh¿Ø-
\-£-a-Xbpw AXm-XnSßfn¬ {]h¿-
Øn- ° p∂ et_m- d - ´ dn Ãm^ns‚
kmt¶- X nI anI- h n- s \bpw Ign- h n-
s\bpw B{i- b n- ® m- W n- c n°p∂- X v .
imkv{Xo-b-amb ]cn-io-e-\hpw hnZym-
`ym-kt- bm-Ky-Xbpw Ds≠-¶n¬ am{Xta
et_m-d´- dn ]cn-tim-[\ - I- ƒ sNøm-\m-
hq. In´p∂ dnkƒ´p-Iƒ sImSp-°pI
F∂-X√ Hcp sSIv\o-jy≥ sNtø-≠-
Xv. dnkƒ´v tcmKm-hk - Y- b- p-ambn HØp-
t]m-Ip-∂X - mtWm F∂-dn-bW - w. AwKo-
Ir- X - a mb t\m¿a¬ td©n¬\n∂v
Gsd hyXn- b m- \ - a p≈ dnkƒ´p- I ƒ
Bh¿Øn®v e`n- ° p- ∂ p- s ≠- ¶ n¬
AXns‚ ImcWw Is≠- Ø m- \ p≈
Ign- h p- ≠ m- I - W w. Cu taJ- e - b n¬
A\p-Zn\w amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Adn-
hp-Iƒ A∏-t∏mƒ kzmb-Ø-am-°m≥
Ign- b - W w. ]pXnb D]- I - c Wßfp-
sSbpw ]cn-tim-[\ - m-co-Xn-If - psSbpw IS-
∂p-Ib - ‰w \ΩpsS kml-Ncyßfpambn
HØp-tN-cp-∂-XmtWm F∂-dn-b-Ww.
A\m-h-iy-amb sNe-hn-\n-S-bm-°p∂
sSIvt\m-fP - nbv°p ]Icw Xmc-Xt- ay\
sNe-hp-Ip-d™ - Xpw IrXy-hp-amb coXn-
I-fp-s≠-¶n¬ AXv XpS-cm-\m-hi - y-amb
a\ pw Ign-hp-ap-≠m-I-Ww. et_m-d-´-
dn-Isf sNøp∂ tPmen-bpsS coXnbpw
Kuc-h-hp-a-\p-k-cn®v t{KUv sNøp∂
coXn-bmWv ]m›m-Xy-cmPßfnep-≈X - v.
km[m-cW ]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒam{Xw \S-
Øp∂ shbv h ¿ em_p- I ƒ, Ipsd-
°qSn kmt¶-XnI ssh-ZKv[yw Bh-iy-
ap≈ Medium Complexity em_p-Iƒ
AXn-\p-ap-I-fn-ep≈ High Complexity
em_p- I ƒ F∂n- h - b m- W - h . Hmtcm
LS-IØ - nepw \SØm-hp∂ ]cn-tim-[-
\-Iƒ kw_-‘n-®p≈ enÃv \ne-hn-
ep-≠v. F^v.-Un.-F. am\-Zfi߃°-
\p-k-cn-®p≈ ]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ \S-Øm-
\p≈ Ah-Imiw Kh¨sa‚n¬\n∂v
Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ t\Sn-bn-cn-°-Ww.
tPmen-sN-øp-∂h - ¿°p-≠m-th≠ an\naw
tbmKy-Xbpw kq∏¿-ss - h-kdn XkvXn-I-
Iƒ°p≈ tbmKy-Xbpw I¿i-\-ambn
\nb- { ¥n- ® n- ´ p- ≠ v . D]- I - c Wß- f psS
KpW-\n-e-hm-cw, ÿe-ku-I-cy-߃,
]cn- t im- [ - \ m- ^ - e - ß - f psS aqey-
\n¿Æbw F∂nh \nb-aw-aqew \nb-
{¥n-®n-´p-≠v. ]pd-ta-\n-∂p≈ GP≥kn
hgnbpw et_m- d - ´ - d n- I ƒ XΩn¬X-
Ωnepw KpW-\n-e-hm-c-\n-b-{¥-W-Øn-
\p≈ kwhn- [ m- \ - ß ƒ D≠v .
sl¬Øv k¿∆o- k nse _‘- s ∏´
DtZym-K-ÿ¿°v ]cn-tim-[\ \S-Øm-
\p≈ A[n-Imcw Dd-∏m-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
saUn-°¬ et_m-d-´dn kb≥kn¬
Kh. AwKo-Ic - n-®n-´p≈ tbmKy-Xb - p-≈-
h¿°p- a m- { Xta et_m- d - ´ - d n- I - f n¬
{]h¿Øn-°m≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-≈q. Me-
dium, High Complexity et_m-d´- d - n-I-
fn¬ Hcp et_m- d - ´ dn Ub- d - I v S ¿/
I¨kƒ´‚ v D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. ¢n\n-
°¬ et_m-d´- dn kb≥kn¬ tUmIvS-
td- ‰ v , saUn- ° ¬ et_m- d - ´ dn
kb≥kn¬ _ncp- Z m- \ - ¥ - c - _ n- c p- Z w,
saUn-°¬ et_m-d-´dn kb≥kn¬
_ncp-Zhpw c≠p-h¿jsØ {]hrØn
]cn-Nb - h
- p-amWv Ub-dI - vSd
- psS tbmKy-
X.
\ΩpsS kwÿm-\Øv et_m-d´- d - n-
Iƒ F{X-bp-s≠∂v B¿°p-a-dn-bn-√.
BtcmKy-ta-Je - b - psS apgp-h≥ \nb-{¥-
W-hp-ap≈ Btcm-Ky-U-b-d-IvS-td-‰n¬
Hcp IW°pw e`y-a-√. Xt±-i-kz-bw-`-
c-W-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ cPn-ÿ sNbvXn-
´p≈ et_m-d´- d - n-If - psS FÆw Bbn-
c- Ø n- e - [ nIw hcp∂ ]©m- b - Ø p- I -
fn¬\n∂v t\cn´v tiJ-cn-°m≥ Gsd
hnj- a - h pw. cPn- Ã ¿ sNømsX
{]h¿Øn-°p∂ F{Xtbm et_m-d´- d - n-
Iƒ Dƒ{]-tZ-iß - f - n-ep-≠v. et_m-d´- d - n-
I-fn-te°v sIan-°-ep-Iƒ hnX-cWw
sNøp∂ GP≥kn- I - f psS ]°¬
k¿°m- c n- t \- ° mƒ hniz- k v X - a mb
IW°v D≠m-hmw.
t\ctØ kqNn-∏n-®-t]mse Chn-S-
am¿®v 2008
ß-fn¬ ]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ \SØp-∂-h-
cpsS tbmKyX ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Gsd
ck- I - c - a m- W v . Fkv . - F - k v . - F ¬.kn
]m m-Im-Øh - ¿ hsc tPmen sNøp∂
kzIm-cy-ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-≠v. ASp-Ø-Im-
ew- h sc Fkv . - F - k v . - F ¬.kn tXm‰-
h¿°p- h sc {]th- i \w \¬Ip∂
Nne ]mcm- s a- U n- ° ¬ hnZym- ` ymk
ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS ]ckyw Zn\-∏-{X-ß-
fn¬ ImWm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. P\-ßf - psS
Poh- \ p- a mbn Gsd _‘- s ∏´ Cu
taJ- e - b n¬ tPmen sNøp- ∂ - h ¿°v
an\naw tbmKyX t]mep- a n- s ö
ÿnXn XpS-cp-∂Xv icn-bmtWm F∂v
_‘-s∏-´-h¿ Nn¥n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
k¿°m¿ taJ-e-bn¬ sSIv\o-jy-
∑m- c psS tbmKyX {]o˛- U n{Kn
kb≥kn¬ 50% am¿t°m- s S- b p≈
\ΩpsS kwÿm-\Øv et_m-d-´-dn-Iƒ F{X-bp-
s≠∂v B¿°p-a-dn-bn-√. BtcmKy-ta-J-e-bpsS apgp-
h≥ \nb-{¥-W-hp-ap≈ Btcm-Ky-U-b-d-IvS-td-‰n¬
Hcp IW°pw e`y-a-√. Xt±-i-kz-bw-`-c-W-ÿm-]-\-
ß-fn¬ cPn-ÿ sNbvXn-´p≈ et_m-d-´-dn-I-fpsS
FÆw Bbn-c-Øn-e-[nIw hcp∂ ]©m-b-Øp-I-
fn¬\n∂v t\cn´v tiJ-cn-°m≥ Gsd hnj-a-hpw.
hnP- b - h pw- sa- U n- ° ¬ hnZym- ` ymk
Ub-d-IvS¿ \S-Øp∂ Un.-Fw.-F¬.‰n
tImgvkp-am-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse k¿∆-I-
em- i m- e - I fpw t]m≠n- t ®cn Pn]v a ¿
F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \S-Øp∂ 4 h¿j
_n.-F-kv.-kn. (Fw.-F¬.‰n) tImgvkp-
Iƒ ]m m-b-hcpw tPmen sNøp-∂p.
tImgn-t°mSv k¿∆-I-em-ime, ]n.-Pn.-
imkv{X-KXn
sF.-Fw.-B¿ NmfinK¿ F∂n-hn-Sß - -
fn¬ Fw.- F - k v . - k n. (Fw.- F ¬.‰n)
tImgvkp-I-fp-ap-≠v. k¿°m¿ tPmen
e`n-°msX ta¬]-d™ tImgvkp-Iƒ
]m m-b-h¿ ]pd-Øp-≠v. kzIm-cy-kw-
cw- ` - ß - f n¬ \ma- a m- { X- a mbn Ch¿
tPmen-sN-øp-∂p-≠v. k¿°m¿ tkh-\-
߃°v \n›-bn-®n-´p≈ Cu an\naw
tbmKy- X - b p≈ Hcm- f psSsb¶nepw
ta¬t\m-´Ø - n¬am{Xw kzIm-cy-kw-cw-`-
߃ \S-Øm-\p≈ \nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw
A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse F√m
saUn-°¬ tImtf-Pp-I-fnepw ]mcm-sa-
Un- ° ¬ ÿm]- \ - ß ƒ Bcw- ` n®v
th≠{X kmt¶-XnI tbmKy-X-bp-≈-
hsc ]cn-io-en-∏n-s®-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bW - w.
saUn-°¬ tImtf-Pp-If - psS \ho-I-
cWw kw_-‘n®v ]T\w \S-Øm≥
\nbp- ‡ - a mb tUm. CIv _ m- e ns‚
t\Xr- X z- Ø n- e p≈ kanXn tIc- f -
Ønse saUn-°¬ tImtf-Pp-I-fpsS
hnI-k\w kw_-‘n®v Kh¨sa‚n\vv
ka¿∏n® dnt∏m¿´v CØ-cp-W-Øn¬
{it≤bam-Wv. saUn-°¬ hnZym-`ym-k-
ta-J-e-bn¬ ]mcm-sa-Un-°¬ hn`m-K-
Øns‚ ]¶v kq£va-ambn hne-bn-cp-
Øm≥ IΩn‰n AwK-߃°v Ign™p
F∂- X mWv {][m- \ w. saUn- ° ¬
tImtf-Pp-I-fn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ Hgn-hp-
Iƒ \nI-Øp-I, tPmen-`m-cØ - n-\m-\p-]m-
Xn- I - a mbn ]pXnb Xkv X n- I - I ƒ
krjvSn-°p-I, ]pXnb kmt¶-Xn-Ih - n-Zym-
hn-Ik- \ - Ø- n-\\ - p-kr-Xa - mbn et_m-d´- dn
sSIv\o-jy≥am-cpsS A°m-Ua - nIv Ign-
hp-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I, 24 aWn-°q¿
{]h¿Øn- ° p∂ et_m- d - ´ - d n- I ƒ
Bcw`n-°p-I, F√m Kh. saUn-°¬
tImtf- P p- I - f nepw ]mcm- s a- U n- ° ¬
C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Bcw`n-°p-I, tI{µo-I-X-
e-t_m-d´- dn kwhn-[m\w ÿm]n-°p-I,
tamfn-°p-em¿ _tbm-fPn em_v XpS-
ßpI, ]mcm-sa-Un-°¬ cwKsØ \nb-
{¥n- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ mbn ]mcm- s a- U n- ° ¬
Iu¨kn¬ F{X-bpw-thKw Bcw-`n-
°pI XpSßn kp{]-[m\ ip]m¿i-
Iƒ ka¿∏n-®n-´p-≠v. tcmK-\n¿Æb
taJ-eb - psS Ahn-`m-Py-LS- I - s
- a∂ \ne-
bn¬ et_m-d-´dn k¿∆o-kns‚ {]m-
[m\yw C{Xbpw i‡-ambn ip]m¿i-
sNbv X GI IΩ‰n F∂ _lp- a -
Xnbpw tUm. CIv_m-ens‚ t\Xr-Xz-
Øn-ep≈ IΩn-‰n-bv°p-X-s∂.
ta¬]-d-™ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ tIc-
f-Ønse ]mcm-sa-Un-°¬ ÿm-]-\-
ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn∂pw an\naw
tbmKyX Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-t±-in-
®p- s Im≠v ]mcm- s a- U n- ° ¬
Iu¨kn¬ cq]o- I - c n- ° m- \ p≈
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \o°w kzmK-Xm¿l-am-
Wv. 1996-˛e - mWv CØc-Øn-semcp Ic-Sp-
_n¬ Xøm-dm-°n-bX - v. AXn\pw Gsd
h¿j-߃°p-apºv tUm. ss]- I-Ωo-
j≥ dnt∏m¿´n¬ ]mcm- s a- U n- ° ¬
hn`m- K - Ø ns‚ KpW- \ n- e - h m- c - \ n- b -
{¥Ww kw_- ‘ n®v \n¿t±- i - ß ƒ
ka¿∏n-®n-cp-∂p. F¥p-sImt≠m 1996-
˛se _n¬ \nb-ak - ` - b - n¬ Ah-Xc - n-∏n-
°p-Itbm \nb-aa - m-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-√.
A{]m-tbm-Kn-Ia - mb Nne \n¿t±-iß - ƒ
Hgn-®m¬ Ht´sd ]ptcm-K-a\]c-amb
\n¿t±-iß - f - mWv B _n√n¬ D≠m-bn-
cp-∂-Xv. G‰hpw {][m-\-k-hn-ti-jX
P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-
eqsS Iu¨kn¬ \ne- h n¬hcpw
F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ]mcm-sa-Un-°¬ hn`m-
K-Øn¬ ÿm]-\ß - f - psS FÆ-Øn-em-
bmepw Poh-\-°m-cpsS FÆ-Øn-em-
bmepw Gsd- b p≈ et_m- d - ´ dn
sSIv\o-jy-∑m-cpsS 4 {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ
Iu¨kn¬ `c-W-k-an-Xn-bn-¬ thW-
sa∂v \n¿t±-ia - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. et_m-d-
49
´dn sSIvt\m-fPn taJ-e-bn¬ tPmen
sNøp∂ k¿°m¿ AwKo-IrX tbmKy-
X-bp-≈-h¿°v "F ¢m v' cPn-kvt{S-
j\pw a‰p-≈-h¿°v "_n ¢m v' cPn-
kvt{S-j\pw \¬IpI F∂ \n¿t±-i-
amWv _n√n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. AwKo-
IrX hnZym- ` ym- k - t bm- K yX t\Sp∂
apdbv ° v "F ¢m v ' cPn- k v t {S- j ≥
\¬Im\pw hyhÿ sNøp- ∂ p.
Iu¨kn¬ AwK- ß sf
cPn-ÿ sNbvX-h¿ sXc-
s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw
sNb¿am≥, sshkv sNb-
¿-am≥ F∂n-hsc Iu¨-
kn¬ AwK- ß ƒ sXc-
s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøpI
F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p 1996-˛se
_n√nse hyh-ÿ.
ta¬]-d™ KpW-]-c-
amb hi- ß ƒ BsI
A´n-a-dn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Hcp
Ic- S p- _ n- √ mWv _lp.
Btcm-Ky-h-Ip-∏p-a{¥n
Ct∏mƒ \nb- a - k - ` - b n¬
Ah- X - c n- ∏ n- ° p- h m- \ mbn
Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂X - v.
Iu¨kn-ens‚ kmwK-
Xy-sØ-Øs∂ l\n-°p-∂-
XmWv Ic-Sp-_n-√nse 5˛mw
hIp- ∏ nse \n¿t±- i w.
FIvkv H^ojym AwK-ß-
sfbpw s{]m^-jW - ¬ AwK-ßs - fbpw
k¿°m¿ \ma-\n¿t±iw sNøp-a-s{X.
Hcp Xm¬°m- e nI Iu¨kn- e ns\
Kh. \ntbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw Hcp \n›nX
Ime-b-f-hn-\p-≈n¬ tbmKy-X-bp-≈-h-
cpsS cPn-ktv {S-j≥ \SØn sXc-s™-
Sp∏v \S-Øp-IbpamWv icn-bmb coXn.
hIp∏v 9 Jfiw 1˛se \n¿t±-
ihpw ]cn- t im- [ n- ° mw. {]kn- U ‚ v ,
ssh. {]kn-U‚ v F∂n-hsc k¿°m¿
AwK- ß - f n¬ \n∂v \nb- a n°pw
F∂mWv ]d- b p- ∂ - X v . 1996- ˛ se
_n√n¬ s{]m^- j - W ¬ AwK- ß -
fn¬\n∂v sXc-s™-Sp∏v F∂ hyh-
ÿ-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kq£va-amb \nco-£-
W-Øn¬ _yqtdm-{I-kn-bpsS Aan-X-
amb ssI- I - S - Ø ¬ Chn- s Sbpw
ImWmw.
k¿°m¿ taJ- e - b n¬ tPmen
sNøp-∂-h-cpsS kmt¶XnI tbmKy-
Xsb kw_-‘n®v apºv kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-
≠v. F∂m¬ kzIm-cy-kw-cw`ßfn¬
_lp- ` q- c n- ] - £ hpw bmsXm- c p- h n[
kmt¶-XnI ]cn-io-e\hpw t\Sn-b-h-c-
50
√. an\n-aw-hn-Zym-`ymk tbmKyX t\Sn-
b-h¿ Xs∂ hnc-f-am-Wv. GsX-¶nepw
]mcm- s a- U n- ° ¬ ÿm]- \ - Ø n¬ 2
h¿jw ]cn-N-b-ap≈ GsXm-cmƒ°pw
Hcp {]th-i\ ]co£ ]m m-bm¬
Iu¨kn¬ cPn- k v t {S- j ≥ \¬Im-
sa∂ hyh-ÿb - mWv Cu _n√n-ep-≈-
Xv. k¿°m¿ k¿∆o-kn-ep≈hsc Cu
]co-£-bn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
F∂m¬ k¿°m¿ ÿm]-
\-ßf - n¬\n∂v Untπm-abpw
_m®n-e¿ _ncp-Zhpw t\Sn-
b-hscbpw kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-
bnse sXmgn¬ ]cn-Nbw
am{X- a p- ≈ - h scbpw Htc
Xc-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂Xv
A`n-Im-ay-a-√. Kh. saUn-
°¬ tImtf-Pp-If - n¬\n∂pw
k¿∆-Ie - m-im-eI- f
- n¬\n∂pw
_‘- s ∏´ taJ- e - b n¬
tbmKyX t\Sn- b - h ¿°v
t\cn´v Iu¨kn-en¬ "F
¢mkv' cPn-ktv {S-j≥ \¬I-
Ww. kb≥kn¬ {]oUn-
{Kn, πkv Sp, hn.- F - ® v . - F -
kv . - k n. F∂o tbmKyX
t\Sn- b - t ijw kzImcy
ÿm]-\ß - f- n¬ Ipd-™Xv
2 h¿jsØ ]cn-N-b-ap-≈--
h¿°v Iu¨kn- e ns‚
]co£ ]m m- I p∂ apd-
bv°v "_n ¢m v' cPn-ktv {S-
j≥ \¬I- W w. thm´- h - I miw "F
¢m n\v' am{X-ambn ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Ø-
Ww. k¿°m¿ AwKo-IrX ÿm]-\-
ß-fn¬ \S-Øp∂ Untπma tImgvkp-
Iƒ°v tNcm≥"_n ¢mkv ' AwK-
߃°v kwh-cWw G¿s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-
Xm-Wv. {ItaW "_n ¢mkv' AwKXzw
C√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw icn°pw kmt¶-XnI
hnZym- ` ymk tbmKy- X - b p- ≈ - h - c psS
Iu¨kn-embn CXv cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-
Ibpw sNøpw.
5˛mw hIp- ∏ n¬ ]d- b p∂ c≠v
\n¿t±-iß - f - psS kmwKXyw ]cn-tim-[n-
t°-≠-Xp-≠v. 5˛mw hIp-∏nse D]-h-
Ip∏v (Pn) Bip-]{Xn Akn-Âp-am-
cpsS {]mXn-\n-[y-sØ-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p-≠.v
s{]m^-jW - ¬ AwKßfpsS tbmKyX
kw_-‘n®v 6˛mw hIp-∏n¬ ]d-bp∂
\n¿t±-i-Øn\p hncp-≤-am-Wn-Xv. Bip-
]{Xn Akn-Âp-am¿ F∂ hn`mKw
kmt¶- X n- I - h n- Z ym- ` ymk tbmKyX
t\Snb ]mcm-sa-Un°¬ hn`m-K-a-√.
AØcw tImgv k p- I ƒ \ne- h n- e n- √ .
AXp- t ]m- s e- X s∂ tbmKy- X - b p≈
saUn-°¬ {]mIvSo-jW - ¿am-cpsS tIcf
Atkm- k n- t b- j - \ n¬ \n∂v 3
AwK߃ F∂ \n¿t±-ihpw ]p\x -
]-cn-tim-[n-t°-≠X - m-W.v Iu¨kn-ense
s{]m^-jW - ¬ AwKw F∂m¬ _‘-
s∏´ ]mcm- s a- U n- ° ¬ hn`m- K - Ø n¬
hnZym-`ym-kt- bm-KyX t\Sn-bh - c
- m-IWw
F∂ 6˛mw hIp-∏nse \n¿t±-i-Øn\v
hncp- ≤ - a m- W n- X v . am{X- a √ as‰mcp
Atkm-kn-tb-js‚bpw {]mXn-\n[yw
Iu¨kn- e nen√. am{X- a √ ]mcm- s a-
Un°¬ hn`m-KØ - ns‚ Hmtcm {]Xn-\n-
[n-sb-am{Xw \n¿t±-in-°p-Ibpw saUn-
°¬ hn`m- K - Ø nse Atkm- k n- t b-
js‚ 3 t]cpw FIv k v H^otjym
AwKßfpw Dƒs∏sS 6 t]¿ hcp-
∂Xv F¥¿∞-Øn-em-sW∂v a\- n-em-
°m≥ {]bm- k - a p- ≠ v . \gv k nw- K v ,
^m¿akn XpSßnb kam\ Iu¨kn-
ep-I-fn¬ saUn-°¬ Iu¨kn-ens‚
Hcp {]Xn-\n-[n-am-{X-am-Wp-≈X - v (A-tkm-
kn-tb-js‚ A√).
ta¬]-d-™h IqSmsX thsdbpw
Gsd-bp≠v A]m-I-X-Iƒ. F¶nepw
k¿°m-cns‚ Dt±-iyip-≤nsb am\n-°m-
Xn-cn-°m-\m-hn-√. cmjv{So-b-kw-L-S-\-I-
fpsS-bpw, k¿∆okv kwL-S-\-I-fp-sS-
bpw, s{]m^- j - W ¬ kwL- S - \ - I - f p-
sSbpw Iq´mb N¿®bv°v _n¬ hnt[-
b- a m- ° - W w. IpØ- g n- ™ p- I n- S - ° p- ∂
tcmK-\n¿Æ-bt- a-Je - bv°v ISn-™m-Wn-
SpI F∂- X m- h Ww k¿°m- c ns‚
e£yw. hym]m-cm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {]-
h¿Øn-°p∂ kzIm-cy-et- _m-d´- d- n-If - n¬
G‰hpw Ipd™ \ne- h m- c - s a- ¶ nepw
]men-°p-∂p-s≠∂v Dd-∏p-hc - p-Øm-\p≈
kmaqly kwhn-[m\w G¿s∏-Sp-ØW - w.
d^¿ sNøp-∂-h¿s°√mw IΩo-j≥
F∂ \ne-\n¬°p∂ coXn \nb-a-]-c-
ambnXs∂ Ip‰-Ic - a- m-°W
- w. et_m-d´- -
dn-I-fpsS KpW-\n-e-hmc \nb-{¥-W-
Øn\v tI{µ-\n-baw \S-∏n-em-°m-\p≈
kΩ¿±w sNep-Ø-Ww. tI{µ-\n-b-a-
Øns‚ ]cn- c - £ - b p≈ kwÿm\
]mcm-sa-Un-°¬ Iu¨kn¬ \ne-hn¬
hc- W w. ]e Imcy- Ø nepw cmPy-
Øn\p amXr- I - b mb \ΩpsS
kwÿm\w Ip‰-a‰ \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-
Øn- e qsS AJn- t e¥ym Xe- Ø n¬
amXr-I-bm-°m-hp∂ ]mcm-sa-Un-°¬
Iu¨kn¬ cq]o-I-cn-°-Ww. P\-ß-
fpsS Poh- \ n¬ AXoh {i≤- b p≈
Hcp Kh¨sa‚ n\v am{Xta CXv
sNøm-\m-hq.

am¿®v 2008
tIc-f-Øn¬
Zpc¥\nhm-cW
]≤-Xn-bpsS {]k‡n?
tUm. Fkv. {ioIp-am¿
h ¿jwtXmdpw Xoc-{]-tZ-i-Øp-≠m-
Ip∂ IS-em-{I-aWw, Ime-h¿jm-cw-`-
tØmsS ae-tbmc taJ-eb - n-ep-≠m-Ip∂
Dcpƒs]m-´¬, Ign™ ]Xn-\©p h¿j-
߃°p-≈n¬ hS-°m-t©-cn, CSp°n
apX-emb {]tZ-iØv Bh¿Øn-®-\p-`-h-
s∏´ 3-˛4 Xo{h-X-bp≈ `pN-e-\-߃,
2004˛¬ D≠mb kp\man Xnc-am-eI - f
- psS
B{I-aWw apX-em-bh tIc-fsØ C∂v
_lp-ap-J-amb {]IrXnZpc-¥-߃°v
km≤y-X-bp≈ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS ]´n-
I-bn-¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn°p∂p. {]IrXn
Zpc-¥-߃ H∂pw Xs∂ a\p-jy\v XS-
bm≥ km[n- ° n- s √- ¶ nepw ap≥I- c p-
XepIƒsIm≠v AXp-≠m-°p∂ hn]-
Øns‚ tXmXv Hcp ]cn[n hsc Ipd-
bv°m≥ km[n°pw F∂-Xn\v X¿°-an-
√. aq∂mw temI cmjv{S-߃°v {]IrXn
Zpc-¥-߃ aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂ \jvS-߃
hnI-kn-X-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ D≈-Xn-t\-°mƒ
Xmc-Xt- ay\ hfsc Db¿∂-Xm-Wv. Ata-
cn- ° - b n¬ 1985˛¬ Feo\ F∂
ÿeØv B™-Sn® Npg-en-s°m-Sp-¶m-
‰n¬ ac- W - k wJy tIhew A©m-
bncp∂p. ]s£ 1991˛¬ _w•m-tZ-in¬
imkv{X-KXn
D≠mb Npg-en-s°m-Sp-¶m‰v e£-°W
\m-fp-IsfbmWv aÆn-\S- n-bn-em-gØ
- °
- n-
v nbXv!
Øn\pw Zpcn-Xm-izm-k-Øn-\p-ambn C∂v
hn\n-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp-∂p.
KpP-dm-Øn¬ c≠m-bn-cØn H∂v P\p- \mfn- X p- h sc Zpc- ¥ sØ `cW-
hcn 26\v D≠mb `qIºw I\Ø \mi- I¿Øm-°ƒ kao-]n-®n-cp-∂Xv Zpc-¥-ap-
\- j v S - a p- ≠ m- ° n. IrXyw Hcp amk- ≠m-bn°gn-™-Xn-\p-tijw Zpcn-Xm-izm-
Øn\ptijw CtX- Xo-{hXbp≈ (6.5) k{]h¿Ø\w Fßns\ \S-ØWw
`qIºw knbm-‰n-en¬ D≠m-bt- ∏mƒ acn- F∂v Btem-Nn-°p∂ coXn-bm-Wv. C∂v
®Xv tIhew Hcmƒ am{X-am-bn-cp∂p. B ÿnXn amdn, hnI-k-\-Øns\ Zpc-
Zpc¥ \nhm-cW - ]- ≤
- XnbpsS {]m[m\yw ¥-߃ F{X-tØmfw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn
Du∂n-∏d - b- p-∂ DZm-lc- W
- ß
- f
- mWv Ch. _m[n-°p-∂p F∂v ap≥Iq´n ]Tn-®-dn-
F¥mWv Zpc¥ ™mWv ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v cq]wsImSp-°p-∂-
\nhm-cW ]≤Xn? Xv. {]IrXn Zpc-¥-am-bmepw a\p-jy-
\n¿ΩnX Zpc-¥-am-bmepw Hcp Zo¿L-
BtKmf Xe-Øn¬ h¿≤n®p hcp∂
Ime ho£-Wt- Øm-sS-bp≈ CS-s]-Se - p-
Zpc-¥ßƒ P\-Po-hn-Xt- Øbpw, kzØp-
IfmWv th≠-Xv F∂v \Ωƒ Xncn-®-
°- t f- b pw, D]- P o- h - \ - a m¿§- t Øbpw
dn™p Ign-™p. ]≠v \Ωƒ {]Ir-Xn-
sXs√m-∂p-a√ _m[n-°p-∂-Xv. cmPy-
bpsS Zm£n-Wy-Øn-\mbn tIgpI am{X-
Øns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn\pw t£a-Øn-\p-
amWv sNbv X n- c p- ∂ Xv F¶n¬ C∂v
ambn Hmtcm-h¿jhpw \o°n-sh-bv°p∂
imkv { X- k m- t ¶- X nI hnZy- b psS
XpI-bnse Hcp {][m-\- ]¶v Zpc-¥sØ
tijnsIm≠v hn]-Øns‚ tXmXv eLq-
XpS¿∂p≈ kam-izmk {]h¿Ø-\Ø - n-
I- c n- ° m≥ km[n- ° p- s a∂v \ap°v
\mbn \o°n-sh-btv °≠ KXn-tI-Sn-emWv
t_m[ywh-∂n-cn-°p∂p.
\mw ]e-t∏m-gpw. `mcX k¿°m¿ samØ-
B-`y-¥-c-D-Xv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ (Pn.-Un.-]n.) Zpc-¥-\nhmc-W-]-≤Xn (Unkm-ÿ
amt\-Pvsa‚ v πm≥) \ΩpsS ]©-h’ - c
GXm≠v c≠p-iX - a
- m\w ]p\x-c[ - n-hm-k-
]≤-Xn-IfpsSbpw kwkvIm-cØ - n-t‚-bpw
51
`mK-ambn amtd-≠X - mbp-≠v. hnI-k\ - {- ]- ¥sØ t\cn-Sm-\p≈tijn Iq´pI F∂- Ipd-bv°m\pw AXp-hgn Zpc-¥-ßsf
h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ Bkq-{XWw sNøp-tºmƒ XmWv. CXn-\mbn Zpc-¥Ø - n\p ap≥]pw, eLq-I-cn-°m\pw imkv{X-km-t¶-Xn-I-
Zpc¥w aqew D≠m-tb-°m-hp∂ \jvSw Zpc-¥k- a
- b
- Øpw, Zpc-¥Ø
- n-\p-tijhpw hnZybpsS klm-bØ - m¬ km[n°pw.
IqSn ]cn-KW - n-°W - s- a∂v A\p-`h- ß- ƒ \mw kzoI-cn-t°≠ Imcy-߃ Fs¥- \ΩpsS {]tZ-iØ - p-≠m-Ip∂ Zpc-¥-
]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. Zpc-¥sØ XpS¿∂v \jvS- √m-am-sW∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. ßsf∏‰nbp≈ imkv{Xo-bh - n-hc - ß- fpw,
am-Imhp∂ Poh≥, s]mXp-kz-Øp-°ƒ, Zpc-¥-Øn\p apºv Zpc-¥Ø - n\p-apºpw, Ah \S-°p-tºmgpw,
kmº-Øn-I˛- h - ym-hk- mbnI taJ-ebnse sNtø≠ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \S-∂X - n-\p-tijhpw \mw Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw
apc-Sn-∏,v ]p\¿\n¿Ωm-WØ - n-\m-hi
- y-amb F¥p- s N- ø Ww F∂Xpw Hmtcm
XpI Hs° GsXmcp hnI-k-\-]-≤-Xn- GXp {]tZ-iß - f- n¬ F¥p-Xc - Ø- n-
hy‡n°pw Adn-hp-≠m-tI-≠-Xm-h-iy-
bp-tSbpw Bkq-{X-W-Øns‚ `mK-am-°- ep≈ {]IrXn Zpc-¥Ø - n-\mWv km≤yX
amWv. CtXm-sSm∏w tUmIvS¿am¿, a‰v
Ww. ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£W - w, h\-hX - vI- F∂v ap≥Ime A\p-`h - ß
- f
- n¬ \n∂pw
BtcmKy {]h¿Ø-I¿, Xt±-ik - z-bw-`c - -
c-Ww, aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥-Ww, Zpc- a\-   n- e m- ° p- I bpw imkv { Xo- b - a mb
W-ÿm-]\ - ß- f- nse DtZym-Kÿ¿, ^b¿
¥sØ AXn- P o- h n- ° p∂ sI´n- S - ]T\w \SØn A]-IS- - km-[y-Xb - p≈
t^mgvkv, t]meokv, k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-
\n¿ΩmWw F∂n-hbv°v th≠ ap≥K- (Vulnerability) {]tZ- i - ß ƒ Is≠-
Iƒ F∂n-h¿°v Zpc-¥k - a - b
- Øpw AXn-
W\ \ev I - W w. CXn- \ mbn \o°n ØpIbpw sNøp-I. XpS¿∂v G‰hpw
\p-ti-jhpw F¥p-sN-ø-W-sa-∂-Xn-s\-
shbv°p∂ XpI-tb-°mƒ F{Xtbm aS- B]Xv I - c - ß - f mb taJe (HHZ),
∏‰n imkv{Xo-ba - mb ]cn-io-e\w \evtI-
ßmWv Zpc-¥a - p-≠m-bm¬ hI-am‰n sNe- km[yXbp≈ taJe (MHZ), Ipd™
≠-Xm-Wv. Zpc-¥k - a
- b - Øv {]h¿Ø-\ß - -
h-gn-t°-≠n-h-cn-I. Zpc-¥-\n-hm-cW ]≤- taJe (LHZ), kpÿn-c-amb taJe
fn¬ apgp-Im≥ k∂-≤X - b
- p≈ kwL-S-
Xn-bpsS {]m[m\s∏´ IÆn-Iƒ NphsS (Stable Zone) F∂nßs\ \membn Xcw
\-If - psS Hcp enÃv _‘-s∏´ A[n-Ir-
ImWn--°p-∂p. Xncn-®n´p≈ `q]Sw Xøm-dm-°p-I. HHZ
X¿ Xøm-dm°n IcpXnbn-cn-°W - w. Zpc-¥-
¬ F¥p-sNømw sNbvXp-IqSm F∂v
Zpc¥w aqe-ap≈ \jvSw eLq-I-cn- k-ab- Øv s]s´∂v Ah-cp-ambn _‘-s∏-
Dt±ym-Kÿ - tcbpw P\-ßtfbpw t_m[-
°p-∂X - n\v tijn h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw Zpc- Sm≥ CXv klm-bn-°pw. Xt±-ik - z-bw-`c - -
hXvI-cn-°pI. Aß-s\-bp≈ taJ-e-
¥-km-[y-Xb - v°p≈ t{]cI LS-Iß - ƒ W ÿm-]\ßfnse _UvP‰- n¬ CØcw
bn¬ hnI-k\ - Ø- n-\p≈ \nb-{¥-Wß - ƒ
Ipd-b° v pIbpw sNøpI F∂p-≈X - mWv, kam-izmk{]h¿Ø-\-߃°mbn Hcp
G¿s∏-Sp-ØW - w.
e£yw. XpI \o°n shbvt°≠Xmbn-´p-≠.v ASn-
A]-ISw ap≥Iq´n P\-ßsf Adn-
Risk (\mi \jvSw) = Hazard (A]- b-¥nc NnIn’ e`n-°m-\p≈ kuIcyw
bn°m\p≈ kwhn- [ m\w (Warning
ISw) x Vulnerability (km[yX) - A]-IS- k - m-≤yX IqSnb {- ]-tZ-iß - f - n¬
System) Hcp°p-Ibpw A]-I-S-ta-J-e-
Capacity (tijn) k÷-am-°W - w. IpSn-sh≈w Fßns\
bn¬ kq£va\ - n-co-£Ww (Monitoring) FØn°mw F∂pw ap≥Iq´n \n›-bn-®n-
Cu ka-hmIyw ImWn-°p-∂Xv A]- \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I AXy-¥m-t]-£n-
ISw sIm≠p≈ \jvSw Ipd-bv°m≥, cn-°W - w. Cu taJ-eb - n¬ Zpc-¥a - p-≠m-
X-am-Wv. t{]cILS-Iß - sf ]T-\ß - f - n- bm¬ P\-ßsf FhnsS am‰n-∏m¿∏n-
Zpc¥ km[yX Ipd-bv°m\p≈ am¿§- eqsS Is≠Øn Ah-bpsS {]k‡n
߃ Ah-ew-_n-°p∂Xnt\m-sSm∏w Zpc- °Ww F∂v hy‡- a mb [mcW

Zpc¥w
(Disaster) {]Xn-I-c-W-tijn
(Response)
Xøm-sd-Sp-°¬
(Preparedness)
Zpc-¥Øn\p-ap≥]v

Zpcn-Xm-izmkw,
Zpc-¥-tijw

{]Xn-tcm[w c£-s∏-Sp-ج
(Prevention) (Relief & Rescue)

eLq-I-cn-°¬ ]p\x-c-[n-hmkw
(Mitigation) (Rehabilitation)

hnI-k\w ]p\x-cp-≤o-I-cWw
(Development) (Reconstruction)
Nn{Xw : Zpc¥ \nhm-cW ]≤-Xn-bpsS hnhn[ LS-I-߃

52 am¿®v 2008

ap≥Iq´n D≠m-bn-cn°Ww. F√m hn`m-
K- Ø n- e p≈hcptSbpw {]h¿Ø\w
GtIm-]n-∏n®v {]h¿Ø\w \S-Øm≥
Npa-Xe
- b - p≈ Hcp Unkm-ÿ amt\-P¿
D≠m-IW - w.
Zpc-¥-Øn\p tijw
sNtø≠ {]h¿Ø-\-߃
Zpc-¥Ø - n\p tijw k¿°m¿ Npa-
Xes∏Sp-Øp∂ Zpcn-Xm-izmk DtZym-K-
ÿcpsS \n¿t±iw AtX-]Sn P\-߃
kwba\-tØm-Sp-IqSn ]men-°W - w. sSen-
hn-j≥, tdUn-tbm, ]{X-am-[y-a-߃
F∂n-hb - n¬°qSn hm¿Ø-Iƒ Hcp _‘-
s∏´ DtZym-Kÿ - s‚ {i≤-bn¬s∏-´X
tijta {]kn-≤s - ∏-Sp-Øm-hq. Cu ka-
bØv ]e Inwh-Z¥ - n-Ifpw tI´v P\-߃
]cn-{`m-¥c - mIm-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ \S-]S- n-bm-
Wn- X v . HutZym- K nI \n¿t±- i - ß ƒ
IrXy-ambn a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw AX-\p-k-
cn®p am{Xta {]iv\_ - m-[nX {]tZ-iß - -
imkv{X-KXn
fnse P\- ß ƒ {]h¿Øn- ° pIbpw
sNømhq.
Zpcn- X m- i zm- k w, c£- s ∏- S p- Ø ¬
F∂n-hbv°v t]meo-kv, ^b¿ t^mgvkv,
k∂-≤k - w-LS- \ - I - ƒ F∂nh Dƒs∏´
Hcp {ZpX-I¿Ω-tk\ A]-I-S-km-[yX
{]tZ-iß- f - n¬ cq]-hXvIcn-°Ww. {]iv\-
_m-[n-Xc - psS ]p\xc[nhmkw, tISp-]m-
Smb sI´n-S-ß-fpsS ]p\x-cp-≤m-cWw
F∂n-hbpw Aam-¥a - n-√msX sNø-Ww.
F{Xbpw s]s´∂v Zpc-¥Ø - n\p hnt[-b-
am-bh- sc ]q¿∆-ÿn-Xn-bn-te°v aS-°n-
s°m- ≠ p- h - c p- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ {iahpw,
Ah¿°v th≠ `£Ww, IpSnsh≈w
a‰v ASn-b¥ - nc Bh-iy-߃ \n¿∆-ln-°m-
\p≈ kwhn-[m-\ß - fpw k÷-am-°W - w.
Unkm-ÿ amt\-Pvsa‚ v
BIvSv, 2005
Zpc-¥ß - ƒ aptJ\ D≠m-Ip∂ AXn-
`o-a-amb \jvS-߃ Ipd-bv°-W-sa∂
e£y-tØm-sS-bmWv bpssW-‰-Uv t\-
js‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ 1990 apX¬ 2000
hsc- b p≈ Ime- L ´w International
Decade of Natural Disaster Reduction
Bbn BN-cn-®-Xv. 2000 am≠v Bcw-`-
Øn¬ Xs∂ A¥¿tZ-iob Xe-Øn¬
Zpc¥ eLq-I-cW ]≤-Xn°v hnhn[
cmPy-߃ XpS°w Ipdn®p. C≥Uy
Dƒs∏sS 168 cmPy- ß ƒ P∏m- \ nse
tIm_n¬ P\p-hcn 2005 ¬ ktΩ-fn®v
2005 ˛ 2015 Ime-L´- Ø - n-te-°p≈ I¿Ω
]≤Xnbv°v cq]w \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.
KpP- d mØv `qI- º - Ø n- \ p- t ijw 1999
BKÃnemWv C≥Uy Kh¨sa‚ v Hcp
ssl ]h¿ IΩn‰nbv°v cq]w \¬In-bXv.
Zpc¥ eLq-Ic - W ]≤Xn Bhn-jvIc - n-
\mfn-Xp-hsc Zpc-¥sØ °m≥ Dt±-in-®mWv 2005 ¬ Unkm-ÿ
amt\-Pvsa‚ v BIvSv C≥Uy≥ ]m¿e-
`cW-I¿Øm-°ƒ sa‚ v ]m m°nbXv. A{]-Imcw {][m\
kao-]n-®n-cp-∂Xv a{¥n A≤y-£\ - mbn \mj-W¬ Unkm-
Zpc-¥-ap-≠m-bn°gn-™- ÿ amt\-Pvsa‚ v AtXm-dn‰n \ne-hn¬
Xn-\p-tijw Zpcn-Xm-izm- hcp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Hmtcm kwÿm-
k{]h¿Ø\w Fßns\ \Øpw apJy- a {¥n A≤y£- \ mbn
kwÿm\ Xe-Øn¬ tÉv Unkm-ÿ
\S-ØWw F∂v amt\-Ps v a‚ v AtXm-dn‰n cq]o-Ic - n-°m\pw
Btem-Nn-°p∂ Xocp-am-\a - m-bn. Pn√m-Xe Zpc¥ eLq-I-
coXn-bm-Wv. C∂v B cW ]≤-Xn-bpsS Np°m≥ ]nSn-°p-∂Xv
ÿnXn amdn, hnI-k-\- AXmXv Pn√m If-IvS¿am-cm-Wv. Hmtcm
Øns\ Zpc-¥-߃ {]tZ-iØpw GXv hn[-Øn¬ Xømsd-Sp∏v
\S- Ø - W - s a∂pw Zpc¥ap≠m- b m¬
- n\p
F{X-tØmfw {]Xn-Iq-e- hnhn[ hIp-∏p-Isf GtIm-]n-∏n®v c£m-
ambn _m[n-°p-∂p {]-h¿Ø-\ß - f
- pw Zpcn-Xm-izmk {]h¿Ø-
F∂v ap≥Iq´n \-ßfpw \S-Øp-∂Xv Pn√m If-IvSd- psS
]Tn-®-dn-™mWv \nb-{¥-WØ - n-em-bn-cn-°pw.
]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v Xmeq-°,v tªm°v, hnt√-P,v ap≥kn-∏m-
cq]wsImSp-°p-∂-Xv. en‰n Xe-Ønepw {]tXyIw IΩn-‰n-Iƒ
k÷-amIpw. hnhn[ hIp-∏nse DtZym-K-
53
ÿ¿, k¿°m-cn-Xc kwL-S\ - I- f
- p-tS-bpw, [n-®m¬ a\- n-emhpw. Xr»q-cnse hS-°m- sIm≠pw kº-∂a - mWv \ΩpsS sIm®p-
k∂-≤ kwLS\-If - ptSbpw {]Xn-\n-[n- t©-cn-bnepw CSp°n Pn√-bnse s]cn- tI-c-fw. ]s£ th\¬°m-e-am-bm¬
Iƒ F∂n- h ¿ Cu IΩn- ‰ n- b n¬ bm¿ hn≈-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]tZ-iß - - an° {Kma {]tZ-iß - f - nepw IpSn-sh≈w
Dƒs]Spw. CØ-cØ - n¬ Hcp kpc-£nX fn- e pw. h≥ i‡n D≈- X - s √- ¶ nepw t]mepw e`n-bv°msX sImSpw hcƒ®-
cmPy-am-bn `mc-XsØ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp- eLpthm anX-am-btXm Bb `qI-ºß - ƒ bn¬ Aa¿∂p t]mcp∂- ImgvNb - mWv
°m\pw kpkvYnc hnI-k\ - Ø - n\v klm- CS-b° v n-Sbv°v A\p-`h - s
- ∏-Sm-dp-≠.v tIc- I≠p hcp-∂X - v.
bn-°phm\pw Cu ]≤-Xn-sIm≠v Ign-bpw. f-Øn¬ P\-߃ Xnßn ]m¿°p∂ {]tZ- ]pg-If - nse A\n-b{- ¥n-Xa - mb aW¬
tI{µ k¿°m¿ Zpc¥ \nhmc-Ws - Ø- i-amWv sIm®n t]mep≈ Xoc-tZ-it- a-J- hmc¬, Ip∂p- I - f psS Xntcm- [ - m \w,
∏‰n ]Tn-°p-∂X - n\v \nb-an® Hcp ssl e. NXp∏v \ne-߃ aÆn´v \nIØn XÆo¿Ø- S - ß - f psS hnkv X o¿Æ- Ø n-
]th¿Uv IΩn-‰n `mc-XØ-n¬ D≠m-Ip∂ AXn¬ ]Wn- X p- b ¿Ønb Aw_c ep≈ Ipdhv F∂nh hcƒ®- b psS
Zpc-¥ß- sf 31 C\-ßf - m-bn-´mWv Xcw Npw_n- I - f mb sI´nS kap- ® - b - ß ƒ cq£X h¿≤n-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. h¿j-Im-eØv
Xncn-®n-´p-≈X
- v. [mcmfw Cu taJ-eb - n¬ D≠v. `qI-º- sh´vI-√p-I-fnepw aW¬Ø-´p-I-fnepw
Øns‚ hym]vXn 6 ¬ IqSp-X¬ kw`-hn- tiJ-cn®v shbv°p∂ Pe-amWv {ItaW
Pehpw Imem-h-ÿ-bp-ambn bv°p-IbmsW-¶n¬ CØcw {]tZ-iß - -
_‘-s∏´ Zpc-¥-߃ th\¬Im- e Øv ]pg- b n- t e- s °m- g pIn
fn¬ `qIº Xcw-KØ - ns‚ BLm-Xi - ‡n ]pgsb ]pjvSn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - v.
sh≈- s ∏m- ° - h pw Pe \n¿K- a \ hfsc h¿≤n- ° m≥ km[y- X - b p- ≠ v . CSnan∂¬ t]mse kwÿm-\sØ
kwhn- [ m- \ - ß fpw, IS- e m- { I- a Ww, GXm≠v Ac-t°m-Sn-bn-e[ - nIw P\-kw-Jy- hyXy- ÿ - ` m- K - ß - f n¬ H∂pw, c≠pw
CSnbpw an∂epw, AXn-hrjvSn, lna- bp≈ C¥y- b nse 38 \K- c - ß ƒ t]cmWv Hcp Znhkw ac-Wa- S- b - p-∂X - .v Hcp
]mXw, Npg-en-°m‰v, Npgen sImSp-¶m‰v, ssk vanIv tkmtW-j≥am∏v A\p-k- h¿jsØ IW°v ]cntim[n®m¬ icm-
Ben-∏g h¿jw, ioX Xcw-Kw Dujva cn®v III, IV, VtaJ-eI - f - n¬ Dƒs∏-´n-´p-≠.v icn 71 t]¿ acn-bv°p-Ibpw 119 t]¿°v
Xcw-Kw, hcƒ® F∂n-h. tIc-fØ - nse {][m-\s - ∏´ aq∂v \K-cß - - A]-I-S-ap-≠m-Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂Xmbn
`ua Zpc-¥-߃ fpw ˛ Xncp-h¥ - ]- p-cw, sIm®n, tImgn-t°mSv ]T-\ß- ƒ Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p.-
`qan-Ip-ep°w, Dcpƒs]m-´¬, AW- tkm¨ IIIemWv Dƒs∏-´n-´p-≈Xv F∂Xv Cß-s\-bp≈ ]e-Xcw Zpc-¥ß - ƒ°v
s°´p XI-c¬, J\n-bnse A·n-_m[ {it≤-ba - m-Wv. km[y-Xb - p≈ tIc-fØ - n\v Zpc¥ eLq-
F∂n-h. 2004, 2007 Ime-h¿j-tØm-S-\p-_- I-cW ]≤Xn A\n-hm-cy-amWv
‘n®v Dcpƒs]m-´¬ F∂ {]Xn-`mkhpw Zpc¥ km[y-X-bp≈ Hmtcm Pn√-
ssPh Zpc-¥-߃ kwÿm-\Øv hf-sc-b-[nIw h¿≤n-®- bnepw hyXy-kvX-amb Zpc-¥-ß-fmWv
ssPh _m[bpw kmw{I-anI tcmK- Xmbn ImWmw. a\p-jys‚ A\n-b{- ¥n- D≠m-hp-I. Zpc-¥sØ t\cn-Sm≥ AXmXp
ßfpw, I∂p-Imen tcmK-߃, `£y-hn- Xhpw Aim-kv{Xo-b-amb CS-s]-S-ep-I- {]tZ-isØ hn`-ht- ijn hne-bn-cp-Øn-b-
j-_m[, IoS-_m[ F∂n-h. fmWv Cu {]IrXn Zpc-¥Ø - ns‚ ]n∂n- Xn- \ p- t ijw ÿm]- \ - ß - f p- t Sbpw
cmk-hy-h-kmb se∂v ]T-\ß - ƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p≠v. ae- kzImcy hy‡n-If - p-tSbpw klmbw Dd-
BWh Zpc-¥-߃ bpsS Ncn-hpw, `qhn-⁄m-\hpw ]cn-tim- ∏m-t°≠ Npa-Xe Pn√m-X-e-Ønepw
[n- ° msX ag- s h≈w Irjn- b m- h - i y- hm¿Uv Xe-Ønepw {]h¿Øn-°p∂ IΩn-
cmkhyh-kmb Zpc-¥ß - ƒ, BWh ߃°mbn tiJ-cn-°p-I, kzm`m-hnI
Zpc-¥ß- ƒ, A]-ISßfp-ambn _‘- ‰n-Iƒ°p-≠.v kaq-lsØ t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-
\o¿®m-ep-Iƒ XS™v shbv°pI, KXn °p-I, `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-sfbpw kaq-l-
s∏´ Zpc-¥-߃, FÆ-t®m¿®, J\n- Xncn®p hnSp-I, ]md-s∏m-´n-°¬, a‰v Aim-
bnse sh≈-s∏m°w, {Kma-ßf - nse Xo]n- sØbpw Ch t\cn-Sm≥ Xøm-dm-°pI
kv{Xob-amb `qhn-\n-tbmK coXn-Iƒ F∂n- h - b mWv Cu kwcw- ` - Ø ns‚
SpØw, Im´pXo, D’-hß - f- p-ambn _‘- F∂n-hb - mWv Dcpƒs]m-´e - ns\ klm-bn-
s∏´ Zpc-¥ß- ƒ, sshZypXn Zpc-¥ß - fpw {][m\ e£yw. ap≥I-cp-X¬ \S-]S- n-Iƒ,
°p-∂Xv F∂v ]T-\ß - ƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. {]Xn-I-cW ]≤-Xn, ]p\-¿ \n¿amW
Xo]n-Sp-Øhpw, t_mw_p kvt^mS\w,
henb sI´n-Sß- f- psS XI¿®, t_m´p A™q‰n Fgp- ] Xv Intem- a o- ‰ ¿ {]h¿Ø\w apX-embh Zpc¥ \n¿∆-l-
ssZ¿Ly-Øn¬ Xoc-tZ-i-ta-J-e-bp≈ W-Øns‚ `mK-ambn sNtø-≠Xp-≠v.
ap߬, thyma˛tdmUv , sdbn¬
A]-IS- ß- ƒ F∂n-h. tIcfØnse GI-tZiw ap∂q‰n \mev ap≥]v kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]mse Zpc-¥-
apX¬ ap∂q‰n Ccp-]Xv Intem-ao-‰¿ ߃ an°-hbpw {]h-N-\m-Xo-X-am-Wv.
tIc-fØn¬ Zpc-¥-eLq-I-cW hscbp≈ {]tZiw IS-em-{I-aW - Ø - n\v F∂m¬ Zpc-¥-߃ aqe-ap-≠m-Ip∂
]≤-Xn-bpsS {]k‡n km[y-X-bp-≈-Xmbn ImWmw. 1991 se BLmXw eLq-Ic - n-°m≥ Zpcp-¥\ - n-hm-
tIc- f - Ø n\v `oj- W n- b m- b p≈ sk≥ kv {]Imcw tIc-fØ - nse P\- cW ]≤-Xn-bn-eqsS km[n-°pw. Zpc¥
{]IrXn Zpc-¥ß - ƒ apJy-ambpw IS-em- km-{µX Hcp NXp-c{i Intem-ao-‰d- n\v 749 eLq-Ic - W] - ≤- X- n-{]-Imcw imkv{Xo-b-
{I-aW- w, Dcpƒs]m-´¬, `pN-e\ - w, sh≈- F∂-Xm-Wv. ]s£ Xoc-tZ-it- a-Je - b - n¬ amb ]T-\Ø - n-eqsS Zpc-¥k - m-[y-Xb - p-s≠-
s∏m-°w, hcƒ®, CSn-an-∂¬, Npg-en-°m- CXv aq∂n-c´- n-bm-Wv. ∂-dn-™m¬ \mw Zpc-¥Ø - n\v t{]c-Ia - m-
‰v, kp\man F∂n-hb - m-Wv. ap√-s∏-cn-bm¿ kwÿm- \ - Ø ns‚ 14.8 iX- a m\w Ip∂ LS-Iß - ƒ a\- n-em°n AXn¬
AW-s°-´ns‚ kpc-£n-XXz {]iv\hpw sh≈-s∏m° `ojWn t\cn-Sp∂ {]tZ-i- \n∂v Hgn-™p-am-dW - w. Zpc-¥ß - ƒ D≠m-
tIc-fØ - n¬ C∂v kPo-ha - mbn N¿®-sN- am-Wv. \ΩpsS XÆo¿X-Sß - fpw s\¬h- Ip-tºmƒ tIgp-Ibpw, ]n∂oSv hnkvac - n-
ø-s∏´v hcp∂ Ah-kc - h
- p-am-Wv. b-ep-I-fpw, ]pg-tbm-c-ßfpw \nI-Øp- °p-Ibpw sNøp∂ coXn am‰n-sh®v Zpc-
tIc-f-Øn¬ hnhn-[- -X-c-Øn-ep≈ Ibpw Aimkv{Xobamb a‰v `qhn-\n- ¥-Øns\ t\cn-Sm-\p≈ ap≥I-cp-Xe - p-Iƒ
{]IrXn Zpc-¥ß - ƒ°v km[yX Gdn-b- tbmK coXn-Iƒ Ah-ew-_n-°pIbpw Bkq-{XWw sNbvXv kpÿnc hnI-
Xmbn Ign™ 16 h¿j-ßf - n¬ \S∂ sNøp-∂-XmWv CXns‚ Imc-Ww. ag- k\w bmYm¿∞y- a m- ° m≥ Hmtcm
hnhn[ Zpc-¥ß - f - psS IW°v ]cn-tim- bpsS kar- ≤ nsIm≠pw \Zn- I ƒ- ]uc\pw {ian-°W - w.

54 am¿®v 2008
 IpXn-sIm-≈p∂ imkv{Xw
hm¿[-IysØ XS-bp-∂-Xn\v BZyw kzoI-cn-t°≠ \S-]Sn ico-c-Ønse
Cu h¿°vtjm-∏p-I-sfbpw sa°m-\n-°p-I-sfbpw kq£va-]-cn-tim-[-\bv°v
hnt[-b-am-°p-I-bm-Wv. CØcw Hcp {ia-Øn-emWv tIw{_n-UvPnse
Hm{_n Un t{K. Xs‚ hnNn-{X-kz-`m-h-߃ sIm≠vv Kth-j-I¿°n-S-bn¬
hnhm-Z-]p-cp-j-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ kzX-{¥-K-th-j-I-\m-Wn-t±-lw.
i‡-amb A`n-{]m-b-ß-fmWn-t±-lsØ Cu \ne-bn-em-°n-b-Xv.
\nß-fn¬ ]ecpw Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ kao-]-`m-hn-bn¬ Xs∂ hm¿[-Iy-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb
kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy hnP-b-I-c-ambn {]tbm-Kn°pw F∂ {]kvXm-h\ CXn-sem-∂m-Wv.

A-ac
- Xzw tXSn
kn.-hn. N{µ≥

“F s‚ IrXn-I-fn-eqsS Aa-cXzw
t\Smw F∂ B{Kl-sam∂pw F\n-°n-
√. Fs‚ B{Klw acn-°msX Ccp-∂p-
sIm≠v Aa-cXzw t\Sm-\m-W.v ” hnJymX
Ne-®n-{X-Im-c-\pw, lmky-k-{am-´p-amb
hpUn A√s‚ A`n-{]m-b-am-Wn-Xv. kao-
]-Im-esØ Kth-j-I¿ ]ecpw Ct±-l-
Øns‚ ]mX ]n¥p-Sc - p-Ib- mtWm F∂p
tXm∂pw Nne dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ I≠m¬.
Aa-cXzw AXn-]q-cm-X\ Imew-ap-
X¬t° a\p- j ys‚ B{K- l - a m- W v .
]memgn ISs™SpØ AarXpw bqtdm-
]y≥ ck-hn-Zy-°m¿ ]mI-s∏-Sp-Ønb
Pohm-ar-Xhpw Hcm-bncw IY-If - p-sam-s°-
bmbn a\p-jy≥ s\bvsX-SpØ `mh-\m-
k-ar-≤-amb Aa-c-Xz-I-Y-Iƒ°v IW-
°n√.
CsXms° `mh-\b - m-sW∂p ]d-bmw.
F∂m¬ Poh-im-k{v X-Øn¬ C°-gn™
GXm\pw Zi-I-ß-fn-ep-≠mb IÆ©n-
∏n-°p∂ apt∂-‰-ß-tfmsS Nne Kth-j-
I¿ ck-hn-Zym-°msc tXm¬∏n-°pw-hn[w {]h¿Ø- \ - £ - a - a mbn \ne- \ n¿Ømw. Dd® Hcp {]Xnkv]-µ-am-Wv. hm¿[Iyw
Aa-cXzw CXm Rß-fpsS ssIøn¬ “ssN\m°m- c psS ]g- b - I Øn” arXyphnte-bv°p≈ Ihm-S-am-I-bm¬
F∂ {]Jym-]-\-hp-ambn Cd-ßn-°-gn- Fs∂mcp {]tbm- K - a p- ≠ v . AXns‚ AXv XS-bm-\p≈ a\p-jys‚ Xzc kzm`m-
™p. {]Y-an-Ia - mb Hcp tNmZyw Db¿Ø- AeIpw ]nSnbpw ]e- t ∏m- g mbn hnIw am{Xw. hm¿≤-Iy-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-
s´. Pohn-Iƒ ˛ a\p-jy-\pƒs∏-sS˛ AkwJyXhW am‰n- b n- ´ p≠mIpw. bp≈ hy‡n-bpsS A`n-em-j-߃°v
F¥p-sIm-≠mWv hm¿[-Iy-Øn-se-Øp- F¶nepw AXv aq∂mw \q‰m- ≠ nse - ns\ ‘Dt]-£n-°m-
]cn-Wmaw XS-bnSp-∂X
∂Xv ? {]mb- a mbn acn- ° pI F∂Xv {]ikvX\ - mb B cmPm-hns‚ ImesØ hp∂ icocw’ (disposable soma) F∂
Pohs‚ A\n-hm-cy-X-bmtWm? a\p- IØn-Xs - ∂-bm-sW-∂h - ¿ iTn-°pw. CΩ- k¶-e] v Ø
- n-emWv imkv{X-⁄∑ - m¿ hI-
jys\ b{¥-tØmSv D]-an-®p-sIm≠v ´n¬ b{¥-߃ Ahn-cm-a-ambn XpS¿- bn-cp-Ønbncn-°p-∂Xv. Bflmhv ico-c-
CXn\p DØcw tXSn-b-h-cp-≠v. b{¥- ∂m¬ AXns‚ `mK-ß-sfm-∂pw-Xs∂ sa∂ ]gb hkv{X-ap-t]-£n®v ]pXp-
߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-t¥mdpw tXbvam\w XpS-°Ø - n¬ D≈-hb - m-bn-cn-°n-√t- √m. hkv{Xw tXSpw-t]mse F∂ \ΩpsS
D≠m- I p- ∂ hbmWv . AXv hy‡w. AXn-cn-°-s´ B b{¥w tISp-]m-Sp- ]°-ep≈ at\m-l-c-k-¶-ev]-hp-ambn
F∂m¬ AXns‚ tISp-]mSv Xo¿°m-\m- Xo¿t°-≠X - pt≠m F∂ as‰mcp tNmZy- CXn\v kmZriyw tXm∂p-∂h - ¿ Zb-hmbn
Ipw. \s√mcp sa°m-\n°pw th≠{X ap-≠v. C°m-cy-Øn¬ ]cn-Wm-a-Øns‚ £an-°p-I. ChnsS ]d-™p-h-cp-∂Xv
kvs]b¿]m¿´p-Ifpw Ds≠-¶n¬ b{¥w KXn-hn-KX- n-Iƒ \ap-°\ - p-Iq-ea
- √
- . arXyp- AX- √ . CXv AØcw h≥Im- c y- ß -
F{X- I m- e - t Ø- b v ° p- t h- W - s a- ¶ nepw `bw ]cn-Wm-a-Øn-eqsS hy‡n-bn¬ sfm∂pw hi- a n- √ mØ Nne ]mhw

imkv{X-KXn 55
imkv{X-⁄-cpsS Kth-j-W-^-e-ß-sf-
°p- d n- ® p≈ Hcp eLp- h n- i - I - e \w
am{Xw.
{]P-\\ - t- Im-iß - ƒ (sex cell) Hgn-sI-
bp≈ ico- c - ` m- K - s Ø- b mWv ChnsS
icocw (Soma) F∂v Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv.
ico-cØ - ns‚ [¿aw {]P-\\ - t- Im-iß - ƒ
ASpØ Xe-ap-db - nseØn°pI F∂-Xm-
Wv. CXn-\mWv \mw {]Xyp-ev]mZ\w
F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. B [¿aw \nd-th-‰n-
°-gn-™m¬ ]ns∂ icocw A[n-II - mew
\ne-\n¬°-Ws - a-∂n-√. ]cn-Wm-aØ - ns‚
Dt±iyw AX-s{X.
C∏-d-™-Xn\v Cß-s\-sbmcp hmZ-
KXn sIm≠p-h-cmw. Pohn-I-sf√mw Hcn-
°¬ acn-°pw. CXv Hc-]-I-S-Øn-tem,
bp≤-Øn-tem, tcmKwaqetam AXp-as
¶n¬ Hcp lnw{k-ar-K-Øns‚ apºn¬-
s∏t´m BImw. Hcn-°epw hcm-\n-S-bn-
√mØ `mhn-°p-th≠n kz¥w Bbp v
\o´n-sb-Sp-°m≥ hy{K-X-Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xn-
ep≈ [q¿Øv Hgn-hm°n ac-Ws - a∂ B
A{]-Xo-£n-Xk - w-`h-Øn\p aptº _oP-
߃ ASpØ Xe-ap-d-bn¬ FØn-°p-
I- F-∂X - t√ A`n-Imayw? ico-cØ - ns‚
kz¥-amb tISp-]m-Sp-Xo¿°¬ kwhn-
[m\w A{Xbv°v sa®-a-√m-Ø-Xns‚
ImcWw (A-Xm-bXv hm¿[-Iy-sa-Øm≥
Imc-Ww) Cu {]Xyp-Xv]m-Z\ X{¥w
Xs∂.
At∏mƒ ico- c - Ø ns‚ kz¥w
h¿°v-tjm∏pw sa°m-\n-°p-Ifpw tISp-
]m-Sp-Xo¿°-en¬ th≠{X {i≤-hb - v°p-
∂n-s√-∂p-thWw Icp-Xm≥. AXn-\p-
th≠ hn`-h-ßfpw Du¿Phpw {]Xyp-
ev ] m- Z - \ - Ø n- t ebv ° v Xncn- ® p- h n´v
Xev°mew tXbvam\w Ah-K-Wn°mw
F∂ Hcp \bw, ]cn-Wm-aØ - ns‚ au\m-
\p-hm-Zt- Øm-sS, Cu sa°m-\n-°pIƒ \S-
∏n-em-°p-∂pt≠m?
Imcy- ß - f n- ß - s \- s b- ¶ n¬ hm¿[-
IysØ XS-bp-∂-Xn\v BZyw kzoI-cn-
t°≠ \S- ] Sn ico- c - Ø nse Cu
h¿°vtjm-∏p-I-sfbpw sa°m-\n-°p-I-
sfbpw kq£va-]-cn-tim-[-\bv°v hnt[-
b-am-°p-Ib - m-Wv.
CØcw Hcp {ia-Øn-emWv tIw{_n-
UvPnse Hm{_n Un t{K. Xs‚ hnNn-{X-
kz-`m-hß - ƒ sIm≠vv Kth-jI - ¿°n-Sb - n¬
hnhm-Z-]p-cp-j-\m-bn-cn-°p∂ kzX-{¥-K-
th-jI - \- m-Wn-t±-lw. i‡-amb A`n-{]m-
b-ßf - mWn-t±-lsØ Cu \ne-bn-em-°n-
b-Xv. \nß-fn¬ ]ecpw Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂
kao-]`- m-hn-bn¬ Xs∂ hm¿[-Iy-Øn-s\-
Xn-cmb kmt¶-Xn-Ih - nZy hnP-bI - c - a - mbn
{]tbm-Kn°pw F∂ {]kvXm-h\ CXn-
sem-∂m-W.v
56
Dƒ°m- g v N tbm at\m- c m- P ytam?
F¥m-bmepw Cu {]iv\w Gsd-°psd
hy‡XtbmsS \n¿∆-Nn®p F∂Xv Un
t{KbpsS t\´w Xs∂.
a‰p Kth-j-I-cn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-
ambn Hcp F©n-\o-b-dnMv ]›m-Ø-e-
amWv Un t{Kbp-tS-Xv. AXp-sIm≠p-
Xs∂ Poh-im-kv{X-Øns‚ h¿°v-tjm-
∏n¬ {]h¿Øn-°m≥ Xm≥ IqSp-X¬
tbmKy\m-sW-∂t- ±lw Icp-Xp-∂p.
hm¿[Iyw Ggp-Im-cy-ß-fn-sem-Xp-
ßp∂p F∂v Un t{K ]d-bp-∂p. Cu
{]iv\-߃ Ggpw hnP-b-I-c-ambn t\cn-
´m¬ AXn-\¿∞w \n߃ hm¿[Iyw
XS™p F∂p Xs∂. Xs‚ Cu
- √-
Hm{_n Un t{K {_qkv Bankv
]pXnb kao- ] - \ - Ø n\v ‘sk≥kv ’
(SENS-Strategies for Engineered
Negligible Senescence) F∂m-Wt- ±lw
t]cn-´n-cn-°p-∂X - v.
C\n aq∏¿ h[-in£ hn[n-°m-s\m-
cp-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ Cu Ggp ktlm-Z-cn-
am¿ Bscms°?
1. tImi-\jvSw 2. tImi-Øns‚
kzm`m- h nI ac- W (apoptosis)Øn¬
\n∂v Hgn-bm-\p≈ AXns‚ {]h-W-X.
3. tImi-a¿a-Ønse Po≥ ayqt´-j≥ 4.
ssat‰m-tIm¨{Sn-bI - fnse Po≥ayq-t´-j≥
5. tImi-ßf - n¬ amen-\y-߃ ASn-™p-
Iq-S¬ 6. tImi-Øn-\p-sh-fn-bn¬ amen-
\y-߃ ASn-™p-Iq-S¬ 7. tImi-Øns‚
\n¿am-WL - S- I- ß
- f - n¬ A`n-Im-ay-a√
- mØ
cmk-hk - vXp-°ƒ ASn-™p-Iq-Sp-∂X - v.
CsXmcp henb Ipdn-∏Sn Xs∂.
]t£ Hcp _rl- Ø mb {]iv \ w
ssIImcyw sNøm≥ ]mI-Øn¬ JWvU-
ß-fm°n F∂ t\´w CXn-\p-≠v. Cu
Xncn-®-dn-hn¬ \n∂v tXbvam-\-Øns‚
thKX Ipd- b v ° m- t \m, CS- b v ° nsS
k¿∆okv \S-Øn, tXbvam\w kw`-hn®
]m¿´p-Iƒ am‰n-h®v Aß-s\-sIm≠p
\S-°p-Itbm sNømw.
CXp-hsc ]d-™-Im-cy-߃ A{X
k¶o¿Æ-sam-∂p-a-√. Un t{K ]d-bp∂
Ggp- I m- c - W - ß - f n¬ Ah- k m- \ sØ
A©pw Hscm-‰h - m-°n¬ _‘n-∏n-°mw-˛-
Hm-Ivko-I-cWw (oxidation). CsXmcp
]pXnb Adn-h-√. Hs´m-cp-Im-e-ambn
Btcm-Kyhpw kuµ-cy-hpw, F¥n\v
hmPo-I-cWwhsc h¿≤n-∏n-®p-sIm-Sp-
°m≥ Hcp- s º- ´ n- d - ß n- b n- c n- ° p∂
sl¬Øv-˛-_yq´n ¢_p-I-fn¬ \n∂v
[mcmfw tI´n-´p≈ H∂m-Wt√m B‚n
HmIvknU‚p-Iƒ. ]g-bI - me Imb-Iev]
NnIn-’-bpsS B[p-\n-I-cq]w am{X-am-
Wn-t∏mƒ B‚n HmIvkn-U‚p-Iƒ.
imkv{X-Øn\p apºn¬ hy‡-am-bn-
°-gn-™n-´p-≈- Hcmib-amWv ico-cb - {- ¥-
Øns‚ tXbvam-\-Øn\v Hcp {][m-\-Im-
c- W w, cmk- X - e - Ø n¬, ssat‰m-
sIbv≥kv
t°m¨{Un-bI - f- psS {]h¿Ø-am-sW-∂-
Xv. Ipeo-\a
- mb Cu Bi-bØ - ns‚ ]nXr-
iq-\y-k-¥-Xn-I-fmWv C∂sØ B‚n
HmIvknU‚p-Ifpw Ah-bpƒs°m-≈p∂
NnIn-’m-k{- º-Zm-bß - f
- pw.
]©-kmc hnL-Sn-∏n®v tImi-Øns‚
{]h¿Ø-\-Øn-\p≈ Du¿Pw ]pd-sØ-
Sp-°p∂ tPmen-bmWv ssat‰m-t°m¨-{Un-
b-bn¬ \-S-°p-∂-Xv. \Ω-sf-t∏m-ep≈
DjvWc - ‡
- P - o-hn-If - n¬ CXn-\mbn Ht´sd
HmIvkn-P≥ sNe-h-gn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.
Cu tPmen-°nsS sX∂n-am-dp∂ Ipsd
HmIvkn-P≥ X∑m-{X-Iƒ ]©-km-cb - nse
Im¿_-Wp-am-bn-t®¿∂v Im¿_¨-ssU-
Hm-IvsskUv D≠m-°p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw
a‰p Nne X∑m-{X-Iƒ°v cq]w-sIm-Sp-
°p-∂p. kzX-{¥-dm-Un-°-ep-Iƒ F∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp∂ Ch I\Ø {]Xn-{]-h¿Ø-
\-i‡- n-bp-≈h - b- m-Wv. Ch tImi-Øn-e-
ßn-ßmbn Id-ßn-\-S∂v ]e X∑m-{X-I-
sfbpw HmIvko-Ic - n-°p-∂p. Cu X∑m{X-
Isf kw_-‘n®v CXn-\¿∞w Ah-
bpsS \mi-am-W.v Un.-F≥.-F.bpw t{]m´o-
\p-Ifpw kzX{¥ dmUn-°-ep-I-fpsS
kvt\l-{]-I-S-\-Øn\v ]m{Xo-`-hn-®m¬
AXv henb tZmjw Xs∂.
At∏mƒ kzX{¥ dmUn-°-ep-Iƒ
\o°w sNøp-I-˛\mw hm¿[-Iy-\n-cm-I-c-
W-Øns‚ ]Sn-hm-Xn¬°-se-Øn-°-gn-
am¿®v 2008
™p. B‚n-Hm-Ivkn-U‚p-Iƒ CXmWv
sNøp-∂-sX∂v AXns‚ hn]Wn-bnse
GP‚p-Iƒ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]t£
Cß-s\-sbm-c-h-Im-i-hmZw (A-Xm-bXv
hn]-W-bn¬ e`n-°p∂ B‚n-Hm-Ivkn-
U‚p-Iƒ°v ico-c-Øn¬ Cu {]hrØn
sNøm-\m-Ip-sa∂v AXns‚ Kth-j-I¿
Db¿Øn-bn-´n-√. Aßs\bmWv Ah
]nXr-iq-\y-k¥ - X- n-If- m-Ip-∂X - v.)
B[p-\nI hm¿[-Iy-im-kv{X-Øns‚
(gerontology) t{]mZvLm-S-I-cn-sem-fmb
{_qkv Bankv BWv HmIvko-I-c-W-
sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Cu Bi-bØ - ns‚ D]-
⁄m-Xm-hv. Ban-kv Xs‚ Kth-j-W-
߃ Bcw-`n-®Xv Iym≥k¿ ]T-\-ß-fn-
em-bn-cp-∂p.-Nne Po\p-I-fpsS XI¿®
Iym≥k-dns‚ Imc-Wß - f- n-sem-∂m-sW-∂-
t±lw Is≠-Øn. tImi-߃ ]cn-[n-
hn´p hn`-Pn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xp XS-b-
emWo Po\p-I-fpsS [¿aw. kzm`m-hn-I-
ambpw Ah-bpsS XI¿® tImi-hn-`P - \w
\nb-{¥-Wm-Xo-X-am-°p-Ibpw Iym≥k-
dnte°p \bn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. Cu
Po\p-Isf XI-cm-dn-em-°p-∂Xv HmIvko-
I-cWw BsW-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ban-kns‚
\nK-a-\w. {Ia-Øn¬ HmIvko-I-cWw
hnX-dp∂ a‰p \mi-\j - Sv ß- fpw At±lw
]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°n.
Xs‚ Kth-j-W-߃s°m∏w a‰p
]T-\-ßfpw ]cn-tim-[n®v Aº-tXmfw
P\n-X-I-tcm-K-߃°v HmIvko-I-cWw
Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p-sh∂v At±lw Is≠-
Øn.
hn‰m-an-\p-Ifpw ent]m-bnIv BknUv
XpS-ßnb Nne X∑m-{X-Ifpw sIm≠v
Cu tcmK-߃ XS-bm-sa∂v Bankpw
Iq´cpw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw
C°mcyw kwi-bm-Xo-X-ambn sXfn-bn-
°m≥ Ign-™n-´p-s≠∂v Ah¿ Ah-Im-
i-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.
ico-c-Øns‚ tXbvam\w adn-I-S-°m-
\p≈ am¿Kw AXns‚ b{¥-km-Zriyw
{]tbm-P\ - s- ∏-Sp-ØpI Xs∂-bm-W.v AXm-
bXv tXb- v a m\w h∂h am‰n- b n- S pI
Xs∂. Cßs\ `mKn-I-ambn Aa-cXzw
t\Sm-\m-Ipw.
Ct∏mƒ Cu cwKsØ kvs]b¿-
]m¿´p-If - psS IpØ-Ih - ym-]mcw Gs‰-Sp-
Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv {]`-ht- Im-i (Stem cells)
ßfmWv. ]e Xc-Øn-ep≈ {]`-h-tIm-
i-ßfpw C∂v e`y-am-Wv. Ipd-®p-Im-e-
ambn \man-Xn-s\-°p-dn®p tIƒ°m≥ XpS-
ßn-bn´v. kvs]b¿]m¿´p-Iƒ \n¿an-°m≥
Ah kpk-÷-am-bn-°-gn-™p.
F¥mWv {]`- h - t Im- i - ß - f psS
{]k‡n? kpL-Sn-X-amb Hcp ico-c-
\n¿an-Xn°v tImi-߃ Nne Imcy-߃
imkv{X-KXn
AwKo-Ic - nt® aXn-bm-Iq. Xß-fpsS hn`- P¥p-Pm-e-ß-fn¬ \S-Øn-bn-´p≈ FÆ-
P-\-Øn\v ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-s≠-∂-XmWv a‰ \nco-£-W-ß-fn¬, Blmcw Ipd-
CXn¬ apJyw. BZn-aP - o-ht- Im-iØ - ns‚ bv°p-∂Xp-sIm≠v AXmbXv Gsd-°psd
t\¿ ]n≥Km-an-bmb Aao-_bv°v Cu ]´n-Wn-tbm-SS- pØp \n¬°p∂ \nc-°n¬
_p≤n- a p- ´ p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ n- √ . ]n∂oSv Blmcw \¬Ip-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v, Bbp¿-
{]tXyI Ah-bh \n¿am-W-ß-fn-te°v ssZ¿-Lyw ]e-t∏mgpw \mS-Io-b-am-bn-
\oßp-tºm-tgbv°pw IY-bmsI amdn. Øs∂ h¿≤n-°p-∂X - mbn I≠p-hc - p-∂p.
Hmtcm {]tXyI Ah-b-h-ß-fmbn cq]- Hmtcm kv]ojn-kn-s‚bpw {]Xo-£nX
sa-Sp-°m≥ \ntbm-Kn-°s - ∏-´p-Ig - n-™m¬ Bbp- ns\ Ih-®p-h-bv°p∂ coXn-bn-
hn`-P\ - ß - ƒ°v ]cn-[n-If - p-≠.v AXm-bXv ep≈ h¿≤-\b - m-Wn-hnsS IW-°n-se-Sp-
\nc-¥c - a - mbn ]n∂oSpw hn`-Pn-®p-sIm-≠n- °p-∂X - v.
cn-°m-\m-hn-√. ap∂q-dp-tIm-Sn-bn-tesd CXp-hsc Kth-j-I-cmcpw Xs∂
h¿j-߃°p apºv, \nc-¥-c-hn-`-P-\- CØ-cs - amcp ]co-£Ww a\p-jy-cn¬ \S-
Øn\v Xøm-sd-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v cq]-sa-SpØ Øn-bn-´n-√. Pohn-I-fnse Cu \nco-£-
BZn-a-tIm-i-Øns‚ ]c-º-cm-KX k¥- W-^ew a\p-jy-cn¬ ^e-{]-Z-am-Iptam
Xn-If - mb tImi-߃°v CsXmcp _p≤n- F∂pw Adn-bn-√. F∂m¬ Cu hnjbw
ap- ´ p≈ ]Wn- X - s ∂. BZn- a - k zm- X - ]Tn- ° p- ∂ - h ¿°v CXv Xo¿®- b mbpw
{¥ysØ l\n-°p∂ sI´p-]m-Sp-Iƒ. {]tbm-P\ - s
- ∏-Spw.
F¶nepw Hmtcm Ah-b-h-\n¿am-W-Øn- ]t£, `£Ww Ipd- ® p- s Im≠v
s‚bpw L´-ßf - n¬ Cu hn`-P\Xzcbv°v Bbp v \o´m-\mWv \n߃ {ian-°p-∂-
ISn-™m-Wnt´ aXn-bm-Iq. CXn-\mbn sX-¶n¬ Nne Imcy-߃ Hm¿Øn-cn-°-
Ahn-S-hn-sS-bmbn Nne P\n-X-I-Øm-gp- Ww. Fen-I-fnse \nco-£-W-ß-fn¬
Iƒ ÿm]n-®n-´p-≠v. Cu \nb-{¥-W- \n∂p≈ \nK-a-\-ß-fmWv B{i-bn-°p-
߃°v HmIvko-Ic - Ww sImt≠m at‰m ∂-sX-¶n¬ \nß-fpsS Blm-c-Im-cy-hn-
XI-cm-dp-kw-`-hn-®m¬ tImi-߃ BZn- Z-Kv[≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂-Xns‚ ap°m¬
a-kz-`m-h-Øn-tebv°p t]mhp-Ibpw hn`- `mKta Ign-°m-\m-hq.
P\w A\n-b-{¥n-X-am-hp-Ibpw sNøpw. C°m-cy-ß-fpsS Poh-im-kv{X-X-Xz-
{]`-h-tIm-i-߃ CØcw \nb-{¥-W- ߃ At\z-jn-°p∂ Xnc-°n-emWv Cu
߃°-Xo-Xc - mWv. Ah BZn-at- Im-iß - - Poh-im-kv{X-⁄¿.
fpsS kzm`mhw \ne-\n¿Øp-∂p. CØ-c-Øn-sem-cm-fmWv
Adn- b - s ∏- S p∂ CØ- c - s amcp lm¿hm¿Un- s e tUhnUv
]cn[n ‘tlbv ^v f nIv ]cn[n’ knws¢- b ¿. Item- d n- \ n- b -
F∂dnb- s ∏- S p∂p (CXv {¥Ww sIm≠v hm¿[-
Is≠Ønb te\m¿Uv IysØ XS-bm≥ {]Ir-Xn-Z-
tlbv^vfn-°ns‚ Ø-amb X{¥-ß-fp-s≠∂m-
t]cn¬) CXp-{]-Imcw Wn-t±-lØ - ns‚ hmZw.kn¿´p-
HmtcmXcw tImi- hn-\p-Iƒ F∂ t{]m´o-\p-
Øn\pw hn`-Pn-°m-\m- Ifpw Ahbv°p ]n∂n-ep≈
hp∂ Hcp ]cn-[n-bp-≠v. Po\p-I-fp-amWv Ct±-l-Øns‚
\n›n-XF - Æw hn`-P\w Ign- D]-I-c-W-߃. Nne-bn\w ]pgp-
™m¬ AXv ]n∂oSv hn`-Pn-°p-∂n√. °-fnepw boÃn-epw CXv ]co-£n-°s - ∏´p
tlbv^vfnIv ]cn[n \o°w sNbvXp- Ign-™p. ssat‰m-tIm¨{Un-b-bnse
sIm≠v tImi-ßsf ]p\¿hn-`P - \- Ø- n\v Du¿P- { ]- h ¿Ø- I - c mb NAD
{]m]vXa - m-°p-Ib - mWv Nne Kth-jI - c
- psS (Nicotinamide adenine diphophale)
e£yw. CtXmsS hm¿[Iyw ]p¬Inb X∑m-{X-Isf \nb-{¥n-°-em-Wn-h-bpsS
tImi-ka - q-lØ - n\v ]pXp-Po-h≥ ssIh- tPmen. kzm`m- h n- I - a mbpw Ah- s b-
cp-∂p. Ah hn`-P\w Bcw-`n®v ]pXp- s°m≠v NAD bpsS Du¿P-hybw \nb-
tIm-i-ß-fp-≠m-°p-∂p. (C-tXm-sSm∏w {¥n-°m-\m-Ipw. Fen-I-fnepw a‰pw ]co-
h∂-Wb - m-\n-Sb - p≈ Iym≥k¿ `oj-Wn- £-Wß - ƒ hnP-bI - c - a
- m-bn-cp-∂p.
°v, ]t£ adp-]-Sn-bn-√). “A¥nahn-iI - e
- \ - Ø - n¬ \msams°
tImi-ßsf ]pXp-°epw hm¿[Iyw acn-®-h¿X-s∂.”˛ tPm¨ sab-\m¿Uv
XS-b-ep-sams° ]q¿W-ambpw ^e-{]m- sIbv≥kns‚ Hcp \nco-£-W-am-Wv.
]vXn-bn-se-Øm≥ C\nbpw Ie-sa-Sp-tØ- F¶nepw Cu A¥n-a-hn-i-I-e-\-Øn\p
bv°mw. F∂m¬ Zo¿Lm-bp- n\v Adn- apºv Aev]-k-abw D≠-t√m. CsX-
b-s∏-Sp∂ as‰mcp Ffp-∏-am¿K-ap-≠v.˛ ßs\ \o´m-sa∂ {ia-Øn-emWv [\-X-
Blmcw Ipd-bv°p-I. Xz-im-kv{X-sam∂pw hian√mØ ]mhw
]pgp-°ƒ apX¬ Fen-Iƒh-sc-bp≈ Poh-im-kv{X-Kt- h-jI - ¿.

57
 imkv{Xhm¿Ø- Xøm-dm-°n-bXv : tUm. Fw. B¿. kpZ¿i\ Ipam¿

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
k¿∆w πmÃnIv abw
\ΩpsS Np‰p-]mSpw \ΩpsS ico-c-Øn-
\p-≈nepw πmÃn-°ns‚ Ah-injvSw
sIm≠v \nd-™n-cn-°p-Ib - m-sW∂v Ata-
cn-°-bn¬ \S-Ønb Hcp ]T\w shfn-
s∏-Sp-Øn. hf-sc-tbsd {]Nm-ca - p≈ Hcp
πmÃn°ns‚ ASn- ÿ m- \ - L - S - I - a mb
bisphenol A (BPA) bmWv Cßs\ ico-
c-Øn¬ Is≠-Øn-b-Xv. t]mfn Im¿_-
tW‰v πmÃnIv D≠m-°p-hm-\mWv _n.-
]n.- F . D]- t bm- K n- ° p- ∂ Xv . t__n
t_m´n¬, πmÃnIv ]m{X-߃, ]m\o-b,
`£- W - I m- \ p- I - f psS Dƒ`m- K w - C h
\n¿Ωn-°phm≥ t]mfn Im¿_-tW‰v
BWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂-X.v CXp hnL-Sn®v ]co-£W arK-߃°v Biz-kn°mw!
_n.- ] n.- F . X∑m- { X- I - f mbn `£W
]co-£W arK-ß-fmb Fen-Iƒ°pw apb-ep-Iƒ°pw C\n Bizm-k-Øn\p hI-
]Zm¿∞-hp-ambn Ie-cm-\p≈ km[y-X-
bm-bn. arK-kvt\-ln-Iƒ arK-ßf - n¬ \S-Øn-hc - p∂ ]co-£W - ß
- sf h¿j-ßf - mbn
FXn¿Øp-hc - n-Ib
- m-bn-cp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ Ata-cn-°b - nse National Institute of Health
(NIH) sebpw Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) bnsebpw `c-W-I¿Øm-
°ƒ arK-ß-fn¬ \S-Øp∂ ]co-£-W-߃ Ipd®p sIm≠p-h-cp-hm\pw ]Icw
tdmt_m-´p-Isf D]-tbm-Kn®v ]co-£W - ß
- ƒ \S-Øp-hm-\p-ap≈ kmt¶-XnI hnZybpw
Adnhpw `uXnI kuI-cy-ßfpw ]¶p-h-bv°p-hm≥ [mc-W-bm-bn. ASpØ A©p-
h¿j-tØ-bv°mWv CXn\v [mc-Wb - m-bn-´p-≈X
- v.
www.sciam.com
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

sshZyptXm¿P-Ip-∏mbw
kn¶v HmIvsskUv \mt\m hb-dp-If - psS
A¿≤ Nme-I-X-bmWv Ip∏m-b-Øns‚
sshZyp-tXm-Xv]m-Z\ - Ø
- n\v ASn-ÿm-\-
am-Ip-∂-Xv. Xe-ap-Sn-bpsS Bbn-c-Øn-
bp-≠v. National Health and Nutrition sem∂p am{X-ap≈ Cu \mt\m hb-dp- G‰hpw
Examination Survey (NHANES) bn¬ Iƒ XpWn-bmsI h®p-]n-Sn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v.
]cn-tim-[-\bv°v hnt[-b-cm-°nb 2500 Ch _‘-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ hkv{X-Ønse IrXy-X-bm¿∂ t¢m°v
t]cn¬ 92 iX-am\w t]cpsS aq{X- kz¿Ww ]qin-bXpw A√m-Ø-Xp-amb
\mcp-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw Dc-bp-∂X - n\v Imc- National Institute of Standards and
Ønepw _n.-]n-.F. hnL-Sn-®p-≠m-Ip∂
W-am-I-p∂p. \S-°p-tºmgpw sNdnb Technology (NIST) bpsSbpw sImf-
kwbp‡w Is≠-Øn. P\p-h-cn-bnse
Im‰p- s Im≠pw hkv { X- a - \ - ß p- ∂ Xv dmtUm k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bp-sSbpw
Environmental Health Perspectives
sshZyp-tXm-e] v m-Z\- Ø- n\v Imc-Wa- m-Ipw. kwbp‡ C≥Ãn-‰yq-´mb ‘JILA’
emWv Centre for Disease Control and
bm{¥n-tIm¿P-am-Wn-hnsS sshZyptXm¿- G‰hpw IrXy-X-bm¿∂ koknbw
Prevention se Antonia M Calafat Dw
Pambn am‰-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]otkm Ce- At‰m- a nIv t¢m°v \n¿Ωn- ® p.
kwLhpw \S- Ø nb Cu ]T\w
Iv{SnIv {]Xn-`m-ka- mWv sshZyp-tXm-e] v m- t\ctØ Ah¿ \n¿Ωn® NIST-F1
dnt∏m¿´p sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. hfsc
Z-\-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Cu koknbw t¢m°n¬ 8 tImSn h¿j-
sNdnb Af-hn-emWv (G-Xm\pw _ney-
j¿´v [cn-®m¬ samss_¬ t^m¨ Øn¬ t]mepw Hcp sk°‚ v
Wn-sem-cw-iw) _n.-]n.-F. Is≠-Øn-bX - .v
Nm¿Pp- s N- ø m≥ Nm¿P¿ {]tXyIw hyXymkw hcn-√. Ct∏mƒ ]pXn-b-
arK- ß - f n¬ \S- Ø nb ]T- \ - ß - f n¬
sNdnb Af-hn-ep≈ _n.-]n.-F. t]mepw ssIøn¬ Icp-tX-≠-Xn-√. Georgia Xmbn \n¿Ωn® koknbw t¢m°n¬
K
- W
- \- o-ba- mb am‰-߃°v Imc-Wa - m-Ip- Institute of Technology bnse 20 tImSn h¿j-Øn¬t∏mepw Hcp
sa∂v ÿm]n-®n-´p-≠v. s{]m^-k-dmb Zhong Lin Wang Dw sk°‚ v hyXymkw hcn-I-bn-√.
kwL-hp-am-Wv Cu ]T\w \S-Øn-bX - v. www.sciencedaily.com
www.sciencenews.org
www.abc.net.an
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw alm-flm-Km‘n tImtf-Pnse ck-X-{¥-hn-`mKw A≤ym-]-I-\mWv teJ-I≥
Printed & Published by V.G. Gopinathan on behalf of Kerala Sasthrasahithya Parishad & Printed at Kamala Printers, Oyitty Road, Calicut-1 and
published at Parishad Bhavan, Chalappuram, Calicut - 673 002. Editor-R.V.G. Menon approved by CSIR for financial support