Malayalam Teacher Text Xii

lb sk-dn
ae-bmfw
So sSIvv
XII
tIc-fk
- m
hnZym-`ym-k-h-Ipv
Xbm-dm-n-bXv
kwm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw
2015
inev]imebn ]sSph
Fw. knoJv, - F.F.Fw.Fw.Fv.Fkv.Fkv. s]cnq, Iq

Apdlnam hn.sI, Kh. amnf Fv.-F-kv.-Fkv, sImbnemn
tUm. kp-tc-jv, hn.]n.-Fw.-F-kv.-F.-Un.]n.Fv.-Fkv. Ign-{w, Xriq
A\-kv Fw. ]n, F. Fkv. Fv.Fkv.Fkv, s\mmSv, tImgn-tmSv
Bp F. Un. Un. Fv.Fkv.Fkv, aw, Xriq
{]km-Zv sI. bp, Kh. Fv.Fkv.Fkv, ap-tcn, Xriq
at\mPvIpam kn. sI, sk v ssankv Fv.Fkv.Fkv, Iq
Fkv. Pb-Ip-am, Kh. tKkv Fv.Fkv.Fkv, Ccn-m-e-pS
{]q^v
]n. blnb, Pn.hn.Fv.Fkv.Fkv, ]m\, tImgntmSv
te Huv
Fw. {iolj, \{-vIc bp.-]n. k
- vIq, sImbn-em-n, tImgn-tmSv
hnZ-Kv[]
- c
- n-tim-[\
tUm. tPmPv HmWq, ap Ub-dI
- vS, tv Cn-yqv Hm^v Fssk-tm-]o-Un-b
tUm. F. tXma-kvI
- p-n, -ae
- b
- m-ftIc-f ]
- T- \
- h
- n-`mKw ta[m-hn, tImgn-tmSv kh-Ie
- m-ime
AmZanIv tImUnt\
Fw.kn. tPmkvIp-n, dnkv Hmôk, Fkv.kn.C.B.Sn. tIcfw
123456
123456
123456
123456
123456
123456{]nb A[ym-]-I-tc,
123456
123456]{mw mknse cmw `mj ae-bmfw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-n Fgp--Iw,
123456
123456X\-Xn-Sw, Z-Ww, am[yaw Fn-s\ \mep bqWn-p-I-fm-Wp--Xv. Fm
123456
123456bqWn-nsebpw ]mT-`m-Km-y-n \nn-X- ]-T-\-t\-- BPn-m ]cym-
123456]vXa- m-hp ]T-\{- ]-h-\
123456
123456
- \ntZ-in-n-p-v. Hmtcm bqWn-n-sbpw ka-
123456
{K- e - yw kmm- - c n- pw-hn-[-amWv Ch-bpsS {Iao-I-c-Ww. ]pkvX-I-n-
123456ep ]T-\-{]-h-\- {]{In-bm-_-n-X-ambn Ah-X-cn-n-m DX-Ip
123456amXr-II
123456
123456A[n-Ih
- So sSIvn Hcp-n-bn-cn-p-p. CtXm-sSmw ]mTm-]{- K-Y\ - hpw
123456fpapv. CXn-\p-]cn ]mT-]p-kX
- n-hc - - fpw {]iv\t- a-Je - I - ]cn-lc - n-p-X - c - - n-ep hni-Zo-Ic - W- -
123456
123456
v I
-
- nse Nn{X- fpw ]T- \ {
- ]- h \ k`-
123456-fn {]tbm-P\ - s - -Sp-t-X - m-Wv.
123456
123456]T-\m-c- o-w, ]Tn-Xm-f- psS {]Ir-Xw, {]mtZ-in-Ihpw kmaq-ln-Ih - p-amb kml-
123456
123456N-cyw, ùXn-Ik - u-Ic - y- Fn-hb
123456Bh-iy-amb kzmX-{yhpw hg-hpw kzoI-cn-m-hp--Xm-Wv. Atmgpw
- psS ASn-m-\ - n {]h-\-fn
123456
123456\nnX]T-\t- \- - Fm ]Tn-Xm-f - nepw Fn-p-Xn\m-hWw Du.
123456
123456Som-\ tIhew bm{n-I-\nn-Xn-bm-h-cp-Xv. {]h-\--fpsS IrXy--X-
123456
123456
bvp-th-n-bm-hW - a - X- .v \nc-c - hpw ka-{Khpamb aqey-\nW-b - n\pw {]h-
123456\m- k q-
{ X- W
- n-\ p-
a p ASn- m- \ t
- c- J b
- mbn Som- \ d
- ns\ t\mn- m-WW - w.
123456Hmtcm {]h-\hpw kqvaa- mb hne-bn-cp-e
123456
123456
- n\v hnt[-ba - m-th-X - p-.v CXn-
123456\mbn cN- \m- {]- h - \
- BIv n-
h n-
n- t em-K n Ipn- I tcJ- s - S p- p-p-tm-
123456
123456
sbv A[ym-]nI Dd-p-hc - p-W - w. t]mvt^m-fn-tbm-bn-tev t]mtI-h Ipn-
123456I-fpsS {i-bn sImp-hc - W - w. kzbw-hn-eb - n-cp-, ka-kw-Lh - n-eb - n-cp-,
123456
123456
123456
A[ym- ] n-
I b
- psS hne- b n-c p- Fnh A\p- t bm- P y- L
-
- f
- n {]tbm- P\ - s - -
123456Sp--Ww. Ipn-I-fpsS `n-\n-e-hmcw IW-n-se-Sp-p-thWw hne-bn-cp-
123456
123456
{]{Inb Nn-s-Sp-t-X - .v mkvap-dn-bn Ffp- - n D]-tbm-Kn-m-hp HmUn-
123456tbm-km-a{- Kn-I kpe-à - m-Wv. i_vZm-hX
123456Ch ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-mw. Zriym-\p-`-h-p {]m[m-\y-ap
- c - W
- k - m-[y-Xb - p {]h-\ - v
123456
123456
123456{]m[m-\y-ap {]h-\L
{]h-\ - v Ah ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P\ - s - -Sp-mw. Zriym-\p-`h - - p
123456 -
-
- f
- n an- a o- U n-b - Xntb- d
- n-
s bpw kv a mv m-
123456
123456kn-sbpw kuIcyw A[ym-]-I Dd-p-h-cp--Ww.
123456So sSIvv Ah-km-\h
123456
123456I-cpsS hmb-\b
- m- - , Bcw-`n-m-\p DuP-w am{Xam-Wv. A[ym-]-
123456
- p-sSbpw Nn-bp-sSbpw shfn- - n \nc-h[n ]pXp-aI - mkvap-
123456dn-
b n Dm- I s
- . ]T- \ s IqSp- X BIj- I hpw Bkzm- Z y-
h p-
a m-p-X - n\v
123456
123456mkv a p- d nv ]pd- p CS- - f pw Xnc- s - S p- m- a tm. Fgp- - s Xmfn-
123456tbm-eb
123456mw-- mkv n\nv Fw. ap-Ip-s ssk_-dn-S - n-tep k-cn-s-p ]{-
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123456
cmw-`mjm ae-bm-f- ]m-T] - p-kvXI - - ns SosS-Ivntev Xm-
123456fpsS {i- b pw hni- I -
e -
\ -
N n-
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b pw Wn- p- p.
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123456 kvt\l-tmsS,
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123456 tUm. Fkv. cho-{\mb
123456 Ubd
D-Sw
1. tIcf kvIq ]mTy-]-Xn 2013
s]mXp-k-ao-]-\-w ...................................... 07
2. hne-bn-cp- -k-ao-]\w ....................................... 30
3. -amXr-`mjm ]T\kao-]\w..................................... 42
Fgp-Iw.................................................................... 51
ImSn Imtamfhpw
{]Imiw Pew t]msebmWv
Incm-Xh
- rw
Ah-Im-i - f
- psS {]iv\w
X\-XnSw ....................................................................... 102

t- I-in-\o-samgn
An-hWs Imep-I
]Z-ns ]Y-n
amn-f- m-nse tIc-fo-bX
ZWw ........................................................................ 142

sImn-hm- - m-sXmpw
KufnPw
tX
_Z-cnbpw ]cn-kc -
- fpw
bap-t\m-{Xn-bpsS Dujvaf - X
- b
- n
am[yaw ......................................................................... 173

hmwJ-sU-bpsS lrZ-b- p-Sn-p-I
am[y-ah
- n-Nmcw
\h-am-[y-a- : inbpw km[y-Xbpw
ssIsbmn-m ktiw
amXr-Im-tNm-Zy- D-c-kq-NnI ................................... 208

So sSIvv 5
tIcf kvIq ]mTy-]- Xn 2013

s]mXpkao-]\w
BapJw
\thmm\ ]mc-c - y- hpw kuP\yhpw kmh{XnIhpamb s]mXphnZym`ymkhpw
hgn tIcfw Hcp sshm\nI kaqlambn amdn. KpWtabp hnZym`ymkw
DdphcppXn\v ]mTy]Xn ]cnjv I cWfneqsS {InbmIamb
CSs]SepIfneqsS \apv km[nnpv. Ccw CSs]SepI tIcfnse
hnZym`ymkcwKs tZimc{]knbpXmn.
Ccp-]Xmw \qm-ns BZy-Zi - I
- - f - n Xs kaq-l - nse Fm hn`m-K - -
fnepws] Ipn-Isf hnZym-eb - - f - n-se-nm \apv Ign-n-p-v. km-{XnI
kuP\y hnZym`ymk-n-\m-hi - y-amb ]cn-{i-a - Fm Xe-f - nepw \S-n-p-v.
Khsap-If - psS CS-s]S, anj-\d - n-am-cpsS {]h-\w, kmaq-lnI]-cn-jvc - W
{]m-\ - XpS-n-bh - s- bmw s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ym-k - ns ]ptcm-KX - n-p-Im-cW - -
am-bn-p-v. kzmX-{y-{]m-]vXnp tijw \ne-hn h tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW Io-
j dntmp apX 2005 se tZiob ]mTy-] - Xn NqSv hsc-bp tZiob ]T-
\-dn-tmp-Ifpw kao-]\ - - fpw tIc-f - nse ]mTy-] - Xn ]cn-jvc - W- {- ia-sf
kzm[o-\n-n-p-v.
tUm. evaW-kzman apX-en-bm A[y-\ - mb sk-dn hnZym-`ymk In-j
sk-dn taJ-e-bpsS {]m[m-\y-w khn-kvX-cw {]Xn]m-Zn-p. tUm. Un.F-kv.
tImmcn A[y-\ - mb Ioj kan "hnZym-`ym-khpw tZiob hnI-k\ - hpw'
F dntmv {]mY-anI hnZym-`ym-kX - ew sXmv DX hnZym-`ym-kX - ewhsc-bp
L ]T-\h - n-t[-ba - mn. Cu Io-j\ - mWv 10+2+3 F ]mt BZy-ambn
aptm-p-sh-X - v. 1986 se tZiob hnZym-`ymk \bw CXv AwKo-Ic - n-p. CXns
ASn-m-\ - n-emWv tIc-f - n lb sk-d - n- hnZym-`ymkw \ne-hn h-
Xv. A[ym]I tI{oIr-X-amb coXnbn \npw hyXykvX-ambn hnZymn
tI{oIrXhpw {]h\m[njvTXhp-amb ]mTy]Xn ]cnjvIcWn\v XpS-
anXv 1990 Ifn-em-Wv.
2005 se tZiob ]mTy-] - Xn N-qSv (National Curriculum Framework 2005) Cy
hnZym-`ym-k - n \nc-h[n ]cn-h-\p \mn-Ip-dn-p. XpSv NCF 2005
s ASn-m-\ - n hnhn-[h - n-jb - - f - n F.-kn.-C.-B.Sn ]mT-]p-kvXI - -
Xm-dmn. tIc-f - n KCF 2007 cq]o-Ic - n-p-Ibpw ]mTy-] - Xn ]cnjv - c- Ww
sslkvIq X-ew h - sc \S-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 2009 se hnZym`ym-km-hI - m-i\ - n-bahpw
lbsk-dnbpambn _-s s{]m^. ] - n.-H.-sP. e In-n- dntmpw ]mTy-
]-X - n-]c
- n-jI v c - W- - n-\mbn Khsa v \ntbm-Kn tUm. ]n.sI. A_vZp Akokv
Inn dntmpw ]mTy-]Xn ]cn-jvIc - Ww A\n-hm-cy-am-sWv kqNn-n-p-p.
]{v
6 So sSIvv
tIc-f - nse hnZym-`ymk Ncn-{X-nse khn-ti-jL - - a
- m-bn-cpp lb sk--
dn-bpsS kam-cw`w. {]oUn{Kn tImgvkv DX hnZym-`ym-k hIp-n \np ths]-Sp-
n- s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ym-k hIpns `mKamnb-tXmsS lb sk-dn hnZym-`ymkw
hym]-Ia - mbn.
tIc-f - n 1990 lb sk-dn Ubd-IvSt- dv cq]o-Ic - n-p-Ibpw 31 km
sslkvIqfp-I A]vt{KUv sNbvXv lbsk- - dn tImgvkv Bcw`np-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Imen-v kh-Ie - m-imebpsS {]o-Un{Kn kne-_kv A\p-kc - np `mjm-
]m-T]- p-kvXI - - fpw F.-kn.-C.-B.-Sn. bpsS k_vPIvSv ]mT-]p-kvXI - - fpw D]-
tbm-Kn-mWv tIc-f - n lb sk-dn ]T\w Bcw`n-Xv.
1990 Ifn A[yb\nepw A[ym]\nepw ka-{K-amb amw hcp-n-smv
]pXnb ]mTy-] - Xn ss{]adn Xe-n \ne-hn hp. {]h-\m-[n-jvTn-Xhpw
{]{In-bm-_ - n-Xhpw hnZymn-tI-{o-Ir-Xh - p-amb Cu Bi-b - n-\\p-kr-Xa - mbn
\nc-c - a
- q-ey-\nW-b- co-Xnbpw t{KUnwKv k{-Zm-bhpw \S-n-em-n. XpSv lb
sk-dn-bnepw Cu coXn \ne-hnhp. Fm ka-{K-amb ]mTy-] - Xn ]cn-
jvIc - Ww lb sk-dn-bn \S-n-em-bn-cpn-. Fkv.k - n.-C.-B.-Sn. bpsS t\Xr-
Xz-n Nne hnj-b-v ]mT-]p-kvX-I-fpw apgp-h hnj-b-pw
tkmgvkv_ppIfpw FPyq-ta-p-w ]pd-n-dn.
2007 \S-n-em-nb GI-Pm-eI - k
- w-hn-[m\w lb sk-dn {]th-i\w Imcy-
-aamn. C-Kt- h-Wkns `mK-ambn ]com \Snv, sSIv_ -v pv CU v,
kvtImfjnpI, Hmsse {Smkv^ XpSnb ]cn]mSnbneqsS lb sk-
dn kwhn[m\w kpXmcy-ambn.
sshhn-[y-amXpw \qX\hpamb hnj-b - Xnc-s-Sp-p-hm-\p Ah-kcw
tIc-f - nse lb sk-dn hnZym-`ymkw \Ip-p. tZiob ]mTy-] - Xn N-
qSv 2005 aptmp hbvpXnt\-m IqSp-X hnjbsshhn-[y- \Ip--
XmWv tIc-f] - mTy-]- Xn FXv A`n-am-\ml-am-Wv. Hmw `mj-bmbn Cwojpw
cmw `mj-bmbn 12 sFnI `mj-Ifn Hpw Xnc-s-Sp-m-\p Ah-kcw
]Tn-Xm-hn\v e`n-p-p-v. imkv{X-n 10 Dw tImta-gvkn 4 Dw am\-hnI hnj-b-
-fn 32 Dw DssS 46 tImn-t\-j\ - p-I \ne-hn-ep-v. Iem]T-\ - n\v {]tXy-
IhnZym-ebw {]hn-p-hc - p-p-v.
lb skdn taJ-eb - n KpW-ta-b - p hnZym-`ymkw Dd-p-hc - p-p-X - n\v
ka{K A[ym-]I ]cn-h-t\m-pJ ]cn-]m-Sn-I km \S-n-em-nhcp-p-
v. ]T-\- t_m-[\ {]{In-bb - n \ne-hn A\p-`h - n-p {]iv\ - N sNp-
-Xn\pw ]T-\{]h-\ - Bkq-{XWw sNp-X - n\pw hnj-bm-[n-jT v nX A[ym-
]I Iqm-bvaI - klm-bn-p-p.
]mTy-]
- Xn ]cn-jvIc- W
-
- ns {]kn
A\p-kyqXw am-n\v hnt[-ba - m-hp taJ-eb - mWv Adn-hn-t-Xv. Adn-hns a-
e-n kw`-hn-p am-sf Dsmpw {]k-a - mb Awi-sf kzmwio-I-
cnpw am{Xta Imen-Ia - mbn hn]p-es- -Sp ]mTy-]- Xnv apt-dm-\m-hq. Cu am-
amWv tIc-f - nse kvIq ]mTy-] - X
- nsb av Cy kwm-\ - f - n \nv
hyXy-kvXa- m-p-X
- v.
lb sk-dn-bn {]h-\m-[n-jvTnX ]T-\c - oXn \ne-hn hs-nepw ka-
lb skdn
ebmfw
So sSIvv 7
{K-amb ]mTy-] - Xn ]cnjvIcWw \S- Av hj- n- e - [ n- I - a mbn \ne-

n-n-. B\p-Im-en-I-kw-`-hhn-Im-k- \np ]mTy-]-Xnbpw kne-_kpw
- t fmSv kwh- Z n- p- Xpw lb ]mT-]p-kvXI - - fpw ASn-b - c
- a
- mbn Fkv.-
skdn ]Tn-Xm-f - psS {]IrXw kn.-C.-B.-Sn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-n ]cn-jvI-
]cn-K-Wn-p--Xp-amb ]mTy-]-Xn cn-t--Xm-Wv.
]cn-jI v c- W-amWv Ctm \S-p-hcp- s{]m^. ]n.H.sP e Inn
-Xv. D-X-hn-Z-ym-`-ymk taJ-e-bn-te-
p Nhn-p-]Sn F \ne-bn
lbsk--dn cwKs cmPym- Hcp sshm- \ nIkaqlw F \ne-
c \ne-hm-c - n Fn-e - mWv bn Ime- L - - ns shp- h n- f n- I sf
eyw. cmPym-c \ne-hmcw FXv t\cn-Sm ]mTy-] - Xn ASn-m-\] - c - a- mbn
GsX-nepw Hcp cmPy-ns hnZym- ]p\wL- S n- n- t - Xpw \ho- I - c n-t-
`ymk \ne-hm-c-a. lb sk- Xpw A\n- h m- c y-am-W v.
dn ]T\w ]qn-bm-p ]Tn-Xm- tUm. ]n. sI. A_vZp Akokv
hn\v temIv Fhn-sS-bm-sW-nepw Inn
PohnXw aptmv \bn-m-\p tijn
\I-em-WX - v. Poh-km-cW - - n\pw AXn-Po-h\ -
- n-\p-ap tijn ssIh-cn-m
BPn-t Adn-hp-If - p-sSbpw A\p-`h - - f - p-sSbpw BsI-p-Ib - m-WX - v. BtKm-
f-Xe-
- n Ah-Xcn-n-s - anI ]T\ t_m[\ amXr-II - f - mWv \psS ]Tn-
Xm-v e`y-am-t-X - v. AXn--\p {ia-sa \ne--bn-emWv ka-{K-amb ]mTy-]-
Xn ]cn-jvIc - Ww \S-n-em-p-X - v. ]mTy-] - Xn Imem-\p-kr-Xa - mbn \ho-Ic - n-t-
Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-sWv ]mTy-]-Xn ]cn-jvI-c-W-hp-ambn _-sv Kh-
s \ v ntbm-Kn hnZKv[ kanXn \nt-in-p-Ib - p-m-bn. IqSmsX hnZym-`ymk Ah-
Imi\nb-a - nse ]mTy-] - Xn, hne-bn-cp- Fn-hb - p-ambn _-s \nb-a-
]mT-y] - - Xn ]cn-jvIc - W- n ]cn-KW - n-t-Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv.
hnZym-`ymk Ah-Imi\nbaw 2009
skIvj 29 (A[ymbw 5)
]mTy-] - X - nbpw hne-bn-cp- \S-]S- n-{I-ahpw
(1) {]mY-anI hnZym-`ym-k - n-\p-th-n-bp ]mTy-] - X- nbpw hne-bn-cp- \S-
]-Sn-{I-ahpw kap-Nn-Xk - m-cn-\m hnm-]\w hgn \ntZ-in-s - -Sp
Hcp Am-Za - nI A[n-Im-c - m-\ - m {]Xn-]m-Zn-s - -tS-X - mWv.
(2) Am-Za - nI A[n-Im-c - m\w 1mw D]-hI - pv {]Im-ca - p ]mTy-] - X - nbpw
hne-bn-cp- \S-]S- n-{I-ahpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-tm Xmsg ]d-bp-h ]cn-K-
Wn-t-X - m-Wv. AXm-bXv :-
(a) `c-WL - S- \- b - n {]Xn-jvTm-]n-Xa - mb aqey-t- fm-Sp A\p-tbm-PyX.
(b) Ipn-bpsS khtXm-ap-Ja - mb hf.
(c) Ipn-bpsS Adnhpw Ignhpw sshZ-Kv[yhpw {ItaW h[n-n-.
(d) imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-Ih - p-amb Ign-hp-If - psS kqW hnIk\w.
(e) Ipnv kulr-Z] - c- a- m-bXpw Ipnsb tI{o-Ic - n-n-p-X - p-amb Hcp coXn-
bn {]h-\hpw Ip]n-Sn-hpw ]cy-th-W - hpw aptJ-\b - p
]T\w.
(f) t_m[-\a - m-[yaw {]mtbm-Kn-Ia - m-bn-p-n-St- mfw Ipn-bpsS amXr-`m-jb - n-
embncnt-X - m-sW-X - v.
]{v
8 So sSIvv
(g) `bw, am\-knI ]ncn-ap-dp-a - p-m-p kml-Nc - yw, DXvIWvT Fn-h-
bn\nv Ipnsb hnap-a - m-epw kzX-{-ambn A`n-{]mbw {]I-Sn-n-
p-X- n\v Ipnsb klm-bn-e - pw.
(h) Adnhv {Kln-p-X - n-\pw AXv {]tbm-Kn-p-X - n-\pap Ipn-bpsS Ign-
hn-s ka-{Khpw \nc-c - h
- p-amb hne-bn-cp-.
ta-d LS-I- Ddphcp-p Xc-n ]mTy-]-Xn ]cn-jvI-cn-t-
Xpv. Cu- ]m-e
-
- n-emWv ]mTy-]
- Xn ]cnjvIc-Ws hon-t-X
- v.
tIcf kvIq ]mTy-]
- X
- n- (2013) khn-ti-jX
- I
-
$ hnZymYn tI{oIrXamb Cu ]mTy- ] - Xn {]{Inbm_nXhpw
{]ht\mpJhpw aqeym-[njvTnXhpamWv.
$ _unIXenepw {]{Inbm-Xenepw kmaq-lnIsshIm-cn-IX - e- - nepw
]TnXmhv Fnt-tc ]T\t\v Du \Ipp.
$ aqey-f - nepw at\m-`m-h - f - nepw ]Tn-Xmhv BPn-t tijn-Iv Du
\Ip-p.
$ m\- \ nnXn F XmznI- a mb ASndbn- \ npsImp
]mTy]Xn.
$ hn\n-ab{]{In-bb - n sshhn-[y-amXpw bp-hp-amb ]T-\X - {- - kzoI-
cn-m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-m-\p-ap kzmX{yw A[ym-]I - v \Ip-p.
$ ]T-\t- \-w, D-Skz`m-hw, ]Tn-Xm-f - psS hyXykvX \ne-hmcw Fnh Xncn-
-dnv hnhn[ ]T\t_m[\ coXn-I \S-n-em-p-Xn-\p hg-w. Is-
]T\w, Bi-bk - - m-Z\coXn (Concept attainment model), BK-a-\-
NnmcoXn (Inductive method), Nn-sb-p-dnv Nnn-m-\p Ign-hp-I
hf (Metacognition), kl-Ic - W- ] - \w (Co-operative learning), kl-
- T
hnX-]T - w (Collaborative learning), {]Xn-ê
- \ - \ - n hf (Reflective
- N
learning), hyn-]c - a- mbpw kwL-]c - a- mbpw Ah-kc -
- \I apX-em-bh
]cn-KW- n-p-p.
$ kuP-\yhpw kmh-{Xn-Ih - p-amb hnZym-`ym-kw Dd-m-p-Xpt]mse Fm Ipn-
I-fp-sSbpw ]T-\t- \w Dd-v hcp-p-p.
$ {]oss{]adn apX lb sk- - dn hsc ]cn-KW - n-p-sIm-p-- ka-{K-
ambn ]mTy-] - X - n.
$ hnhchn\nab kmtXnIhnZy (sF.kn.Sn.) Hcp {]tXyI ]mTyhnjbw
FXnep]cn ]mTyhnjbfpsS hn\nabw ê{]ZampXn\p Hcp
D]m[nbmbn D]tbmKnpp.
$ {]tXyI ]cn-KW - \ - b - ln-p Ipn-Iv hyXy-kvXhpw \qX-\h - p-amb ]T-
\-X-{- Bhn-jvI-cnp-Xn-s\mw A\p-tbm-P-y-amb hne-bn-cp-
{]h-\ - cq]-s-Sppp.
$ ]T-\t- \-- f - n- Dunb ka-{Khpw \ncc-hp-amb hne-bn-cp- (CCE)
Ddphcp-pp.
$ BtcmKyImbnIhnZym`ymkw, IemhnZym`ymkw, {]hr-n-]cn-Nbw Fnh
]cn-KW- n-p-p.
lb skdn
ebmfw
So sSIvv 9
$ lbsk---dn-X-e-n Imem-\p-kr-X-amb ]mT-]p-kvX-I- Xbm-dm-

pp.
$ hnZym-`ym-k Ah-Imi-\nb-a - ns shfn- - n Ah-Im-im-[n-jT v nXhnZym-`ym-
k-n\v Du \Ip-p.
$ A[-ym-]I - s\ Hcp kl-c - m-Im-hns (Mentor) Xe-n-tev Dbn
Ipnv kvIqfn-epw mkvap-dn-bnepw thp Icp-Xepw XWepw A\p-`h - n-
m Ah-kc - s
- am-cp-pp.
$ A[ym-]I - ]men-t [manI\nb-ak - w-ln-Xbvv (Code of Professional
Ethics for School Teachers) Du \Ip-p.
$ ]pXnb Ime-L- - ns shp-hn-fn-I A`n-ap-Jo-Ic - n-m klm-bI - a
- m-hp
]T\ss\]p-Wn-I BPn-p-p.
$ am\p-jnIaqey- Dsm-p Xe-ap-dsb krjvSn-m ]cym-]vXa - m-b-
Xv.
$ Ah-kc - p-ey-Xbpw ka-Xzhpw (Equity and Equality) Dd-p-h-cp-p--Xv.
- X
]T-\s kzm-`m-hn-Ia - m-n, ]Tn-Xm-f - p-sS _u-n-Ihpw am-\k - n-Ih-- pw {]-h-\ - -
]-ch
- pambp k-a{- K hn-Im-kw e-y- a - mp a-kvX - n-jvI
- lr-Zb - l-kvX - ka-\z- n-X-
am-b ]mT-y-]--Xn (Curriculum for the harmony of Head, Heart and Hand).
]mTy]-Xn k-ao-]\w
hnZym-`ymk a\-m-kv{X-nsebpw XXz-Nn-b - nsebpw ]pXp-Nn-I - kzmwio-Ic - n-
mWv \psS ]mTy-] - Xn hnI-kn-n-X - v. F.kn.F^v 2005 aptm-ph m\-
\nanXn hmZamWv tIcf kvIq ]mTy-] - X - n 2013\pw ASn-m-\a - mbn \ne-\np-
-Xv. m\\nanXnhmZ-n ]T\w Adn-hns \nm-Wa - m-Wv.
mt\-{n-b - fneqsS Npp-]m-Sn\np ]Tn-m-\p ss\kKn-Ia - mb Ign-hp-I-
tfmsS-bmWv Ipn P\n-p-X - v. temIs ]pXnb coXn-bn t\mn-m-Wm\pw
a\-n-em-m\pw CS-]g- I - m-\pw hne-bn-cp-m-\p-ap km[y-XI - f
- mWv hnZym-eb - - nse
Hu]-Nm-cnI]T\w hgn Ipnv e`n-pXv. ]mTy-] - Xn hn\n-ab-ka - o-]\
- - ns
khn-ti-jX - I
- Fsm-s-bm-bn-cn-Ww?
$ {]h--\m-[n-jvTnXw
$ {]{In-bm-_ - nXw
$ ]T\w Dd-m-p-Xv.
$ ]T-\t- \- - ssIh-cn-p-X - n\v ]cym-]vXa - m-bX - v.
$ ]cn-n-Xn- kulr-Z] - c
- a- m-bXv.
$ hnIm-kt- a-JeIsf ]cn-KW - n-p-Xv.
$ ]Tn-Xm-hns {]Ir-X - n\p tbmPn-Xv.
$ ]T-\t- m-sSmw hne-bn-cp-epw Hp-tNp t]mIp-X - v.
m\\nanXnhmZ-n-e[ - n-jvTn-Xa- mb ]T-\c - o-Xn-bmWv ]mTy-] - X - n-bpsS B[m-cw.
]Tn-Xm-hns BPnXamb Adn-hn-s\bpw Bi-b] - c- n-kc - s- bpw ]cn-KW - n-p-sImv
ê-{]-Za- mb ]T-\{- ]-h-\ - Hcp-p-X - n-eqsS kzm`m-hn-Ia - mbn Adnhv \nan-
s-Sp-m km[npw F-XmWv Cu ImgvN - m-Sn-s {]tXy-IX - .
]{v
10 So sSIvv
]T\m-\p-`-h-
hyXykvX PohnXkml-Nc - y-f
- n \nv h-cp ]Tn-Xm-f - psS BPnXamb Adn-
hv, Ign-hv, Xmcyw Fnh hyXy-kvXa - m-Wt- m. Cu sshhn-[ys Dsm-v,
hyn-hy-Xym-ksfbpw _lp-apJ_pn-sbbpw ]cn-KW - n-p-sImv ]T-\m-\p-`h
- -
Hcp-pI F-XmWv {][m\w.
]T-\m-c- ow
]Tn-Xm-hns Xmev]c - y-hpw hnIm-khpw ]cn-KW - n-p-sImv sshhn-[y-ap ]T-\{- ]-
h-\ - f - n ]m-fn-If
- m-m Ign-bpw-hn[w mkvapdn {Iao-Ic - n-Ww. ]T-\{- ]-
h-\ - hnZymYn-tI-{o-IrXam-hW - w. AXn\p klm-bI - a- m-Ipw-hn[ap ]T-
\m--co--amWv k-am-t-Xv. ]T-\-]-cn-k-c-n-ep-m-bn-p hnI-k-\hpw
hfbpw IW-n-se-Spv hnZymYn tI{o-Ir-Xa - mbpw {]h\m-[n-jT v X
- h
- p-ambn
\np-sImv A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]T-\X - {- - kzoI-cn-p-X - n-\p kzmX{yw
A[ym-]I - \- n A[n-jvTn-Xa - m-Wv.
]T-\{- ]-{Inb
$ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xmhpw Ah-cpsS ap A\p-`-h--fp-ambn _-s-Sp-n-bmWv
m\\namWw (Knowledge construction) \S-p-X - v.
$ hyn-X-e-nepw AY-]qW-amb kmaq-lnI -C-S-s]-S-eq-I-fn-eq-sSbpw
m\\nam-Ww \S-p-p-v.
$ hyXykvX ]T-\s - si-en-I (Learning styles), ]T-\t- h-Kw (Learning pace)
Fnh ]cn-KW - n-p-sImv C{n-bm-\p-`h -
- (Multi sensory experiences)
fneqsS ]T\w ê-{]-Za - m-Ipp.
$ kl-hnX ]T-\-n-eq-sSbpw kl-I-c-Wm--Ihpamb A-co--
neqsSbpw ]T\w IqSp-X ê-{]-Za - m-Ip-p.
$ ]T-\k- m-a{- Kn-I (Learning material) Xm-cy-P\Ihpw AY-]qW-hp-am-
Ww.
$ ]T-\m-\p-`h
- - Nm{In-Ia - mbn (Spiralling) Ah-Xc - n-n-p-Xphgn ]T\w IqSp-
X ê-{]-Za - m-Ipp.
$ ]T\{]h-\ - v A\p-tbm-Py-amb hgw (Flexibility), A\p-cq-]o-I-
cW (Adaptations) km[yX Fnh Dd-m-pXneqsS hyXykvX
]T\mhiyap-hs - cbpw A`n-cp-Nn-bp-hs - cbpw ]cn-KW - n-mw.
$ ]T\-t\w (Learning outcome) Dd-m-m-\m-Ip ]T-\m- \p-`h - - Hmtcm ]Tn-
Xm-hn\pw e`n-t-X - p-v.
$ ]T-\hpw hne-bn-cp-epw ]c-kv]c - ]
- q-cI- a
- mbn \S-t-X - m-Wv.
$ D-Sw (Content), ]Tn-Xm-hns ]T-\m-hi - y- Fnh ]cn-KW - n-p-sImv
t- bm-Py-amb A[y-b\ ]T-\co-Xn-Ifpw X{-fpw {]tbm-P\ - s- -Sp-p-tm
Fm-hpw ]T-\t- \w (Learning outcome) ssIh-cn-m km[n-pw.
$ Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hn-sbpw ka-{K-hn-Ik - \w eyw hm-bn-cn-Ww ]T-\{- ]-
{Inb \n-bn-t-X - v.
lb skdn
ebmfw
So sSIvv 11
]T\-t\--
tIcf kvIq ]mTy-] - Xn 2013 s `mK-ambn B.-Sn.-C. hyh-{- ]-Imcw ]T-\t- \-
- F Bibw Ah-Xc - n-n-n-cn-p-p. t_m[-\w, ]T-\w, aqey-\nWbw Fnh
IrXy-ambpw {]mtbm-Kn-Ia - mbpw Bkq-{XWw sNm ]T-\t- \- - sf kw_-n-
p Adnhv A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. ]mTy-] - Xn cq]o-Ic - n-p-tm kvIq hnZym-`ym-k-
ns hnhn[ L-f - n Ipn ssIh-cn-t ey-f - mbn \mw IW-m-p--
h-bmWv ]T-\t\- - . Hcp {]tXyI hnj-bt- a-Je - b - n hnZymYn t\tS m\w,
Ign-hv, A`n-cp-Nn, at\m-`m-hw, Xmev]cyw Fn-hsb Bkv]Z- a - m-n-bp kqva-
amb {]kvXm-h\ - I - f - mWv ]T-\t- \- - . Ch-bn NneXv {lkz-Im-eb - f- h - n Xs
BPn-p-Xpw ap NneXv ZoL-Imew sImv BPn-p-X - p-am-bn-cn-pw. Cs\
Ipn-bn-ep-m-th am-sf apIqn \n-bn-m \app km[n-pw. kvIq
hnZym-`ym-k - ns hnhn[ L-f - n ]Tn-Xmhv BPn-t Adn-hp-Ifpw [mc-W-
Ifpw tijn-If - p-amWv ]T-\t- \- - . bqWnvXe ]T-\t- \- - f - n-eq-sS hjm-y-
nepw kvIq L-ns Ah-km-\nepw ssIh-cn-p ]T\-t\- - f - mbn Ch
hnI-kn-t-X - p-v.
\nco-W - k - m-[yhpw Af-m-hp-X - p-amb {]I-S\ - - ns ASn-m-\ - n-emWv ]T-
\-t\-- {]kvXm-hn-t-X - v. Hmtcm bqWn-n\pw mkn\pw L-n\psamSp-hn
Ipn t\tS Adn-hv, tijn-I, aqey-, at\m-`m-h - Ch t\Sn-bn-ptm
Fp hne-bn-cp-m ]T-\t- \- - f - psS hni-Ie - \ - - n-eqsS Ign-bpw. AXm-bXv ]T-
\-t\- - sf ASn-m-\a - mn IrXy-ambpw hy-ambpw hne-bn--cp- {- ]-h-\-
Bkq-{XWw sNm Ign-bpw.
]T-\t- \- - f - psS {]kvXm-h\ efn-Xhpw hy-hpw, IrXyhpw bpn-kl - h - p-am-bn-cn-
t-X - p-v. A[ym-]I - pw, ]Tn-Xm-hn\pw cn-Xm-pw Bi-b - p-g - a- p-m-
mhn[-am-bn-cn-Ww ]T-\t- \- - fpsS Ah-Xc - W- c - o-Xn. ]Tn-Xm-hn\v Fp-sN-
m Ignbpw F {]kvXm-h\ - b - m-bX - n-\m Ipn-bpsS ho-W - n-eq-sS-bmWv
Ch {]kvXmhnp-Xv. Cu {]kvXm-h\ - I
- hnZymYn tI{o-Ir-Xa - m-sW-Yw.
]T-\t- \- - D-S - w, {]{In-bI - , tijn-I, aqey-, at\m-`m-h - Fn-
h- Dsm-p-h - b- m-hW - w. ]Tn-Xm-hns {]I-S\ - ] - c - a
- mb Ign-hp-Is - f \ne-bn
CXv A[ym-]I - c - psS kmaqly D-ch - m-Zn-Xzhpw {]Xn-_ - X - bpw Ddm-p-p. Ipn-
bpsS ]T-\\ - n-esb kw_-nv cn-Xm-v Xmev]c - yhpw Adnhpw Dm--
Ww. ]T-\t- \w Dd-m-p-X - n-\m-hi - y-amb ]cn-lm-ct- _m-[\ - hpw \nc-c - a - q-ey-\nW-
b-{]-{In-bb - psS `mK-ambn \S-m-t-X - p-v. Npcp- - n ]T-\t- \- - sf mkvdqw
{]h-\ - f - p-ambpw hne-bn-cp- kao-]\ - h- p-ambpw _n-n-W - w. ]mTy-] - -
Xn-bpsS ê-{]-Za - mb hn\n-ab - - n-eqsS Fm ]Tn-Xm-fp-sSbpw ]T-\t- \w Dd-p-h-
cp-m km[n-W - w. KpW-ta-b - p hnZym-`ym-k - n\v CX-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
hnhchn\n-ab kmt-XnIhnZy
Adnhns \nam-W - nepw hnX-cW - - nepw hnh-ch - n-\n-ab
- k - m-t-Xn-Ih- n-Zybvv apJy-
]v hln-m-\p-v. hnh-ct- i-Jc - W- - n-eq-sSbpw hni-Ie - \-
- n-eq-sSbpw sshhn-
[y-amb Ah-Xc - W
-
- f- n-eq-sS-bp-amWv CXv km[y-am-Ip-X - .v lbsk-U-dn-bnse
GsXmcp hnj-bhpw hn\n-abw sNp-X - n\v hnh-ch - n-\n-ab kmt-Xn-Ih - nZy (ICT)
bpsS km[y-XI- {]tbm-P\ - s
- -Sp-m-hp-X - m-W.v CXn-eqsS ]Tn-Xm-v sF.kn.-
Sn. tijn-I t\Spp Fv Dd-m-m\pw km[n-pw.
]{v
12 So sSIvv
Bh-iy-IX -
]mT-]p-kvX-I-nsbpw D-S hn\n-a-b-n-sbpw ]cn-an-Xn-I adn-I-S-m
sF.kn.-Sn. v km[n-pw. ]T-\{- ]-h-\ - Gs-Spv ê-{]-Za - m-b- co-Xn-bn
\Sn-em-p-X - n\pw {]k-hpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb hnh-ct- i-Jc - W- - n\pw D-X-
\n-eh - m-c - n-ep Ah-Xc - W- - n\pw KpW-ta-b - p Dev - - Xbm-dm-p--
Xn\pw ]Tn-Xm-v sF.kn.-Sn. bneqsS km[n-pw. bYmYyn-ep-n-bp-Xpw
koW-hp-amb {]mtbm-Kn-I{- ]-h-\ - ]e-tmgpw A{]m-tbm-Kn-Ia - m-Ip
kml-Nc - y-n shz em_ns {]tbm-P\w \Im-\m-Ipw. As\ mkvap-
dn-I kvamv apdn-I F-Xn-ep-]cn emt_m-d- d - n-If - mbn Db-cp-Ibpw sNpw. Hmtcm
hnj-bh - p-ambn _-s {]K-c - p-ambn kwh-Zn-m\pw AXmXv hnj-b - ns A\-
-km-[y-XI - a\-n-em-m\pw hoUntbm tIm^d-knMv, tkmjy aoUnb
Fn kwhn-[m-\- ]Tn-Xm-v {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-m-\m-hpw. IqSmsX
PohnXkml-Nc - y-nse hnhn[ Bh-iy- (Hmsse At]-I - , ]co--
I, A`n-ap-J - , hnhn[ tkh-\ - XpS-nbh) t\Sp-Xn\pw sF.kn.-n. klm-
b-Ic - a - m-hpw.
A\p-tbm-PyX
Zriy-{- ihy am[y-a - ê-{]-Za - mb ]T-t\m-]I - c - W- a - m-Wv. Ipn-bpsS kK-ti-
jntbbpw _pn-bpsS _lp-Xe - - t- fbpw Do-]n-n-m sF.kn.-Sn. v Ign-bpw.
Pnm-kbpw DtZz-Khpw hgn ]T-\h - n-jb - - n Xmev]cyw \ne-\nm-\m-hpw. C{o-
b- ] - c n- a nXn A\p- ` - h n- p- - h v Cu km[yX Gsd {]tbm- P \w sNpw.
i_vZwsImpw ImgvNs - Impw Imcy- IqSp-X A\p-`t- h-Zy-am-m sF.kn.-
n. {]tbm-P\ - s - -Spw. hyXykvX ]T-\m-\p-`h -
- \Ip-X - n\v CXv Fsd klm-
b-Ia - m-Wv.
km[y-X-I
$ UnPn-n cq]-nepw Ne-\m-I - h- p-amb ]mT-]p-kvXI - - .
$ ]T-\{- ]-h-\ - v Bh-iy-amb A[n-Ih - n-hc -
- fpw {]k-t-j\ - p-Ifpw
A\n-ta-j\ - p-If - pw.
$ Hmtcm hnj-bh - p-ambn _-sv temI-ns GXv `mKpw e`y-am-hp
Ghpw ]pXn-bXpw {]k-h - p-amb hnh-c - f - psS e`y-X.
$ Hmsse sSp-Ifpw kzbw-hn-eb - n-cp-e - n\pw sa-s-Sp-e - n\pw Bh-iy-
amb kwhn-[m-\ -
$ tNmZy-t]- amXr-II - fpw Dc kqN-I - f - pw.
$ hnIvtSgvkv t]mse-bp sSen-hn-j Nm\-ep-If - psS ê-{]-Za - mb D]-tbmKw.
$ Pohn-Xs - s\-]p-Wn-Ifpw aqey-fpw at\m-`m-h - fpw ]cn-t]m-jn-n-p-X - n\pw
am\-knI ]ncn-ap-dpw Hgn-hm-p-X - n-\p-ap C-dm-IvSohv ]cn-]m-Sn-I.
$ \nb-{n-Xhpw \nb-ah - n-t[-bh - p-amb WiFi Im-kp-I.
ka-{K-amb Hcp hnZym-`ymk t]m k-am-n-smpw kvIqfp-If - psS ASn-
m\ kuIcyw hnI-kn-n-p-sImpw A[ym-]I - sc imo-Ic - n-p-sImpw hnh-
c-km-t-XnI hnZy-bpsS {]tbm-P\w AXns Db Xe-n-se-n-t-Xv Ime-
L- - ns Bh-iy-am-Wv.
hnizm-kyX
kma-{Kn-If - psS hnizm-kyX Ddv hcp-t-X - p-.v Khsa v Unmvs - a v sskp-
lb skdn
ebmfw
So sSIvv 13
I, hnZym-`ymk sh_vsskp-I, t]m-ep-I, tmKp-I, tkmjy s\v

hp-I Fn-hb - n \np hnh-c-fpsS B[n-Im-cn-IX Dd-mn D]-tbm-Kn-
-Ww.
mkvdqw hn\n-ab-
- n\v D]-tbm-Kn-p kma-{Kn-If- psS {]mtbm-Kn-IX Ddv hcp-
t--Xp-v. Ccw kma-{Kn-I, Ah {]hn-p--Xn-\p-tbm-Py-amb
tkm^vvshb-dp-I Fnh Ffp- - n e`y-am-Ip-Xpw D]-tbm-Kn-p-hm Ign-
bp-Xpw sF.Sn \nb-a - ]men-pXpam-bn-cn-W - w. sF.kn.Sn bpsS km[y-X-
I {]tbm-P\- s
- -Sp-p-tm Ipn-bpsS {]mbw, am\-kn-I\ - ne, sXmb amK-n-
tev t]mIp-hm-\p {]h-WX Fnh IW-n-se-Sp-W - w.
Iem-]T- \w
kaq-lP - o-hn-sb \ne-bn a\p-jy-Po-hn-X - ns aptm-p {]bm-W - n\v Bkzm-
Z\o-ba-- mb A\p-`h - - Hcp-p-X - ns `mKam-bn-mWv Ie-I cq]-s-p-h - X - v.
Pohn-XL - - - f - n Ic-KX - a- m-Ip A\p-`h - - a\pjya\-n sshIm-cn-IX - b - psS
Hmf-f - p-m-p-Ibpw CXn\npw Bkzm-Zy-Ic - a
- mb A\p-`q-Xn-hn-ti-j - DS-
se-Sp-p-Ibpw sNp-p. BZn--Im-ew apX cq]-s-p-h Iem-cq-] - s- f-m-Xs
Zriy-{- i-hy-]c - hpw a\p-jy-a\ - - ns\ C-c - n \ho-Ic - nv Pohn-X - n ]p
DuPw {]Zm\w sNp-h - b - p-am-sWpw \ap-p-Im-Wmw. CXv Ie-bpsS {]tXyI
in-hn-ti-j-am-Wv. ""Literature, Music and the arts all are necessary for the
development and following of a student to form an integrated total personality'' FXv
IeIsf- - n-bp SmtKm-dns ImgvN - m-Sm-Wv. kaq-l] - p-tcm-KX - n-pthn hn
alm-m-s - f-m-hcpw C-c - n Ie-Is - f-n kqNn-n-n-p-v.
$ kKm-I-X, \nco-W - ] - m-Sh- w, A\p-Ic - W
- h - m-k\ - , I-\m-ti-jn, hyXn-
cn-_ - pn Fnh Ipn- I-fn hfm Iem-]T - \w AXy-m-t]-n-X-
amWv.
$ Fm-cn-epap _pn-hf - bvv A`n-t{]-cW \Ip ]T-\m-hk - c - -
CXn-eqsS Ipn-Iv e`n-pIbpw sNpw.
]Tn-Xmhv BPn kK-ti-jn-Isf hnI-kn-n-p-I, Ie-tbbpw kmln-Xy-sbpw
kw_-nv hnim-ea - mb hoWw cq]-s-Sp-pI Fn-hb - mWv lbsk-dn
Xe-n Iem-]T - \ - - n-eqsS ey-an-Sp-X - v. Hw Iem-km-lnXy taJ-eI - f- n
DX ]T-\ - n\pw Kth-jW - - n-\p-ap A`n-cpNn hfn-sb-Sp-t-X - p-.v \nco-
-W-]m-S-hw, Bkzm-Z-\-ti-jn, A\p-I-cW hmk\ XpS-n-bh ]Tn-Xm--fn
hfm Iem-]T - \w A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. thdn Nn-I, thdn {]Xo-II - c- W- -
tijn Fnh cq]-s-Sp-m\pw kmaq-lnI CS-s]-Se - p-I Dd-m-m\pw ]T\w IqSp-
X ê-{]-Za - m-m\pw Iem-]T - \w klm-bI - a - m-Ip-p. Ipn-Isf Ia-\n-cX - cpw AXyp-
m-ln-If - p-am-n DuP-kz-eX icn-bmb Zni-bn-tev hgn-Xn-cnp hnSm Iem-{]-
h-\ - klm-bn-p-p.
Btcm-KyImbnI hnZ-ym-`-ymkw
2001--- se Uyp.F-v.H. dntmv A\p-kc - nv C-yb
- nse bphm-f- n `qcn-`m-Khpw
PohnXssieo tcmK-n-cb - m-bh
- c
- m-Wv. tIc-fk - m-dns IW-\ - p-kc - nv,
200809 A[-yb - \ hj-n 16,28943 hnZ-ymn-If - n \S-nb Imbn-I - a - Xm
]cn-tim-[\ - b
- n 20% n Xmsg am{X-amWv icn-bmb tbmK-yX D-hcmbn Is-
]{v
14 So sSIvv
n-bX - .v Cu cp hkvXp-XI - fpw A\m-tcm-Ky- I
- c
- a
- mb kmaq-lm-h - s - b-bmWv kqNn-
n-p-X - v. imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-Ihpw sshIm-cn-Ihpw Bo-bh - p-amb kpn-Xn-
bpsS kmI-ey- s - -bmWv Btcm-Kyw F- ]Zw A-am-p-X - v. AXp-sImp
Xs BtcmKyw hynbpsS \ne-\n]n\v A\n-hm-cy- a - m-Wv. icn--bmb coXn-bnep
B-tcm-KyImbnIhnZ-ym-`y- m-k - ns \nh-lW - - n-eqsS Ccw {]Xn-k - n-Isf
adn-IS-
- m km[n-pw. ImbnIanI-hp-I {]I-Sn-n-p Ipn-Isf imkv{Xob
]cn-io-e\ -
- n-eqsS {]Xn-Ì - f - mn amp {]{Inb hfsc Ipdv Ipn-Iv am{Xw
\tI {]h-\a - m-Wv. Fm s]mXpkaq-l - nse apgp-h hy-n-Ipw
Ah-cpsS \ne-\nn\v Bhi-ya - mb tIhe Btcm-Ky- I - m-bnI aX Dd-m-t--
Xp-v. CXn-\mbn Btcm-Ky- - Im-bnI hnZ-ym-`ymkw ss{]adn Xew apX imkv{Xo-
bhpw ka-{K-hp-ambn \I-Ww. AXn\v tZiob ]mT-y] - - Xn N-qSv 2005 B-tcm-
K-y ImbnI hnZ-ym-`y- m-ks kw_-nv aptmv h Bhiym-[n-jvTnX kao-
]\w, DZv{K-YnX kao-]\w Fn-hbvv khn-tij{ibpw {]m-[m-\yhpw \evtI--
Xm-Wv.
D-S taJ-eb - psS Adn-hn-t\m-sSmw {]I-S\ - a - n-Ihpw imco-cn-I - a - X
- bpw hne-bn-
cp-s - -tS-m-Wv. tIcf kvIq ]mTy-] - Xn 2013 hn`mh\w sNp-Xpw ss{]a-dn-
bn Bcw-`nv Btcm-Ky-Im-bnI hnZym-`ymkw lbsk-Udn Xe-n Fp-
tm-gmWv ]qW-am-Ip--Xv. Btcm-Ky--Im-bnI hnZym-`ymk cwKv anIhv
]pep ]Tn-Xm-v cmPym-c km[y-XI - D]-tbm-Ks - -Sp-m-\m-hpw-hn[w
]T-\{- ]-h-\ - Bkq-{XWw sN-Ww. CXp-hsc Bn Imbn-I - a
- X - bpw
]cn-io-e\ - a
- n-Ihpw D-S - k
- w-_ - n-bmb Adnhpw imco-cnI hf-tbmSv Nph-Sp-h-
bvp-p. imco-cn-Ia - mb am- imkv{Xob-ambn a\-n-em-p-X - n\v Btcm-Ky-
Im-bnI hnZym-`ymkw Du \Ip-p.
BtcmKyImbnI hnZym-`ym-k - ns {][m\ Dt-iy-
$ Poh cm {]h-\--fn Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X-ambn CS-s]-Sp--Xn-\p
imkv{Xo-ba - mb {]mtbm-KnI tijn ssIh-cn-p-X - n\v.
$ elcn D]-t`m-K - ns A\-c ê- Xncn-d - n-bp-X - n\v.
$ ssewKn-Im-tcm-Ky-s-n icn-bmb Ah-t_m[w krjvSn-p-X - n\v.
$ AXven-Ik v n t\Snb ss\]p-Wn-If - n sshZKv[yw t\Sp-X - n\pw imkv{Xob
hni-Ie - \w \S-p-X - n\pw.
$ taP sKbn-an sshZKv[yw t\Sp-X - n\v.
$ B-cX{n {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w t\Sp-X - n\v.
$ hymbma apd-If - n-eqsS izk\ hyh-b - nepw lrZ-b- [ - a - \n hyh-b - nepw
kw`-hn-p hyXn-bm-\ - s - f-p-dnv [mcW t\Sp-X - n\v.
$ B{I-at- Wm-p-IX - (Aggression), kwXp-enX B{I-at- Wm-p-IX (Balanced
or controlled aggression) Fnh a\-n-em-p-X - n\v.
$ kpc-n-Xhpw ê-{]-Zh - p-amb hymbma apd-I ]cn-io-en-n-p-X - n\v.
$ ImbnIaqey-s - f-p-dnv [mcW t\Sp-X - n\v.
{]hrn]T\w
I-dn-hv, tI-dn-hv, sNbvXd- nhv Fn-hI - f
- psS ka-\z-ba
- mWv Ipn-bn Adn-hns
\namWw km[y-am-p-X - v. A\p-`h
- m-[n-jvTn-Xhpw At\z-jW- m-I - h
- p-amb ]T-\-
lb skdn
ebmfw
So sSIvv 15
co-Xn-bmWv Cv \ne-hn-ep-X - v. sshIm-cnIsshm-\nI taJ-eI - f

- psS ka\-z-
bhpw hnIm-khpw km[y-am-p-Xn\v {]hr-n-]c - n-Nb hnZym-`ymkw A\n-hm-cy-am-
Wv.
]Tn-Xmhv kvIqfn-\p-nepw ]pdpw kPo-ha - mbn CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw kzw Nnm-tijn
{]tbm-P\ - s
- -Spn At\z-jn-p-Ibpw A]-{K-Yn-p-Ibpw sNp kml-Ncyw
kwPm-Xa - m-tI-X - p-.v AXpsImpXs ]Tn-Xm-hn\v B-hn-izm-khpw {]hrn
]cn-Nb- hpw kzbw ]cym-]vXX - bpw t\SnsbSp-m-\p-XI - p hn[-n {]h-\m-
[n-jvTnX ]mTy-] - X- nbpw AXv hn\n-abw sNp-hm Ign-bp ]T\ {]h-\-
fpw \S-m-t-X - p-v.
lbsk-dn Xe-n \ne-hn-ep ]mTy-hn-jb - - f- p-ambn kwtbm-Pn-n-p-sIm-
p {]hrn]T-\a - m-bn-cnpw IqSp-X A`n-Im-ayw.
{]hrn]T\-ns kp{]-[m\ ey
$ am\-ht- ijn hnI-k\w
$ tZio-b] - p-tcm-KXn
$ sXmgn k-X
$ Dm-Z\ - c
- w-Ks kzm{i-bXzw
$ kp-en-Xh - y-nXz hnI-k\w
$ aqey-fpw at\m-`m-h - fpw hf
Fn-s\ Cu ey- kw{K-lnv ]d-bmw.
Ds-Sp-n-bp hnZym-`ymkw (Inclusive Education)
mkvapdn-bn Fm Ipn-Is - fbpw Dsm-p-, Bscbpw ]pd- - m Hcp
]T-\m-c- ow kzoI-cn-t-X - p-v. \psS hnZym-eb
-
- f
- n {][m-\a - mbpw cp
hn`m-K
- mv IqSp-X ]cn-KW - \- bpw klm-bhpw {ibpw \In \oXn-]qh-
amb KpW-tam hnZym-`ymkw (Equitable Quality Education) Dd-p-hc
- p-t-X - pv.
Bsc-m-amWv khn-ti-j{- i-bpw ]T-\k - l
- m-bhpw ]cn-c - bpw Bh-iy-ap--
h?
(F) kmaq-ln-Ihpw km-n-I-hp-amb Imc-W--fm ]pds-h-cpsS
IpnI.
$ I - Sp Zmcn{Zyw t\cn-Sp-h - , BZn-hm-kn-I, s]Ip-n-I, ]n-IP - mXn ]n-
I-hK-n s]-h, A\y-tZ-ip\nv IpSn-tb-dn-bh - , nc-ambn Xma-k-
ku-Icyw Cm hn`m-K - m, ]e-Xc- - n-ep hnth-N\w A\p-`h - n-p--
h Fn-s\ H\-h[n t] Cq-n s]Sp-p.
]cn-an-Xn-Is- fbpw hyXy-kvXX-Is - fbpw Xncn-d - n-bp-Ibpw AwKo-Ic - n-p-Ibpw _lp-
am-\n-p-Ibpw sNpI F-Xm-bn-cn-Ww Ccw Ipn-It- fm-Sp \psS kao-
]\w. hnZym-eb - - nse Iqmb {]h-\ - f - n-eqsS C-c - m-cpsS {]bm-k -
\apv ]cn-lc - n-m-\m-Ipw.
(_n) imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-Ih - p-amb shp-hn-fn-I t\cn-Sp- I - p-n-I.
imco-cn-Ih- pw am\-kn-Ih - p-amb shp-hn-fn-I t\cn-Sp-h - pw ]T-\{- ]-bmkw A\p-
`-hs
- -Sp Ipn-Ipw {]tXyI ]T-\m-hi - y-fpv (Special Educational Needs).
]{v
16 So sSIvv
tIhn-p-d-hv, ImgvNm ]cn-an-Xn, _pn-]-c-amb ]cn-an-Xn, Ne\]c-amb ]cn-an-Xn,
]T-\s
- sh-Ie - yw, Hmn-kw, skdn-{_ ]mkn, _lp-ap-Js - sh-Ie- y-, sshIm-
cnI Ak-p-enXmhbnep Ipn-I, {im-]c - a
- mb ]cn-anXn D-h Fn-
hscmw CXnsSp-p.
Chp-thn ]mTy-] -- X
- nbpsS hn\n-ab - n \mw Fs-mw A\p-hn-t-
-Xpv?
$ ]T-\m-hi - y-, A`n-cpNn Fnh ]cn-KW - nv ]T-\{- ]-h-\ - f - psS Bkq-
{X-Ww.
$ ]T-\{- ]-h-\ - f- n ]m-fnw e`y-am-Ip coXn-bn ]mTm-kq-{X-W - n
A\p-cq-]o-Ic - Ww.
$ hyXykvX ]T-\t- h-Kw- , ]T-\s - sien Fnh ]cn-KW - n-p-sImv _lp C{n-
bm-[n-jvTnX kao-]\w (Multisensory Approach) \S-n-em-.
$ ]cn-lm-c{- ]-h-\ - (Remedial Practices), t]mj-W{- ]-h-\ - (En-
richment Practices) Fnh Hmtcm Ipnpw Bh-iym-[n-jvTn-Xa - mbn Bkq-
{XWw sNbvXp \S-n-em- - .
$ hnhn[ hne-bn-cp- km[y-XI - Ab-thmsS (Flexibility) {]mhn-Ia - m-
.
$ dntkmgvkv A[ym-]I - c
- p-sSbpw ap hnZ-Kv[c - p-sSbpw klmbw Dd-m-.
$ Ipn-bpsS ]T-\w, ]cn-c - - Fo Imcy-f - n cn-Xm-f - psS \nc-c - ]
- n-
pW Ddm.
Cu cp taJ-eb - nse Ipn-Is - f- Iq-SmsX khn-tij {ibpw ]cn-KW - \ - bpw th-
h-cmWv h[n A`n-cp-Nnbpw Ignhpap Ipn-I (Gifted Children). Cs\ Fm
hn`mKw Ipn-Is - fbpw Dsm-m Ign-bpw-hn[w kvIq {]h-\ - s - fbpw ùXn-
I-km-lN - c
- y-s - fbpw imkv{Xo-ba - mbn {Iao-Ic- n-t-X - p-v.
aqe-y
- , at\m-`m-h
- , {]Xn-_
- X Fnh hfp-X
- n-\p-XI
- p
taJ-eI -
]Tn-Xm-hn am\-hnIaqe-y--sf-p-dnpw `c-W-L-S\maqe-y--sf-p-dnpw Ah-
t_m[w krjvSn-pI, kmaq-lnIPohnXw in-s-Sp-p at\m-`mhw krjvSn-pI,
kmaq-lnI{]Xn-_ - X hfpI XpS-nbh ]mT-y] -
- X - n-bpsS {]Ya ]cn-KW - \m
hnj-b- f - m-W.v Ch hfm \ntZ-in-s - Bi-bt- a-Je - IfpsS hni-Zmwi
\Ipp
P\m-[n-]-Xyt_m[w
hnhn[ hnj-b - f - psS D-Sw Xnc-sSp-p-tm P\m-[n-]X - y- s kw_-n-
p ImgvN - m-Sp-I ]cn-KW - n-W - w. ]T-\{- ]-h-\ - f - psS Bkq-{X-W - nepw
hn\n-ab{]{In-bb - nepw P\m-[n-]X - ykao-]\ - a- p-m-hW
- w. P\m-[n-]X - y]c-amb mkv,
kvIq (P\m-[n-]XythZn-I) Fn-hb - n-eqsS P\m-[n-]X - y]c-amb PohnXkao-]\w
cq]-s-Sp-pIsbXv ]mT-y] -
- X - n-bpsS ey-amWv.
`cWLS\maqe-y -
\psS `c-WL - S- \ Dbn-n-Sn-p aqe-y - fpw e-y - fpw ]mT-y] -
- X- n-bn
{]Xn-ê- n-t-X - p-.v `c-WL- S- \ - maqey t\Sn-sb-Sp-m hnZ-ymYn-Isf {]m]vX-
cm-p D-S - hpw hn\n-ab - {]{In-bbpw Xnc-s-Sp-m {in-W - w.
lb skdn
ebmfw
So sSIvv 17
atX-Xc - - at\m-`mhw
atX-Xc - at\m-`mhw hfm-\p-XI - p hnj-bt- a-Je - I
- D-S - - n tNp-
Ibpw AXn-\p-XI - p hn\n-ab - c
- oXn kzoI-cn-p-Ibpw sNWw.
kln-jvWpX
hntbm-Pn-p-h - s - c-tmepw kln-jW v p-XtbmsS ImWpI F X - - zw ]mT-y]
- - Xn
ey-am-t-X - m-Wv.
{Inbm-I kKm-I Nn
hnZ-ymYn-If - n kKm-Ihpw {Inbm-I - h - p-amb Nnbpw At\-zj - W - hpw hft-
-Xp-v. ]mT-y] - - X- n-bpsS D-S - t- a-Je - I- f- nepw ]T\X{-f - nepw kKm-I - -
amb At\z-jW - - p km[-yXbpm-hWw; _lp-apJ_pn-bpsS (Multiple
Intelligence) Xe- ]cn-KW - n-W - w.
kwkvIr-Xn-tbmSpw ss]Xr-It- m-Sp-ap BZ-chv
\psS kmwkvIm-cnI ss]XrI-tmSpw Ncn-{X-tmSpw BZ-c] - qh-amb at\m-`mhw
krn-p-Is - b-Xv ]mT-y] - - Xn hn`m-h\w sNp ey-f - n-sem-mWv.
ka-Xzw F Bibw
hnhn[ Ah-kc - - f - nepw ]T\-{]h-\ - f - nepw XpeyX, ka-`m-h\ Fnh Ddp-
h-cp-t-Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
t\Xr-]m-Shw
]pXnb kl-{km-_vZ - ns shp-hn-fn-I t\cn-Sm\pw km[-yX - I - D]-tbm-Ks - -
Sp-m-\p-ap-XI - p t\Xm-sf krjvSn-p-X - n-\p- ]-cy- m-]vXa - mb ]T\X{-
hnI-kn-n-t-X - p-v. mkvdqw {]h-\ - f - n Fm ]Tn-Xm-fpsSbpw ]m-
fnw Dd-m-p-Ibpw t\Xr-ti-jn-I hnI-kn-n-p-X - n-\p kml-Nc - y-
-
krjvSn-p-Ibpw sNt-X - p-v.
Pohn-Xs- s\-]pWo hnZ-ym-`y- mkw (Life Skill Education)
ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X - n hy-n-I-\p-`h - s- -Sp {]iv\ - fpw {]Xn-_ - - fpw
ê-{]-Za - mbn t\cn-Sp-X - n\v klm-bI - a
- mb A\p-Iq-eh - pw A\p-Kp-Wh - p-amb s]cp-
am-
- n-tep \bn-p Ign-hp-If - mWv PohnXss\]p-Wn-I. kzbw Adn-b (Self
awareness), kl-`m-hw (Empathy), Bi-bh - n-\n-ab- t- i-jn (Communication skill),
hyy-c_ - - w (Inter personal relationship), kKm-I - N- n- (Creative thinkings),
hnai-\m-I-Nn- (Critical thinking), Xocp-am-\ - s - f-Sp- (Decision making),
{]iv\]- c - n-lc - w (Problem solving), hnIm-c
- W - sf AXn-Po-hn- (Coping with
emotions), am\-knI k-sf AXn-Po-hn (Coping with stress) Fn-hb - mWv
{][m\ Pohn-Xs - s\-]p-Wn-I. Ipn-If - psS kml-Ncy-f - p-ambn _-s-Spn Cu
taJ-e-I-fnse LS-I- ]mT-y-]--Xn-bn Ds-Sp-t--Xp-v. Pohn-Xs
Bhni-zm-kt- m-sS- kao]nm\pw apt-dm\pw Ccw ss\]p-Wn-I ]Tn-Xm-
hns\ klm-bn-pp.
]uc-[aw
cmjv{S-n\v P\-t- fm-sS-t- ]mse ]ucamv cmjv{S-tmSpw Nne [a-fpw
I-hy- - fpw \nh-ln-m-\p-v. cmjv{S-hn-Ik - \w a\p-jy- t- ijnhnI-k\ - a- mbn
]{v
18 So sSIvv
ImWp Cs Ime-L- - n ]uc-t_m-[a - p P\-Xsb krjvSn-pI F-
Xm-Wtm hnZym`ymk-ns {][m\ [aw. Hcp kz-X{ kaqlkrjvSn-tbm-sSmw
A-S - t_m-[hpw D-ch - m-Zn-Xzt_m[-hp-ap Hcp kaq-l - ns krjvSn-mbn
]ucamsc Xbm-dm-t-Xv hnZ-ym-`y- mk hy-h - b
- psS ey-am-Wv.
apXn-ht- cm-Sp BZcw
apXn-ht- cm-Sp BZcw kmwkvIm-cnI hn\n-ab - - ns BWn- - m-Wv. Fm
kwkvIm-c - fpw apXn-hv Al-amb ]cn-KW - \ - bpw BZ-chpw \Im-dp-v.
Pohn-Xm-\p-`h - - f- psS knX tiJ-ca - mWv {]mb-am-bh - c - psS {][m\ khn-ti-jX - .
A\p-`h - - f - psS aqi-bn Dcp-hs - Adn-hp-I ]pXp-Xe - a
- p-dbvv ssIam-dp-X - n-
eqsS kmwkvIm-cnI PohnXw XpS-bp-Xpw ss]Xr-Is ]cn-KW - n-p-X - p-am-
hpw. tIc-fob ]m-e - - n apXn-ht- cm-Sp ]cn-KW - \ Ah-KW - \- b - psS Xe-
n-tev hgn-am-dn-tm-Ip-p-thm-sb `bmi {]_-ea - m-Wv. kvt\lm{Zhpw kl-
`m-ht- m-sS-bp-ap CS-s]-Se - p-If - n-eqsS apXn-ht- cm-Sp BZcw {]I-Sn-n-m
]Tn-Xm-sf t{]cn-n-p LS-I - D-S - h - n-\n-ab - - ns `mK-am-th-X - p-v.
a\p-j-ym-h-Im-i-
a\p-jy- s - c \ne-bn A-tmsS Pohn-m-\p hy-n-If - psS Ah-Im-i - f - mWv
a\pjym-hI - m-i - . sFIy-cmjv{Sk`-bpsS a\p-jy- m-hI - mi {]Jym-]\ - - n-eqsS
kmh-{Xn-I Aw-Ko-Imcw e`n a\p-jy- m-hI - m-i - v ]mT-y] - - Xn cq]o-Ic - W
- -
nepw hn\n-ab{]{In-bb - nepw {]m[m-\yw \tI-X - p-v.
Ipn-If - psS Ah-Im-i -
Ipn-If - psS Fm-hn[ Ah-Im-i - fpw kwc-n-t-X - ns D-ch - m-ZnXzw \psS
IS-ab - mbn amdp-p.
]mcn-n-XnI Ah-t_m[w
{]Ir-Xn-sbbpw {]IrXnhn`h kwc--W-sbpw kw_-n-p ASn-m\
ImgvN - m-Sp-I ss{]adn mkp-I apX Ds-Sp-W - w. hy-n-ip-Nn-Xzwt]mse
{][m-\a - mWv ]cn-kc - i- p-Nn-Xz- s- apw ipNn-Xz- t- _m[w ]uc-[ans ASn-m\
LS-I - fnsemmsWpw hnZ-ymYn-Isf t_m[-ys - -Sp-t-X - p-v. {]Ir-Xnbpw
{]Ir-Xn-hn-`h - - fpw a\p-jy- s Bh-iy- - p am{X-apXspw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS
kp-en-Xm-h - b
- n-ep amw Zqchym-]I - a- mb {]X-ym-Lm-X - p Imc-Wa - m-hp-
sa-p-ap at\m-`mhw hnZ-ymYn-If - n hf-Ww. {]IrXnhn`-hk - w-c - W - hpw
]cn-kcipNn-Xz- hpw Hcp aqeyhy-h - bpw at\m-`m-hhpamnamp {]h-\ -
Gs-Spp \S-m-W - w.
Pe-km-c - X
Pe-e` - y-Xt- bbpw Pe-kw-c - W - t- bpw AXv amen-\y-ap-a - m-bn-cn-t Bh-iy-
I-tXbpw a\-n-emn Pew Aaq-ey-amWv F Ah-t_m[w krjvSn-t-X - pv.
AtXm-sSmw Xs Pe-hn-\n-tbm-K - n Icp-tX kqvaX - I- t- fbpw Xncn-d - n-
bm-\p Ah-kcw ]mTy-] - Xn \tI-X - m-Wv.
kam-[m\hnZ-ym-`-ymkw
hy-n-X-e-nepw ap--h-tcm-Spw ]cn-X-n-Xn-I-tfmSpw kam-[m-\-]-c-ambpw
kulmZ-]c - a - mbpw CS-s]-Sm-\p Ignhpw aqe-y - fpw at\m-`m-h - fpw hfp-I-
bmWv kam-[m\hnZym-`y- m-k - ns ASn-m-\w. kwLj-fpw kwLj-v
lb skdn
ebmfw
So sSIvv 19
hgn-sX-fn-p kml-Nc - y-fpw Hgn-hm-p-Ibpw imn-bp-sSbpw kulr-Z - nsbpw

kam-[m-\ - nsbpw km[y-XI - ]mTy-] - X - n-bnse hnhn[ hnj-bt- a-Je - I - f- n-eqsS
Ah-Xc - n-n-p-Ibpw sNt-X - v kam-[m-\h - n-Zy- m-`y- m-k - n\v A\n-hm-cy- a - mWv.
\nbakm-cX
\nb-a - sf kw_-n-p Adnhpw Aht-_m-[hpw Hcp P\m-[n-]X - ycmP-y - nse
]uc-mv A\n-hm-cy- a - m-Wv. \nbakm-cX Dd-m-p-X - n-\m-hi - y-amb ]mT-`m-K-
hnj-b_ - - n-Xa - mbn Ds-Sp-t-X - v Im-eL - ns Bh-iy- a - m-Wv. \nb-a-
k-lm-bt- h-Zn, \nbap-I, \nb-a- n-\n-p-I, \nb-at- _m-[h - - -cWw Fn-
s\ hy-Xy- k - vX {- ]h\]cn-]m-Sn-I Bkq-{XWw sNm-hp-X - m-Wv.
ssk_ km-cX
hnh-ch- n-\n-ab kmt-Xn-Ih - n-Zy- b- psS Zpcp-]t- bm-K - fpw {Inan-\ {]h-\ - fpw
Zn\w{]Xn-sb-tmWw h[np-p-v. Ipn-Isf Ccw {]h-\ - f - n \nv
AIn\nm-\p-XI - p t_m[-h-cWw ]mT-y] - - X - n-bn `mK-ambn Ds-Sp-
-Ww. Cs\v, tkmjy s\vhnMv sskp-I, Csabn XpS-nb-h-
bpsSsbms D]-tbm-Ks kw_-n-p hy-hpw IrX-yh - p-amb [mc-Wbpw
Adnhpw ]Ip \I-Ww. ssk_ Ip-Ir-Xy- - p insb kw_-npw
Cs\v D]-tbm-K - nse [mn-IX - sbpdnpw t_m[-h-cn-p-X - n\v ]mT-
y-]
- Xn Ah-kc - s- am-cp-W - w.
am[-ya Ah-t_m[w
am[y-a - f - m \bn-s - -Sp kaq-la - mWv \p-tS-X.v Zri-ya - m-[y- a-
- sf Hgn-p-\nn-
bp PohnXw kz]v\w ImWmt]mepw km[y-a - m-h - n[w am[y-a - \nXy-Po-
hn-Xns `mK-ambn Ign-p. Zriy-am-[y-a - ]Tn-Xm-sf hn]p-ea - mbn kzm[o-
\n-p-p-v. hnaim-\m-I am[-ya - - Ah-t_m[n\v klm-bn-p hnhn[ LS-
I- ]mTy-] - Xn D-StaJ-eI - f - n Bh-iy- a - m-Wv.
kpn-c h - n-Ik - \ ImgvN - mSv
`qan a\p-jy- \p am{Xw Ah-Im-is - -X - s - -p-- ]m-cnnXnIm-ht- _m[w ]mTy-]-
Xn ]Ip \tI-X - pv. ]mcn-nXnIamb shp-hn-fn-Isf kw_-n-pw
]cn-nXnI-bvp Imc-Wa - m-hp a\p-jy- s CS-s]-Se - p-Isf kw_-npw
]cn-n-Xnsb Kpcp-Xc - a - mb A]-IS- - f - n\nv Fs\ c-s-Sp-psaXn-s\-
p-dn-pap Xncn--dnhv Cm-ev {][m-\-am-Wv. ]cn-n-Xnbpw hnI-k-\hpw
Fs\ tbmPn-n-p-t]mImw F At\-zj - W- hpw kpn-ch - n-Ik - \ - s kw_-
n-p ImgvN - m-Sp-Ifpw At\-zj - W - - fpw ]mT-y] - - Xn DbnnSn-t-XmWv.
ka-{K-amb ]mcn-n-Xn-Im-ht- _m[w krjvSn-p-Is - b-Xv ]mT-y] - - Xn e-y - f - n-
sem-m-W.v
IuamchnZ-ym-`-ymkw
inip-a\ - x- im-kv{X-c - psSbpw Btcm-Ky{]h-Ic - p-sSbpw tUmIvSam-cp-sSbpw
A[ym-]I - c - p-sSbpw kwbp ]cn-{i-a - f - n-eqsS Iuam-ch - n-Zy- m-`y- m-k - n-\mh-iy- a - mb
DStaJ-eI - hnhn[ hnj-b - f - n Ds-Sp-p-X - ns km[-yX ]cn-KW - n-
t-X - p-v. ]Tn-Xm-f - psS Btcm-Kyw, ip-Nn-Xzw Fnh kw_-a - mb kwi-b-
-sfbpw Ah-y - X - I - s - fbpw imkv{Xo-ba - mbn ]cn-KW - n-t-Xv A\n-hm-cy-amWv.
]{v
20 So sSIvv
D]-t`m-K-kw-kvImcw
D]-t`mKkwkvIm-c - ns Zqjy-êsf kw_-n-p hkvXp-XI - ss{]adn
mkp-I apX ]mT-y] - - X - n-bn Ds-Sp-t-X - p-v. D]-t`m-mhv F \ne-
bn-ep \psS Ah-Im-i - fpw D]-t`m-IvXr\nb-a - fpw hnj-b_ - - n-Xa - mbn IS-
p-hc - W- w.
el-cn-hn-cp at\m-`mhw
aZ-yw, ab-p-ac - p-p-I, ]pI-bn-e, ap elcn]ZmY- Fn-hb - psS D]-tbmKw
]pXp-Xe - a
- p-dbpsS Btcm-Ky-w XIp-p-sh Xncn-d - nhv \ap-p-m-hWw. `mhn-
X-ea - p-dsb Ch-bpsS Zqjn-Xh - e- b- - n \np kwc-n-t-XmWv. CXn-\mbn
elcn D]-tbm-K - ns imco-cnI am\-knImLmX-fpw A]-IS- - fpw hy-a - m-
p Nn{X-, eLp-Ip-dn-p-I, Zriy- Fnh D-S - t- a-Je - b - psS ]cn-K-
W-\bn htc--Xm-Wv. elcnhncp at\m-`mhw krjvSn-p-I-bm-hWw Ch-
bpsSsbmw ASn-m\e-yw.
enwK-\oXn
]mT-y] - - Xn enwKka-Xz- hpw enwK\oXnbpw Dd-m-p-X - m-hW - w. B-s - ] hnth-
N\w ]mT-y-]--Xn-bn IS-p-h-cm ]mSn-. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-fnse Nn{X--
fntmepw enwK\oXn-bpsS ImgvN - m-Sp-If - p-m-th-X - p-v. ]T-\{- ]-h-\ -
Gs-Spp \S-m-p-tm enwK-\oXn Dd-m-t-Xv A[ym-]I - c - psS D-ch - m-Zn-
Xz-am-Wv.
anX-hy- b - i - oew
ss{]a-dn-Xew apX Xs anX-hy- b - i- o-e- ns _me-]m-T - Ipn-If - n kn-
th-in-n-W - w. anX-hybioe-ns {]k-nbpw {]m[m-\y- hpw hy-a - m-mw. anX-
h-yb
- i - oew {]mtbm-Kn-Ia - m-m-\p {]h-\ - fpw kwL-Sn-n-m-hpXmWv.
tdmUv kpc
tdmUn ]men-t \nb-a - , tdmU-]I - S-
- Hgn-hm-m-\p {]mtbm-KnI
\ntZ-i - , {]h-\ - Fn-hs - bmw tdmUv kpc-b - psS LS-I - f - mWv.
tdmUv FXv Hcp s]mXpCS-am-sWpw \ap-p-X - p-t]mse ap-h - pw tdmUv
D]-tbm-Kn-m kzmX-{-ya - p-s-p-ap ]uc-t_m[w ]Ip \tI-X - m-Wv.
tdmUv kpc-b - p-ambn _-s-p {]h-\ - pw {]m[m-\yw \IWw.
]mT-y] - - X - n-bpsS kzm-`m-hn-Ia - mb hn\n-ab - - n Cu taJ-eI - sf ASn-m-\a - m-n-
bp ]T-\m-\p-`h -
- Dd-p-hc - p-W - w. hnhn[ hnj-b - f - psS D-S]c-amb
Bi-b - Xnc-s-Sp-p-tmgpw ]T-\{- ]-h\- {Iao-Ic - n-p-tmgpw aXn-
bmb ]cn-KW - \ e`n-t-X - pv. ]T-\-t_m-[\ {]{In-bb - n-eqsS IS-p-t]m-Ip-tm
Ccw Bi-b - f - p-ambn _-s- Adnhv, ss\]p-Wn, at\m-`mhw Fn-hbvv
Du thWw. Cu ey- t\Sm km[n-n-ptm Fv \nc-c - h- n-eb - n-cp-
{]{In-bbn-eqsS ]cn-tim-[n-m\pw IgnbWw. hnhn[ v {]h-\ - ,
SPC, NCC, Scout & Guides, JRC, hnZymcwKw Iem-km-lnXythZn XpS-nb kwhn-
[m-\ - aqe-y - , at\m-`m-h - , {]Xn-_ - X Fnh hfm-\p thZn-Ifm-
IWw.
lb skdn
ebmfw
So sSIvv 21
Ah-Imim[njvTnX hnZym-`ymkw (Right based Education)

Ipn-If- psS Ah-Im-i - \nWbn-p-Ibpw temI-hym-]I - a - mbn \S-m-p-Ibpw
sNp-X - n\v bp\kvtIm apssI-sb-Sp-p-Ib - p-m-bn. CtX XpSv hnhn[ cmPy-
-fn Ipn-If - psS Ah-Imikwc-W - h - p-ambn _-sv Htsd \nb-a\ - nam-W-
\S-n-p-v. Cy-bn tZiobhnZym-`ymkmh-Imi\nbaw 2009 \S-m-n-
bXv Hcp kp{]-[m\ \mgn-I - - mbn IW-m-mw. Ipn-If - psS Fm-hn[ Ah-Im-i-
fpw kwc-n-t-X - ns D-ch - m-ZnXzw apXn-hc - mb \psS IS-ab - mbn amdp-
p. hnZym-`ymk Ah-Im-i - s - f-p-dn-p ]d-bp-tm Ah {][m-\a - mbpw aqp taJ-
e-If
- n-embn-Xn-cn-m-\m-hpw.
$ ]m-fnw (Participation)
$ e`yX (Provision)
$ kwc-Ww (Protection)
X\nv e`y-amb Ah-Im-isfp-dnv Ipn- Nnn-p-Xv F-s\-bm-bn-cnpw?
]m-fnw
$ Ipn-If - p-ambn _-s Fm Xocp-am-\ - f - nepw Fs A`n-{]mbw Bcm-bp-
p-v.
$ Xocp-am-\ - f - n Fs Xm-cy-n\v apJy-]c - n-KW- \ e`n-pp-v.
$ Fs Ign-hp-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw Xncn--dnv \Ip {]h-\--fn
]mfnbmIm F\nv Ah-kcw e`n-pp-v.
$ Fs Ign-hp-I ]cn-t]m-jn-n-m\pw ]cn-an-Xn-I adn-IS- - m\pw Ign-bp hg-
-ap ]T-\{- ]-{In-bb - n-eqsS IS-p-t]m-Im- Ign-bp-p-v.
$ Fs A`n-{]m-b - v am\y-amb m\w e`n-p-p-v.
$ F\npw Iqp-Impw mkn \S-p {]h-\ - f - n kPo-ha - mb ]m-
fnw e`n-p-p-v.
$ Fs Ign-hp-I {]I-Sn-n-m F\n-h - k - cw e`n-pp-v.
e`yX
$ aXn-bmb hnZym-`ym-kt- bm-Ky-Xb - p-hcpw Adn-hp-I Imtem-Nn-Xa - mbn ]pXp-p-
h-cp-amb A[ym-]I - c- psS tkh\w F\nv e`n-p-p-v.
$ A\p-hZ- n-n-p apgp-h ka-bhpw ]T-\m-\p-`h - - e`n-pp-v.
$ imco-cn-Iam\-knI hfsb ]cn-t]m-jn-n-pXn\v tbmPn mkvdqw A-
cow F\n-v e`n-p-p-v.
$ ]T-\{- ]-h-\ - m-hi - y-amb ]T-t\m-]I - c - W- - bYm-ka - bw Hcp-n--
cm Fs A[ym-]I - v Ign-bp-p-v.
$ Iem-I - m-bnI ]cn-t]m-jW - - n\v Bh-iy-amb D]-Ic - W- - fpw Ah-kc -
- fpw
F\nv Inpp-v.
$ `mhn-bn sXmgn t\Sp-X - n-\m-hi- y- a
- mb amK \nt-i - pw, e`-ya - m-Ip--
Xv.
]{v
22 So sSIvv
kwc-Ww
$ hnZym-eb - - ntem ]pdtm bmsXm-cp-hn[ hnth-N\ - hpw Rm A\p-`h - n-p-n-
.
$ Fs Hcp Xc-nepw Bcpw Ah-KW - n-pn-.
$ imco-cn-Ia - m-tbm am\-kn-Ia - mtbm Bbn Bcpw Fs ]oUn-n-p-n-.
$ \n`-ba - mbn A[ym-]I - t- cmSv CS-s]-Sm F\nv Ign-bp-p-v.
$ Ipn-bm-sW-nepw F\nv kzIm-cy-Xb - p-v Fv Fm-hcpw AwKo-Ic - n-p-p-
v.
$ hnZym-eb - - nepw honepw Rm Ghpw kpc-n-Xa - m-bn-cnpw Fv F\nv
Dd-pv.
$ am\-knIhpw imco-cnIhpambn Rm\-\p-`h - n-p {]bmk-f - n ssImv
\In Fs imo-Ic - n-m-\p kuI-cyw hnZ-ym-ebw {]Zm\w sNp-pv.
Ipn-If
- psS Ah-Im-i - CsXm-s-bm-sW-n AXv Ddphcp-p-X - n\v X\nv
Fsms sNm km[nnp-?v C\nbpw Xm Fsms sNt-X - pv Fv
Hmtcm A[ym-]I - \pw A[ym-]n-Ibpw Nnn-t-X - p-v.
kl-c
- m-IXrXzw (sa-dnMv)
tZio-b-hn-Z-ym-`-ym-km-h-Im-i-\n-baw A[ym-]-Is\/A[-ym-]n-Isb kl-c-n-Xmhv
(Mentor) Bbn IW-m-p-p. ka-{K- kvIq hnI-k\ - ]- c - n-t{]-y-
- n kl-c-
-IXz-n\v h - e- nb {]kIvXnbpw {]m[m-\y- hp-ap-v.
hnZ-ym-`y- mk{]{In-bb - nse apJ-yL - S- I- a - mb A[ym-]I - - h
- n-Zymn _-n ImX-
emb amw Dm-bn-p-v. hnm-\w- hn-Xc - Ww sNp Bfm-b; Ipn-Iv
hnm\w t\Sm-\p hnhn-[ - f- mb Ah-kc -
- GtIm-]n-np- hyn-bm-
bmWv A[ym-]nI {]hn-t-Xv.
bYmY-n asmcp hoSp-Xs - -bmWv hnZ-ym-ebw. A[ym-]I - cmIs, hop-Imcpw.
]Tn-Xmv hon\nv e`n-t kvt\lw, ]cn-KW - \, kpc-n-XX - z- t- _m-[w,
AwKo-Imcw Fnh Gdnbpw IpdpamWv e`n-p-Xv F Xncn-d - n-hv- Hmtcm
A[-ym-]I - \pw A[-ym-]n- Ibvpw Dm-hW - w. CXv Xncn-d - n-bp-Ibpw Hmtcm Ipnpw
th coXn-bn Ch sImSp-p-Ibpw sNm Ign-bp-tm-gmWv Ah-cpsS D-c-
hm-Zn-Xzw ]qW-am-Ip-X - v. Atm-gmWv kvIq hoSm-Ip-X - v.
kvt\lw, ]cn-KW - \ - , kpc-n-XX - z- t- _m-[w, AwKo-Imcw XpS-nbh \In Hcp
kl-c - n-Xm-hmbpw ]T-\t- \- - ssIh-cn-p-X - n-\p klm-bn-bmbpw amdp-tm-
gmWv ]pXnb Ime-L- - ns A[-ym-]nI/A[-ym-]I - \ - mbn amdp-Xv.
kl-c - m-IXr-Xz-n-eqsS hgn-Im-, D]-tZ-iw, ]npW, sa-s-Sp-e - n-\p
Ah-kcw XpS-n-bh Ipn-Iv e`np-p. A\p-`h - - \ - mb apKman F \ne-
bnem-m kl-c - m-Imhv CS-s]-Se - p-I \S-t-X - v. t_m[-\ - n\v Bh-
iy-amb klm-b - fpw Iukenp-samw CXns `mK-am-Wv. ]Tn-Xm-hn Hfn-
pInSp Ign-hp-I ]pd-p-sImphcm Hcp \ sav Ign-bpw.
sa-dnneqsS;
$ A[ym-]I - \pw hnZymYnpw anI hnZym-`ymk A\p-`h - - e`n-p-p.
lb skdn
ebmfw
So sSIvv 23
$ A[ym-]I - s
- bpw hnZymYn-bp-sSbpw Adn-hns taJe hnI-kn-p-p.
$ hnZymYn-bpw kvIqfpw Xn-ep _w in-s-Sp-p.
$ hnZymYn-bpsS ]T-\] - p-tcm-KX - nbpw hyn-Xzhn-Im-khpw Dd-p-hc - p-p-p.
$ Iqmb Nnbpw Xocp-am-\s - a-Sp-epw {]h-\ - fpw km[y-am-Ip-p.
$ cn-Xm-fpw kvIqfpw Xn-ep _w i-am-hp-Ib - pw Ipn-bpsS ]T-\\ - n-
esb kw_-nv [mc-Wb - p-m-hp-Ibpw sNp-p.
$ IeBtcmKyImbn-I{]hr-n-]T - \ taJ-eI - f
- nse Ipn-If - psS ]m-fn-hpw
hne-bn-cp-epw in-s-Sp-p-p.
Ipn-bpsS ]T-\X - m-cy- s - bpw hy-n-Xz- h - n-Im- k-sbpw Xz-cn-Xs - -Sp-p-X - n-
\p ]cn-lm-ct- _m-[\ - {- ]-{In-bs - bbpw \nc-c aqe-y\ - nW-b{- ]-{In-bsbbpw klm-
bn-p {]{In-bb - mbn sadnMv hnI-kn-t-X - p-v. sadnMv A\p-`h -
- f- p-ambn
_-s-- Ip-dn-p-I kn-Xtc-Jb - n tNWw.
kvIqfnse apgp-h A[-ym-]I - cpw kl-c - n-Xm-hmbn {]hn-W - w. Fm ]Tn-
Xm-pw kl-c - m-IXz-ns A\p-`h -
- e`y-am-W - w. mknse Fm
Ipn-Is
- fbpw sNdnb {Kqp-If - mbn IW-m-p-Ibpw Hmtcm {Kqnsbpw ]ptcm-
KXn Dd-m-m Hmtcm A[ym-]I - \pw Npa-Xe \Im-hp-X - m-Wv.
A[ym-]I
- sXmgn]-cambn ]men-t [manI \nb-ak
- w-lnX
(Code of Professional Ethics for School Teachers)
1. hnZymYn-I-tfm-Sp D-c-hm-Zn-Xz-
1.1 Fm hnZymYn-It- fmSpw kvt\l-hm-e - y-t- fmsS s]cp-am-dpp.
$ Fm hnZymYn-It- fmSpw ka-`m-h\ - t- bmsS s]cp-am-dpI.
$ ]T-\-n ]nmw \np hnZymYn-Iv {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\
\IpI.
$ hnZymYn-If - n B-hn-izm-kw, Xm-cyw, {]Xymi Fnh P\n-n-p
Xc-n-em-hWw s]cp-am-w.
1.2 PmXn, aXw, hKw, hWw, km-nI\ne-, `mj, enwKw, P-ew Fo
]cn-KW
- \- I- f- n-msX, \oXn, ]-]m-Xc - m-lnXyw Fo aqey-sf _lp-am-\n-
pp.
$ A[ym-]I - v P\m-[n-]XyXz-f - n-epw kln-jW v p-Xb - nepw kmaq-lnI\oXn-
bn-ep-ap hnizmkw hnZymYn-If - n-tepw ]I-cp-p.
$ A[ym-]IcpsS hyn-]c - a
- mb hnizm-k - , `c-WL - S- \mXz-v FXn-
cm-bn-cpm AXv kvIq kwhn-[m-\s Kpcp-Xc - a- mbn _m[npw.
1.3 hnZymYn-bpsS imco-cn-Ih - pw _un-Ih - pw sshImcn-Ihpw kZm-Nm-c] - chpw kmaq-
ln-Ihpw Bo-bh - p-amb hnIm-k - n\v A-co-s - am-cp-p-p.
$ imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-Ih - p-amb tijn-I AXns ]qWXbn-tep hnI-kn-
p Ime-amWv kvIq hnZym-`ym-kI - m-ew.
$ _unI a-e - n-\p-am{Xw hnImkw \I-em-hc - pXv hnZym-`ymkw.
$ kh-tXm-ap-Ja - mb hyn-Xz-hn-Im-ka - m-bn-cn-Ww hnZym-`ymkeyw.
1.4 kvIq Pohn-X-ns Fm Xe-nepw hnZymYn-bpsS hynXzw am\n--
sSpp.
$ a\p-jy F \ne-bn Hcp hnZymYn-p P\m-[n-]Xy Ah-Im-i - fpw
]{v
24 So sSIvv
Apw ]cn-KW - n-s - -tS-X - p-v.
$ A[ym-]IcpsS `mKp\np {]Xn-Iq-ea - mb A`n-{]mb{]I-S\ - w hnZymYn-
bpsS Bm-`n-am-\s apdn-sSp-p-Ibpw ]T-\s _m[n-p-Ibpw sNpw.
$ kvIqfns Fm {]h-\ - fnepw Fm Ipn-If - p-sSbpw kPo-ha - mb ]m-
fnw t{]mm-ln-n-W - w.
$ sFIy-cm-jv{S-k` AwKo-Ic - n-Xpw Cy-IqSn Hph-Xp-amb Ipn-If - psS Ah-
Imi{]Jym]-\hpw Ipn-If - psS Ah-Imikwc-W Io-j dntmpw
A[ym-]I - a\-n-emn {]hn-t-X - p-v.
$ kvIqfp-If - n A-Sw ]men-p--Xn-\p-thn cq]-s-Sp-p \nb-am-hen
Ipn-If - psS a\p-jy-Xz-]c - a - mb Ah-Im-i - \ntj-[n-p--Xm-hc - p-Xv.
1.5 Ipn-IfpsS Bcn-It- i-jn-Ifpw {]Xn-`bpw {]mhn-Ia - m-m-\p Bkq-
{Xn-Xhpw Nn-s-Sp-n-bX - p-amb {]h-\ - v cq]w \I-Ww.
$ tIh-ea - mb Am-Za - nIt\-v D]-cn-bmbn Hmtcm Ipn-bp-sSbpw tijnbpw
{]Xn-`bpw Xncn-d - n-bp-I FXv A[ym-]IcpsS {][m-\- ISa-bmWvv.
$ hnZymYn-If - psS Fm-hn[ Ign-hp-Ifpw hnI-kn-m-\m-hi - y-amb {]h-\-
DmIWw.
1.6 `c-WL - S- \ hn`m-h\w sNp aqey-fpw at\m-`m-h - fpw Dsm-p
hn[-n-em-hWw ]mTy-] - Xn hn\n-abw.
$ P\m-[n-]X - yw, aX-\n-ct- ]-X - , ka-Xzw, \oXn, kzmX-{yw Fo `c-WL - -
S\m aqey- ]mTy-] - Xn hn\n-ab - - ns {][m\s B-cn-I[ - mc-bm-h-
Ww.
$ `c-WL - S- \ - b - n ]uc-m-cpsS IS-aI - sfpdnv ]d-bp Bn-n 51 F
a\-nemp-Ibpw AXnse F apX sI hsc-bp J- Dsmv
{]hn-p-Ibpw sN-Ww.
1.7 hnZymYn-If - psS Bh-iy- A\pk-cnv A[ym-]n-Ib - psS/ A[ym-]I - s
A[ym-]\ - c - oXn ]cnjvIcnpp.
$ \nc-chne-bn-cp-e - ns ASn-m-\ - n Ipn-bpsS {]Ir-Xw, BPnXamb
Adn-h,v A`n-cp-Nn, ]T-\c - oXn XpS-n-bh ]cn-KW - nv t_m-[\ - X - {- -f - n Bh-
iy-amb ]cn-jvIc - Ww \n-c - cw \S-t-X - p-v.
1.8 Ipn-I \Ip Ah-cpsS hyn-]c - a
- mb hnh-c - f - psS cl-ky-kz-`mhw
kqn-p-Ibpw B hnh-c- \nb-a-]-c-ambn ssIam-dm-hph-p-am{Xw
ssIam-dp-Ibpw sNp-p.
$ Hcp Iuk-e IqSn-bmb A[ym-]n-I/A[ym-]I - \v Ipn-bpsS hyn-]c - a
- mb
hnh-c - s - fmw Adnbmw.
$ Cu hnh-c - Ipn-bpsS \-bvp-thn hnth-I] - qhw am{Xta D]-tbm-K-
s-Sp-m ]mSpq.
1.9 Ipn-Isf `b-s-Sp-p-I, DWvTmIpe-cm-p-I, imco-cn-Ia - mbn inn-pI,
am\-kn-Ihpw sshIm-cn-I-hp-ambn ]oUn-n-pI Fn-h-bn\nv Hgnp
\np-p.
$ Ipnsb ssewKnI]oU-\ - f - ps-sS-bp ]oU-\ - f - n\npw Ah-KW - -
\-bn\npw Nqj-W - n-\npw kwc-n-m-\p D-ch - m-ZnXzw A[ym-
]Ipv.
lb skdn
ebmfw
So sSIvv 25
$ in sa-s ]T-\ - n-tep \bnpw F sXnmcW Xncp-s - -tS-

-Xp-v.
$ Ccw Imcy-f - n Ipnp e`n-p \nb-a] - c- n-c
- sbpdnpw A[ym-]-
I Adn-n-cn-W - w.
1.10 GXp hnt[-\b - pap ssewKnI-Nqj-W - n\npw Ipnsb kwc-n-pp.
$ ssewKnINqj-Ww imco-cn-Ia-- mb BLm-X - am{X-a, hf-sc-mew Xn-
\np am\-kn-Im-Lm-XhpwIqSn Ipnpm-pp.
$ _lp-am-\s - Cy kp{]ow-tIm-SX - nbpw F.-kn.]n. Bdpw tPmen e-
-fnepw kvIqfp-If - nepw \S-p ssewKnINqj-W - n-s\-Xnsc \In-bn-
p amK-\ntZ-i - A[ym]-I ]men-t-X - mWv.
2. cn-Xm-t- fmSpw kaq-lt- m-Sp-ap D-ch - m-Zn-Xz-
2.1 amXm-]n-Xm-t- fmSpw c-Im-t- fmSpw hn\-b] - qh-ap _w m]n-
pp.
$ Ipnsb IqSp-X Adn-bp--Xn\v Ah-cpsS cIm-f - p-ambpw kplr-p-
-fp-ambpw A[ym-]I - \ _w ]pet-Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv.
$ A[ym-]Icpw c-Im-f - p-am-bp kvt\l-]qW-amb _w Ipnsb
A[ym-]Icp-ambn IqSp-X ASp-npw.
$ `qcn-]w cn-Xm-fpw X-fpsS Ipn-If - psS kvIqfn-\I - - pw ] - p-d - p-ap
{]h-\ - Ah-cpsS A[ym-]I - c
- n\nv Adn-bm Xmcy-ap-h - c
- mWv.
$ hf-bpsS L-n Ipn-Ip kw`-hn-p ]ng-hp-IIqSn t\-t- fm-
sSmw cn-Xm-f - p-ambn ]p-hb - vp--Xv henb Zpc- - Hgn-hm-p--Xn\v
klm-bI - amIpw.
2.2 Ipn-If - psS A-ns\ l\n-p GXp {]hr-n-bn\npw hnp-\npI.
$ ap hnZymYn-If - psS apnhv Bm-`n-am-\s CSn-p-Xmgvn kwkm-
cn-pXv Hgn-hm-t-X - m-Wv.
$ AXp-t]mses cn-Xm-f - psS A`n-am-\s - bpw tNmZyw sNcpXv.
$ GsX-nepw Hcp hn`mKw Ipn-If - psS am{Xw ]m-e - s (Pm-Xn, aXw,
km-n-Iw, ....) ]pIgvnd-bp-Xv ap Ipn-If - n hntZzjw P\n-npw.
2.3 Ipn-In-Sbn Cy-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnIss]Xr-Is - -p-dnv A`n-am-\-
t_m[w hnI-kn-n-m {ian-pp.
$ At\Iw kwkvIm-c - f - p-sSbpw `mj-If - p-sSbpw aX-f - p-sSbpw hnizm-k - -
fp-sSbpw \mSmWv Cy. CXv Hmtcm mkv apdn-bnepw {]Xn-ê - npw.
$ Fm Cy-bn Cu \m\m-Xz-nepw GIXzw cq]w-sIm-n-p-v.
$ ]c-k] v c- a- p kln-jW v p-Xbpw Fm kwkvIm-c - s
- fbpw _lp-am-\nm-\p
a\pw thWw.
$ Cu Xzw ]mTy-] - X - n-bn-eq-sS- hfn-sb-Sp-m-\p t_m[-]qh-amb {iaw
Bh-iy-am-Wv.
2.4 hnhn[ P\-hn-`m-K - Xn-ep hntZz-jhpw i{Xp-Xbpw hfp Xcn-
ep {]h-\ - Hgn-hm-Ww.
$ Fm aX--tfmSpw hnizm-k--tfmSpw `mj-I-tfmSpw Xpey-_-lp-am\w
hfp Xc-n-ep {]h-\ - f
- m-Wv mkn \S-t-X - v.
]{v
26 So sSIvv
$ tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\-
- ns ASn-d BZyw Cy-m-c, ]ns am{Xw Hcp
hn`m-K
- nse AwKw F [mcWbmWv.
$ GsX-nepw Hcp hn`m-K - ns {]Nm-cW
-
- n-\mbn kvIq / mkv D]-tbm-K-
s-Sp-c- p-Xv.
$ ImenI-amb kmaqlnI - cmjv{Sob Imcy- N-sN-p-tmgpw A[ym-]-
I/A[ym-]nI GsX-nepw Hcp ]p \nv kwkm-cn-c - p-Xv.
3. A[ym-]\w F sXmgn-ent\mSpw kl-{]-h-It- cm-Sp-ap D-ch - mZn-
Xz-.
3.1 sXmgnsshZKv[yw hnI-kn-n-pX-n\v \nc-c
- w ]cn-{i-an-p-p.
$ Hcp hnZymYnsb \nc-c]Tn-Xmhm-m {ian-p A[ym-]I - \pw As\
BtI-X - p-v,
$ \nc-cw hnI-kn-p-sIm-n-cn-p hnm\taJ-e-I-sf-p-dnpw A[ym-
]\coXn-Is - f-p-dn-p-ap Adnhv tiJ-cn-m\pw {]tbm-K
- n hcp-m\pw
Ign-b-Ww.
$ GsXmw Xe-f - n-\nv X\nv ]pXnb Adn-hp-I e`npw Fv At\z-
jn-pIsbXv A[ym-]I - s IS-ab- m-Wv.
3.2 kl-{]-h-I Xnepw ap-h - Xn-ep-ap- t_m[-]qh-amb Bi-b-
hn-\n-ab
-
- n-eqsS ]pXn-sbm-cp kwcw`w krjvSn-p-p.
$ Am-Za - n-Ia
- mb DW-hv P\n-n-p--Xpw Fm A[ym-]I - pw X-fp-tS-
Xmb kw`m-h\ \Im Ignbp-Xp-amb Hcp ss\Xn-IX kvIqfn krjvSn-
t-X - p-v.
$ C-s\-sbm-cp-Whv Dm-p--Xn\v Bkq-{Xn-Xhpw ê-{]-Zh - p-amb kl-I-
cWw Fm A[ym-]I - c
- n\npw Dm-hW - w.
$ kvIqfnse {]iv\ ]cn-lc - n-p--Xn Fm A[ym-]I - c
- p-sSbpw {Inbm-
-Ia- mb \ntZi-fpw {]h-\ - fpw Dm-IW - w.
$ A[ym-]Isc am{Xa, kvIq hnj-b - f- n Xm-cy-ap Fm hn`m-K-
sbpw Ccw {]h-\ - f - n ]m-fn-If- m-m A[ym-]I - \v Ign-bW
- w.
3.3 kl-{]-h-It- cmSv A-tm-sSbpw _lp-am-\t- m-sSbpw s]cp-am-dp-p.
$ kvIqfnse Fm A[ym-]I - t- cmSpw Ah-cpsS hnZym-`ymktbmKy-Xtbm Ah
GXp hn`m-K- nse Ipn-Isf ]Tn-n-p-p-shtm ]cnKWn-msX A-
tm-sSbpw _lp-am-\t- m-sSbpw s]cp-am-dW
- w.
3.4 A[ym-]I- kzIm-cySyqj FSp-p-Itbm ap kzIm-cy hnZym-`ymk{]h-
\-f
- n Gs-Sp-Itbm sNp-n - .
$ A[ym-]I - kzImcySyqj FSp-p-Xv Ah-cpsS kvIq {]h-\ - - sf
{]Xn-Iq-ea- mbn _m[n-pp.
$ kzw {]h-\t- a-Je anI-X - m-m-\p kabw Ahv \jvSa - m-Ip-p.
$ kzw hnZymYn-Iv kzIm-cySyqj \Ip-tm AXv kvIqfnse
ss\XnIXz-pXs hnLm-XamI- s]cp-am- - p Imc-Wa - m-
bn-o-cpw.
lb skdn
ebmfw
So sSIvv 27
3.5 Xs {]h-\- s- fbpw Xocp-am-\

- s
- fbpw kzm[o-\n-p-sav Adn-bm-hp--
Xn-\m GsX-nepw hn[-n-ep km-\ - tfm ap klm-b - tfm kzoI-
cn-pn.
$ GsX-nepw Xc-n-ep B\p-Iq-ey- {]Xo-n-p-sImv \I-s-Sp
hne-]n-Sn-p km-\- A[ym-]I- hnZymYn-If
- n\ntm c-Im-
-fn\ntm kzoI-cn-c - p-Xv.
3.6 kl{]h-Is-Xn-scbpw D-Xm-[n-Im-cn-Is-Xn-scbpw A\m-hi - y-amb
Btcm-]W - - D-bn-p-n-.
$ ]c-kv]cw Ip-s-Sp-p hn`m-KobkwL- A[ym-]I - n-Sb
- n A`n-
Im-ay-a-.
$ kl-{]-h-Is-Xn-cmbn sXfn-hp-If - n-m Btcm-]W - - D-bn--
cpXv.
$ GsX-nepw Hcp kl-{]-h-Is/kl-{]-h-Ib - psS `mK-p-\nv Kpcp-
X-c-amb sXv ImWp-I-bm-sW-n AXv ko\n-b A[ym-]-I-cpsS {i-
bns-Sp-W- w.
3.7 kl-{]-h-Ic - p-sStbm hnZymYn-If
- p-sStbm cn-Xm-f- p-sStbm apnhv
Hcp kl-{]-h-Is\ A[n-t-]nv kwkm-cn-p-n - .
$ A[ym-]I - sc-p-dnv hyXy-kvX- fmb A`n-{]m-b - DmImw. Fm
AXv {]I-Sn-n-p coXn am\y-am-bn-cn-W - w.
$ kl-{]-h-Is A[ym-]\coXnsb A]-lk - n-p Xc-n kwkm-cn-
-cpXv.
3.8 kl-{]-h-Ic - psS A[ym-]\
- \
- n-e]
- m-Sp-Isf am\n-p-p.
$ A[ym-]\ -
- n anIhp ]pep--h-cpsS {]h-\ - sf mLn-p-Ibpw
Acw anIhv BPn-m {ian-p-Ibpw sN-Ww. Fm AXv XnIpw
A-amb A\p-Ic - W
- a
- m-Ic
- p-Xv.
3.9 kl-{]-hI-sc-p-dn-p kzImcyhnh-c - cl-ky-ambn kqn-pIbpw
\nb-a]
- c
- a
- mbn Bh-iy-s-Sp-tm am{Xw shfn-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNpp.
$ GsX-nepw Bh-iy-n-\mbn tiJ-cn-s
- -Sp, kl-{]-h-Isc-p-dn-p
hyn]c-amb hnh-c
- clkykz`m-ha - p-X
- m-sW-n Ah \nb-a]
- c
- a
- mb
Imcy-p am{Xta shfn-s-Sp-m ]mSpq.
So m\
ssZ\w-Zn\ ]mTm-kq{XW tcJ-bmWv So m\. ]T-\t- \-
- sf ey-amn ]mT-
]p-kvXI
-
- nepw SosS-Ivnepw \In-bn-p {]h-\ - Xs mknse
Ipn-Iv tbmPn coXn-bn hg-t- msS, am- hcp-nbpw Iqn-tpw
{]{Inbm t]Pv hnI-kn-n-p-I-bmWp th-Xv.
]T-\{- ]-h-\- t- fm-sSmw hne-bn-cp-epw Ds-Sp-n-sm-p Bkq-{X-W-
amWv {]{In-bm-t]-Pn Fgp-tX--Xv. \nc--c-hn-e-bn-cp--en-eqsS e`n-p hnh-c-
- hne-bn-cp- t]Pnepmbn-cn-W - w.
IrXyhpw AY-]qW-hp-amb Bi-bc
- q-]o-Ic
- W
-
- n\v Bh-iy-amb ]T-\{- ]-h-
]{v
28 So sSIvv
\- Ds-Sp-X - m-hWw So m\. Cs\ Hmtcm BgvNb - nepw \S-n-em-
nb ]T-\{- ]-h-\- f- psS hne-bn-cp-e
- n-eqsS cq]o-Ic
- n-s
- hnh-c- sf ASn-
m-\-amn So {]Xn-^-e-\-p-dnv (Reflection Note) Xbm-dm-p-Ibpw SRG/
Subject Council en NsN-p-Ibpw thWw. Cu Ipdn-ns ASn-m-\ - n-em-
hWw A[ym-]nI XpSp Bkq-{X-W - p-dnv Xbm-dm-t-X - v.
So m\dns t^mamv NphsS tNp-p.
So m\
bqWnns t]cv :
XobXn :
{]Xo-n-p kabw :
]T-\t- \-
- :
Bi-b - :
tijn-I :
`mjmhkvXp-XI - (`mj-bvp a
- m-{Xw) :
hy-hl- mccq]- (`mj-bvp- am-{Xw) :
aqe-y- , at\m-`m-h- :
]T\kma-{Kn-I :
{]Xo-nX D- - :
{]{Inbm t]Pv hne-bn-cp- t]Pv
{]h-\-fpw hne-bn-cp-epw (hne-bn-cp- hnh-c--fmWv

AS-nb {]{Inb ChnsS Fgp-Xp--Xv.)
A[ym-]nI/ A[ym-]-Is Hv
lb skdn
ebmfw
So sSIvv 29
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]{v
30 So sSIvv
hne-bn-cp- kao-]\w
kvIqfnse ]T\w (Learning) kzm`m-hn-Ia - mbpw \nc-c - a
- mbpw \S-t {]{In-b-
bmWv. ]T\w Imcy-a - a
- m-IW
- s
- a-n, ]T\m\p-`h -
- Dt-iym-[n-jvTn-Xh - pw ]T-
\-t\-
- sf tI{o-Ic - n-p-am-IWw. ]T\{]-{In-bb - n-eqsS t\-tS tijn-Isfbpw
[mc-WI - s
- fbpw kw_-nv A[ym-]I - pw ]Tn-Xm-pw hy-amb Ah-
t_m[w Dm-IW - w. Hmtcm ]mT-`m-Kh - p-ambn _-sv Bnt ]T\t\-
(Learning outcomes) apIqn Ip-sImv ]T-\{- ]-h-\ - Bkq-{XWw
sN-Ww. Ch Pohn-Xk - - `-f - p-ambn _n-nv Ah-Xc - n-n-p-Ibpw thWw.
t\Snb tijn-If- pw [mc-WI - fpw ]T-\t- \-
- Dd-m-p-X - n\v F{X-am{Xw ]cym-
]vX-amWv? ]T-\-t\-- ssIh-cn-m C\nbpw tijn-p--h Bscmw?
\tIp XpSc\p-`h -
- Fs-m-am-IWw? Ah Fs\ \Ipw? C{]-Im-
c-ap Nn-If
- mWv hne-bn-cp-e - n-s `mK-ambn A[ym-]I- c
- n Dm-tI-Xv.
]mT-`m-K
- ns/bqWn-ns hn\n-ab
- - n-\p-tijw "Fsms ]T-\t- \ ssIh-
cnp' Fv hne-bn-cp-p {]{Inbsb ]T-\s hne-bn-cp- (Assessment
of learning) Fp ]d-bpp. ]T-\ - n-\p-ti-ja - p ]Tn-Xm-hns anI-hv, ]T-\\ - n-e-
hmcw Fn-hb - mWv ChnsS hne-bn-cp-s - -Sp-X- v. CXv hne-bn-cp-e
- ns Hcp Xew
am{Xta BIp-p-q.
]T\w Dd-m-p-X - n-\p-th-n-bp hne-bn-cp-e - n-\mWv IqSp-X {]mapJyw In-
t-X - v. ]T\w \S-p thf-bn AXns Imcy-a - X- b
- vp-thn A[ym-]-
It\m kl-]m-Tn-Itfm \S-p hnhn-[ - f- mb CS-s]-Se - p-I Dm-Imw. ]T-\-
nt\m-sSm-a - p Cu CS-s]Sepw ôUv_mv \Iepw hne-bn-cp-e - ns asm-
cp X
- e
- a- m-Wv. CXns\ ]T-\ - n-\m-bp hne-bn-cp- (Assessment for learn-
ing) Fv ]d-bpp. CXv ]T-\] - p-tcm-KX
- n-p-thn \nc-cw \nh-ln-t-X - pw
]T-\{- ]-h-\t- mSv Cg-tNv \nt-Xp-amWv.
]T-\
- n-eqsS t\Snb Bi-b - sfbpw [mc-WI - s
- fbpw hnai-\m-I - a
- mbn ]cn-
tim-[n-p-Ibpw am- Dsm-p-Ibpw sNp Xncp- {]{In-bbpw Dv.
CXns\ kzbw hne-bn-cp-e - mbn Icp-Xmw. C{]-Imcw kzbw \nh-ln-p hne-bn-
cp-e- n-eqsSbpw ]T\w km[y-am-Ip-p. CXns\ hne-bn-cp-Xs- ]-T\w (As-
sessment as learning) Fp ]d-bpp. CXn-eqsS sa-s-c - o-Xn-bn Fns\
]Tnmw Fv ]Tn-Xmhv [mc-Wb - p-m-pp (Learning to learn).
]T\w IqSpX Imcy-a - a- mhm "]T-\
- n-\m-bp hne-bn-cp-', "hne-bn-cp-
Xs ]T\w' Fn-hb - vv Du \tI-X - p-v. ]T\w ê-{]-Za- m-Ip--
Xn-\p hne-bn-cp- {]{In-bI - v {]m[m\yw \Ip kao-]\ - a
- mWv kzoI-cn-
t-X - v.
]T-\t- \-
- Dd-m-p Xc-n-ep ]T\kao-]\w kzoI-cn-p-tm AXn\v
A\p-Kp-Wa - mb hne-bn-cp- kao-]\
- hpw kzoI-cn-t-X
- p-v. Bb-Xn-\m ]T-
lb skdn
ebmfw
So sSIvv 31
\-t\-
-
- v Du \Ip hne-bn-cp- kao-]\ - mWv (Outcome focused
- a
assessment approach) kzoIcn-t-X
- v. ]T-\t- \-
- v Du \In cq]-
s-Sp-p ]T-\-{]-h-\-fn ]Tn-Xm-hns kPoh-]-m-fnw Dd-p-h-cp-
Ww.
]Tn-Xm-hn\pw A[ym-]I - \pw c-Im-hn\pw Htc t]mse ]T-\t- \- - s - f-p-dnv
[mc-Wb - p-m-hp-I, hne-bn-cp-t-X - n-s\-p-dnv hyX ssIh-cp-I, ]T-\t- \- -
Dd-nv aptm-p-t]m-Im-\m-hp-I, hnZymYn tI{o-Ir-Xa - m-hp-I, kmaq-ly-{]-iv\- sf
Xncn-d
- n-bp-hm-\p Ign-hp-m-hp-I, {Inbm-I - hpw hnai-\m-I - hpw bpn-]c - -
hp-amb Nn-Isf t{]mm-ln-n-pI apX-em-bh ]T-\t- \- - v Du \In-
bn-p ]T-\ - ns khn-ti-jX - I
- f- m-Wv.
\nc--chpw ka-{K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp- (CCE)
]Tn-Xm-hn A\kyq-Xa - mbn \Sp Hcp {]{In-bb - m-Wv ]T\w. AXp-sIm-p-Xs
tijn-Ifpw [mc-WI - fpw F{X-tmfw t\Sn Fv ]cn-tim-[n-p hne-bn-cp-
{]{In-bbpw \nc-c - a
- m-bn-cn-W
- w. ka-{K-amb hne-bn-cp- F-Xp-sImv AY-
am-p-Xv ]Tn-Xm-hns sshm-\n-Ih - pw kmaq-ln-IsshIm-cn-I taJ-eI
- f
- nse
hne-bn-cp-epamWv. Cs\ \nc-c - hpw ka-{K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp- coXn-bmWv
kzoI-cn-n-cn-p-X
- v.
CCE taJ-eI
-
cv taJ-eI - n-em-bmWv CCE \nh-ln-s-Sp-X
- f - v.
1. sshm-\nItaJe
2. kmaq-lnIsshIm-cn-ItaJ-e
sshm-\nI taJ-eb
- nse hnImkw kw_-n hne-bn-cp-
lb skdn taJ-eb - nse ]T\hnj-b - fmb `mj, imkv{X hnj-b- , am\-
hnI hmWn-Py-imkv{X hnj-b-, Btcm-Ky-Im-bnI hnZym-`ymkw Fnh
sshm-\nI taJ-eb - nsSp-p. Hmtcm hnj-b - fnepw Bn ]T-\t- \--
fmWv hne-bncp-t-Xv. ChnsS cv Xc-n-ep hne--bn-cp-e - mWv \ntZ-in-
p-X
- v.
1. \nc-chne-bn-cp- (CE)
2. tSw hne-bn-cp- (TE)
\nc--c hne-bn-cp- (CE) :
aqp coXn-bn-ep \nc-c hne-bn-cp-e - mWv \ntZ-in-p-Xv.
$ ]T\{]{In-bb - psS hne-bn-cp-
$ t]mvt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-
$ bqWnvXe hne-bn-cp-
]T\{]{In-bb
- psS hne-bn-cp-
]T-\t\-
- BPn-p-X - n-\p- ]Tn-Xmhpw A[ym-]n-Ibpw hnhn-[- f- mb {]h-
\- Bkq-{XWw sNp-p. ]Tn-Xm-hns {]h-\ - nse ]m-fn-w, ]Tn-
Xm-hns {]I-S\
-
- n-tebpw Ah-Xc - W
-
- n-tebpw anI-hv, ]Tn-Xm-hns km--
IX, \nZnjvS tijn-I F{X-am{Xw BPn-m Ign-n-pv, XpS-nb Imcy-
]{v
32 So sSIvv
So- hne-bn-cp-t-X - p-v. NphsS sImSp-n-cn-p kqN-I
- hne-bn-
cp-e
- n\v D]-tbm-Knmw.
1. {]h-\ - nse ]m-fnw
2. Bib[mcW
3. tijn-I BPn-
4. {]I-S\w/Ah-Xc - Ww
5. tcJ-s-Sp-/Xbmdm
{]{Inbmhne-bn-cp- \nh-ln-p-tm, Hmtcm kqN--Ihpw ASn-m-\a - mn hne-
bn-cp- \nh-ln-W - w. DZm-lc- W
- a
- mbn {]h-\ - nse ]m-fnw F
kqNIw ASn-m-\a - mn hne-bn-cp-p-tm Ghpw anI ]m-fn-a - p-h
- ,
anI ]mfn-a - p-h- , icm-icn ]m-fn-a - p-h
- , C\nbpw sa-s-tS-h -
Fp kqNn-n-p Xc-n-ep Ipdn-p-I "So m\-dn's hne-bn-cp-
t]Pn Dm-hW - w. Hcp tSan-\p-n Fm ]Tn-Xm-t- fbpw {]{In-bb - psS `mK-
ambn hne-bn-cp- \Sn tcJ-s-Sp-W - w.
{]{In-bm-hn-eb
- n-cp-e
- n kzbw hne-bn-cp-, ]c-kv]c hne-bn-cp-, A[ym-
]I hne-bn-cp- Fn-hb - vv km[y-XI- \tI-X - m-Wv.
\nc-c hne-bn-cp-e
- ns `mK-ambn hnhn[ hnj-b
- f
- n ]T-\{- ]-{Inb hne-bn-cp-
t-Xv Fn-s\-sbv ]cn-tim-[n-mw.
$ {]h-\ - nse ]m-fnw
{]h\w Gs-Sptm?
hynK-Xa - mbn sNm {ian-n-ptm?
{Kqn ê-{]-Za - mbn CS-s]-n-ptm?
Bi-b - ]p-h - n-ptm?
- ap-h- c - psS ]m-fn-s t{]mm-ln-n-n-ptm?
$ Bi-b-[m-cW
D-S- ] - c - a- mb [mcW
- Adnhv \namW L-
Bi-bk - zmw-io-Ic - W
- - nse anIhv
Bi-b - f - psS {]tbm-Kt- ijn
Ch-bn ]Tn-Xm-hns anI-hv.
$ tijn-I BPn-
{]{In-bm-ti-jn-I t\Sm thn-bp ap[m-cW - I- F{X-tmfw?
\n-bn-n-cn-p {]{Inbmtijn-I t\Sm Cu {]h-\ - n-eqsS Ign-
n-ptm?
tijn BPn-m-h - v Fv A[n-I{- ]-h-\a - mWv \tI-Xv?
$ {]I-S\w/ Ah-Xc - Ww
hyn-KX {]h-\ - n\v tijhpw {Kqv {]h\-n\v tijhpw Is-
nb Imcyw Ah-Xcnn-m {ian-n-ptm?
lb skdn
ebmfw
So sSIvv 33
\nK-a\w bpn-]qhw kaYn-m Ign-n-ptm?

$ tcJ-s-Sp-/ Xbm-dm-
- {]h-\ - n-eqsS IS-p-t]m-bt- m Bh-iy-amb tcJ-s-Sp-e
- p-I \S-
n-bn-ptm?
- tcJ-s-Sp-e - p-I ap-h
- v a\-n-em-Ip coXn-bn BtWm?
- tcJ-s-Sp-e - n\v ASppw Nnbpw Dtm?
- hyn-KX - ambpw {Kqv Nbvv tijhpw s]mXp Nbvv tij-hp-w tcJ-
s-Sp-e- p-I \n-ln-n-ptm?
\nc-c hne-bn-cp--ens `mK-ambn `mj-bn ]T-\-{]-{Inb hne-bn-cp-t-
Xv F-s\-sbp ]cn-tim-[n-mw.
`mj-bn D-S - ]- c
- a
- mb Bibw e`n-pp F-Xp-t]mse {][m-\a - mWv hyh-
lm-cc- q-]k
- w-_
- n-bmb Adnhpw `mjm-ti-jn-If- psS hnIm-khpw A-s\-sb-n
kqN-I - ]cn-KW- n-p-sImv F-s\-bmWv ]T-\{- ]-{Inb hne-bn-cp-t-X- v Fv
]cn-tim-[n-mw.
$ ]m-fnw
]T-\{- ]-h-\ - n ]Tn-Xm-hns Xmcyw, {Kqv {]-h-\ - nse ]m-
fn-w Fn-hs - bms CXn ]cn-KW - n-W - w.
$ Bib[mcW
`mj-bnse D-S - ]
- c
- a - mb [mc-W, hyh-lm-cc - q-] - ns LS-\, KpW-\n-e-
hmc kqNI-, hyXykvX `mjm-]T - \
- k
- t- -X - f - n-eqsS Adnhv \nn-s-
Sp-p coXn, `mjm-]c - a - mb anIhv Fn-hb - n ]Tn-Xmhv FhnsS \npp
F-XmWv A[ym-]nI ChnsS hne-bn-cp-t-X - v.
$ tijn-I
{ih-Ww, `mjWw, hmb-\, teJ-\w, kKm-I - X XpS-nb tijotaJ-eI - -
fn ]Tn-Xm-hns ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cpn ôUv_mv \Ip-p. ChnsS
hnhn[ `mjm hyh-lmctaJ-eI - , `mjm-hk - vXp-XI - , Bi-bh - n-\n-abw Fn-
h-bn Ipn-bpsS {]I-S\w IqSn ]cn-K-Wn--Ww.
$ {]IS\w/Ah-Xc - Ww
`mj-bn Bi-b-{]-I-S-\-n\v hyXykvX hgn-I-fp--tm. Ipn-bpsS cN-\m-
ti-jn-t]m-se-s {][m-\a - mWv ap `mjm-{]-IS- \ - - fpw (]mcm-bW - w, Be]-
\w, A`n-\b - w, Nn{Xw-hc - , `mj-Ww) Dm-cW - i - p-n, kv]jvSX Chbpw ]cn-K-
Wn-m-bn-cnpw ChnsS A[ym-]I ôUv_mv \tI-Xv.
$ tcJ-s-Sp-/Xbm-dm-
{]h-\ - n-eqsS IS-p-t]m-bt- m Bh-iy-amb tcJ-s-Sp-e - p-I \S-
n-bn-ptm? tcJ-s-Sp--ep-I ap--hv a\-n-em-Ip coXn-bn
BtWm? tcJ-s-Sp-e - n\v ASppw Nnbpw Dtm? hyn-KX - ambn cN\
\S-n-bn-ptm? mkv Nbvv tijw {Kqn sa-s-Sp-n-bn-ptm?
sXn- msX cN\ \nh- l n- m Ipn- I v Ign- b p- ptm? F-
sXmsbmWv A[ym-]nI hne-bn-cp-t-X - v.
]T-\{]h-\ - kqvaX - e- - n Bkq-{XWw sNp-X - n\pw \nc-c hne-
bn-cp- imkv{Xo-ba - m-p-X - n-\pambn So m\ Xbm-dm-t-X - m-Wv.
]{v
34 So sSIvv
(1) So m\-dnse hni-Zmw-i -
(i) ]T-\t- \- -
(ii) Bib/[mc-WI -
(iii) tijn-I
(iv) aqey-/at\m-`m-h -
(v) ]T\kma-{Kn-I
(vi) {]Xo-n-p Dev] - -
(vii) ]nco-Up-If - psS Fw
(viii) {]h-\ - fpw hne-bn-cp-epw AS-nb {]{Inbm t]Ppw hne-bn-cp-
hnh-c - tcJ-s-Sp-nb hne-bn-cp- t]Ppw.
A\p-cq-]o-Ic - Ww Dtp-sIm-p ]T-\{- ]-h-\ - f - psS Bkq-{XWw,
hne-bn-cp- k`-, X{-, Sqfp-I Fnh So m\-dn Dm-I-
Ww. Hcp Bibw, hnhn[ Bi-b - , Hcp ]T-\t- \-w Fnh tI{o-Ic - ntm bqWn-
ns\ ka-{K-ambn Ip-sImtm So m\ Xbm-dm-m-hp-X - m-Wv.
(2) hnj-b_ -
- n-Xa - mb BIvSn-hnn temKv kw_-n hni-Zmw-i -
sshm-\nItaJ-eb - psS hne-bn-cp-e - n\v ASn-m-\am-t {][m-\ t- c-Jb - mWv
]Tn-Xm-hns BIvSn-hnn temKv. ]T-\-{]-{In-b-I-\p-k-cnv hnhn[ {]h-\-
]qn-bm-p-X - n\v BIvSn-hnn temKvv klm-bI - a
- m-Wv. ]Tn-Xm-hns kKm-
-IX - , Nnm{]{In-bI - , `mjmss\]pWn, kmaq-ln-I- s - sh-Im-cnI Xe- XpS-
n-bh BIvSn-hnn temKn {]Xn-ê - n-pw. ]mT-`mKw hn\n-abw sNp-X - n\v kzoI-
cn-p hnhn[ X{-, Ah-bpsS ]qo-Ic - W-
- n\v ]Tn-Xmhv \S-p apsm-
cp- - , {]h\fpsS hnhn[ L-f - nse CS-s]-Se - p-I XpSn Fm
hnh-c - fpw BIvSn-hnn temKn Dm-IW - w. {]h-\ - n-eqsS cq]-s Dev]-
- kw_-n hni-Zmw-i - tcJ-s-Sp-t-Xpw BIvSn-hnn temKn Xs-
bm-Wv. ]T-\{- ]-h-\s in-s-Sp-m-\mbn A[ym-]I - \Ip A[n-Ih - n-
h-c- fpw BIvSnhnn temKn tcJ-s-Sp-mw.
ka-b_- - n-Xa- mbn t\- hne-bn-cpn ]T-\] - p-tcm-KX- nv Bh-iy-amb \ntZ-
i-fpw ssIm-pw A[ym-]nI \I-Ww. bqWnv Ah-km-\n-p-tm B
bqWnnse ]T-\t- \- ]Tn-Xmhv t\Sn-bn-ptm Fv hne-bn-cp-p-X - n-\p
Hcp tcJ-bmbn BIvSn-hnn temKv ]cn-Wa - n-W - w.
Bi-bh - y-X - b- p-Xpw k`-pw Bi-b - pw tbm-Py-amb ]cm-ai-
DXpw kzw Nn-I kzmwio-Ic - n-p-X- pw {]Xn-ê - n-n-p-XpamhWw
BIvSn-hnn temKv. Imcy- auen-Ia - mbn Ah-Xc - n-n-W- w. BIvSn-hnn temKn\v
ka-{K-Xbpw XpSbpw Dm-bn-cn-W - w.
$ t]mvt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-
]T-\{- ]-h-\ - n-eqsS ISpt]mIptm cq]-s-Sp Fm Dev]
-
- fptSbpw
Hcp kam-lm-ca- mWv t]mvt^mfn-tbm-. ]T-\s kw_-nv Ipn-pw cn-Xm-
hn\pw A[ym-]n-Ibvpw ôUv_mv \IpI F [a-amWv t]mvt^mfntbm
\nh-ln-p-X - v.
t]mvt^m-fn-tbm-bn Ds-tS-h
- .
lb skdn
ebmfw
So sSIvv 35
$ BIvSn-hnn temKv
$ av ]T-\s
- -fn-hp-I, Nn{X-, tiJ-c - , cN-\I
- , ]T-t\m-]I
- c
- W
-
- ,
sF.kn.Sn km[y-XI - f
- n-eqsS cq]-s-Sp-nb krjvSn-I, XpS-n-bh
$ kKm-I krjvSn-I
$ hvjo-p-I
t]mvt^mfntbm hne-bn-cp-en\v Xmsg sImSp kqN-I - D]-tbm-Kn-mw.
$ Bibhy-X
$ [mc-WI - f
- psS kzmwio-Ic - Ww
$ A\p-tbm-Py-amb cq]-Iev]\
$ ]qWX
$ X\na (Originality)
]T\{]{In-bb - p-sSbpw t]mvt^m-fn-tbm-b
- p-sSbpw kvtIm IW-m-p coXn
Hmtcm {]h-\ - nepw apI-fn kqNn-n kqN-I D]tbm-Knv Fm Ipn-
I-sfbpw hne-bn-cpn kvtIm tcJ-s-Sp-W - s - a-n-. kqN-I- f - psS ASn-m-
\-n Hcp tSanse samw {]I-S\ - s- -bmWv hne-bn-cp-t-X - v. So m\-
dnse Ipdn-p-I, BIvSn-hnn temKnse tcJ-s-Sp-e - p-I Fn-hsb ASn-m-
\-amn tSans HSp-hn Chsb t{ImUo-Ic - nv Ghpw anI ]m-fn-a - p-h- ,
anI ]m-fn--ap--h, icm-icn ]m-fn--ap--h, C\nbpw sa-s-tSt--h
Fn-s\ hne-bn-cpnbmWv 4/3/2/1 kvtImdp-I \tI-X - v. 5 kqN-I - fpw
]cn-tim[nv Hmtcm kqN-I - n\pw kvtIm \Ip-tm ]c-am-h[n 20 kvtIm
Fv IW-m-mw.
$ bqWnvXe hne-bn-cp-
Hcp bqWn-n hnhn[ ]T-\-t\--p {]h-\- ]c-kv]-c-_--
tmsSbmWv hn\y-kn-n-cn-pXv. CXn\v Hcp ka-{K-kz-`m-ha - p-v. Hcp bqWn-nse
]Tn-Xm-hns ]T-\s hne-bn-cp-p-X - n-eqsS Cu ka-{KXmt_m[-s-bmWv (apgp-
h ]T-\t-- \-- s - fbpw ]cn-KW
- nv) hne-bn-cp-p-X - .v \ne-hn-ep bqWn-X v e hne-
bn-cp- coXn-Iv ]pdta hmNn-Ia - mb hne-bn-cp-, Iznkv t{]m{Kmw, Hm
_pv hne-bn-cp-, tNmZy- Xbm-dm-epw D-ck - q-NnI Is-e - pw, ]pXnb
cN-\I - hne-bn-cp- XpS-n-bhbpw bqWnv hne-bn-cp-e - n\v ]cn-KW - n-m-hp-
-Xm-Wv. \nnX bqWn-nse ]T-\-t\---fpsS Imcy-n ]Tn-Xmhv FhnsS
\npp Fv Xncndnbm klm-bI - a- mb tdn-MvkvsI-bn, sNv env XpS-
n-bh - bpw D]-tbm-Kn-m-hp-X - m-Wv. bqWnv hne-bn-cp- ]T-\{- ]-h-\t-- m-
sSmw kzm`m-hn-Ia - mbn \S-t-X - m-Wv.
bqWnv hne-bn-cp-e - n ]cnK-Wn-s - {]h-\ - ns kqN-I - f - psS ASn-
m-\ - n kvtIm \In tSans Ah-km-\ - n \nnX t^mam-n tcJ-
s-Sp-W - w. CXn-\p-]t- bm-Kn Sqfns kz`m-ha - \
- p-kc - n-p kqN-I - So Xbm-
dm-t-X - m-Wv. Hcp tSan Hn-e[ - nIw bqWnv hne-bn-cp- DmIpw FXp
sImv bqWnv hne-bn-cp-e - p-If
- psS icm-icnbmWv tSans HSp-hn tNt--
Xv.
CE kvtIm Is-p coXn
Hmtcm hnj-b
- n-s-bpw ]T\{]{In-b, t]mvt^m-fn-tbm, bqWnvXe hne-bn-cp-
Fnhbn Hmtcm-n-sbpw ]c-am-h[n kvtIm 20 Bbn-cn-pw. Ah-bpsS icm-
]{v
36 So sSIvv
icn IW-mn tSwXe tcJ-s-Sp- \S-m-hp-X - m-Wv. CXv t{ImUo-Ic
- nv
- n\v Annexure-1 t^mamv D]-tbm-Kn-mw.
tcJ-s-Sp-p-X
tSw hne-bn-cp- (TE)
mkvdqw {]h-\ - f
- n-eqsS Hmtcm ]Tn-Xmhpw F{X-tmfw ]T-\t- \- - ssIh-
cn-p-shv Hmtcm tSans Ah-km-\hpw hne-bn-cp-t-Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. `mj
hnj-b - f - psS Imcy-n tSan ]cn-KW - n-s - bqWn-p-If - nse ]T-\t- \-
-
Bkv]Z- a - mn hyh-lm-cc - q-]
- , `mjm-hk - vXp-XI - , `mjm-ti-jn-I Fo taJ-
e-I ]cn-KW - n-m-hWw tSw hne-bn-cp-. D-S taJ-eI - pw tijn-Ipw
Du \In-smv sshhn-[y-ap tNmZy-am-Xr-II - Ds-Sp-mw. ap hn-j-
b-v tSan ]cn-KW - n-s - -Sp bqWn-p-If - nse D-StaJ-eI - sf ASn-m-
\-amnbmWv tSw hne-bn-cp- \S-t-Xv. ]T\t\-v Du sImSp-
p Xc-n Bi-b - fpw tijn-Ifpw hne-bn-cp-p-X - n\v DX-Ip tNmZy-
CXn-\mbn Xbm-dm-mw.
Hmtcm bqWnv/Bi-bt- a-Jebvpw hnhn[ Xe-n-ep am\-kn-I{- ]-{In-bI - pw
(Adnhv kzmwio-Ic - n-/ [mc-W t\S, Bi-b - / [mc-WI - Fn-hb - psS
{]tbmKw, A]-{K-Y\hpw \nK-a\ - w- cq-]o-Ic
- nepw, hne-bn-cp-, krjvSn-]c - X XpS-
nb am\-kn-I{- ]-{InbI) icn-bmb shbn-tPv \In-smv _vfq{]n v Xbm-
dmn sshhn-[y-am tNmZy- Ds-n-p-sv Ddphcpn thWw tNmZy-
t]- Xbm-dm-t-X - .v tNmZy--\p-tbm-Py-amb kqN-I - hnI-kn-n-p-Ibpw
Ah ASn-m-\a - m-n- hne-bn-cp- \nh-ln-pIbpw thWw.
]T-\{- ]-h-\ns `mK-ambn \S-p {]mIvSn-e - p-I, AXns tcJ-s-Sp-
-ep-I Fnh \nc-c - a
- mbn \S-t-X
- m-W.v {]mIvSn-e- p-ambn _-s tcJ-
s-Sp-e - p-Iv {]mIvSn- Ubdn D]-tbm-Kn-t-X - m-Wv.
{]mIvSn- D hnj-b - sf kw_-nv {]mIvSn- ]co cmw hjm-y-
n \S-t-X - m-W.v Hpw cpw hj-f- nse {]mIvSn-e
- ns tcJ-s-Sp-
\S-nb {]mIvSn- Ub-dnbpw cmw hjm-hk - m\w \S-p {]mIvSn-
]co-bpw FIvt-W FIvkm-an-\ ]cn-tim-[nv kvtIm \tI-X - m-Wv.
Btcm-Ky-Im-bnI hnZym-`ymkw hne-bn-cp- coXn
Btcm-KyImbnI h - n-Zym-`ymkw Hcp sshm-\nI hnj-bs - a \ne-bn 201415
A[y-b\ - h- jw apX ]cn-KW - n-s
- -Sp-Ib
- m-Wv. ]Tn-Xm-hns imco-cn-Ihpw am\-
kn-Ih - p-amb hnIm-k - IqSp-X {]_-ea - m-Ip-Xv Iuam-cI - m-eL
- -
- n-em-Wv.
Btcm-Ky-ioesf kw_-n-pw, ImbnI {]h-\ - f- n Gs-tS-X - ns
Bh-iy-IX - sb kw_-npw icn-bmb [mcW t\Sm-\p Ah-kcw \tI-X - p-
v. Btcm-Ky-Im-bn-Ih - n-Zym-`ymkn {]mtbm-KnI hne-bn-cp-e - mWv \ntZ-in-p-
-X.v
CXp-ambn _-s hni-Zmw-i- Btcm-Ky-Im-bn-I-hn-Zym-`ymkw lb
skdn Xew tkmgvkv _pn \In-bn-p-v.
kmaq-lnIsshIm-cnI taJ-eb
- nse hne-bn-cp-
sshm-\nI taJ-esbtmse Xs {][m-\a - mWv kmaq-lnI-ssh-Im-cnI taJ-
e-bnsebpw hne-bn-cp-. Learning to know, Learning to do, Learning to live to-
lb skdn
ebmfw
So sSIvv 37
gether, Learning to be Fnh-bp-ambn _-s ss\]p-Wn-If - mWv ChnsS ]cn-K-

Wn-t-X - v. kmaq-lnIsshIm-cnI taJ-eb
- nse hne-bn-cp-e - p-ambn _-s-
Spn NphsS sImSp-n-cn-p ss\]p-Wn-I hne-bn-cp-s - -tS-X - mWv.
1 Bibhn\n-ab tijn
(Communication skills)
2 hyy-c ss\]pWn
(Interpersonal skills)
3 kl-`mhw (Empathy)
4 hnIm-c - f - p-ambn s]mcp-s - -S (Coping with emotions)
5 am\-knI k-f - p-ambn s]mcp-s- -S
(Coping with Stress)
6 {]iv\] - c- n-lc - W tijn
(Problem solving skills)
7 Xocp-am-\s - a-Sp-
(Decision making)
8 hnai-\m-INn
(Critical thinking)
9 kKm-Itijn
(Creative thinking skills)
10 kzbm-ht- _m[w (Self-awareness)
sshm-\n-It- a-Je - b
- n hnhn[ hnj-b - ssIImcyw sNp A[ym-]I -
Xs Ch-bpsS hne-bn-cp-epw \nh-ln-W - w. AXXv hnj-b- f- psS {]{Inbm
hne-bn-cp-e
- ns `mK-ambn Cu hne-bn-cp-epw \nh-ln-t-X- m-W.v ChnsS {]{In-
bm-tijn hne-bn-cp-p-t- Xm-sSmw aqey-/at\m-`m-h - Fnh cq]-s-Sp--
Xpambn _-s hne-bn-cp-IqSn \S-W - w.
kmaq-lnIsshIm-cnI taJe-bnse ]Tn-Xm-hns anI-hns\ kw_-n-p KpW]-
c-amb C\- Isn tcJ-s-Sp-pIbmWv th-X - v. Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hn-sbpw
KpW]c-amb ss\]p-Wn-I t{]mm-lnns-tS-Xpv. Cu anI-hp-I So
m\-dn-epw, t{ImUo-Ic
- n hnhcw A\p-_w 2 epw tcJ-s-Sp-m-hp-X - m-Wv.
Iem-]c
- hpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw sXmgn]-ch
- p-amb anI-hp-I
lbsk-dn Xe-nse ]Tn-Xm-hns kh-tXm-ap-Ja - mb hnI-k\w Dd-m-p-
-Xn-\mbn ]T-\t- m-sSmw Xs Bkzm-Z\ - t- i-jn-If- pw, kKm-I - a
- m-bn-p Ign-
hp-Ifpw Iem-hm-k\ - I
- fpw kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI tkh\ {]h-\ - \nh-
ln-p-X - n-\p at\m-`m-hhpw cq]-s-Sp-t-X - p-v. amk-n-sem-cn-s - e-nepw
C{]-Im-c-ap ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn ]s-Sp-m-\p Ah-kcw e`n--Ww. CXn-\mbn
lbsk-dn Xe-n Iem-thZn, Icn-b ssKUkv, kaq-l_ - nX {]-
h\w, \mj-W khokv kvIow, F.-kn.-kn., hnhn[ p-I XpS-nb
{]tbm-P\- s- -Sp-t-X - m-Wv.
lbsk-dn Xe-n ]Tn-p Fm-Ip-n-Ifpw GsX-nepw {- ]-h-\
- n
]m-fn-If
- m-IW
- w. ]m-fn-s kw_-n ]Tn-Xm-hns anI-hn\v {]tXyIw
]{v
38 So sSIvv
t{KUv kn-^n-v \Imhp-X
- m-Wv.
Ghpw anI {]h-\- n\v A t{KUv
anI {]h-\- n\v - B t{KUv
{]h\w Xr]vXn-Icw - C t{KUv
]m-fnw am{Xw D t{KUv
hne-bn-cp- hmjnIt{ImUo-Ic
- Ww
tSan-\ Bbn e`n-p kn.C. kvtImdp-I ]cn-KW - n-p-tm 3 tSan-ep-ambn
]Tn-Xm-hn\v e`n Ghpw anI kvtIm BWv kn.C. bpsS hmjn-Ia - m-bp
Hmh-dm kvtIm. CXv A\p-_w2 t^mam-n ss^\ kvtIm F
tImf-n tcJ-s-Sp-m-hpXmWv. Hmtcm hnj-bs kw_-n-p-ap ]Tn-
Xm-hns An-aa - mb CE kvtIm BWv CXv. C\n Hmtcm hnj-b - n-tbpw tSan-
\ kvtImdp-I (TE) Is-p-Ibpw XpSv CE, TE Fn-hb - psS BsI
kvtIm ImWp-I. CXmWv Hcp hnj-b - nse ]Tn-Xm-hns BsI kvtIm. {]mIvSn-
D hnj-b - sf kw_-nv B kvtImdp-IqSn ]cn-KW- n-p-sImmWv BsI
kvtIm IW-m-p-X - v.
lb sk--dn-bn sSan-\ ]co FXv s]mXp-]c - o Bb-Xp-sImv
TE bnse Fgp-p-]c- o-, {]mIvSn- Fn-hb
- psS ss^\ kvtImdp-I s]mXp-
]-co-b
- psS kvtIm Xs-bm-bn-cn-pw.
kmaq-lnIsshIm-cnI taJ-eb
- nse ss\]p-Wn-If- n Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hns\ kw_-
npw anIh AXn-\mbp tImf-n tcJ-s-Sp-t-XmWv. anIhv Xosc
{]Zin-n-m ss\]p-Wn-I anIhv ssIh-cn-n-n F coXn-bn tcJ-s-Sp-
t-X - n-.
t{KUnMv coXn
lbsk-dn Xe-n sshm-\nI hnj-b--fpsS hne-bn-cp--en-\mbn
t{KUnMv coXn-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xv. CXn-\mbn 9 t]mbn v A_vskm-eyqv
t{KUnMv D]-tbm-Kn-p-p.
NphsS sImSp-n-cn-p ]nI CXn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-m-hp-X
- m-Wv.
kvtIm iX-am\w t{KUv
90 - 100 A+
80 - 89 A
70 - 79 B+
60 - 69 B
50 - 59 C+
40 - 49 C
30 - 39 D+
20 - 29 D
Below 20 E
]Tn-Xmhv D]-cn-]T
- \
-
- n\v tbmKyX t\S-Ws - a-n lbsk-dn Xe-nse
Hmtcm hnj-b - n\pw CE + TE (s]mXp-]-co-) ]cn-K-Wn-p-tm an\naw D+
t{KUv (3039 iX-am-\w) Fnepw t\Sn-bn-cn-W - o (TE)
- w. CtXm-sSmw s]mXp-]c
bvv {]tXy-I-ambn an\naw D+ t\Sp-Ibpw thWw.
lb skdn
ebmfw
So sSIvv 39
C{]-Imcw sshm-\nI Xe-n-sebpw kmaq-ln-I-ssh-Im-cnI Xe-n-sebpw

]Tn-Xm-hns anI-hp-I hne-bn-cpn ]T-\-t\-- Dd-m-p--Xn-\p \S-]-Sn-
I kzoI-cn-m km[n-p--Xm-Wv. Cu hne-bn-cp- \nc--c-ambpw ka-{K-X-
tbm-sSbpw \nh-ln-p-X - n-\p-th-n-bp Iqmb {ia- AXy-m-t]-n-Xa - m-
Wv. Ah km[y-am-p-X - n-\p Xe IqSn-t-cep-If - n-eqsS hne-bn-cp- IqSp-
X kp-jvSa - m-m km[n-p-X - m-Wv.
hne-bn-cp-e
- n-\p t^mam-p-I A\p-_
- a
- mbn \Ip-p.
hne-bn-cp- H-t\m-
- n...
hne-bn-cp-
kao-]\w : ]T-\t- \-
- v Du \Ip kao-]\w
\nc--chpw ka-{K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp- (CCE)
sshm-\n-I-ta-Je kmaq-lnIsshIm-cnI taJe
\nc-c hne-bn-cp- tSw hne-bn-cp- 1 Bibhn\n-abtijn

Xnbdn {]mIvSn- (Communication skills)
2 hyy-c ss\]pWn
$ ]T\{]{In-b $ Bi-b-, (Interpersonal skills)
hne-bn-cp- {]{In-b-I, 3 kl-`mhw (Empathy)
$ t]mvt^m-fntbm ]T-\-t\-- 4 hnIm-c--fp-ambn s]mcp--
hne-bn-cp- apX-em-b-hv s-S (Coping with emotions)
Du \Ip- 5 am\-knIk--fp-ambn
$ bqWn-vXe
-Xv. s]mcp--s-S
hne-bn-cp-
(Coping with Stress)
6 {]iv\-]-cn-l-cW tijn
(Problem solving skills)
7 Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-
(Decision making)
8 hnai-\m-INn (Critical
thinking)
9 kKm-Itijn
(Creative thinking skills)
10 kzbm-h-t_m[w
(Self-awareness)
]{v
40 So sSIvv
Annexure 1
CE, TE Fnh Hmtcm tSanepw tcJ-s-Sp-m-\p
hnj-b-_-nX t{ImUo-I-cW t^mamv
tSw : 1/2/3
hnjbw : ................................................................ mkv ........................................Unhn-j ...........
\ hnZymYn-bpsS t]cv CE C\-
BsI t{KUv
BsI CE
kvtIm
kvtIm
bncp
t^mfntbm
TE
{]{Inb
bqWnv
t]mv
hne-
lb skdn
ebmfw
So sSIvv 41
]{v
42 So sSIvv
amXr`mjm-]T- \ kao-]\w
Bi-bh - n-\n-atbm-]m[n F-Xn-\ - pdw `mj Hcp P\-Xb - psS kzXz-t_m-[ - n-sbpw
kwkvIm-c - n-sbpw {]Xn-ê - \w IqSnbm-Wv. kmaq-lnI Pohn-X - ns CS-s]S
Xe- Xncn-d- n-bm\pw temI-ns KXn-hn-KX - n-I Adn-bm\pw a\p--jys\ {]m]vX-
\m-p-X - v `mj-bm-Wv. kwkvIm-c - ns hnIm-k - a - X
- bvpw \ho-Ic - W - - n\pw
`mj i-amb D]m-[n-bm-Wv. `mj, sXmgn-eh - k - c -
- fpw krjvSn-p-p-v. Chsb
ê-{]-Za - mbn {]tbm-P\ - s- -Sp-p-X - n-\p `mjm-]c - a
- mb ss\]p-Wnbpw Xncn-dnhpw
Bn-tXmWv.
P\m-[n-]X - y-n AXn-Po-h\ - - n\v A\p-Kp-Wa - mw-hn[w `mjsb iIvXn-s-Sp-t-
-Xp-v. hyn-Ifpw hyn-Ifpw Xnepw hyn-Ifpw kaq-lhpw Xn-ep
kwLj-ns {][m-\I - m-cWw icn-bmb Bib hn\n-ab - - ns A`m-ha - m-Wv.
hyn-bp-sSbpw kaq-l - n-sbpw kzX-{-amb Bhn-jvIm-Ic - - n\pw k-Km-I
{]I-S\ - - pw `mj Ah-kc - s - am-cp-W - w. kz-amb Hcp Pohn-Xh - o-Ww cq]o-
I-cn-m CXm-hi - y-am-Wv. `mj kzbw Hcp m\-ta-Je - bpw CXc m\-ta-Je - -
I-fp-sSbpw kwkvIm-c-n-sbpw hn\n-ab am[y-a-hp-am-Wv. Pohn-X-ns {]mY-an-
Im-hi - y-\nh-lWw sXmv ku-cym-kzm-Z\ -
- n-sbpw Bhn-jI v- m-c
- n-sbpw Xe-
hsc `mj-bpsS ]cn-KW - \ - I - f - m-Wv.
B[p-\nI `mjm-im-kv{Xhpw a\ximkv{Xhpw _lp-`m-jm--]T - \ - - ns {]m[m\yw
hy-am-p-p-v. bpn-Nn-, _unIhnIm-kw, kmaq-lnI {]Xn-_ - X- , Pohn-
X-aq-ey- Fnh hfp-X - n `mjm-]T - \- - ns ]v \nWm-bI - a - m-W.v {Xn`m-
jm-\b - w Ghpw ê-{]-Za - mbn \S-mnb Cy kwm\w tIc-fa - m-Wv. amXr-
`m-j, Cwo-jv, lnn Fn-hbvv ]pdsa Ad-_n, kwkvIr-Xw, DdpZp XpS-nb
`mj-I ss{]a-dn-Xew apX ]Tn-m tIc-f - n Ah-kc - a - p-v. Fm tIc-
f-ns _lp-kz-ca - mb kmaq-lnI ]m-e - - n s]mXp-hmb Hcp `mjm-]T - \
kao-]\w cq]o-Ic - n-p-tm ]e ko-XI - fpw \mw t\cn-tS-n-hc - p-p-v. amXr-
`mj ae-bm-f-sap ]d-bp-tmgpw tIc-fo-b-cn Hcp \yq\-]--sa-nepw CX-c-`m-
j-I amXr-`m-jb - m-bp-h - c - m-Wv. Fm Ipn-Ipw cmw `mj F \ne-bn
Cwojv ]Tn-m Ah-kc - a - pv. Hmw mkp-sXmv amXr-`m-jt- bm-sSmw Ad-_n
`mj ]Tn-p Ipn-If - pv. Amw mkp apX lnn \n_-nX `mj-bm-Wv.
Xev]c - c- mb hnZymYn-Iv Cu Lw sXmv kwkvIr-Xw, Ad-_n, DZp Fo
`mj-I-fn-te-sX-n-ep-samv ]Tn-m-\p Ah-k-c-hp-sam-cp-n-bn-p-v. Ad-_n,
kwkvIrXw Fo `mj-I amXr-`m-jb - vp-]I - cw ]Tn-n-p Hmdn-b - kvIqfp-
I-fn ae-bm-f] - T
- \w \n_-n-Xa - m-m-\p \S-]S- n-I ASp-I - m-ev kzoI-cn-
n-p-v.
amXr-`m-jm-hn-ZymYn-Ifpw CX-c-`m-jm-hn-ZymYn-Ifpw Htc \ne-hm-c-n \n
`mjm-]T - \w Bcw-`n-p-Xv. amXr-`m-jm-hn-Zymn-I `mj-bp-am-bmWv mkp-ap-dn-
bn-se-p-X - v. kmaq-ln-IN - p-p-]m-Sp-If - n \nv `mjm-ka - mP\w \S-n-bh - c- m-W-
h. mkp-ap-dn-bn-se-p Ah-cpsS ASp eyw hmb-\bpw Fgppw ]Tn-
p-Is - b-X - m-Wv. CX-c` - m-jm-hn-Zymn-Im-hs, B `mj A]-cn-Nn-Xam-Wv.
lb skdn
ebmfw
So sSIvv 43
`mjm-]T- \w: Nne shp-hn-fn-I

hnZymYn-I-fnse ss\kKn-I-amb Ign-hp-I-fpsS hnIm-k-n\pw kzX-{-hmb--
\bvpw t{]cn-n-p hn[w `mjm-]-T\w Icp-p--Xm-m ]mTy-]--Xnv Ign-
n-pv. Fm `mjm-]-T\w ]e shp-hn-fn-Ifpw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-p-p-. `mjm-
k-a{- KXm Zi\-n-e[ - n-jT
v n-Xa
- mb `mjm-]m-Ty-]
- Xn sskm-nI Xe-n \ho-
\amb ImgvN - m-Sp-I aptmv hs-nepw {]mtbm-KnI Xe-n th{X êw
sNbvXn-n-. hn\n-abw sNp-n-S - mWv {][m-\a - mbpw hogvNb
- p-m-bX
- v.
$ `mj-bpsS ASn-m-\t- ijn hnI-k\ -
- n tNm hn-p-.v
$ A ]qW-amb `mjm-\nan-Xn-bn-tev \bn-p hn[-n ]T\w apt-
dp-n-.
$ Fm ]Tn-Xm-s- fbpw hmb-\b
- p-sSbpw Fgp-n-sbpw taJ-eI
- f
- n \nnX
\ne-hm-c
- n Fn-m Ign-n-n-.
$ `mjm-{]-tbm-K
- f
- nse sshI-ey- hym]-Ia
- mb Bt-]
- n\v hgnsXfnp
$ \S-]S- n-{I-a
- f
- psS hnc-ka
- mb Bh\w `mjm-]T
- \w bm{n-Ihpw aSp-p-
-Xpamn ampp.
$ hyh-lm-c- p \Ip Aan-X{- ]m-[m\yw `mjm-]T
- \
- {- ]-{In-bb
- n Ahiyw
Ddp hcp-t ]e ASn-m\ tijn-Ipw Adn-hn\pw {]m[m\yw \jvS-
s-Sp-n.
$ Acw Dd-bvm-Xpw `mjmku-cyhpw hymI-cW - i - p-nbpw timjn-Xpw
hnai-\h - n-t[-ba
- m-bn-p-v. Htc hyh-lm-cc
- q-]- Fm mkp-If - nepw Hcp
t]mse Bhn-s-Xpw hnai\ hnt[-ba - m-bn-p-.v ]mw-mkv ]T\w
]qn-bm-bnpw [mcmfw hnZymYn-Iv amXr-`m-jt- ]mepw sXmsX Fgp-
Xm\pw hmbn-m\pw Adn-bmXv s]mXp-ka - qlns DXvIWvT h[n-n-
n-p-v.
Cu {]iv\sf adn--IS- - m `mjm-]T - \
- - n IqSp-X Icp-Xe - p-I Bh-iy-ap-
v. Bi-bm-[n-jvTnX coXn \ne-\nn-sm-p-Xs `mjm-ti-jn-Ifpw Adn-hp-
Ifpw Dd-p-hcpp Xc-n ]T\w {Iao-Ic - n-W- w. Hmtcm L-nepw CXv Dd-
p-hc- p-p-Ibpw thWw. {]mY-anI L-nse hmb-\b - n-sebpw Fgp-n-sebpw
{]iv\ - temI-hym-]I - a- mbn Am-Za - nI kaqlw N sNbvXp-sIm-n-cn-p-
p-.v `mjm-ka - {- K-Xm-Zi\w ]np-Sc - p C-Xc cmPy-f - nepw ]Zw, A-cw, hmIy-
L-S\- Fnh Ddp hcp-p X{- ê-{]-Za - mbn \S-n-emn hcp-X - mbn
ImWmw. `mj-bnse ASn-m\ tijn-I hnI-kn-n-p Imcy-n bm{n-I-
amb Bh-\ - A`n-Im-ay-a - . ASn-m-\t- i-jn-If - n-ep sshIeyw Ipn-I-
fpsS B-hn-izmkw \jvSs - -Sp-p-Ibpw ]T-\ - n hnap-JX krjvSn-p-Ibpw
sNp-p. Cu shp-hn-fn-Isf A`n-kw-t_m-[\w sNp ]mTy-] - X- n-bn Xmsg-
-db
- p Imcy- ]cn-KW - n-t-X - p-v.
$ hnhn[ tijn-I Hmtcm L-nepw IpnI t\Sp-p-shv Dd-p-hc - p--
Ww.
$ Hgp-tmsS ]d-bm\pw tIp-{K-ln-m\pw hmbnp a\-n-em-m\pw Bh-iy-
amb A\p-`h-
- Dd-p-hc
- p-Ww.
]{v
44 So sSIvv
$ Hmtcm L-nepw Ah-iyw-th `mjm-LS- \
- I
- fpw ]Z-k
- pw Aln-m
Ah-kcw \IWw.
$ Db Nn, hni-Ie
- \
- t- i-jn, {Inbm-I Nn, Bhn-jvIc
- W
- t- ijn XpS-
nbh Hmtcm L-nepw Ddphcp-W - w.
$ `mj-bn-eqsS {]Xn-ê
- n-p kwkvImcw Xncn-d
- n-bm Ah-kcw e`n-Ww
$ Hmtcm L-n\pw DNn-Xa - mb hyXykvX kmlnXyamXr-II - fpw `mjmhyh-
lmc amXr-II- fpw ]cn-Nb
- s - -Sm\pw BkzZn-m\pw khn-ti-jX
- I
- Xncn--
dnv cN-\I- f- n Gs-Sm\pw Ah-kcw \I-Ww.
`mjm-]T- \w : s]mXp-hmb ey-
1. tIhew Bi-bh - n-\n-atbm-]m[n F-Xn-\ - pdw kmwkvIm-cnI hn\n-atbm-]m[n,
Nn-bpsS am[yaw Fo \neIfn `mj-bpsS km[y-XI - ]cn-KW - n-p--
Xm-hW- w.
2. tZi-ns kwkvIm-cw, ]mc-cyw Fnh Dsm-m\pw hni-Ie - \w sNm-
\p-ap at\m-`mhw hfm-\p-XI - p-Xm-hW - w.
3. am\I-`mj ]cn-io-en--p-t- Xm-sSmw tZi-t`-Z - Dsm-m Ah-kcw
\Ip-X - m-hWw.
4. kzXz-t_m[w hfm Ah-kcw \Ip-X - m-hWw.
5. `mjm-ssh-hn-[y-sf am\n-p--tXm-sSmw Ah-bpsS hc-p-I adn-I-Sv
`mjm-ka - q-l - ]c-kv]cw _-s-Sm-\p kml-Nc - y-sam-cp-p-X - m-hW
- w.
6. kKm-I - X - b
- p-sSbpw sshIm-cn-I` - m-h- f - p-tSbpw Bhn-jvIm-tcm-]m[n F
\ne-bnIqSn `mjsb ]cn-KW - n-W - w.
7. hyXykvX Pohn-Xm-h - I
- hni-Ie - \w sNm\pw AXn-eqsS hyXykvX
kwkvIm-c Dsm-m\pw hnim-ea - mb am\-hn-IX - m-t_m[w hnI-kn-n-
m\pw `mjm-]T - \
- - n-eqsS Ign-bW - w.
8. ]mcn-n-XnI-t_m-[w, P\m-[n-]-Xy-t_m-[w, enwK-\o-Xn, {]m-h--cn--s-
Sp kaq-l-hn-`m-K--tfm-Sp A\p-`mhw XpS-nb aqey- ]cn-t]m-jn-n-
p-X - m-hWw.
9. bpn-Nn-, hnai-\N - n XpS-nbh hfm-\p-XI - p-X - m-hWw.
10. `mjm-]T - \- s - sh-Ie - y- D Ipn-Iv XpSp hfbpw hnIm-khpw
]qWam-Ip-sav Dd-p-hc - p-m ]mI-n-ep am\-Io-Ir-Xa - mb BwKy-
]cn-Nb- s- -Sp-W - w.
11. hyXy-kvX-tijnI (Differently abled) D ]Tn-Xm-fpsS `mjm-hn-I-
k\n\v klm-bI - a- m-Ip Xc-n {]tXyIw cq]-Ie - v]\ sNbvX kma-
{Kn-I \IpXm-IW - w.
12. Krl-`m-jm-km-[y-XI - ]cn-KWn-Ww.
ey-
1. hyXykvX kmlnXyimJ-If - nse aqe-{K-
- f
- n \np `mK-fpw auenI
cN-\I
- fpw _unIXe-n hnai-\m-I hnNn-\ - - n\v hnt[-ba
- mn
Bkzm-Z\- t- i-jnbpw \ncq-]W_pnbpw t]mjn-n-p-X - n-\v.
lb skdn
ebmfw
So sSIvv 45
2. temtIm- c \ne- h m- c - n- e p kmln- X y- c - N - \ - I - f nse ku- c y-

imkv{Xmht_m[w a\-n-em-p-X - n-\v.
3. `mjm-im-kv{X-ns ASn-m\ [mc-WI - Dd-n-p-X - n\pw \qX-\{- ]-hW - -
X-If- n kmam-\y-[m-cW cq]-s-Sp-p-X - n-\pw.
4. temI-m-kn-p-I ]cn-Nb - s- -Sm\pw \ncq-]W _pym ]T-\- K - t- h-jW
- -
\S-p-X - n-\pap tijn t\Sp-X - n-\pw.
5. kmln-Xy-cN - \- b- psS hyXykvX L-f - n Bh-iy-amb cN-\m-X{- - kzmb-
-am-p-Xn\pw DNn-Xk - - `-n {]tbm-Kn-m-\p Ignhv t\Sp-X - n-\v.
6. kmlnXyZi-\ - f - nepw Xz-f - nepw kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-Nbw t\Sp-X - n\pw.
7. B[n-Im-cnI {K--fn \npw Cs\-n \npw hnh-c--hn-`-h-k-am-l-c-
W-n\pw kzw Bhn-jvIm-c - \S-p-X - n-\pap `mjm-tijn Bn-
p-X - n-\pw.
8. Zriy--{imhy A-Sn-am-[y-a-, Ne-n-{Xw, Sqdn-kw--B-Xn-tYb tkh\ taJ-
e-I, {K-cN - \ - , hnh-\w, ]c-ky-Ie, Iem-{]-h-\ - , ap hmWn-
Py-hn-\n-ab taJ-e-I- Fn-h-bvv Bh-iy-amb `mjm-{]m-hnWyw BPn-p-
-Xn-\.v
amXr-`m-jm-]T- \w
khn-ti-jk
- m-lN
- cyw
tIc-f-nse Fm hnZymYn-Ifpw ae-bmfw ]Tn-t-Xp-v. ae-bm-f-]m-T-]p-kvX-
I-ns kev]w cq]-s-Sp-p-tm {][m-\a - mbpw ]cn-KW - n-s- -tS-Xv cv
hkvXp-XI - fmWv.
1. hnZymYn-bpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ hyh-lm-c - n\v Bh-iy-amb ASn-m\ ss\]p-
Wn-I BPn-pI.
2. X\-Xp-tZ-i - ns kmwkvIm-cnI `mh- kzmwio-Ic - n-m Ah-kc - s
- am-cp-
p-I.
`mjmP-\ - ns BZy-L- - n Ipn-bn {]_-ea - mbn cq]-s-Sp `mj-bmWv
amXr-`mj. Ipn-bpsS hnNm-ch - n-Im-c
- fpw {]Xn-Ic - W
- - fpw {]Xn-ê - n-n-m Ign-
bp DNn-Xa - mb am[y-aa- mWv CXv. AXn-\m kvIq hnZym-`ymkn amXr-`m-j-
bpsS m\w hfsc hep-Xm-W.v kvIq hnZym-`ym-k - ns hnhn-[L - - - f - n amXr-
`m-jbvv hyXykvX [a A\p-jvTn-m Ign-bpw. m\-\nan-Xnp amXr-
`m-jb- mWv Ghpw tbmPn-Xv.
ss{]a-dn-L-nse `mjm-]T - \w IpnbpsS A\p-`h - - f - n-eq-n-sm-m-bn-cn-pw.
Npp-]m-Sp-It- fmSv {]Xn-Ic - npw Ahsb `mh-\m-]qWambn hymJym-\npw Ipn `mj
Dm-Zn-n-p-p. ]cn-Nn-Xa - mb hyh-lmc k`-f - n Gs-Sm-\p- Ah-kc - -
am-Wv `mjm-]T - \
-
- ns `mK-ambn ChnsS Hcp-p-X - v. `mj-tbm-Sp aa-Xbpw
kvt\lhpw h[n-n-m DX-Ip ]T-\m-c - ow Xs-bmWv {]mY-anILw
apX Hcp-t-X - v.
Ap- ap-X ]p-hsc mkp-If - n {Xn`m-jm-]
- XnbmWv s]mXpsh \ntZ-in-
-s-n-p-Xv. Fm tIc-f
- ns khn-ti-jk - m-lN
- c
- y-n \mep-`m-jI
-
]Tn-m Ah-kcw e`n-p-p-v. amXr-`m-j, Cwo-jv, lnn Fn-hbvp ]pdta
]{v
46 So sSIvv
Ad-_n, kwkvIr-Xw, DZp Fn-hb - n Hpw ]Tn-m Ah-kc
- a
- p-v. CXc `mj-
I ]Tn-p-h- v amXr-`m-jb
- n {]mhoWyw t\Sm-\p Ah-kc -
- Dd-p-h-
cp-t-X
- m-Wv.
lbsk-Udn Xe-n `mj-Ip IqSp-X Hm]vjW - tImn-t\-j\ - p-
I cq]-I-ev]-\-sN-t--Xm-Wv. Ie, kwkvIm-cw, kmt-Xn-I-hn-Zy, hmWn-Py-
imkv{Xw Fn-hb - p-ambn _n-nv hnhn[`mj-I ]Tn-m ChnsS Ah-kcw
\Imw. sXmgncwKp anIhp ]pem Ign-bp hn[-n ]T-\{- Iaw
Nn-s-Sp-m-hp-X - m-Wv. AXXp taJ-eI - f
- n t\cnv CS-s]-p-sImv `mj-bpsS
km[y-XI - At\z-jn-m t{]cn-npw hn[-amWv CXp {Iao-Ic - n-t-X - v. `mjm-
im-kv{X-ns km[y-XI - , hnti-jnv {]mtbm-KnI `mjm-imkv{X-ns km[y-
X I ChnsS {]tbm-P\ - s- -Sp-W
- w. BbpthZw XpS-nb {]mtbm-KnIhnj-b-
`mjm-]T - \
- h
- p-ambn DZv{K-Ynp ]Tn-n-p-Xp KpW-Ic - a
- m-bn-cn-pw.
CX-c-`m-j-Iv khn-ti-j-\n-e-]m-Sp-I
khn-ti-j-amb Hcp `mjm-L-S-I-tm--Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv Hmtcm Ipnbpw P\n-p--Xv.
At\Iw `mj-I kzmb-a - m-m-\p Ipn-bpsS Ign-hns\ B[p-\nI `mjm-im-
kv{X-s-- cmw AwKo-Ic - n-p-p. Cs\ `mj-I kzmb-a - m-p-X - n-eqsS CXc
kwkvIm-c - s - fbpw ss]Xr-I - s - fbpw Dsmm\pw am\-hn-IZ- i\w krjvSn-
m\pw \apv Ign-bp-p.
CX-c-`m-j-I-fpsS ]T\w khn-ti-j-amb Nne {]iv\-sf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-p-p-v.
amXr-`m-jm-hn-Zymn-bp-tS-Xp-t]mse hnim-e-amb Hcp `mjm-]-cn-kcw CX-c-`mjm
hnZymnp e`n-p-n-. CXc `mjm-hn-ZymYn-bpsS `mjm]cn-kcw Ahs mkp-
ap-dn-am-{X-am-W.v AXp-sImpXs kzm`m-hn-Ia - mb `mjm-\p-`h - - e`n-p-hm-\p
Ah-kc - - A]-cym-]vXa - m-Wv. ]cn-anXX-amb `mjm-]c - n-kc- p \np e`n-p
A\p-`h - - f - n-eq-sS-bp `mjm-]T - \w Iptd-qSn Bbmkw \nd-Xpw a-KX - n-bn-
ep-X - p-am-hpw.
CX-c`- m-jI - f - psS ]mT-]p-kvXI - - IqSp-X `mjm-\p-`h - - v Ah-kcw \Ip-
-Xm-hW - w. sshhn-[y-am `mjm-am-Xr-II - fpw kmln-Xy-cq-] - fpw ]mT-]p-kvXI - -
n-ep-m-hW - w. Ipn-Iv e`n-p ]T-\\ - m-\p-`h -
- IrXy-Xb - mXpw anI-
hm-Xp-am-hW - w. hyh-lm-cc - q]ns hyXy-kX v a- m-Xr-II - ]cn-Nb - s- -Sm\pw ]cn-
io-en-m-\p-ap Ah-kc - - [mcm-fa - p-m-hW - w. Ipn-Iv `mj tIm\pw
B-hn-izm-kt- msS kwkm-cn-m-\p-ap Ah-kc -
- Hcp-W - w. `mj-bpsS LS-
\m-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw Be-m-cnI ssien-Ifpw ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-t--Xp-v.
anI `mjm-\p-`h - - Hcp-m sF.kn.Sn. km[y-XI - {]tbm-P\ - s - -Sp-W - w.
hnZym-`ym-k - ns ey-f - nsemmb sXmgn km-Z\w CX-c` - m-jI - kzmb-
-am-p--Xn-eqsS IqSp-X Icp-mPn-p-p. am[y-aw, Nen-{Xw, Sqdn-kw, ]c-
ky-Ie - , {K-cN - \- , hnh\w, ]nIv dnte-jkv, ap hmWnPy taJ-eI -
Fn-s\ \m\m-Xp-dI - f - nse sXmgn km[y-XI - {]tbm-P\ - s- -Sp-p coXn-
bn-em-bn-cn-Ww CX-c` - mjm ]T\kao]-\w.
lb skdn
ebmfw
So sSIvv 47
]T-\-t\--
bqWnv 1 Fgp-Iw
1.1 amXr`mj-bn-sebpw CXc-`m-jI - f
- n-sebpw \mgn-I - - p-If
- mb IrXn-Ifnse Bi-
b- ]cn-Nb - s - v DNn-Xa - mb hyh-lm-cc - q-]
- f - n Bhn-jvIc - n-p-p.
1.2 hnh-\-ns {]m[m\yw Xncn-dnv \nZn-jvS-cN\I hnh\w
sNm\p tijn t\Spp.
1.3 hnhn-XI - r-Xn-If - nse kmaq-ln-Im-c - o-w, IYm-]m-{X-f - psS am\-knI`mh-
Fnh hni-Ie - \w sNbvXv Ipdn-p-I Xbm-dm-p-p.
1.4 amXr-`m-j-tbmSpw kwkvIm-c-tmSpw aXnpw aa-Xbpw {]Xn-^-en-np
cN\Ifntes-Spp.
1.5 Ihn-XI - f - nse Ah-Xc - W- k
- m-[y-XI - Isn DNn-Xa - mbn {]tbm-Kn-p-p.
1.6 Ihn-XI- fnse kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnIXe- hni-Ie - \w sNbvXv kzX{
\nco-W - - IqSn Ds-Spn \ncq-]W - - , Bkzm-Z\ -
- p-dnpI Fnh
Xbm-dm-p-p.
1.7 Ihn-XI - fnse `n-f - mb cN-\m-co-Xn-I A]-{K-Ynv Ipdn-p-I Xbm-dm-p-
p.
1.8 IYm-cN - \ - mkt-X - a\-n-emn ]T-\ - p-dn-p-I Xbm-dm-p-p.
1.9 Fm sshm-\nItaJ-eI - fpw Dsm-m ae-bm-fn\p Ignbpw F
[mcW cq]o-Ic - nv skan-\m{]-_w/{]`m-jWw Xbm-dm-p-p.
1.10 `mjm-]-Z--fnse hymI-c-W-k-hn-ti-j-X-I Xncn--dnv kam-\-]-Z-
Isn ]n-Is - -Sp-p-p.
1.11 Nn{X-f - nse Bi-b - A]-{K-Ynv Ipdn-p-I Xbm-dm-p-p.
1.12 sNm km[y-XI - f- p Ihn-XI - Isn Ah-Xc - n-n-p-p.
1.13 kmln-Xy-cN - \- I - f - nse {]mtZ-in-I` - mjm {]tbm-K - A]-{K-Ynv Ipdn-p-I
Xbm-dm-p-p.
bqWnv 2 X\-XnSw
2.1 ae-bm-fn-If- psS kwkvIm-cc - q-]o-Ic- W
- - n \nWm-bI ]phln Iem-am-
Xr-II
- f- psS khn-ti-jX - I - hni-Ie - \w sNbvXv DNn-Xa- mb hyh-lmccq]--
fn Bhn-jvIc - n-p-p.
2.2 B--Y, \mSIw Fo cwK-I-e-I-fnse kmlnXy]mT--fn\nv A`n-
\bkm[y-XI - Isn hn`n coXn-If - n AhX-cn-np-p.
2.3 kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Ifnse ZriykwKoXkm[y-XI - Isn Ah-Xc - n-n-p-
p.
2.4 Imhy`mjmkhn-ti-jX - I- Xncn-d - nv Ipdnv Xbm-dm-p-p.
2.5 \mS-I- ns khn-ti-jX - I - A]-{K-Ynv \ncq-]Ww Xbm-dm-p-p.
2.6 Iem-cw-Kv hyn-ap{Z ]Xn-n-h - c - p-ambn A`n-apJw \Sn dntmv Xbm-dm-
p-p.
]{v
48 So sSIvv
2.7 hW-hn-Im-c
- A]-{K-Ynv ]Z-sf ]n-Is - -Sp-p-p.
2.8 Iem-k
- mw-kvIm-cnI ka-\z-b- n-eqsS atX-Xc - X
- zw, am\-hn-IX Fo aqey-
in-s-Sp-sav Xncn-d - n-bp-p.
bqWnv 3 ZWw
3.1 kmlnXyIrXn-If - nse lmkymw-i - Isn Ipdn-p-I Xbm-dm-p-p.
3.2 Ihn-Xb- nse Ah-Xc - Wkm[y-XI - Isn DNn-Xa - mb coXn-bn Ah-Xc - n-
n-p-p.
3.3 ae-bm-fI- h- n-XI
- f
- nse Bt]lmky-Xe - - hni-Ie - \w sNbvXv Bkzm-Z-
\-p-dn-p-I, hni-I-e-\-p-dn-p-I, Xmc-X-ay-p-dn-p-I apX-em-bh Xbm-
dm-p-p.
3.4 ae-bm-f- nse, kv{Xo]IY-If - nse kmaq-lnIhnai-\X - e- w- A]-{K-Ynv
Ipdn-p-I Xbm-dm-p-p.
3.5 km-ck - m-lnXyIrXn-If - psS khn-ti-jX- I- fpw Du-ep-Ifpw Xncn-d - nv
Ipdn-p-I Xbm-dm-p-p.
3.6 kmcw F A\p-`h - w AS-bmf-s-Sp-p bm{Xmhnh-cW - - Fgp-Xp-
p.
3.7 hmIy-LS- \ - b
- psS khn-tijX-Ifpw ku-cymw-i - fpw Xncn-d- nv ]pXp-hm-
Iy-\nn-Xn-bn Gs-Sp-p.
bqWnv 4 am[yaw
4.1 `mjbpsS sXmgn]camb km[yXI Xncndnv hnhn[ am[yav
tbmPnp hn[n hyXykvX hyhlmccq]fneqsS cN\ \nh-ln-p-
p.
4.2 ]{X\nmWns {][m\ DStaJeIfmb dntmnMv, ô,
apJ{]kwKw XpSnbhbn {]mtbmKnI ]cnNbw t\Spp.
4.3 am[yafnse hmIfpw teJ\fpw hnai\mIambn hnebncpn
NIfn GsSpp.
4.4 ]ccmKXam[ya s]mXpP\fn sNepp kzm[o\w hnebncpn
IpdnpI Xbmdmpp.
4.5 \ham[yafpsS km[yXI Isn PohnXk`fn KpW]cambn
{]tbmP\sSppp.
4.6 \nXyPohnXhn\nabfn hnhckmtXnIhnZybpw ssk_kwkvImchpw
sNepp kzm[o\w NsNbvXv eLpteJ, IpdnpI, {]_w
XpSnbh Xbmdmpp.
4.7 hnhckmtXnIhnZybpsS kzm[o\êambn cq]sSp kKmIcN\I
\ncq]Ww sNpp.
4.8 \ham[yafpambn _s kmtXnI]ZmhenIfpsS Bibw
a\nemn DNnXamb kmlNcyfn {]tbmKnpp.
lb skdn
ebmfw
So sSIvv 49
kvIow Hm^v hv
kabw
amkw bqWnv ]mTw
(aWn-q)
2015 Pq Fgp-Iw ImSn Imta-mfhpw

{]Imiw Pew t]mse-bmWv 30 aWn-q
Pqsse Incm-Xh
- rw
Ah-Im-i - f
- psS {]iv\w
BKkvXv X\-XnSw tIin-\o-samgn

An-hWs Imep-I 30 aWn-q
k]vXw-_ ]Z-ns ]Y-n
HIvtSm-_ amn-f
- m-nse tIc-fo-bX
HIvtSm-_ ZWw sImn-hm- - m-sXmpw

\hw-_ KufnPw 28 aWn-q
tX
_Z-cnbpw ]cn-kc -
- fpw
bap-t\m-{Xn-bpsS Dujvaf - X
- b
- n
Unkw-_ am[-yaw hmwJsU-bpsS lrZ-b - p-Sn-p-I

2016 P\p-hcn am[-yahnNmcw 28 aWn-q
s^{_p-hcn \h-am-[y- a
-
- inbpw
km[-yX- bpw
ssIsbm-n-m kt-i -
Bh-\]
- mTw
]{v
Fgp-Iw 51
1
Fgp-Iw
B ap Jw
amXr-`m-j-bn-sebpw CX-c-`m-j-I-fn-sebpw \mgn-I--

p-If- mb IrXn-I ku-cy- m-t\-zj - W - - n\pw aqeyhnNm-
c-n\pw Du \In ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p bqWn-
mWv Fgp--Iw. {]k---fmb Nne Bi-b-sf
ASn-m-\a - m-n-bmWv "Fgp-I - '-nse ]mT-f - psS
Xnc-s-Spv \S-n-bn-cn-p-X - .v ka-Im-en-Ihpw kmh-
Im-en-I-hp-amb Nne {]iv\- ChnsS ]cn-tim-[n--
s-Sp-p. kv{Xo A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-p kmaq-lnI{]iv\-
, {]hmkw DWp Ak-z - X - I
- , \jvSs -
{]Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw hos-Spv,
kz-Xz- m-t\-zj- Ww, D]-t`mKkwkvIm-ca - pbp {]iv\-
Fo Bi-b- Cu bqWn-ns A[m-c-
bm-Ip-p. `mjm-]n-Xm-hmb Fgp---\n\nv B[p-
\n-I-\mb IS--\n--bn-se-p-tm Imh-y-`m-j-bn-ep-
mIp ]cnWmaw,- Zr-iy`mj kmln-Xy-c-N-\-bpsS
`mjm-LS- \ - b - n {]th-in-p-tm BJ-ym-\X - e -
- n-ep-
m-Ip DWhv, amPn- dnb-en-k-sa BJym-\-
X{w kmln-X-y-c-N-\-bpsS `mhp-I-X-z-X-e-n hcp-
p amw Fnh Cu bqWn-n N-sN-p-p.
amXr-`mj Hcp hy-n-bpsS Nn-sbbpw kKm--I-
amb DWhn-s\bpw {]tNm-Zn-np-sX-s - \-sb
ASn-m\ Bi-b - n \nmWv Cu bqWn-n-tep
\mw {]th-in-p-X - .v hkvXp-XI- f - psS kqvaa - mb A]-
{K-Y-\-n\pw ]pXp-a-bp Is--ep-Ipw amXr-
`m-jm-]T\w klm-bn-p-p- Fv hnJ-ym-Xi - m-k{v X--
\mb C.kn.Pn. kpZi-s hmp-I kmy-s-Sp-p-
p.
]{v
bqWnv hn-i-I-e\w 52
Bi-b[m-cW/ {][m\ ]T-\

]T-\-t\-- ]mT-`mKw -{]-h-\- hne-bn-cp-
ss\]pWn
$ Fm sshm-\nI $ C. kn. Pn. $ ]pXnb Bi- b - - f psS $ N $ A`n-{]m-b-
taJ-e-Ifpw Dsm- kpZis cq]o-I-c-W-nepw kKm- bpn-]qhw
ebmfw
kaYn- m- \ p
lb skdn
m amXr-`m-jbvv amXr-`mjm - I - a mb Is- - e p-
Ign- b p- s a [mcW Nn-I Ipw amXr- ` mjm $ hyn-KX Ipdnv Ign-hv.
cq]o-I-cn-v- D-Nn-X-ambn ]T\w klm-bn-p-p. Xbm-dm-p-p. $ Bi-b-hy-X
So sSIvv
Bhn-jvI-cn-p-p.
$ Bi-b-hy-X
$ amXr-`m-j-bnse \mgn- $ ImSn $ Fgp--s kv{Xok- $ Xmc- X ayw sNp- $ \nco--W--\n-a
I- - p- I - f mb cN- \ - Imtam-fhpw ev]- ns \nZi-\a
- mWv p.
I ]cn-N-b-sv DNn- kw`-h-]hnse
X-amb hyh-lmccq]- iIpf. $ kzmwio-I-cn
$ temtIm- n- I
n Ah-X-cn-n-p- $ iIp- f ]pcp- j m- [ n- Bi-b--fpsS
Is-p-p.
p. ]Xys {]Xn-tcm-[n-p- $ {]`m-jWw Ah-X- DNn-X-amb {]tbm-
p. cn-n-p-p. Kw.
$ Fgp---sbpw Bim- $ D-S--[m-cW
sbpw kv{XoIYm-]m-{X- $ `mjmipn
- f n kam\kz`m- h - $ ImgvN-m-Sp-I
Zriy-am-Wv. $ `mhw
$ Fgp- - s temtIm- $ A]-{K-Y-\-tijn
n-I AY-]qW-am- $ hkvXp-\njvTX
Wv.
Bi-b[m-cW/ {][m\ ]T-\
ss\]pWn
$ Fgp--s Imhy-`mj $ ]-hn-c $ `mjm-]T - \w Pohn-X] - T

- \w $ ]mT- ` mKw hni- I - $ hni-I-e\]mShw
hni- I - e \w sNbvXv Xs- b m- W v . AXns\ e\w sNp-p. $ DNn-X-am-b-`mj
Ipdnv Xbm-dm-p-p. $ ssZh-Z-iIw kmaq-ln-I-amb CS-s]-S- $ NsNbvXv
(Kpcp-Zi-\w) ep-I-fn-tev hnI-kn-n- hymJym-\n-p-p.
mw.
$ a\pjy\nn-X-amb \nb-
a--\p-kr-X-amb
Pohn- X - a , {]m]- n- I -
amb \nb-a--\p-kr-
X- a mb Pohn- X - a mWv
[\yw.
$ hnhnX-Ir-Xn-I-fnse $ {]Imiw $ {]hmkw Pohn- X - n $ ]m-fnw

$ IYmw-i-
kmaq- l n- I m- - c o- w, Pew Akzm- ` m- h nIX Dm- Is-p-p. $ kaY\tijn
IYm-]m-{X--fpsS am\- t]mse-bm- pp. $ N, \ncq- ] Ww $ D-S[mcW.
knI`mh- Fnh Wv. $ Ipn-I-fpsS A`n-cp-Nn-I Xbm- d m- m- \ p $ Bi-b-hy-X
hni-Iew sNbvXv Ipdn-p- cn-Xm- Xncn--dn-tb- Bi-b-[m-c-W-I $ BapJw
I Xbm-dm-p-p. -Xp-v. Is-p-p. $ BibhyX
Fgp-Iw
$ km[m-cW `mjbpw amPn- $ DNn-X-amb`mj

dnb-en-khpw Xn
hyXym-k-ap-v.
53
]{v
54
Bi-b[m-cW/ {][m\ ]T-\
ss\]pWn
$ hnh-\-ns $ hnh-\-n\v `mjm-]- $ hnhn[ amXr-I-I $ DNnXamb Bib

{]m[m\yw Xncn--dnv chpw `mh-]c
- h
- p-amb khn- ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p. kzmwioIcWw.
\nZnjvS cN- \ - I ti-j-X-Ifpv. $ hnh\w sNp-
$ X\na
p.
ebmfw
hnh\w sNp-p. $ AXv kKm--I-am-Wv.
lb skdn
So sSIvv
$ Nn{Xw hni- I - e \w $ DZm- - a mb Bi- b - X - e - $ Nn{X- ImWp- $ hymJym-\n-m-

sNbvXv Bi- b - fp Nn{X- ]T-\- p. \p Ign-hv.
hymJym-\n-p-p. hn-t[-b-am-Wv. $ A]-{K-Yn-p-p. $ IsepI.
$ hymJym-\n-p-p.
$ \nco-W _pn.
$ hkvXp-\n-jvTX
$ `mjm-{]-tbm-K-
$ `mjm]Z--fnse hymI- $ A\y- ` mjm ]Z- Is-p-p.
cW khn- t i- j - X - I \ptSXmn amp-
Xncn--dnv kam-\-]-Z- tm \psS hymI-
Is-p-p. cW \nb- a - - f mWv
{]tbm-Kn-t--Xv.
Bi-b[m-cW/ {][m\ ]T-\
ss\]pWn
$ Ihn-X-I-fnse kmaq-lnI $ Incm-X- $ B[p-\nI ae-bmfIhn-X- $ kwL-N $ Bi-b-hy-X

kmw-kvIm-cnI Xe- hrw bn \mtSmSn kwkvIr-Xn- $ hni-I-e\w $ DNn-X-amb `mj
hni- I - e \w sNbvXv bpsS hos- S p- p- I sNp-p.
$ kwn-]vXX
kzX{ \nco--W- $ Ihn-X-bnse Zriy-
Zin-mw.
_nw-_- Is- $ \nK-a-\-
IqSn Ds-Spn \ncq-]- $ Zriy_nw_- Imhy- p-p. Ihn-X-I $ HuNnXyw
W- , Bkzm- Z - \ - p- s ku-cym-I - a- m-p- sNmp-p. $ hkvXp-\n-jvTX
dnv Fnh Xbm-dm-p- p.
p.
$ Ihn-X-bnse `n--fmb $ Imhy-`mj Imem-\p-krX- $ I m h y - ` m - K - $ ]m-fn-w, `mj,

cN\mcoXn- I A]- { K- - a mbn ]cn- W m- a - h n- t i- j - hni-I-e\w sNp-
Xmf-`wKn
Ynv Ipdnp Xbm-dm-p- amWv p.
$ BapJw
p. $ D-S--[m-cW
$ {]mtZ- i n- I - ` mjm $ LS\
$ kKm- IcN- \ - I - f n { ] t b m - K - $ {]tbm-K-fpsS
{]mtZ-in-I`
- mj D]-tbm-Kn- Is-p-p. HuNn-Xy-`wKn
p- t m IrXnbpsS
NmcpX h[n-p-p.
Fgp-Iw
55
]{v
56
Bi-b[m-cW/ {][m\ ]T-\
ss\]pWn
$ B[p-\nI ae-bmf sNdp- $ Ah-Im-i- $ hn]Wn krjvSn- p $ N $ ]m-fnw

I- Y - b nse BJym- \ - ] - -fpsS kzXz{]Xn-kn ASbm- $ bpn-]-cX
chpw {]tbm-K-]-c-hp-amb {]iv\w fs- S pp i- a mb $ IYm]pkv X I
$ Bi-b-hy-X
Ispp.
ebmfw
Awi- hni- I - e \w IY- I ae- b m- f - n- e p- \nco--W-p-dnv
lb skdn
$ Zriy- ` mjmkm[y- X - $
sNbvXv DNn-X-ambn Bhn- v. \nco--W
I Is-p-p. $
jvI-cn-p-p. $ shfnw NXn-hn-\p D]m- hyX
$ cN-\-I Xmc-Xayw
So sSIvv
IYm cN-\m-k-t-X- [n-b-. sNpp.

a\-n-emn Ipdn-p-I $ Bi-b-[m-cW
Xbm-dm-p-p. $ DNn-X-amb `mj
$ BapJw
$ Fm sshm- \ nI $ amXr-`mjm]T\w kwkv- $ s]mXp-N $ iojIw
taJ-e-I-sfbpw Dsm- Im-c
-- n-tepw A\p-`qXn $ Bi-b-t{Im-Uo-I- $ D-S--[m-cW
cWw
m ae- b m- f - n\v hnIm-k-n-tepw \bn-
$ skan-\m {]_w $ \nK-a-\-
Ignbpw F [mcW pp Ah-X-cn-n-p-p.
cq]o- I - c nv {]_w
Xbm-dm-p-p.
$ amXr-`m-j-tbmSpw
kwkvIm-c-tmSpw aaX
{]Xn-^-en-p cN-\-I-
fn Gs-Sp-p.
Fgp-Iw 57
{]th-i-I-{]-h\w
h-tm \mcm-bW - t- a-t\ms "inj-y\pw aI\pw' F Ihn-Xb
- n "sImsmp
t]mbn tNmc-bn-emp \np KW-]X - n-sb-' A-bmb ]mh-Xn-bpsS hnIm-
c-{]-IS- \
- s Ihn Bhn-jvIc - n-p k`-amWv NphsS tNp-X - v.
""DS alm-tZ-hn-bn-Sp ssIbm
egn- -hm]qpgsem-sm-Xpn,
Pz-en IsImsmcp t\mpt\mn,
mi-z
- \
- mIpw ]Xntbm-Sp-c
- p.''
$ Cu hcn-I-fnse ]Zw, hmIyw Fn-h-bpsS A]-{K-Y-\-n-eqsS ]mh-Xn-bpsS
sshIm-cnItm`s Ihn Bhn-jI v c
- n-p-s
- X-s
- \-sbv Is-m ]dbp-
p. Ipn-I hnhn[ {Kqp-If
- mbn Ah cq]-s-Spnb \nco-W -
- - A-hX
- -
cn-n-s
- .
KZytmS-Spp \np hmIy-LS- \.

\nXyhy-h-lm-c-n (hm]qp-g F ]Z-sam-gnsI) ]cn-Nn-X-amb ]Z-
-fpsS {]tbm-Kw.
Agn ]qp-g HXp-p-Xv kv{Xok-l-P-amb tNjvS-bm-Wv. CXv
k`-n-\n-W-m {]hr-n-bm-sWp kqNn-n-m "Hsm-Xpn'
F {]tbm-K - n\v Ign-bp-p.
"CSp ssIbm' F {]tbm-K-n-eqsS {]-hrnbpsS Ae--y-
Xsbbpw {]m[m-\y-an-m-bvas - bbpw [z-\n-n-p-p.
tNmc-bn-emp \np aI-s\- AtX \nan-jn ]miz-\ - mb
`m- h ns\ t\mn- s bp kqNn- n- m "DS' F ]Z- n\v
km[npp.
"Hcp t\mp t\mn' F {]tbm-K - n-eqsS t\m-ns XovWX - bpw
`mh-kw-th-Z-\-i-nbpw {]I-S-am-Ip-p. "Hcp' F ]Z-n-eqsS t\m-
ns Akm-[m-c-W-X-zw, khn-ti-jX Fnh hyw.
Ic s]mn-p ImgvN- I-npw \nw-K-\m-bn-cn-p `m-hn-t\m-
Sp Aajw "]mi-z-' F ]Z-n Aeo-\-am-Wv.
{]]--am-Xmhv (alm-tZ-hn) kzw aIs Zpc--n hne-]n-p Hcp
km[m-cW amXm-hmbn amdp--Xn-eqsS kv{Xok-l-P-amb amXr-hn-Im-c-kq-
N\bmWv {]I-S-am-Ip--Xv.
"Pz-en IsImv' F {]tbmKw ]mh-Xn-bpsS tIm]-ns apgp-
h Bg-sbpw hy-ampp. tIm]m-n-sImv In--S-cp amXr-
X-z-ns `mh--I-bm-Wn-Xv. tIm]w Hcm-fn-s-bp asm-cm-fpsS
]Im- - n\v Imc-Wa - m-Ip-p. `mhm-`n\b{][m-\a - mb Hcp {]tbmKw IqSn-
bm-Wn-X.v IY-If - n-bp-am-bp h-tm-fns _-amImw C-cs - amcp DNn-
X-]Z- {- ]-tbm-K
- n\v Imc-Wa - m-Ip-X
- v.
]{v
58 So sSIvv
$ bqWn-ns {]th-iI
-
- n- \In-bn-p hnJym-Xi
- m-kv{X-\
- mb C.kn.Pn.
kpZi-s \nco-Ww Ipn-I hmbn-s.
$ C.kn.-Pn. kpZi- ^nkn-Ivkn [mcmfw Ip]n-Sn-- \S-n-bn-p-v.
Ccw Is--ep-Iv amXr-`m-j-m]-T\w At-ls {]tNm-Zn-n-p-shv
]d-bp--Xns km[pX F{X-tm-f-apv?
$ s]mXp-N
hkvXp-XI-fpsS kqvam-]{- K-Y\

-
- n\v amXr-`m-jm-]T
- \w klm-bn-p-p.
]pXnb At\-zj - W
-
- v amXr-`m-jm-]T- \w DuPw ]I-cp-p.
amXr-`m-jm-]-T\w Nn-sbbpw Adn-hn-s\bpw kKm--I-am-m
klm-bn- pp.

1.1 ImSn Imtam-fhpw

]mT-n-tev
amXr-`m-jm-]-T\w kKm-I Nnbvpw \qX\ Bi-

b--fpsS Is--ep-Ipw {]tNm-Z-\-am-Ip-p-shv
C.kn.-Pn. kpZi-s \nco--Whpw h-tm-hn-
X-bpsS A]-{K-Y\ - hpw ]cn-Nb
- s
- -X- n-eqsS \apv a\-n-
em-bn. "]pXp-ae- b
- m-X- atl-iz- c- ' Fv h-tm
Hcp -I-hnsb hnti-jn-n-n-p-v. ae-bm F-Xn\v ae-
bmf `mj- FmWYw. ]pXp-ae - b
- mf`mj-bpsS atl-iz-
c Fv h-tm Bsc-bmWv hnti-jn-n-X - ?v Fp-
sIm-m-Imw Cs\ hnti-jn-n--Xv? A[-ym-]n-I-bpsS
Ccw tNmZ-y--tfmSv Ipn-I- {]Xn-Icn-p-p. Fgp-
-Ihn-Xb - psS ku-cyhpw `mjm-kh - n-ti-jX- bpw a\-
n-em-m-\mbn "Im-Sn- Im-tam-fhpw' F Imh-y`- mKw
]cn-Nb- s
- -Smw. Ipn-I ]mT-`mKw hmbn-s - . Bem-]\w
tIm Ah-kcw sImSp-mw.
lb skdn
ebmfw
Fgp-Iw 59
]mT-kw{Klw
alm-`m-cXw kw`-h-]h-n-emWv iIp--tfm-]m-Jym-\-ap--Xv. sshi-m-

b-\ P\-ta-P-bs Bh-iy-{]-Imcw Ipcp-hw-i-ns al-z-s-p-dnv
hWnp-p. Chn-sS-bmWv imIp-fw IY {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-X - v. Zpjvjs
kZv`c - W - w, \mbm,v IW-zX - t- ]m-h\hW\, ta\-Im-t{]-jW - w, iIp-f - b
- psS
P\-\I - Y- , Kmh-hn-hm-lw, iIp-f - sb kzo-Ic - n- Fn-hb - mWv hymk-
`m-cX- - n-ep-X - .v iIp-t- fm-]m-Jym-\ - n Fgp- - kmam-\y- a - mbn hymk-
`m-c-Xs ]np-S-cp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. iIp--f-tbm-Sp Zpjvj-s iIm-c-hm-
p-It- fm-sS-bmWv Cu Imhy-`mKw Bcw-`n-p-X - v.
""Cm hepw `mhn-p kz-`mhw kv{XoIv A[n-Ia - p-sv tIn-
t-bp-q. CXp-t]mse apv In-n-. hgn-]n-g - h - f- mb \o Fs apn-sen
Ipe-kv{Xo-sbv `mhnv hXpw ]d-p-sIm-n-cn-p-Xv aXn-bm-p-I.
kzWhpw cXv\ - fpw app-sIm-p B`-cW - - fpw hkv{X-fpw \n\v
Rm thp-thmfw kvt\l-tmsS \Imw. Ah hmn, kabw If-bmsX
ChnsS\nv \n\-n-jSv a - p-n-St- v s]mbvsm-p-I. Ipbnt-Ssbtmse
A\-y-\m hf-s--h-fmWv \o. s]sv s]mbvsm-p-I. \ns Ip-
\nm F\n-m-{K-la - n-.''
Zpjvjs \nmh-N\ tIv en-X-bmb iIp-f Cs\ ]d-
p. A\-y-cpsS ISp-Ip-a-Wn-t]m-es tZmj- DS \o Is-p-p.
hep-Xm-bmepw kzw tZmj- Xncn--dn-bp-n-. CXv ]n-X-mp-
t]m-epap kz-`m-h-am-Wv. \npsS P-t-m t{ijvTamWv Fs Pw.
`qan-bnemsX \n\v k-cn-m-\m-hptam? `qan-bnepw BIm-i-nepw Hcp-
t]mse k-cn-m-s\-\n-m-hpw. Atbm cmPmth, \ Xn hfsc
hy-Xy- k - vXcm-sWp \o a\-n-em-n-sm-p-I. tacp-]h-Xhpw ISpIpw Xn-
ep A-cw- \- Xn-epv. Nnn-n-St- mfw Xm Hpw Adn-hp-h - -
\-sv tXmp-p. kzw apJw Im-Sn-bn ImWp-X - p-hsc AXv `wKn-bp-
-Xm-sWv hncq-]-m Icp-Xp-p. A-c-m ap--h-cpsS Ip-
]dp \S-pw. kzw Ip- Xncn--dn-bp-I-bp-an-. Ipd-hp-I-fn-m--h
ap-f-f-h-cpsS Ip- Isn \nn-p-I-bn-. \nXyhpw sXfn Pe-
n Ipfn-mepw aZ-bm-\bvv an Ipfn-p-tmtg ktm-j-ap-m-hp-I-
bp-p. CXp-t]m-se-bmWv ZpP\-f - pw. \ Bfp-Isf \nn-p-tmtg Zp-
\-v ktmjw tXmp-Ib - p-p. k-\ - C-c - m-c - .
kXy[- shSn ]pcp-js\ {Ip-\mb- k-s-m t]Sn-
t--Xp-v. Adn-hn-m--h-\mb Ah-t\mSv ]n-X-m ip`m-ip-`-Im-c-y-
]d-m AXn \nv Aip-`w a - m-{Xta Ah {Kln-p-Ib - p-q. a\-
n \-bp--h \ Imc-y- s]sv {Klnpw. ]mepw shhpw
Ien \In-bm AXn\nv Ac-bw ]m am{Xw IpSn-p--Xp-t]m-
se-bm-W-Xv.''
iIp- f C{]- I mcw ]d- b th BIm- i p\nv Ai- c ocn tIp:
""tZhkv{Xoka-bmb iIp--f-sbbpw kzw ]p{X-s\bpw \o kzo-I-cnpI.
cmP-y-`-cWw sshImsX aIs\ Gn-p-I. As\ Ah `cXs\
t]cn {]kn-\ - m-bo-o-cpw.'' tZh-m-cpsS hmp-I Zpjvj inc-km-h-
ln-p. iIp-f `m-hn-t\m-sSmw ktm-j-]qhw Ign-p.
]{v
60 So sSIvv
]Z-]-cn-Nbw
Aew Aew : aXn aXn
Dhv : kvt\l-tm-Sp-IqSn
]c-`rX : A\y-\m hf-s
(]c-`rXw FXv Ipbn-ens ]c-ym-b-i_vZw IqSn-
bm-Wv. Ipbn ap-bn-Sp-Xv Im-q-n-emWv. Xs
Ipm-sWv [cnv Im AXns\ hfp-p.
iIp--fbpw A\-y-\m hf-s--h-fmWv).
an-S
- n-sen : `qan-bn-e-msX
XpsS : Xp-sS, kzw
Ae-k Bem]w : Ae-ka - mbn ]d-p-sIm-n-cn-.
]T-\-{]-h-\-
Ipdnv Xbm-dm-pI
$ ]mT-`m-K-ns hy-n-KX hmb-\-bvmbn cq]-s-Sp-n-bn-p {]h-\--
fn-sem-m-Wn-Xv. "tImIne\mcn-t]mse \o ]c-`r-X-btm' Imh-y-k-`-n
Cu hcn-bpsS AY-sasv hym-Jy- m-\n-mtam? s]mXpN.
]c-`rXw FXv Ipbn-ens ]c-ym-b-am-Wv. ]c-
\m (A\-y-\m) hf-s-Sp--h-fmWv ]c-
`r-X. Im-bpsS Iqn ap-bn-Sp Ipbn-ens IYm-J-ym-\-nepw I-
hf-bpsS BZ-y-Lw Im-tbm-sSm--am-Wv. \-bnepw hym-ks Kpfn-I-
iIp--fbpw kzw A-\--am-tcm-sSm--a stnb inj-y\ - m-Ip-p
hf-Xv. C-c-samcp "hfptZmjw' iIp- Fgp--. Imfn-Zm-ks
-f-bvp-ap-smhmw Zpjvj-s Btcm- A`n-m-\-im-Ip--f-
]-Ww. amWv `mc-Xo-bv IqSp-
"tImIn-e-\mcn' F {]tbm-K-ns kmwK- X ]- c n- N nXw. Imfn- Z m-
X-yw, \mcn-sb-m a\p-j-y-kv{Xo-bm-Wv. ks iIp- f \ne- h n-

ep A[n-Im-c-tmSpw
]pcp- j m- [ n]X- y - t mSpw

hnt[-b-bmbn Ign-bp--h-
$ t_mIvkn \In-b ]pcmW IYm-k-`w fm-Wv. cmPm-hns\ sh
A[ym-]nI mkn hni-Zo-Ic
- n-W
- w. ]qin-m-Wn-m-\mWv
$ at-sXmw Xc-n-emWv Zpjvj- iIp-- imIp-fw IY-bn ap\n-
fsb Bt-]n--sXv ]m-T-`mKw ]cn-tim-[nv bpsS im]- h r- mw
Ismw. hnhn[ {Kqp-I-fmbn N. Ah-X- sImp-h--Xv ap-tcn
c-Ww. ]d-bp-p.
lb skdn
ebmfw
Fgp-Iw 61
AlbpsS aqo-`mhw
hgn-]n-g kz-`m-h-ap--h
kzWhkv{Xm-Zn-I-fn A`n-c-an-p--h.

$ Zpjvj-\m iIpf C{]-Imcw Bt-]n--s kml-N-c-y-n-emWv

"\npsS P-s-m t{ijvTw FpsS Pw' Fv iIp-f ]d-bm-\n-S-
bm-b-sXv A[-ym-]nI hni-Zo-I-cn-p-p.
$ mkn \S N-bpsS ASn-m-\
- n Ipdnp Xbm-dm-pI.
eLp-hn-h-cWw Xbm-dm-p-I
$ ]mT-`m-K- ns AY-Xe - w- hn-hn[ {Kqp-If
- mbn NsNp-p. Is-nb Bi-
b-f - psS Ah-Xc- Ww.
(t{ImUo-I-c-Wn\v A[-ym-]nI ]mTkw{Klw {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-t--XmWv.)
Ai-cocn hmIyw Imh-y-K-Xnsb amn-b-sX--s\-sbv Cu {]h-\-n-eqsS
Isngn-n-cn-pw.
$ tZh-hN
- \
- a
- mb Ai-cocnhmIyw A\p-kc
- nv iIp-f
- sb kzo-Ic
- n-p-X
- p-sImv
Ah-fpsS ]cn-ip-nbpw \bpw P\- a\-n-emp-sav Zpjvj- Nnn-
p-p F hni-Zo-Ic - Ww A[ym-]nI \Ip-p.
$ Cu hni-Zo-Ic - W
-
- nsbpw apv cq]-s Bi-b - f
- p-sSbpw ASn-m-\
- n
Ipn-It- fmSv eLp-hn-hc- Ww Xbm-dm-m ]d-bmw.
eLp-hn-hc - W
- - n hkvXp-XI
- kwt-]n-s-gp-XW - w.
eLphmI-y--fn-ep BJ-ym-\w.
Bi-b-s-fna thWw.
Bims\bpw Fgp--s\bpw Xmc-X-ayw sNp-I.
$ cm{Xn-bp-sSbpw \nem-hnsbpw ku-c-y-s-n Fgp-Xp-Ibpw ]mSp-Ibpw
sNp Fgp-p-Im-cn-Iv Ah-bpsS ku-cyw Hbvv k-cnv Bk-z-Zn-
m Ign-bptam? s]mXp-N.
kz-X{ambn k-cn-m kv{Xo B{I-an--s-Sp Ah-.
cm{Xn \ntj-[n--s-Sp kv{XoPohn-Xw.
]pcpjtI{n-Xa - mb kmaqlnIhy-h.

$ ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy{]h-W-X-I-tfmSv Fgp--s iIp-f Fs\ {]Xn-I-cn-p-

p-shv hy-n-KX - a
- mbn Ipdn-p-I.
$ ]mT-]p-kvXI - - n \In-bn-p Bims "Nnm-hn-jvSb - mb koX-'bnse hcn-
I Ipn-I hmbn--s. koX-bpsS kao-]-\hpw Fgp--s iIp--f-bpsS
kao-]\ - h
- p-am-bp kam-\X - I
- Is-m-\mbn hnhn[ {Kqp-If
- mbn Ipn-Isf
Xncn-p-p.
$ {Kqv-N Ah-X-cWw
]{v
62 So sSIvv
hmevaoIncmam-b-W-n\nv hy-X-y-kvX-amb hy-n-X-z-amWv

Bims koX-bvp--Xv. Fm hym-k-`m-c-Xs AtX-]Sn
A\p- k - c n- mWv iIp- f F IYm- ] m- { Xs Fgp- -
krjvSn--Xv.
Bims koX-bn ]pcp-js Ifn-m-h-b kv{Xo F
kzm-X{y{]J-ym-]-\-ap-v. kzbw hnai-\-n\v hnt[-bcm-hmsX
A\ysc hnain-pI am{Xw sNp ]pcp-j-io-e--tfm-Sp
Ielw Fgp--s iIp-fbpw {]I-Sn-n-pp.
]pcp-jt- I{nX-amb A[n-Imchy-h - t- bm-Sp tNmZywsN cp
IYm-]m-{X-fpw {]I-Sn-n-pp.
cp IYm-]m-{X-f - p--sSbpw ]cn-ipn tNmZyw sN-sSp-p.
P\-v B ]cn-ipn t_m[-y-s-tS Ah cnepw
cq]-s-Sp-p.

$ Cu N-bpsS ASn-m-\-n IYm-]m-{X--fpsS kz-`m-h-nse kam-\-X-

I kqNn-n-p hne-bn-cp- Ipdnv Xbm-dm-m Ipn-I-tfmSv ]d-bp-p.
tiJ-cWw
$ tXmw-]m-p-ap-X B[p-\nIIhn-XI
- fnh-sc- Bhn-jI
v c
- n kv{Xokzm-X{- ysa
Bibw Dsm-p hcn-I tiJ-cn-mw. AXv t]mvt^m-fn-tbm-bn Ds-
Sp-mw.
{]`m-jWw
$ ]mT-`m-Kp\npw Fgp--s ap -Ir-Xn-I-fn \npw temtIm-n-I Ipn-
I tiJ-cn--s. Nne DZm-l-c-W- XmsgsmSp-p-p.
ImSn Imtamfhpw XpsS apJ-taw
\sp \ncq-]n-p- sa{-Xbpw hncq-] - m
kX-y[-
- mZn shSn-o-Sn\ ]pcp-js\
{Iq\mw k-s-m-tf-hpw t]Sn-t-Ww.
t`mK--sfmw W{]`m-N-ew
thtK\ \jvSa - m-am-bpp-tam \- o.
tIm]-am-Ip-Xv hns-d - n-bWw
]m]-am-Ip acm-a-c-n-s\tSm

$ IpnIsf {Kqp-I-fmpI. Hmtcm {Kqn\pw Hmtcm temtImn hoXw \Ip-

p. AXnse Bibw {]tbm-P-\-s-Spn Ah Hcp {]`m-jWw Xbm-dm--s.
$ {]`m-jWw Xbm-dm-p-tm {in-t Imc-y- A[-ym-]nI mkn Hcp
eLpN \Sn k - q-Nn-n-t-X
- m-Wv.
lb skdn
ebmfw
Fgp-Iw 63
$ {]`m-jW
-
- f- psS Ah-Xc
- Ww \S-pp. Nm-kq-N\
- I-fpsS ASn-m-\
- n
Cu {]`m-jW- - hne-bn-cp-mw.
{]`mjWw kqNIw
hnj-b-n\v tbmPn Bi-b- NsNbvXv {Ia-s-Sp-Ww.
A`n-kw-t_m-[-\, Bap-Jw, D]-kw-lmcw Fnh thWw.
hnj-b-ns hyXy-kvX -h-i- ]cm-ain--Ww.
Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw D-c-Wn-Ifpw DZm-l-c-W-fpw D]-tbm-Kn--
Ww.
ka-Im-en-I-amb kw`-h-K-Xn-I-fp-ambn ]c-am-h[n _n-n--Ww.
]d-bp Imcy-v ]c-kv]-c-_-hpw ASppw Nnbpw thWw.
kzw \ne-]m-Sp-Ifpw ImgvN-m-Sp-Ifpw t{imXm-sf t_m[y-s-
Sp-pw-hn[w hy-am--Ww.
i_vZ-\n-b-{-Ww, Dm-c-W-kv^p-S-X, Hgp-v, `mhnsbpw AwK-
hn-t-]- f- p-sSbpw \nb-{n-Xa
- mb D]-tbmKw, Du-ep-I, \n-
ep-I Fnhbn {in--Ww.
efn-Xhpw BIj-Ihpamb `mj-bm-bn-cn--Ww.
Be-m-cn-I-amb {]tbm-K-, \w, Ihn-X-I-fn\np D-
c-Wn-I Fnh t{imXm--fpsS {i ]nSnp]p-Xn\mbn thn
D]-tbm-Kn-mw.
Bhn-izm-k-tm-sS-bp \npw `mhhpw {]kw-K-I\v AXym-
h-iy-amWv.
$ {]kn---fm-b -{]-`m-j-W- tIm-\-h-kcw \Imw.

amn eqY In-Mv, kzman hnth-Im-\
- , kpIp-am Ago-tm-Sv, Fw.-F. hnP-
b, .......
(sF.-kn.Sn. km[y-XI- {]tbm-P\
- s
- -Sp-m-hp-X
- mWv)
Fgp--s Imh-y-`mj
$ Bap-J-ambn Fgp-s Imh-y-`m-jsbpdn-p Hcp eLp-hn-i-Zo-I-cWw
A[-ym-]nI \I-Ww. NphsS tN IpdnpIfpw D-cWn-Ifpw CXn-\mbn
{]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
Hcp P\-X- ùXnI-ambpw B[ym-n-Iambpw PoW-X-bn-tep hgp-Xn-ho-
sWmcp Ime-L--n, kzw hmp-sImv Ahsc D-cn-m aptm-p-
h alm-a-\-k-zn-bmWv Xp-m-Nm-c-y. A[ymcma-mb-W-sa kwkvIr-
X-Ir-Xnsb B[m-c-amn ]cn-`mjmkz-`m-h-ap-smcp ]mpImh-y-amWv BNm-c-
y cNn--sX-nepw, Atlw AXn-eqsS ae-bmfIhn-X-bpsS ASn-th-cp-d-n-
p. ]nm-ev h-tm BN-mc-ys\ ]mSn-p-I-gvn-bXv AXp-sIm-m-
]{v
64 So sSIvv
Wv.
""Imhyw kptK-bw, IY cmL-hobw
Imhp Xp-p-f-hmb Znh-y
sNmp-tXm `n-ab kz-c-n
B\--e-_v[n-n-\n-sbp thWw?''
(Hcp tXmWn-bm-{X)
Xp-s-gp---s\ (Pohn-X-Imew 16mw \qmv) Ihn-Ip-e-Kp-cp-hns
al-zw hy--am-Im `mjm-]n-Xmhv F hnti-jWw aXn-bm-Ipw. At-
l-n\v appw ae-bm-f-`mj Dm-bn-cp-p. B[p-\nI ae-bmf`mj-bpsS
]nXm- s h m\w \In \ma- t - l s BZ- c n- p- p. cmam-
bWns\mw alm-`m-cXw Infn-m-pw BNm-cysXmbp-v. Xs cv
Infn-m-p-Ifm B[p-\nIae-bmf `mj-bp-sSbpw Ihn-X-bp-sSbpwKXn- \n-
b-{n--Xn-\m-emWv A-t-ls `mjm-]n-Xmhv Fp hnfn-p--Xv. Ime-
n\v ambv-m\m-hm A]m-c-amb Ihn-X-z-i-n-bmWv At-lns
ssIap-X.
kwkvIr-X-nse A[-ym--cm-a-mb-Ws (14mw \qmv) bpw hym-ks
alm-`m-c-X-sbpw Fgp-- Infn-mpcq]-n-emWv ]p\xkrjvSnXv.
Fgp--s Ihn-Xzw Hu-Xyw {]m]n-p-Xv `mcXw Infn-m-n-em-Wv.
]mpw aWn-{]-hm-fhpw Ds-sS-bp apIme Imh-y-]m-c--c-y--sf-sbmw
]cn-jvI-cnv -\q-X-\- Imh-y-`mj Fgp-- krjvSn-p. kmln-X-y-nse
]qh-`mjm coXn-I-fpsS kzm-`m-hnI ]cn-Wm-a-am-bn-cp-p At-l-ns
`mj. AXn\v henb ]cn-h-\-sampw Cs kmam-\y hy-h-lmc-`m-
j-bn Dm-bn-n F-XmWv Ap-X-s-Sp-p Imcyw.
Fgp--s `mj
Fgp-- kmln-Xy{]h\w XpS-p-tm sXmp-Im-Wn-m-hp hy-
n-[--fp cp {]m-\- `mj-bn i-am-bn-cp-p; ]mpw
aWn-{]-hm-f-hpw. kwkvIr-X-`m-j-bnse lrZ-b-lm-cn-bm-b hmp-Isf ae-
bm-fnp hi-s-Sp-n-bXv aWn-{]-hm-f-am-bn-cp-p. ]mns Ghpw {][m-
\-s -k-hn-tijX AXns {ZanUkwLm-Xm--c-XzamWv. aWn-{]-hm-fhpw
]mpw Xn {]mcw-`-L--n-ep-m-bn-cp {]IS hy-Xn-tcIw Imew Ignbpw
tXmdpw IpdpIpdp hp. ]mpw aWn-{]-hm-fhpw Xn-ep- `mjm-
]-c-amb Acw Ipd--XmWv I---hn-I-fpsS apJykw`m-h-\. ]mnsbpw
aWn-{]-hm-f-nsbpw Btcm-K-y-I-chpw A`n-e-j-Wo-bhpw A\p-I-c-Wo-b-
-hp-amb taf-\-^-e-amWv Fgp--s `mjm-ssi-en. ]mns `mhmw-ihpw
aWn-{]-hm-f-ns `mjmw-ihpw Akm-[m-c-Whpw AX-yw \nKq-V-hp-amb
Hcp cmk-tbm-K-n Hm-bn-on-cn-p-p. ae-bm-f-nse in-bp
]Z--f-[n-Ihpw Cu Ihn-bpsS kz--am-Wv. Fgp---s\-tmse `mhm-\p-
tcm-[-ambn `mj- {]-tbm-Kn-n-p Hcp Ihnbpw ae-bm-f-n-en-. Hmtcm `mh-
n\pw Fgp--\v Hmtcm `mj-bp-m-bn-cp-p. hmbvsam--gn-bpsS B-ap{Z
]Xn-n-p hmp-Ifpw {]tbm-K-fpw kc-k-z-Xn-sb-tmse Ahm-
ln-\n-bmbn Fgp--s Imh-y-Kw-K-bn ebnp tNn-p-v.
F. B. tKm]n-\m-Y-]n ]mT-t`Zw
lb skdn
ebmfw
Fgp-Iw 65
D-cW
- n-I
"\ap-s-gp---s\-Sp `mjm{Ia--Wt icWw'
- Ipn-p- Xp-cm (tIc-fw)
kwkvIrXw Ign-bp-n-S-tmfw Ipdv, kwkvIrX]Z-sf ae-bmf

{]X-y-b- tNv `mjmIhn-Xbvv GXv Bi-b-sbpw, DZ-z-ln-
p-hm-\p {]`mhw Dm-n-sm-Sp-p-I-bmWv Fgp-- \nh-ln-
n-p {]i-kvX-amb kmln-Xytkh-\w.
tUm. sI. tKmZ-h (tIc-f-`m-jm-hn-m-\o-bw)
""cp ssIhgn-I-fn-embn ]ncnpsIm-n-cp tIcfIhnXmkc-

Wnsb hopw Iqntv Hcp {]hm-l-amn hn alm-]p-cp-j
Xpv cmam-\p-P Fgp- -- -\mWv''
F.B. cmPcmP-h (tIcf]mWn-\obw ]oTnI)
"\mS]mp-I t]mse -t\tc P\-lr-Z-b--fn ISpsNm Ign-

hp-Xpw aWn-{]-hm-f-ns ImhyKpWw D-sm-p--Xp-amWv Fgp-
-s Infn-m-p-I.'
CfwIpfw Ip]n
""cwKm-hn-jvI-c-W-n Ie-bp-m-p-I-bmWv sNdp-tcn. Iem\nm-
W-n cwKm-hn-jvImcw km[n-p-I-bmWv Fgp--''
tUm. tNe-\mv AN-yp-X-ta-t\m ({]Z-nWw)
Fgp-s\-gp-Xp-tm
kw`hn--sX-sp Rm\-dn-bp-p:
]dp-p IpXn-c-I
sfgp-m-Wn-p-n-eqsS kn-Zm-\-
$ H.F.-hn.-Ipdp-ns "Fgp-
- hne-bn-cp-' Cu hni-Zo-Ic - W
- - ns ]m-
-e-n hm-bn-m Ipn-I-tfmSv ]dbmw. Ipn-Isf \mev {Kqmmw. ]mT-]p-
kvXI-
- n-ep \mev NmkqN\I ]mT-]p-kvXI -
- n-ep-v. Hmtcm {Kqn\pw
Hmtcm kqN\ \In A]-{K-Y\ -
- p-dnv Xbm-dm-m \ntZin-mw. \n-bn--
s Znhkw Ah-bpsS Ah-Xc - Ww \Smw.
"tIp-tIfn', "ISp-In-Wn'\nX-y-Po-hn-X-km-l-N-c-y--fn\npw
\mpkwkvImcCS-f - n \npw cq]-s Ccw ]Z-sf Imhy
`mj-bn {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-p-Xv Fgp--s cN\mkhn-ti-j-
Xbm-Wv.
Dhp, \, XpsS XpS-nb {]mNo\]Z-f - psS {]tbmKw.
Cv \mw kwkm-cn-p ae-bm-fhpw Fgp--s Imh-y-`m-jbpw
Xn-ep A-cw hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv.
]{v
66 So sSIvv
"]c-`rX' F ]Zw DWp AY-ns AS-cp-I {it-b-am-
Wv. iIp--fsb Im-q-n ap-bn-Sp Ipbn-en-t\mSv D]-an-p-p.
A-\--am-cpsS ]cn-Nc-W-n hf-cm--Xn-\m hfptZmj-
aphsf \nm-kq-N-\-bntes-n-m "]c-`rX' F ]Z-n\v
Ign-bp-p.
ZpP\kz-`m-hs aZ-bm-\-tbmSv kma-y-s-Sp-p--Xpw {it-b-am-Wv.
A\-ysc Ip-s-Sp-p-tm Zp-\
- p e`n-p ktm-j - n\v
kam-\-amWv aZ-bm-\-bpsS apIpn hmcn-sb-dn-p-sIm-p Ifn.
temI-X--zs kqva-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-m Fgp--s Imh-y-
`m-jbvp km[n-p-p.
"IpeSbmb \o hs-tmSp Ipeo-\sbe-km-em]w sNbvXX-Jneae-
aew.' Cu hcn-If
- nse {]mk-{]-tbmKw hm-hns a\-n-ep ]cn-lm-
k-`m-hs `wKn-bmbn [z-\n-n-p-p.
"[m{Xo-i', "`hm' XpS-nb kvXpXnhmp-I ]cn-lmk]qhw
{]tbm-Kn-v -sImv Xs apn Zpjvj- F{X \nm-c-\m-sWv
hy-am-p-I-bmWv iIp--f. ]Zu-Nn-Xyw ChnsS {]I-S-am-Ip-p.
"ImSn Imtam-fhpw' F hnin-jvS-]-Z-c-N\ DWp ku-
cym-\p-`-hw.
""tIp-tI-fn-tb-bpp In-n-thw apw''
""ImSn Imtam-fhpw XpsS apJ-taw''
\sp \ncq-]n-p-sa-{Xbpw hncq-]m'
""kX-y[
- mZn shSn-o-Sn\ ]pcp-js\
{Ip\mw ksmtf-hpw t]Sn-tWw''
XpS-nb {]tbm-K- hmsamgn-bnepw hc-sam-gn-bnepw {]XnjvT
t\Snbhbm-Wv.

$ N-bvp-tijw hy-n-KX - a
- mbn A]-{K-Y\-
- p-dnv Xbm-dm-matm.
kp`m-jnXw kp`m-jnXw
$ t\ct \S ]T- \ - { ]- "\mbn ]d-b-s-Xv' FmWv kp`m-jn-X-
h-\ - f- n\nv Cu hcn- n\v AYw. s]mXp-hmbn \mw Adn-tb-Xpw
I-fpsS Bibw Ipn-Iv A\p-jvTn-t-X - p-amb Nne kZp-]t- Z-i
- f
- mWv
e`n-n-p-mhpw. B Bi-
CXn AS-n-bn-cn-p--Xv. {]k---fmb
bs Hcp eLp- N - b n-
- m- Nne Ihn-Xm-`m-K- D-cn-p-sIm-v, Ah
eqsS ]p\-xkvacn-m-hp-X
Wv. bvv Cs Pohn-X-n-ep {]m[m-\yhpw
{]k-nbpw shfn-s-Sp-p-I-bmWv apJy-e-
$ kp`mjnXsa-sv A[ym- yw. eLp]mcmbW-n\pw Kuc-h-tm-sS-
]nI ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-p.
bp hmb-\bvpw hnNn--\-n\pw DX-I--
NphsS tN- amXrI
-h--amWv kp`m-jn-X- Fgp-Xm-dpXv.
Ah-X-cn-n-p-p.
tdUntbm\ne-b--fn \nmWv ]e-tmgpw
kp`m-jn-X--fpsS Ah-X-cWw tIm\m-Ip-
Xv.
lb skdn
ebmfw
Fgp-Iw 67
""ap--h ]pI-gvo-Sn
KpWnbmw KpW-lo-\\pw
kzbw ]pI-gvn-bm-en-{
t]mepw \nm-c-\mbv hcpw.''
Cu temI-n AXn-k-aY-m-cmb ]ecpw t{]mm-l-\-p-d-hp-sImv Ah
Aln-p m\--fn Fn-t-cm-Xn-cn-p-p-v F-sXmcp hkvXp-X-bm-
Wv. Imbn-I-cw-K-m-I-s Iem-cw-K-m-I-s, ap cw-K--fn-em-Isicn-bmb
t{]mm- l \w Xv e`n- m- - X p- s Im- mWv AXXp a- e - - f n
Xp-b-cm Ign-bm--sXv Nne kaY ]cm-Xn-sXmbpw \ap--dn-
bmw. Ahsc Bcm-[n-p-Ibpw kvt\ln-p-Ibpw sNp Npcpw Nne-cm-bn-
cnpw ]cm-Xn-m-cmbn cwK-p-h-cpI. aph-cn\np t{]mkm-l-\-ap-s-
nte Hcph\v Xm {]hn-p--Im-c-y-n hnP-b-ap-m-hp-I-bp-q. hnP-b-
e-_v[nv t{]mml\w AX-y-m-t]-n-X-am-Wv. Xs Ign-hn-s\-n Hcmv
icn-bmb t_m[w Dm-bn-sm--W-sa-n-. AXv I-dn-tb--Xpw AXn-s\-
DtPnn-t-Xpw ap--h-cpsS IS-a-bm-Wv. kap-{Z-ew-L-\-k-a-bv l\p-am-
\p-t]mepw Xs Ign-hn-s\-n ]qW-t_m-[-ap-m-bn-cp-n-. B hm\-c-t{i-
jvTs ]ph-Im-e-N-cn-{X-sbpw [oc-Ir-X-y--sfbpw A\p-kva-cn-p-sImv
Pmw_-hm {]iwkm-h-N-\- sNmcn-bp-I-bpw, GsXmcp kml-k-Ihpw
sNm B hmbp]p{X-s\-tmse {]mK-ev`-y-ap--h-cmcpw Csv DZvt_m-[n-n-
p-Ibpw sNbvXtm am{X-amWv amcpXn {]hr--ho-c-y-\m-bn-o-Xv. t{]mm-
l\w Hcmsf Dm-ln-bmbn amp--Xp-t]m-se, \n\w Hcp-hs\ \ncp-t-j-hm\m-
pIbpw \nho-c-y-\m-p-Ibpw sNp-sa-p--Xn\pw ZrjvSm---fp-v. `mc-X-
bp--n APp\t\mSv FXn-cn-Sm I Xbm-dm-b-tm, kmc-Yn-bmb
iey B hoc-tbm-m-hns\ Bt-]-hm-p-IsImv \ncp--ho-c-y-\m-p-I-
bmWp sNbvX-Xv. {]iw-kbpw t{]mm-l-\hpw Hcphs Ign-hns\ DWpw;
Dt-Pn-npw; hep-Xmb kml-k-I- sNm Abmsf t{]-cn-n-pw.
adn-v, \n-bpw iIm-chpw Hcp-hs Ign-hns\ ao-`-hn-n-p-Ibpw \ncp-m-l-
s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNpw. ]Tn-m tami-ab Hcp Ipn-sb, a\-m-kv{X-a-dn-bp
Hc-[-ym-]-I Hcn-epw mknhv Bt-]n-n. Abmp \ KpW-
sf I-dn-v, AXns\ ]pI-gvn, hnP-b-n-se-n-t-cm Abmsf t{]cn-
n-p-I-tb-bp-q. Imbn-I-a--c-n Gs-Sp--hsc ssIb-Snp t{]mm-
ln-n-p-Xv \mw Ip-h-cp Hcp kwK-Xn-bm-W-tm. ChnsS {]k-hpw {][m-
\-hp-amb asmcp hkvXpX-IqSn \psS {i-bn s]tS--Xp-v. {]iwk \-
Xm-sW-p-hv Bcpw kzbw {]iw-kn-p-Xp icn-b-. B-{]-iw-k-sImv
ap--h-cpsS ]cn--lm-k-nt\ \mw ]m{XamIq. AXv Al-m-c-ns e-W-
am-bnt Adn-hp--h KWn-q. "ac-Whpam-{]-iw-k-bp-sampw' FmWv
BNm-cy-m ]d-bp-Xv. Bm-`n-am-\hpw B-hn-i-zm-khpw \ap-p- th-Ww.
Fm B-{]-iw-k- ]m-Sn. F{X hen-b-h-\m-sW-n t]mepw kmm
tZth-{-\m-sW-nepw kzbw ]pI-gvn-bm A\-y-cpsS ZrjvSn-bn \nm-c-\m-
bnt ]cn-W-an-q. \apv KpW-K-W--fp-s-n Ahsb Isn hmgvt-
Xv ap--h-cmWv; AmsX X-m-\-. ap--h-cpsS {]iwk \app {]-
tbm-P\sSp-Ibpw sNpw.
Xnc-s-Sp kp`m-jn-X- (s{]m^. A-e-pg cma-h)
]{v
68 So sSIvv
$ Fgp- - s hcn-Isf ap\nn Fn-t Bi-bs hni-Za - m-pwan
hy-n-KX- a
- mbn kp`m-jnXw cNn-mw. Bh-iy- s
- -Sp-p.
Zbm-_mbn A\p-`hw
$ "\-\m-bn-cn--h \Xp {KlnoSpw' Fv A[-ym-]nI t_mUn Fgp-Xp-p.
Cu hcn-bpsS B-cmYw Fsv Ipdn-m Ipn-I-tfmSv ]d-bp-p. ctm
aqtm Ah-X-c-W-. ip`mINn-sb-p-dn-p [mc-W-bn Fnt-cp-
p.
$ a[-y-{]-tZ-inse Hcp {Kma-n Kncn-hKmn-S-bn kmaq-lnI{]h\w
\S-p ae-bmfn kv{XobmWv Zbm-_m-bn. "]-hn-c' Ah-cpsS B-I-Y-
bm-Wv. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-nse BIYm-`mKw hmbn-m A[-ym-]nI Hcp
Ipnsb Wnp-p.
$ Fgp-- ]d ip`m--INn {]Xn-^-en-p CS- Cu B-I-Ym-
`m-K-ptm? s]mXp-N.
Pk-yqv ]ptcm-ln-Xs {]hrnbn.
Zbm-_m-bn-bpsS hmp-I-fn.

Zbm-_mbn
PohnXw Zpcn-X-a-\p-`-hn-p--hmbn \onhv I\-ym-`-h-\-n \nv Iogm-
f-cp-sSbpw tNcn-\n-hm-kn-I-fp-sSbpw CS--fn-te-s-nb kmaq-lnI{]h-I.
1941 s^{_p-hcn 22\v ]mem-bnse ]qh-c-Wn-bn P\n-p. bYmY t]cv tagvkn
amX-yp. sImp-sIm-mcw ss{]adn kvIq. hnf-p-amSw sk v tPmk-^kv
sslkvIq Fn-hn-S--fn hnZ-ym-`-ym-kw. 1958 _nlm-dnse ]lm-cn-_mKv
tImshn I\-ym-kv{Xo-bm-Im tNs-nepw ]cn-io-e\w ]qn-bm-Ip-
-Xn\v Hcp hjw apt 1965 tImsh v Dt]-nv _nlm-dnse ]emtam
Pn-bnse tKm{XhK- ta-J-e-bnse atlm-U-bn {]hn-p. _n.Fkv.kn,
Fw.Fkv.U_vfnbp, F.-F._n. _ncp-Z- t\Sn-bn-pv. "h\nX hpsa
Hm^ Zn Cb' 2007 AhmUv e`n-p. t_mws_-bnse tNcn-I-fnse {]h-\-
-fnepw _wm-tZiv bp-n-\p-tijw bpm\--c-tk-h-\--fnepw t`mm
Zpc--n-s cm-{]-h-\--fnepw Gs-p. 1981 apX Xnssk tKm{X-
hK {Kma-n tKmp-I-tfm-sSmw Pohnv Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-mbn
t]mcm-Sn. 1995 apX _dq {Kma-n ssPh-Ir-jn-bp-sSbpw Pe-kw-c--
Wnsbpw ]mT- ]Ip \In-.
lb skdn
ssZh-ebmfw
Z-iIw hym-J-ym\w
Fgp-Iw 69
]{X-hm Ipn-Isf ]cn-Nb- s- -Sp-mw.
$ `mjm-]T
- \
- s kmaq-lnI CS-s]-Se
- p-If-ntep hnI-kn-n-t-X
- p-tm?
]{X-hmsb ap\nn-bp s]mXpN.
`mjm]T\w PohnX]T\w Xs-bm-Wv.
kmaq-lnI{]iv\
- f- n CS-s]-Sm-\p Icpp]I-cpIIqSn `mjm-
]-T-\-ns e-y-am-Wv.
Zpc- n X- a - \ p- ` - h n- p- - h sc klm- b n- p GsXnepsamcp
{]h\w Isn \S-m-m Xocp-am-\n-p-p.
ssZhZiIw hym-J-ym\w
$ ""\obpw Rm\p-sa-p bmYmY-y - n\nv Ah-km\w \o am{Xw Ah-ti-jn-

m t]mhp-I-bmW,v \o am{Xw?'' "A\L-\n-anj'nse Cu `mKw \
]cn-N-b-s--Xm-Wv. Cu hcn-I-fpsS AY-Xew FmWv? s]mXp N.
\ns Dnepw Fs Dnepw IpSn-sIm-p-Xv Htc B-ssN-X\
- y- a
- mWv.
AXp-sImv \obpw Rm\pw Hp-X-s-bm-Wv.

$ {InkvXp-tZ-hs Gsd {]kn--amb hN-\-amWv \ns-tmse \ns Abm-

c-s\bpw kvt\ln-pI FX.v _jo aptm-p-h GIo-`m-hm-h Cu hN-
\-n\nv \apv hmbn-s-Sp-m-\m-hptam? s]mXpN.
]{v
70 So sSIvv
\ns Abm-cs\ kvt\ln-m-\ {InkvXp-tZ-h ]d--Xv.

\o \ns Fs\ kvt\ln-p-pthm, AXp-t]mse \ns
Abm-cs\bpw (BcmWv Abm-c? \o Hgnv Cu {]]-
-nse kI-eXpw \ns Abm-c-\m-Wv) kvt\ln-pI
FmWv CXn-\Yw. Chn-sS \o/Ab-m-c Fn-s\ cs
`mhw Cm-Xm-Ip-p. `mc-Xob Ejn-am AssZ-zXw (cv Am
Ah-) Fp hnti-jn-n-Xpw CXp-XsbmW.v AXm-bXv Fm
Pohm-m-fpw ]c-am-m-hns `mK-am-Ip Ah-. ip {_m-
h Fv CXns\ hnfn-mw. Alw {_mkvan Rm {_am-
Ipp Fv ]d-bp-Xv CXp-X-s-bmWv X-z-akn AXv \o
Xs-bm-Ip-p. A\lJv Fv kq^n-I ]d-Xpw CXn
\nv hy-X-y-kvX-a-.
Cusbmcp Zi-\ - ns Bhn-jvIm-ca - m-bn-mWv A\p-jvTpv hr-
n {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp c-Nn "ssZh-Z-i-I's a\-n-em-t-
-Xv. 1914 inh-Kn-cn-a-T-nse At-hm-kn-I-fmb Ipn-Iv
Znh-kh - pw {]mY-\m-ka - b
- v sNmp-X - n-\p-th-n-bmWv Kpcp CsX-
gp-Xn-bX- .v ]no-SXv hni-z{- ]mY-\b- mbn amdp-Ib - m-bn-cp-p. bqtdm-n
Hmw temI-bpw XpS-p hj-n ]c-a-im-n-bpsS Cu
{]mY-\m-iX - Iw cNnsp FXv BI-ka v nI-am-hmw. Ccw hni-
Zo-Ic
- W
- -- ptijw Hcp s]mXpN-bn-eqsS ]mT-]p-kvXI -
- n
\In-b ssZh-Zi - I-
- nse aqv tmI-f - psS Bibw Is-mw.
$ ssZh-Zi
- I
-
- nse Hmw tmIw hmbn-m Hcp Ipn-tbmSv ]d-bp-p.
$ \mw hmbn-p-Ibpw ]Tn-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-p ap Ihn-X-I-fn\nv CXn\v
Fs-nepw hy-Xy- mkw \n\p-`h- stm? FmWv CXns khn-ti-jX?
s]mXpN
{]mY-\-bp-tS-Xmb Hcp kzcw Cu Ihn-X-bvp-v.
$ temI-P-\X Hscm coXn-bn-emtWm {]mY-\-bn Gs-Sp-Xv?
aX-smw hy-X-y-kvX--fmb Bcm-[\m coXn-Ifpw {]mY\mk{-Zm-
b-fp-am-Wp-X - v.
Hmtcm aX-ns-h - pw {]mYn-m-\mbn Ah-cp-tS-Xmb ssZh-k-ev]-
-fp-ap-v.

$ "ssZh-Z-i-I'-n GsX-nepw ssZhs hnfn-p-sIm-p {]mY-\m-co-

XnbmtWm DXv? BZ-yt- mIw hym-Jy- m-\nv N sNmw s]mXpN.
apgp-h temIP-\-Xbvpw Hcp-anp \nv A`bw tXSm-hp Hcp
ssZh-amWv Chn-sS-bp-Xv. \ma-cq-]-n-eqsS Hcp {]tX-yI t]cv

]d-bmsX Fm-hpw kzo-Imc-y-amb "ssZhta' Fp am{X-amWv
Kpcp kwt_m-[\ sNp--X.v Fm-h-cp-tSbpw ssZhw Hm-sW
kqN\ ChnsS sXfnp ImWmw.
lb skdn
ebmfw
Fgp-Iw 71
"`hm_v[n' sbXv \psS ùXn-I-Po-hnXw Xs-bm-Wv. CXv IS-

m-\p Bhn---ens In-m-\mbnhv X-sf- Im-p-sIm-
t-Wta FmWv ]d-bp-X - v.
ùXn-IP- o-hn-X - ns \nc-h[n {]iv\ -
- ImcWw Cf-In-ad
- n-bp
Hcp IS-en-eI- s- -t- ]m-se-bmWv \mw.
ssZh-]m-Z- sf icWw {]m]n-p-Xv bYm-Y -
- n \apv Adnhv
Dm-Im thn-bmWvv.

$ "ssZh-Zi
- I- '-ns BZ-yt- m-I
- ns hym-Jy- m\w hy-n-KX
- a
- mbn Ipn-Iv
Fgp-Xm-hp-X - m-W.v
$ cmw tmIw hmbn-m Hcp Ipnsb Wnpp.
$ Cu tmI-ns AY-sa-mWv? Ipn-I Ah-cpsS \nco-W
-
- Ah-Xc
- n-
n-s
- .
GXp hkv{X-nepw \qep-.v \qen ]n-bpv. ]n-bp-m-hp-tXm ]n-
s-Sn-bn \nv. ]n-sSn hf-tXm, an. Pe-n, hmbp-hn, NqSn,
BIm-in \ndp \nv Cs\ Hsm-m-sb-n-sb-n-s-m Ah-
km\w \mw Fhn-sS-pw? Hcp ckw ]d-b-s. \qep-an-, ]n-bp-an-, ]n-s-
Sn-bp-an, apw Pe-hp-a-S-p ]-`q-X--fp-an-. s]sp hni-z-kn-m-\mhp--
n-. At? Chn-sS-bmWv CXn-s\-m-a - p-da
- p-, CXnssbmw ASn-m-\a
- mbn
\np Hcp alm-k-X-ys \mw Xncn--dn-tb--Xv. Cu kXyw Xs-bmWv
Fnepw \nnepw IpSn-sIm-p-X - v. CXv a\-n-em-p-tm F-s\-bmtWm
\psS, ZrjvSn \n-ea - m-p-Xv AXp-t]mse Fs a\pw \nn AN-e - -
ambn \ne-\np-hm F\np Icp-p-Xt- c-Wt- a.
$ "A-hk - v{Xm-Zn-ap-msX Xp cnp' F tmIw hmbn-m Hcp Ipn-tbmSv
Bh-iy- s
- -Sp-p.
$ Cu tmI-ns hym-J-ym\w hy-n-K-X-ambn Ipn-I Xbm-dm--s. Hv
cv Ipn-I Ah-X-cn-n-p-p.
ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-n Ghpw {][m-\-amb Aw, hkv{Xw apX-em-bh
Xv Rsf cn--Ww.
Fs cn-W - s
- a- ]d-bp-Xv. "Rsf' cn-W
- s
- a-mWv {]mYn-
p--Xv. {]m\ X\n-p-th-n-b, Fm-hpw thn-sb k-ev]-
amWv Kpcp-hn-\p-X - v.
hni-p-am-pI am{X-a, [\-yc - m-p-p-apv ssZhw. [\-yX- b- mWv Pohn-Xs
kpJ-Ic - a
- m-n-op-X- v. a\p-jy\nnX \nb-a - v A\p-kr-Xa - m-b
Pohn-Xa - AXv. {]m]-n-Ia - mb \nb-a - v A\p-kc - n-p Pohn-Xa - mWv
[\-y-amb Pohn-Xw. AhnsS a\p-jy\nn-X-amb PmXnh-y-h-tbm A[n-
Im-ch
- y- h- - tbm Hpw IS-p-hc - n-. A-cs- amcp PohnXw \In A\p-{K-
ln-t-Wta FmWv ssZh-tmSv {]mYn-p-Xv.
]{v
72 So sSIvv
$ mkn \S Ah-Xc - W
-
- fp-sSbpw A[-ym-]n-Ib
- psS t{ImUo-Ic
- W
-
- nsbpw
ASn-m-\-n Ipn-I aqv -tm-I-nsbpw hym-J-ym\w Xbm-dm--Ww.
Cu hym-Jy- m-\
- p-dnv t]mvt^mfn-tbm-bn Ds-Sp-mw.
1.2 {]Imiw Pew- t]m-se-bmWv

]mTm-]-{K-Y\w
ISepw Iepw h-fpw [mcm-f-ap Xpd-apJ \K-c-amWv ImSvPn-s\.

Cu IY-bnse {][m\ IYm-]m-{X--fmb tSmtm, tPmh Fo Ipn-
I Ipn-mew sNe-hg - n-X
- n-hn-sS-bm-Wv. hwh-bvm sjUpw t_m-Sp-
n-m ehpw hnim-e-amb ap-hp-ap-ff ImSv-Pn-s\-bnse hon \nv
Ah ]dnp am-s-Sp-n-Sp \nmWv amsIz-kns "{]Imiw Pew
t]mse-bmWv' F IY Bcw-`n-p-X - v. Ctm-fh
- bqtdm-]y- ]cn-jvIrX
\K-c-amb am{Un-Un-emWv h-I-s-n-p--Xv. Hcp henb ^vfmv kap--b-
nse Amw \ne-bnse Amp-san A-\--amsmw Ign-bp-
p. ISapns hnimehnkvXr-Xn-bn \npw Ne-\m-I - X - b
- n \npw
^vfmns IrXyNXp-c-n-tepw \n-e-X-bn-tepw Ipn-I Fn-
tn-cn-pp. Cusbmcp {]hm-k - ns kw{Xm-ksbmWv amsIzkv
IY-bn AS-bm-fs- -Sp-m {ian-p-X - v.
Ipn-I-fn If--ns Awiw Ipdbpw. CXn\p ImcWw a\p-jy-\nn-X-
amb I]SPohn-X-n Ahtsd t\cw Xpg-tb--Xmbn hn-n
FXm-Wv. AXn-\ms ^vfmn-se-n-b-]mtS Ah amXm-]n-Xm-
-tfmSv Bh-i-y-s-Sp-Xv Hcp Xpg-h--am-Wv. ^vfmn-\-Iv AI-s--
tmgpw X-fpsS ssPh-tNm-Z-\I ssIhn-Sm Ipn-I Xbm-dm-hp-n
FmWv \mw a\-n-em-t-X - v. ^vfmn hw Xpg-bm jh-dn \np-
h-cp sh-at- -bp-q Fv A adp-]Sn ]d-bp-p. Fen-sadn kvIqfn
anIhv ]pen km\w hmn-bm Xpg-hw hmn--cm-sav Ah-
km\w amXm-]n-Xm- Hcp-anv hmKvZm\w sNp-p. Ipn-If - psS Dp\ndsb
Xpgh-hpw Ah-cpsS `qX-Im-e-nse ISsh--hp-am-Wv. CXv Xncn-p-
]n-Sn-t-X - p-X - n-\m Ah \mbn ]Tnv km\w hmn-p-p. PohnX
{]mc-_[ v
- n-\n-Sb- nepw ]nXmhv Ahv Xpg-hw hmn-sm-Sp-p-p. Ipn-
I-fpsS A`n-cp-Nn-I-sfbpw B{K-l--sfbpw Xncn--dnv Ah-cn B-cn-
I-amb A`n-t{]-cW (Intrinsic motivation) DWn ]T-\-tmSv icn-bmbn
{]Xn-I-cn-m\pw Xm-c-y-ap-Wm\pw amXm-]n-Xm-v \mbn CS-
s]-Sm\m-Ip-sa B-cnI ]mTw IqSn Cu IYm-k-`w \Ip-p.
^vfmnse Imsj-n-emWv Xpg-hw sImph-Xv. Fm \n_-
-]qhw GWn-S- n-Ihgn- Ip-n-I Amw \ne-bnse Amp-sanse
apdn-bn-tev Cu hs henp Ib-p-p. Ahv h-sa-Xv \n-e-
lb skdn
ebmfw
Fgp-Iw 73
amb Hcp ImgvN-h-kvXpt-hm km\w Innb D-tam A; \jvS-s

Pohn-X-ap-{Z-I t]dp Hcp A`-b-cq-]-am-Wv. CXn-\n-S-bn hoSn-\p-n
Hcp IhnXmN \S-p-p-.v - NbvnS-bn kzn-n sXmm {]-Imiw
hcp-s - X-s\ Fv A-t\-mSv tNmZn-p-p tSmtm. Smv Xpd-m Pe-
sam-gp-Ip-Xp-t]mse kznn sXmm {]Imiw Hgp-Ip-sa Hcp `mh-\m-
-IX - b- n-tev aIs\ ]nXmhv sImpt]mIp-p-.v {]Imiw Pew t]mse-
bmWv FmWv Abm Ipnv \Ip hni-Zo-I-c-Ww. Cu k`w
apX IYm-Jym-\ - n amPn- dnb-en-ks - a cN\mkt-Xs {]tbm-
P-\s- -Sp-m amsIzkv Xp\n-bp-p. A-\, BJ-ym-Xm-hp-Xs - -bmWv
IY-bn {]X-y - s - v tSmtm-bpsS a\-ns\ am{n-IX - b
- n-tep \bn-p-
-sX hmb-\bpw ChnsS km[-ya - m-Wv.
{]Im-iapsmcp hnfv Ipn-I s]mn-p-I-bm-Wv. kzW-{]-Imiw
apdn-bmsI Hgp-Ip--Xmbn amsIzkv ]d-bp-p, {]ImiPe-n Ipn-
I hw Xpg-bp--Xm-bpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-p-p. Xv \jvS-s-p-t]mb
{]Ir-Xnsb hos-Sp-p-Ib - m-Wn-hnsS Ipn-I. Cu bmYmY-ys am{n-
I-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-m sImp-h Iev]-\-bmWv {]Im-i-P-e-sa--Xv.
ChnsSbpw Xocp-n IY-bnse am{n-I-X-bpsS {]hm-lw. IS-en app-
-Xp-t]mse {]ImiPe-n apm Ipn-I Xocp-am-\n-p-p. Hmw
ska-d - n Ghpw \ hnZ-ymYn-Ip km\w hmn-h Ahsc
Imn-cp-Xv ap kma-{Kn-If - Snb s]n-If - mWv. Chn-sSbpw amXm-]n-
Xm--fpsS ]T-\-t{]m-m-l-\-coXn {]I-S-am-Wv. hj--fmbn Ccp-n-em-bn-
cp ]eXpw {]Im-i-ns ASn--n\nv Ipn-I Is-Sp--p.
XnIpw kz-m`m-hn-Ia - mb PohnXkml-Nc - y-
- f - n am{Xta Hcp hy-n-bpsS
`mh-\bpw kKm-INnbpw DW-cp-Ib - p-q. {]ImiPew sImv ^vfmn-
\p-n Ah krjvSn IS HcY-n Ah-cpsS ssPh{]Ir-Xn-
Xncnp]nSn--emWv. \jvS-s ]e-Xn-s\bpw Hms-Sp-m-\pw -I-s-Sp-
m\pw Ahv Ignbp-Xv CXn-\m-em-Wv. hj-f - mbn Ccp-n-em-bn-cp
]e-Xn-s\bpw Ah {]Im-i-ns ASn--n\nv Isn F
am{nIIev]\ - b
- psS s]mcp-fn-Xm-Wv.
hjm-hk - m-\ - n Ipn-I amXrImhnZ-ymYn-If - mbn hmgvs - -t- m
Ahv FmWv thsXv A-\--am Atmv tNmZn-p-I-bmWv
sNbvX-Xv. cn-Xm--fpsS t{]mm-l\]qW-amb kao-]\w Ipn-Isf
henb hnP-b - f - n-se-n-p-sa-X - ns kqN-\b - m-WnXv. kl-]m-Tn-Iv
honhv Hcp ]mn s - Im-Sp-W
- s - a-mWv Ipn-I Bh-iy- s - -X- v. kl-
]m-Tn-IsfpIbpw honse Fm hnf-p-Ifpw sXfnbnv {]ImiPew
HgpnhnSpIbpw sNp ImgvN-bmWv IYm-y-n ImWp-X.v shfn-
bn-eqsS \S-p-t]mb Bm Hcp hnkva-b-mgvN Ip. {]Im-i-Pew
Hcp s]cp-a-g-t]mse s]bvXn-dn sXcp-hmsI Hgp-Ip ImgvN-bm-bn-cp-p
AXv. hoSn-\p-nse tkm^bpw ]nbm-t\mbpw sSen-hn-j skpw hW
a-y - f - p-samw Hgp-Ip D{K-{]-Im-i - ns {]f-bn Poh-t\msS Ah-
ti-jn-Xv a-y- am{X-am-Wv. ay-ns ssPh-amb CS-am-Wtm
Pew. Ipn-I-sfmw apn adp Ignp. tSmtm h-n hnf-p-
amSw tXSn-tm-Ip--Xmbpw h-ns Aa-c-n-cp tPmh ]Sn-m-
d\{Xw tXSn-tm-IpXmbpw ImWpp. \Zntbm IStem Cm
]{v
74 So sSIvv
am{UnUv \Kcw Ctm {]Im-i-n Xpgp \S-p-I-bm-Wv. bYmY-n
am{Un-Uns\ ImSvPn-s\-bmn amp-Ib - mWv Ipn-I. ^vfmn-\p-n am{Xw krjvSn-
-s Ah-cpsS `mh-\m-temIw hnim-e-amb CS--fn-tev hnI-kn-p-I-bm-Wv.
imkv{X-ns apn Abp-n-I-amb Cu kXyw `mh-\-bpsS am{n-I-X-bn
bmYmYy-ambn amdp-p. \jvS-s ImSvvPn-s\sb am{nIIev]-\-bpsS t]io_-e-
n Ipn-I Xncnp ]nSn-p-n-S - mWv amsIzkv IY Ah-km-\n-n-p-X - v.
IY-bn-tev
CX-c-`m-j-I-fnse \mgn-I--p-I-fmb cN-\-I ]cn-N-b-s-tS-Xv Hcp hy-n-
bpsS ku-cy-- t- _m-[h
- n-Im-k- n\v A\n-hm-cy- a
- m-Wv. temIw BZ-ct- hmsS kvt\ln
Fgp-p-Im-c\- mWv K{_n-tb Kmknb amsI-zk - v; ae-bmfn kzw Fgp-p-Im-c-
\mbn kvt\ln Kmt_m. -am-Pn- dnb-en-k-sa Bhn-jvIm-c-X-{s emn-\-
ta-cn- kmln-X-y-ns Bm-hn {]Xn-jvTn Fgp-p-Im-c. tIc-f-ob]mc-
-cy-
- ns hnhn[ CS-f - n \mw tI, ]cn-Nb - n sFXn-ly- - fpw hni-zm-k
- fpw
Fhn-sS-sbmstbm amsI-z-kns cN-\-I-fn \mw bmYmY-y-ambn A\p-`-hn-p-
p. AXp-sIm-m-Imw, amsI-z-kn-t\mSv \apv C{X-b-[nIw aa-X. amPn- dnb-
en-k-sa ]pXp-a-bp BJ-ym\coXn ]cn-N-b-s-Sp--tXm-sSmw Ipn-I-fpsS hy-
n-Xzcq]o-I-c-W-hp-abn _-s \nco--W- IqSn Cu IY Ah-X-cn-n-p-
p-v. Cu IY-bpsS am{n-I-X-bn-tev \apv {]th-in-mw. IY hmbn-m
\ntZ-in-p-p.
]T-\-{]-h-\-
{]hm-k-ns {]iv\-
$ Un. hn\b-N-{s "hon-te-p hgn' F Ihn-X-bnse Xmsg--d-bp hcn-
I A[-ym-]nI ]cn-Nb
- s
- -Sp-p-p.
""hon-se-sp t]mIp-p, tNmZn-pp
Iqp-Im, Iqp-In-S - p ]pkvXI -
q-, Cncn apv
Rm \p t\mp ]qhn ssXap
]Sn-hm-Xn-tem-fw ]dp ad-bp
sIm-cn-{]mhv, Ie-d - n
Nqp-I - np InS-p-ah - [n-I''
Cu hcn-I-fn sXfnbp `mh-sav? s]mXp-N
hon\nv A\-yc - mbn t]mIp Ah-.
Iqp-Imcpw IqpIn-S - p ]pkvXI - - fpw Ah-[n-Ifpw hon \n-
\-y-ambn asm-cn-S-m-bn-tmb Ihn-bpsS Acn-In-epvv. Ch-sbmw
Ihnsb hon-te-p Xncnp t]mIm t{]cnn-p-p.
]pXnb Xma-k--es Cn-cn-apw Xs \mn-se- hn-im-e-amb
hop-ap--ns \jvSw Hmn-n-p-p.

]qhn-- ssX-ap-bpw ]Sn-hm-Xn-temfw hp-a-d-bp sIm-cn-{]mhpw
hon-te-p t]mns\ Hmn-n-p-p.

Xs CSw \jvSs - v asm-cn-S
- m-bh - s thZ\; AXm-bXv {]hmkn
A\p-`h - n-p {]iv\ - fpw kqNn-n-p-p.

lb skdn
ebmfw
Fgp-Iw 75
$ amsI-z-kns "{]Imiw Pew t]mse-bmWv' F IY-bnse Hcp hcn-bn-tev

A[-ym-]n-I- Ip-n-I-fpsS {i Wnpp.
"ImSvPns\ C-ym-knse Ah-cpsS hoSn\v Hcp aphpw D-S-en-t\mSv tNv
t_mp-If- S- p-n-m-\p e-hp-ap-m-bncpp.'
Cusbmcp hmIyw Dbp {]iv\s
- a-mWv? s]mXp-N.
X
- pd-apJ\K-c
- n\nv bqtdm-]y ]cn-jI v rX\K-c- n-tev ]dnv
am-s-h
- s kw{`-ahpw thZ-\b
- pw. amsI-zkv Xs IY-bn {]hm-
k-ntXmb thZ-\bpw AXn\np tamN-\hpw Bhn-jvI-cn-
p-p-v. IY AXnkqva-ambn hopw hmbnv Cm-c-y-
\apv A]-{K-Yn-mw.
$ Ipn-Isf {Kqp-If
- m-p-p. Nbpw Ah-Xc
- W
- hpw.
]mTm-]{- K-Y\
-
- n {]Xn-]m-Zn- {]k--- `mKw t{ImUo-Ic
- W
-
- n\v
{]tbm-P-\-s-Spt-Xm-Wv.

N-p-dnv
$ ""`mhn-bn \n Bcm-bn-o-cm B{K-ln-p-p.''
-A-[-ym-]n-I Cu tNmZyw mkn s]mXp-hmbn D-bn-pp. Dcw Ipn-I
Ipdn--s. Nne Ipn-I CXv mkn ]d-bp-p.
$ Cu B{Klw cq]-s-X - n \n-fpsS amXm-]n-Xm-f- psStbm am-cp-sS-sb-n-
eptam kzm[o\w Dm-bn-ptm? Ipn-If - psS Icn-b Xnc-s-Sp-p-X- n ]cn-
K-Wn-p-s - X-sms? amXm-]n-Xm-fpsS amK-\ntZiw F{X-tmfw klm-
b-Ia
- m-hp-pv? Cm-cy-
- n mkn Hcp kwhmZw kwL-Sn-n-p-p.
$ Ipn-I cp {Kqp-I-fmhpp.
$ Ipn-I `mhn kzbw Xocp-am-\n-p-p.
$ Ipn-If
- psS `mhn cn-Xm- Xocp-am-\n-pp.
$ kwhmZw tamU-td- A[-ym-]nI Bbn-cn--Ww.
Ipn-I-fpsS bYmY A`n-cpNn cn-Xm Xncn--dn-tb--Xp-v.
km[y-X-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw t_m[-y-s-Sp--Ww.
DNnX k`--fn CS-s]v B-cnI A`n-t{]c-W-I (Intrinsic
motivation) cq]-s-Spn Ipn-Isf t{]mm-ln-n--Ww.
Ipn-I-fpsS `mhn cq]-s-Sp-p--Xn cn-Xm- kzw B{K-
l- ASn-tn-m-Xn-cn-p-I.
]{v
76 So sSIvv
acm[n-jvTn-Xhpw em`m-[n-jvTn-X-hp-amb temI-n aqe-y-t_m-[-
tmsS hf-cm t{]cn-n-p-I.

$ Ipn-I-fpsS A`n-cpNn Xncn-dnbp--Xnepw `mh-\m--I-amb PohnXw Icp-n-Sn-n-

p--Xnepw apXn-h hln-p ]n-s\-p-dnv amsI-z-kns IY-bnse
k`- (hy-n-KX - a
- mbn) Is-m \ntZ-in-p-p. aqtm \mtem Ah-
X-cW
- - .
]mTm-]{- K-Y\w {]tbm-P\
- s
- -Spn A[-ym-]nI t{ImUo-Ic
- n-Ww.
amPn- dnb-enkw
$ amPn- dnb-en-ks- -p-dnv ]mT-]p-kvXI
-
- n-ep Ipdnv Ipn-If
- psS {i-
bns-Spmw. Ipn-I hmbn-p-p.
$ km[m-cW `mh-\bpw CXn-lmkIY-Ifpw amPn- dnb-en-khpw Xn-ep hy-
X-ym-ks
- av? s]mXp-N.
$ ctm aqtm Ah-Xc - W
-
- .
Hcp A\n-ta-j Nn{X-n IpXn-c-bpsS apJ-ap Hcp a\p-jys\ \apv
krjvSn-mw. CsXmcp km[m-cW `mh-\-am-{X-am-Wv. ChnsS B `mh-\-bpsS
ku-c-y-amWv \mw Bk-z-Zn-p--Xv. CXv amPn- dnb-en-k-a-. ]p- X-
e-bp cmh-W\pw CXn\p ka-am-Wv. sIm-s aIs cw sXcp-hp-
tXmdpw Hgp-In- Ah-km-\-aXv AI-se-bp hon-\p-n \n A-bpsS
Imep-I-fn-tev HgpInsbn-sbv amsI-zkv Hcp cN-\-bn ]d-bp-p-
v. c-kv]i-ta--tm Xs aI acn-p-shv Abvv t_m[-y-am-
Ip-p. ChnsS am{nI`mh-\b - p-sv Xo. AXp-am-{X-a D-X.v Abpw
aI\pw Xn-ep B-_--ns Bgw F bmYmYyhpw Chn-sS-bp-
v. Cu bmYmYys Xo{h-ambn A\p-`h - n-n-p-X
- n\p thn-bmWv sXcp-
hn-eqsS cw HgpIn A-bpsS Imen sXmp-sh am{n-I-I\
amsIzkv Ah-Xc - n-n-p-X
- v.
$ s{]m^. Fw. IrjvW\mb-cpsS teJ\`mKw IqSn {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-p-I.
amPn- dnb-enkw
1982 kmln-Xy-n-\p t\m_k-m\w t\Snb emn-\-ta-cn- t\mh-env
Kmknb amsIz-kn-t\mSv tmZn-b-t{Z-^kv tNmZnp: ""at\m-c-Y-kr-jvSnbpw (Fan-
tasy) {]Xo-tIm-]m-Jym-\hpw (Myth) ssZ\w-Zn\ bmYmYy-tmSv k-e\w sNbvX
amPnIv dnb-enk coXn-bn-emWv Xm Fgp-Xp--Xv. DZm-l-c-W-n\v Hcp ]mXncn
tNmtv Ign-p-tm Hcp Xmp-an-msX BIm-i-tv Db-cp-p. AXp-sImv
Xm-fpsS t\mh-ep-Iv \nXy-Po-hn-X-tmSv F{X _-apsv tNmZn-p-sImv
\apv (Cu IqSn-m-gvN) Bcw-`n-mw.'' amsIzkv adp-]Sn \In: ""Fs Fm
{K-f - nepwhv "GIm-X
- b
- psS \qdp-hj'fn Hmtcm hcnbpw bmYmYy-tmSv
_-s-mWv XpS-p--Xv. hmb-\-m kXyw \-Xp-t]mse a\-n-em--t-sbp
IcpXn Rm\-hp hn]p-eo-I-c-W-ZWw (Magnifying glass) \Ip-I-bm-Wv. Rms\m-
cp-Zm-l-cWw Xc-s.
lb skdn
ebmfw
Fgp-Iw 77
FtdUnd (Innocent Erendira) F sNdp-I-Ybn Deo-kv F IYm-

]m{Xw mkv sXmSp k`--fn-semw AXns \ndw amdp-p-v. AXp
kXy-am-Im Xc-an--tm. Fm kvt\l-s-p-dnv hf-sc-tbsd ]d-
pIgn-Xp-sImv Cu _me kvt\l-nsn-cn--bm-sWp sXfn-
bn-m F\np \qX-\-amb Bhn-jvIm-c-coXn Ip]n-Sn-t-n-bn-cn-p-p.
AXn-\m mkns \nd- Rm amn-sm-t-bn-cn-p-p. IqSmsX
Ahs A- s b- s mv Cs\ ]d- b n- p- I bpw sNbvXp
""kvt\lwsImv am{X-amWv Ah kw`-hn-p--Xv. .... BcXv?'' kvt\l-
s-p-dnv apv Ftmgpw ]d-n-p--Xn-s\-s thsdm-cp-hn-[-n
]d-bp--XmWv Fs amKw. AsX-s\ Pohn-Xs XInSw adn-p-p-
sh-v, AsXs\ Fm-n-s\bpw XInSw adn-p-p-sh-v.''
IqSn-mgvN \S-nb kv{Xo hopw tNmZn-p-I-bp-mbn: ""Ign Ccp-
]Xv hj-ambn emn-\-ta-cn--bn\nv amPnIv dnb-env t\mh-ep-I-fpsS
kvt^mS\w R ImWp-I-bm-Wv. kXyhpw AXnkXyhpw (Surreal) A\n-
b-{n-X-ambn Iqn--epXn\mbn emn-\-ta-cn- Fgp-p-Imsc t{]cn-
n-p--sX-mWv?''
amsIzkv adp-]Sn ]d-p: ""emn-\-ta-cn- ]cn-X-n-Xn- AXy-Zv`p-X-
I-c-am-sW-Xp kv]jvSw. hntijnpw Ico-_n-b.- sIm-fw_nb-bpsS Ico-
_n-b `mK-p-\n-mWv Rm hcp--Xv. AXv hnNn-{X-amb e-am-Wv.
]h-X-{]-tZ-i-amb AUo-b {]tZip-\nv AXp XnIpw hn`n--am-
Wv. sImfw_nb Ncn-{X-nse A[n-\n-th-i-Im-e-b-f-hn am\y-cmbn kzbw
Icp-Xn-b-h-scmw D\m-n-tep t]mbn. ISo-cv Ah-ti-jn--h
sIm-m am{Xw. \ AY-n sIm-m. ]ns \-Icpw kml-
kn-Icpw Dm-k-am-h-cpw. kap-{Z-Xo-cph ISsm--m-cp-sSbpw
I--S-p-Im-cp-sSbpw Xp-S-m-cm-bn-cp-p. Idp ASn-a-I-fpsS Iep-
ap-v. C-s\-sbmcp ]cn-X-n-Xn-bn hfphcn-I-sbp ]d-m Ihn-
X-sb-p-dnv hnNn-{X--fmb hn`-h-tI-{- Dm-hp-Isbm-WYw.
IqSmsX Ico-_n-bbn Fp hniz-kn-p-hm\pw Rp Ign-bpambn-
cpp, ImcWw hn`n---fmb Fm kwkvIm-c--fp-sSbpw kzm[o-\-in
R-fn-ep-m-bn-cpp F-Xm-Wv. Ah-tbmSp Itm-en-m-a-Xhpw Xt-i-
hn-izm-kfpw Ien-cp-p FXpw. {]Xy--kXy-n\v Ap-dv
t\mp-hm-\p lrZ-b-hn-im-eX AXp Rp Xp-sh-mWv Fs
hnNmcw. Ac---bnse Hcp Ico-_n-b {Kma-n hfp-h inip-
sh \ne-bn Itk-c-Isf t\mw sImp-am{Xw Ne\w sImn-p
Bfp-I-fpsS AZv`p-X-I-c-fmb IY-I Rm tIp-I-bp-m-bn. ]ip-
-fpsS tcmK- t`Z-am-m-\mbn Ah-bpsS apn\nv hnc-Isf Cm-
Xm-p Hcmfpm-bn-cp-p Ac----bn. Abm ]ip-hns apn
\npw. hnc-I ]ip-hns Xe-bn-eqsS ]pd-p-h-cm XpS-pw. Rm\Xv
Hcn- Ip FXp kXy-am-Wv. kv{Xo hopw tNmZnp: ""Xm F-
s\-bmWv CXn\v kam-[m\w \Ip-Xv.'' amsIz-kns adp-]Sn : ""lm,
F\n--Xn\v kam-[m\w \Im Ign-bp-sa-n CXv Rm `h-Xn-tbmSv
]{v
78 So sSIvv
]d-bp-am-bn-cp-n-. iniphmbncn-p Imev AsX\nvv AZv`p-X-I-c-ambn

tXmn. Cpw AXv AZv`p-X-s-Sp-p-p.''
amPn- dnb-en-k-ns DZvtLmjI\mb amsIzkv Xs AsX-m-
sWp kv]jvS-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn--Xp-sImv hnti-jn-smcp hni-Zo-I-cWw
IqSntb Xocq Fn-. Fnepw emn-\-ta-cn- kmln-Xy-nse hn-ti-j-X-
bmbn sImm-S-s-Sp Cu {]m-\-ns DZv`-hhpw hnIm-khpw ]cn-K-W-
\ml--fm-sWp hnNm-cn-p-p. ^m-kn-bp-sSbpw am{n-I-XbpsSbpw AZv`p-
X-n-sbpw A-co--n Kuc-h-]qW--fmb hnj-b-sf \nth-i\w
sNp-I, AXn\p Imtam-p-IXzw sImv \nd-ta-p-I. CXmWv amPn- dn-b-
en-kw. CXp emn-\-ta-cn- kmln-Xy-n am{Xta Zriy-am-Ip-p-q. -
kmn-Ihpw Am-Xpw Xn-ep hyXymkw ChnsS t\p t\v
Cm-Xm-hp-p. hmb-\-m-c cpw HmsWp IcpXn kXy-n-te-, AXn-
k-Xy-n-tev, alm-k-Xy-n-tep (Greater reality) {]th-in-p-p.
-Fw. IrjvW\m-b (am-Pn- dnb-en-kw)
$ amPn- dnb-enkw {]X-y
- s
- -Sp IYmk`- hy-n-KX
- a
- mbn Ipn-I
Is-s - .
$ cv aqv Ipn-I Ah Ah-X-cn-n-s.
{]Im-i-P-e-n hw Xpg-bp-Xv.
{]Im-iP
- e
-
- n apn- - p-Xv.
am{UnUv \K-c-am-sI {]Im-iPew sImv \nd-bp--Xv.

$ Cu am{nI`mh\ GXp bmYmYys BhnjvIcn-m-\mWv amsI-zkv {]tbm-

P-\-s-Sp-p-Xv. Ipn-I hnhn[ {Kqp-I-fmbn Xncnv Cm-cyw N sN-
s.
]mTm-]{- K-Y\w {]tbm-P\
- s
- -Spn t{ImUoI-cn-p-I.

Ihn-Xm-hn-h\w
$ ""It is not far away dear
It, away from three finger tip
Not need days or time
Saw fire in the third eye
It's the fire eye of sky father.''
Cu Imh-y-`mKw hnh\w sNm Ipn-I-tfmSv ]dbpp.
$ CXv Ipn-I hy-n-K-X-ambn sNt--Xm-Wv. aqtm \mtem Ah-X-c-W-.
Hn-te-sd-t IhnXmhnh\w \S-n-b-tm hy-XykvX IhnXIfmWv
\apv Inn- b Xv . GsXmw LS- I - - f n- e mWv Ch hy- X ym- k - s - - X ?
s]mXpN.
]Z-Xew ]mZ-Xew Xmfw `mhw
lb skdn
ebmfw
Fgp-Iw 79
$ CsXmcp ae-bmf Ihn-Xb

- psS ]cn-`m-jb
- m-sWv A[-ym-]nI hy-a
- m-pp.
$ hn.]n. jpJns Ihn-X-bpsS Hcp -`mKw Cwojn\np hnh\w
sNbvXX - mWv. ae-bmf Imh-y`
- mKw ]cn-Nb
- s
- -Sp-p-p.
""Zqsc-bs
- So ssIsb-p-hm-\n\n
aqt-aqp hncmSv
\mfp-thsSo \mgnIthsSo
aqmw In I\-ep-I-t
am\--s Xo-v.''
$ hnh\w kK{]h-\a - m-sWv A[-ym-]nI hy-a - m-p-p. hnh\w
sNp-b
- m-fpsS kmlnXyt_m[hpw ku-cy- i - o-ehpw kmwkvIm-cn-It- _m-[hpw
hnh-\-ns kz-`m-hs kzm-[o-\n-p-p. AXp-sIm-mWv Ipn-I \S-
nb hnh-\- hy-X-y-kvX-am-b-Xv, hn.]n. jp-J-ns IhnXbpambn
Ahbvv _-an-m-Xm-b-Xv. ]Ztam ]mZtam A, IhnX \psS Dn-ep-m-
nb ]mT-amWv hnh\w sNt-X - v.
$ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-n tdm_v t{^mns Hcp Imh-y-`mKw F.-hn. -Ir-jvW-
hmcycpw IS--\n-bpw hnh\w sNbvXXvv \In-bn-p-v. Ch kzo-I-cn
`mjm-]c- hpw `mh-]c
- h
- p-amb khn-ti-jX
- I
- Xmc-Xa
- yw sNm A[-ym-]nI \ntZ-
in-p-p. hnhn[ {Kqp-I-fmbn Ipn-I Cu {]h\w \S--Ww.
NmkqN\-I
]Zw
]mZw
`mh-Xew
$ kwL-N, Ah-X-cWw
F.hnbpsS ]Z- Imev]-\nIkz-`m-h-ap--h-bm-Wv. IS--\n--
bp-tS-Xm-hs, Xmfm-I
- X
- b
- psS Xo{hku-cyw hln-p-h
- bpw.
]mZ-Xe -
- n F.-hn-bpsS hnh\w {Zmhn-UO
-
-
- ns ku-
c-y-apsm-p-tm IS--\nbpsS hnh\w ]Nm-ac
hr-ns Otm-Xm-f-apsm-p--Xm-Wv.
IS-\
- n-b
- psS hnh-\ - n hnIm-cX- o-{hX apn\np-p. Ccp-
-Km-[-amb alm-h\w F {]tbm-K-n Im\\\oen-a-bpsS
AKm[ku-cy- a - p-v. F.-hn-bpsS hnh-\ - n-em-Is, apdnp
hogp KZ-yns NSp-eX - m-fh
- pw.

]{v
80 So sSIvv
A\y-`m-jm-]-Z- Ismw
$ "tlmkv]n--en AUvanv sNbvX tcmKn-bpsS _p ^nkn-j-y-t\mSv tcmK-hn-
hcw At\-z-jn-p. adp-]Sn tIv sSj-\n \n Abm kq{]-ns apdn-
bn \nv duvkn\p h \gvkn-t\mSv Xs kSw ]dp' Cu hmIy
A[-ym-]nI t_mUn Fgp-Xp-p. CXnse A\-y-`m-jm-]-Z- Isn
]n-Is
- -Sp-m Ipn-It- fmSv ]d-bp-p.
$ ctm aqtm Ipn-I ]Z- hmbn-p-p. Cu ]Z- GXv `mj-bn
\nmWv FSp-Xv Fv A[-ym-]n- I tNmZn-p-p.
$ Cwo-jn\nv Fm Ah ae-bm-f-]Z-am-bn--s-bmWv \mw {]tbm-Kn-p-
X.v CXns Imc-W-sa-mWv? s]mXpN.
A\-y-`m-j-I-fn\nv ]e-hn-[-n \mw ]Z- kzo-I-cn-m-dp-v. X-a-
co-Xn-bn, X-hc - o-Xn-bn......

A\-y` - m-jm-]Z-
- \psS `mjmLS-\b - ntep hcp-tm Ah-bn \psS
`mj-bnse {]X-y-b- tNv cq]w ammw.
]Z-a, {]X-y-b-amWv `mj-bpsS ImX, `mjm-L-S-\-bmWv apJ-yw.
Nn{Xw hymJym-\nmw
Ihn-X-bpw IY-bpw t]mse kn\n-abpw kwKo-Xhpw inev]hpw
t]mse, Bk-zZ- n-t-p-, \ncq-]Ww \S-t-p Ie-bmWv Nn{X-
I-e-bpw. hen-sbmcp Nn{X-Iem ]mc--cyw \ap-p-v; Kplm-Nn-{X-
-fn-em-cw-`nv NphNn-{X-f
- n-eqsSbpw If-sa-gp-n-eq-sSbpw hfv
]pXp-co-Xn-bn Fn\np Hcp henb Iem-]m-c - cyw. kmln-
Xyw t]mse Nn{X-I-eb-pw ]e hym-J-ym-\-pw CS-\Ipw.
Nn{X-Im-c hcbpw hW-fpw sIms-gp-Xnb cN-\-I-fn ]e
Bi-b - fpw adn-cn-p-p-mIpw.
$ B[p-\nI Nn{X-I-e-bnse {it-b-\mb Iem-Im-c-\mWv kmhtZm Zmen.

t_mIvkn \In-bn-p Ipdn-p-IqSn {]tbm-P-\-s-Spn A[-ym-]n-I-bpsS
Bap-J
- n-\p-tijw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-nse sImSp-n-cn-p Nn{Xw ]cn-tim-
[nmw.
kmh-tZm Zmen (1904-1989)

Ccp-]Xmw \qm-nse Ghpw {]ap-J- Nn{X-Im-c-m-cn-sem-cm-fmWv kmh-
tZm Zmen. 1904 sabv ]-Xn-s\m-n\v kvs]bn-\nse ^nKp-dm-kn P\np.
Bdmw hb-n (1910 ) BZys s]bnnMv sNbvXpsImv Zmen X\nv
Nn{X-I-e-bn-ep Xmcyw {]I-Sn-n-p. 1921 kmh-tZm Zmensb
am{UnUv ss^ BSvkv kvIqfn tNp. CXn\IwXs Zmen At\Iw
s]bnn-Mp-I sNp-Ibpw cp ]pc-kvIm-c- t\Sp-I-bp-ap-m-bn. 1929
lb skdn
ebmfw
Fgp-Iw 81
kdn-b-env {]m-\-n\v hyXy-kvX-amb Znim-t_m[w \Inb

Zmen Xs hnNn-{X-amb s]cp-am-hpw {`mns\ \ymbo-I-cn-p knm-
--fp-ambn Bkzm-Z-I-k-aq-l-ns {i-bm-Ijn-p. \njvI-f--cq-
]--fpsS ]nd-In Hfn-n-cn-p-Xv {`m knm---fmsWm-bn-
cpp Zmen-bpsS Is-. ]c-t\m-bn-bmIv {Inn- satUv
(Paranoiac Critical Method) F cN-\m-k-t-X-ap-]-tbm-KnmWv Zmen
Xs Ghpw hnPbw hcn Nn{X--sf-gp-Xn-b-Xv. t{^mbn-Uns "kz]v\-
sfpdn-p hymJym\w' (Interpretation of dreams) Zmen-bpsS kd-
nb-env cN-\-Isf kzm[o-\n IrXn-bm-Wv. h\y-amb kz]v\--v
Pohn-X-n henb {]k-nbpw kzm[o-\hpapsv Zmen cN-\-I-fn-
eqsS sXfn-bn-p. kdn-b-en-k-ns BNm-cy-m-\-mWv Zmen-bpsS
m\-sa-nepw 1938 Atlw mkn-knk-n-tep Xncn-p. Zmen-
bpsS Nn{X t]mseXs hmKv[m-Sn-bp--h-bm-bn-cpp Atl-
ns knm--fpw. 1984 InS-p-ap-dn-bn-ep-mb Xon-Sn--n
kmc-ambn s]m-te Zmen ]noSv XnIpw H-s Pohn-X-amWv \bn-
-Xv. 1989 P\p-hcn 23 \v lrZ-bm-Lm-X-m Zmen F hn{àm--I-Nn-
{XImcs Pohn-Xn\v Xnc-oe hoWp.
$ hy- n- K - X - a mb \nco- - W -
Ipdn-p-p.
kdn-b-enkw
$ Ipn-Isf Nn{X-Im-c-m-cpsS t]cp- ap[m-c-W-sbbpw bpn-sbbpw Dt]-
I \In ]e {Kqp-I-fm-p-p. n- p- s Imv D]- t _m- [ - X - e s
$ hy-n-K-X-ambn Xbm-dm-nb \nco- Nn{Xo-Ic - n-m-\p-t-in-p- Iem-{]-m-
j-W- {Kqn Ah-X-cn-nv \w. {]Xo-I--fn-eqsS D]-t_m-[-a-\-
sa-s-Sp-p-p. ns hym]m-c-sf Ah-X-cn-n-p-
p. ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp---fmb {]Xo-I-
$ Hmtcm {Kqpw Ah Ah-X-cn-n-
pp. sf Iqn-tp-tm kmam-\ y-
_pn ASn-m-\-am-n-bp AY-
kdn-b-en-k-ns D-a-am- v hyXn-bm\w kw`-hn-p-p.
Xr-I-bmWv Cu Nn{Xw.
hkvXp-hns cq]-n LS- B. cho-{-\mYv
\m-]c - a
- mb s]mfn-s-gpv \S- (Nn-{X-Ie Hcp ka{K]T-\w)
pp.
kmam-\y-t_m-[ - n-\- p-da
- p
AXn-bm-YmYy-ns Xe-
n-tev Db-cp Nn{X-cN - \
- m-coXn.
CXnse LSn-Imcw aq-amb Hcp cq]-a-.
LSn-Im-cs AXns ]Xnhp cq]-hn-Xm-\-n \nv amn Nn{Xo-
I-cn-ncnp-p.
kabw, ]cn-an-X-amb Hcp hr-n-\-Ip am{Xw _m[-I-am-Ip
H-. AXn\v Hcp N-q-Snsbpw Bh-i-y-an-.
]{v
82 So sSIvv
kz-]v\- nsbpw t^mtm{Km-^n-bp-sSbpw khn-ti-jX - I- Iqn-bn-
W-p-p.
\jvSs- -p-t]mb Pa-tZ-is (t]mven-K
- )v Nn{X-n-eqsS hos-
Sp-m-\p {iaw.
a\p-sIm-p-t]-n ew Nn{X-n hc--Xmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-
p-p.
ac-sm-n Xqn-bn LSn-Im-chpw \nev ]c-sm-gp-Ip LSn-
Im-chpw ka-bkqN-I - ns]cn-kc ssh]p-ey- s Hman-n-p-p.
1.3 Incm-X-hrw
B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-I-hn-I-fn auen-I-am-sbmcp ku-cy-k-ev]w
krjvSn Ihn-bmWv IS--\n cma-Ir-jvW. tIc-f-nse X\Xv
cwK-I-em-]m-c-cyhpw hmsam-gn-h-g--ns coXn-t`-Zfpw kqva-
ambn kzmwio-I-cn-m IS--\n--bpsS Ihn-X-Iv Ign-n-p-v.
]S- b Wn Bim- \ mb IS- - \ n cma\m- b - c psS aI- \ mWv Ihn.
cma\mb IS--\n-sb ]S-bWn ]Tnn-n-. ]S-bWn F a[y-Xn-
cp-hn-Xmw-Iqdnse A\p-jvTm-\-I-em-cq]w A`y-kn-msX AXns
\mtSmSnkwkvImcioe-fn A`n-ca - n-p-Ib
- mWv IS-\ - n sNbvXX - v.
]noSv sI.-kn.-Fk - .v ]Wn-cpw ]n-\nbpaS-a - p Nn{X-Im-cam-cmb
Iem-{]-Xn-Ì - f
- p-am-bp kw, Fw.-tKm-hn-\pw A- - W- n-c- p-aS- -
w B[p-\n-Ik - m-ln-Xy-Im-cam-cp-am-bp kwhm-Z - Fnh IS--
\n--bpsS Imhy-{]-Xn-`bvv Icp-tIn. ae-bm-f-ns ae-tbm-c-h-g--
amsmcp Imhy-`m-h-\bpw Imhy-`m-jbpw Cu IhnbneqsS kmm-
-cn-s - -p. ]pXp-Im-e[ - -k - S- - p A`-bc - q]w F \ne-
bn AssZhkev]w Bhn-jvI-cn-Xv IS--\n---hn-Xsb hyXn-cn-
-amn. aebpw ImSpw Ihn-X-bnse {]IrXn CS--fm-hp-Ibpw Ah-
bpsS \jvSw Ihn-X-bpsS `mh-]-cn-k-c--fm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. A-Sn-
tbmsS {]m[m-\yw \jvSa - mb sNm ]mc-c - yw Xncn-p-]n-Sn-p-X- n
IS--\n \S-nb Ihn-b-c-p-Ipw sNm-gvN-I-pw ]pv.
]mc-c - y-n \nv AssZh-sbpw Xmf-sbpw tXmn-sb-Sp-,
\h-Im-e - ns Zpc- - en-If- n InSv {]Xn-tj-[m-I - a- mbn \odnb
Imhy-{]-] - a - mWv IS-\ - n-b
- p-tS-Xv.
\mm-fs FXn{[p-h-amWv Imm-f. ImSmsI Bfn\np--h-
\mWv Ah. Incm-X-hrw F IhnX s]pInS-p Hcp ]pen-
bn \nmWv Bcw-`n-p--Xv, hm-ey-n-sbpw kwc--W-n-
sbpw h\-y-amb amXr-_nw-_-am-W-Xv. Imm-fs In Cu-p-en-
bpv. Ipns kwc-W - _
- m-[y-Xb - p-X - n-\m cu{Z-`m-ha
- W
- n-bp
Cu-p-en-bm-W-Xv. Imm-fs hf ]pcn-I-n Icn-aqJ-\p-v.
k-tcm-j-tmsS {]Xn-Im-c-Zwi-\-n\v shp Imm-fs `mh-
amWv Cu hcn-If - n Ah-Xcn-n-p-
- X
- .v Xcn-im-s - Xs Bhmkhy-
h--bn -s\p\odn-\np Imm-f\v Dn AS-m ]I-bp-
v. Npp-Nm-e
- m-s- -Sp h\-ns \Sp-hn \ncm-[m-c\ - mbn s\v
lb skdn
ebmfw
Fgp-Iw 83
tcmj-ns ]hpw Ipn \np-Xv AXp-sIm-m-Wv. IS--\n-

mhnse ]S-bWn A\p-jvTm-\-ns ]m-e-n am{Xta Cu
{]Xn-`mkw a\-n-em-m-\m-hq. ]S-b-Wn-bpsS tImewXp-en Fm
tIme-pw tijw Hcp ipo-I-c-W-n-s\ t]mse {]Xy--s-
Sp ss`c-hn-tm-e
- n\pta ]- Xdphn-cn-pw. cu{Z-ns-
-Xmb Cu ]S-b-Wn---amWv Imm-f Xs s\v Ipn-sh-Xv.
ChnsS ss`chnbpsS BmwiamWv Imm-f. ""X\n \mS {]tbm-K-
-fpsS Nqcpw NpWbpw hodpw Ie \S-\a - p-{Z-tbm-sS-bmWv Incm-Xs
{]thiw. AI-s\-n timIhpw ]pd-s\-n ]hpw Ip-tm
sshh-iy-n Pzen-p t{Im[w''-Fv Pn.-F. -]n \nco-n-p-
p-v. hoWp-t]m-b -Hcp tKm{Xw t]mse-bmWv Cu Imm-f. IS--
\nbpsS Imhy-`m-jbpw `mh-n-s\mv Bfn--p-p-v. "\nq'-
F {]tbm-K-nse "D' Imc ZoLw Xo\mf-ns Bf [z\n-
npp.
{]Ir-Xn-bn a\p-jy-Po-hnXw Btcm-]npsImv "Incm-Xh - rw' NSp-
e-am-hp-p. PU-am-bn-tm-Ip aebpw BIm-ihpw Iv Ie-p-Ibpw
\Sp-p-IbpamWv Imm-f. ae-tbm-c - g- - a - p Xs amXmhpw BIm-
i-hn-kvXr-Xn-bp ss]Xr-Ihpw ivaim-\k - a - m-\a- m-Ip-p. `qan-bpsS ape-
I-fmWv ae-I. hwi-]-c--c-bpsS thcm-Wtm ape-I. ape-]m-Xn-ap-
dn {]Ir-Xn-bpsS I\hnfn Nmp-fn-bmbn Imm-fs s\n Bp
Xdbvpp. tcmj-ns ]-tm-sSmw k-S - ns I\\o-e - p-
Ifpw Imm-fs\ {]tIm-]n-n-p-p. ChnsS IS--\n Imm-fs\ cv
D]-am-\--fn-tev hnI-kn-n-p-p-v. "IW-tb Icn-pen' FXv
ssZ\y-nsbpw "Dcps]m-nb amae' FXv ]X-\-nsbpw kqN-
\I--fm-hp-p. Iog-S
- p ssZ\y-sbpw ]X-\s - bpw cu{Z-`m-hw-sImv
AXn-Po-hn-p-I-bmWv Imm-f. temI-am-k-Iew De-bvp Hc-e-
bmbn Imm-f amdp-p. {]f-b-n-eqsS Ic-bnse ama-c- IS-]p-g-
n-sb-dn-bm-\p tijn ImSn-\p-v. Ae-dm-\p tijn IS-en-\p-v.
ChnsS Imm-f IS-en\p aotX Ae-dp-Ibpw IS-ens thcv ]dn-s-Sp-
m IpX-dp-Ibpw sNp-p. \jvSs - ssPhkp-en-XX - z- s k - wlm-
c-m-Ia - mbn Xncnp]nSn-p, ipo-Ic - W- - ns [mXp-_e - a
- p-, ]S-
b-Wn-bnse ss`c-hn-tm-e-s A\p-kva-cn-np DZv[rX-ho-cy-ap
Imm-fs - \-bmWv ChnsS {]I-Sa- m-p-X- v.
Akm-[m-c-W-amb Icp-n-tep {]th-in Imm-f s]mSp-s\
asmcp `mh-n-tep ]Xn-p-p. ag-\o-cns Dhc-Xb - vmbn Imn-
cnp thgm--ens ssZ\y-am-bn-ocpp Abm. ""kvt\l-n\v
Zmln-p B]oU\Nn-amWv Imm-f'- s\v kn-Zm\- \oco-n-
p-p-v. ]-p-Is-fmw Icnpt]mb an-en-cpv Imm-f BIm-
is \nco-n-p-p. BImiw hnjw Ie IS-embn A\p-`-h-s-
Sp-p. ac-Wa- S- Icn-ta-L - v ag-\ocv sImp-hc
- m-\m-hn-s Xncn-
-dn-hn Fp-p. Icn-ac - Ww Imhm-cm- hp "ISp-t\m-hn tImbn-
en-cpv' `qX-Im-e\- n-\h
- p-If - n-tev B-kw-Lj-tmsS k-cn-p-
p. \jvS-s {]IrXnca-Wo-b-X-I-fn lrZbw sNv sXmSp Xpf-
]{v
84 So sSIvv
knm-Sp-Ifpw ]-pw ap--p-p-I-fp-samw Hgn-p-t]mb hyY,
ku-cy-ns {]Xo-I-amb ky-I Cm-Xm-b-Xns DWvT
Fnh \ap-nhnsS Zin-mw. Incm-X-hr--n {]Xy--s-Sp
Ghpw ku-cym-I - a
- mb Zriy-_nw-_a - mWv ""Idp-I - pp- - nfn
If-sa-gp-Xn-m-Snb cmhp-I''F-Xv. \nem-hns If-sa-gpp]mn\v Hcp
]ppv thZn-bm-hp-Ib - m-W.v {]Ir-Xn-sbbpw A\p-jT v m-\s - bpw kK-
e-bk- t- m-l\ - - n-se-n-p-p IS-\ - n-. tNme-ac -
- n Nphnse ImS-
n-I-fpsS \rhpw Xmf-an-m-kz-Zn-p Xm\pw Hm-bn ISp
hcpp. \jvS] - c- n-kc
-
- f - psS bmYmYy-n-tev Xncn-d - n-thmsS DW-cp-
I-bm-Wv Immf \n\-hp-I; NSp-e-X-tbm-sS-bp tKm{X-\-S\w {]Ir-Xn-
_nw-_--fpsS AI--Sn-tbmsS kmm-XvI-cn--p-p. Nne--I sIn,
Immdn Xcn-h-f-I-f-Wnv Ccp-Xpw ZrV-hp-amb Icnhont]m-ep
ico-c- fpsS Cf-hpw apSn-bpsS NnX-de - pw sImv \rw NSp-ea - mhpp.
\jvSs - -p-t]mb \ \mfp-Is - fbpw tXIq-Sp-I tXSn-tmbn Ish-
p \npad BIp-p--sfbpw ]qqS \nd-bvm t]mbn
ImWm-Xmb s]Ip-n-I-sfbpw BIp-e-X-tbmsS Hmv Hm-bpsS
el-cn-bn \nv sRn-b-I-ep-p. An Npn-sem-nb Bq
sampt]m-ep Ipcp-p-Isf-hnsS? Ah-cpsS Cfw Xfn-sc-p-I Icn-
bp aW-amtWm \mUn-I-fn Xd-bp--Xv? ]q Icn Ccp-fm
CS-fn\nv Xnbm-YmYyfpsS ka-Ime Dth-hp-Ifnsen-
b- Im-m-f s\v ssIhv tNmZn-p- Zri-ya - m-Wn-Xv.
"Incm-X-hrw' Bcw-`n-Xv t\mpt\mv InS Cu-p-en-bn
\nmWv. XpSv \jvS-h-k---en-I-fn-eqsSbp BIp-e-{]-bm-W-
nembn- Ihn-X. Ihn-Xm-y-n `mh-hn-t-Zs - a-tmWw Cud-\W - n
Cu-p-en-bpsS Iv AXn-Xo-vWa - m-Ip-p. {]I-Sa - mb cu{Z-Xb - n-tev
Fp-p. In\nv Duphogp-Xv Bt-b[ - mc-bm-Wv. ""hnjmZw
IS--\nhn-X-bn hne-]n-sm-gp-Ip Hcp Imm-d-, Xnf-p-a-dn-bp
{]hm-l-n \np-b-cp s]mn-p \ocm-hn-bmWv'' Fv Fw.-eo-
em-hXn A`n-{]m-bs - -n-p-v. \sv \nhv Fgp-tp \n Imm-f
It-mp-I\ - m-hp-p. kwlm-cm-Ia - mb Icp-ns, {]Xn-{In-bb - psS
cwK-{]-thiw Chn-sS-bp-v. tIm]n-jvT\pw {]Xn-Im-c-Zm-ln-bp-amb BZn-
]n-Xm-hns `mh--I-bn-em-Ipp Imm-f. \h-\m-K-cn-I-X-bpsS Cc-
bmbn amdn-b-h Ncn-{X-n\npw ]mc--cy-n\npw kzmwio-I-
cn DuP-n \npsImv Ae-dn--d-bp Bhm-l-\-kz-`m-h-ap
Hcp cwK-n-emWv "Incm-Xh - rw' Ah-km-\n-p-X - v. BZn{ZmhnU-kw-
kvIm-ck- q-NI
- a- mb I-gp-sImv th-m-cpsS ssII shm\pw aesb
ssItbdn am\-`w-Ks - -Sp-n-bh - sc kwl-cn-m\pap Blzm-\ - n-tev
IhnX Fn-t-cp-p, Imm-fs ZpxJw tcmj-am-hp-Ibpw a\p-jy-hw-i-
ns `mK-t[-b--fn-tev ]S-cp-Ibpw sNp-p. Ipew apSn--h-cpsS
IpSam-e-IsImv \nd-am-esbm-cpn, am-Sn-a-b-nb in-Isf
Bhm-lnphcpn Ahbvv t\sc hnpIpe-bvp-Ibpw sNp-p.
ChnsS Imm-fs {]mW-R-c-p-I Rm Bbnamdpp. CSn-an-
smSn HSnv Ap-I-fm-p-p. Cu Ap-I An-n-c-bmbn
Imta-L - f- n sNp-cb - p-Ibpw Dh-cX hos-Sp-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
lb skdn
ebmfw
Fgp-Iw 85
""]S-b-Wn-bpsS I-Im--n ss`c-hn-bpsS `qanI ipo-I-c-W-

n-t-XmWv Fv IftImSv hmkp-tZ-h\mb tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-p-
v. ss`c-hn-bpsS Bmwiw t]dnb Imm-f ag-bn-tepw thcp-I-
fn-tepw kqcy-In-cW
-
- n-tepw Xncn-s-pp. Dh-cX - b- psS hk-
-Imew sXfnbp-Ibpw h\-aq-bpsS B[n-Iy-n ZpxJw XI-cp-
Ibpw sNp-p. ""\psS {Zmhn-U-amb hnZq-c-]mc-cykvarXn-I-fn
\nv Fgp-tv hcp Cu Incm-X shdp-samcp Imm-f\ - - , Incm-Xc
- q-
]-n-ep inh-\m-W.v \jvSk - zK-s-p-dnv hne-]n-p Hcp BZn-
a-]n-Xm-hmbn Abm \rw sNp-p'' Fv \tc-{-{]-kmZv.
"Incm-X-hr-'-n-tev
$ C-mSv _me-N-{ Fgp-Xnb ""C\n hcp-smcp Xe-ap-dbvv ChnsS hmkw
km[ytam'' F Ihn-X-bpsS Zriym-hn-jvImcw (hoUn-tbm) bq Syq-_n \nv
{]Zin-n-p-p.
$ Ihn-Xbpw Zriyhpw {in-t- m. IhnX D-bn-p kmaq-lnI-{]-i\
v
- Fs-
m-amWv? s]mXp-N
]cn-n-Xn-{]iv\w
bpw
BZn-hmkn{]iv\ -

$ IhnX Fm-epw \ne-\np kmaq-ln-I-{]-iv\-sf A`n-kw-t_m-[\

sNbvXn-p-spw kaq-l-n KpW-]-c-am-bn- C-S-s]-Sm-\p ku-cym--I-
amb Blzm\w Ihn-X-I \nh-ln-p-p-spw A[ym-]n-I t{ImUo-I-cn-
p-p.
$ XpSv IS-\- n-b- psS "Incm-Xh
- rw' sNmnb HmUntbm tIn-pp.
$ IhnX hyn-KX - a- mbn hmbn-p-p.
]T-\-{]-h-\-
AY-Xew Is-
""\odm-b -h\n \Sp-hn \nq Imm-f
s\-sm-cp- ]wIpn \nq Imm-f''
Cu hcn-I-fneqsS Ihn Bhn-jvI-cn-p AY-X-e-- Fsmw? hyn-K-
X-ambn Ipdn-m Bh-iy-s-Sp-p. hnhn[- {Kq-p-If
- m-bn- hyn-KX
- I
- p-dn-p-I
sa-s-Spn Hpdn-mn amp-p.
$ Hmtcm {Kqn-sbpw Ah-X-cWw \nh-ln-p-p. t{ImUo-I-c-W-n\v A[ym-
]nI ]mTm-]-{K-Y\w {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-t--XmWv. "Incm-X-hr--ns BZy-
`m-Ks A]-{K-Y\w am{X-amWv \man-tm \S-n-b-Xv. Cu Ihn-X-bpsS ka-
{K-amb Hcm-kzm-Z-\-p-dn-mWv thXv.
$ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-n \mev {]tbm-K--fpsS AY-Xew Is-m ]d-bp-p-
.v
$ t\c-t-bp \mep {Kqp-It- fmSv AY-Xew Is-m \ntZ-in-p-p.
$ {Kqv N Ah-X-cWw.
]{v
86 So sSIvv
t{ImUo-I-c-W-n
A[ym-]nI ]mTm-]{- K-Y\w
{]tbm-P\
- s
- -Sp-t-X- m-
Wv. ]tS-\n-bn cv k`--fn-emWv a-Xm-f-
ns {]tbm-K-ap--Xv. IpXn-c-tm-e-ns
D]-\ymkw Xbm-dm-pI Xp-enepw kp-c-bntme-ns Xp-
enepw. _mly-i-n-I-fpsS B{I-a-W-ò-j-
$ "IncmXhrw' F Ihn-X- Wnv ap]n Imen-S-dmsX kzw kaq-l-
bnse Pp- , kky- ns c-bvmbn shsmp-Ibpw
eXmZn-I Fnh hyn-K- khi-nbpw D]-tbm-Kn-p-sImv {]Xn-tbm-
X- a mbn ]n- I - s - S p- m Knsb t\cn-Sm ss[cy-]qhw Xbm-sd-Sp-p-
\ntZ-in-p-p. Ibpw sNp Hcp tKm{X--e-hsd tamN-
Pp- kky- \-Xzc IpXn-ct- m-e - f - psS Xp-en ImWmw.
Cu-pen, ap-m-pv, kzmX- { y- ns shfnw ey- a mn
Icn-aqJ, B, \op Hcp tKm{X-k-aq-l-ns NSp-e-amb
]ss, Xpf-kn-mSv, Ime- S n- I - f mWv a- X m- f - p- h - S p- I - t fmsS
thgm-, IdpI Xpm Nhn-p-Xv. tcmKm-Zn-Zp-c-W-
$ aqtm \mtem Ipn-I
- - Ah- -fpsS BLm-X-tav Zpcn-Xs-- Hcp kaqlw
X-cn-n-p-p. kwip-n-bp-sSbpw ku-cy-n-sbpw shfnw
tXSn \op-Ib - mW.v kp-cb -
- n-tm-eph-Sp-
$ Ipn- I Xbm- d m- n- b Xv Ifn AZriycmb X-fpsS tZh-XI - sf sImn-
t_mUn Ipdn-p-p. mSn hnfn-p-sImv AYn-p-Ib - m-Wh - . Pohn-
$ \mtSmSnkwkvIm-c-s-p-dn- X-Zp-c---fnsv [-k--S-a-\p-`-hn-p
p kqN-\I- f
- mWv Ihn-Xb
- n- Hcp kaqlw BXyn-Ia- mbn cm-Zo]w ey-
ep-s-Xv A[-ym-]nI ]d- amnhbvp -]-S-p-h-Sp-I-fmWv cv k`-
bpp. fnepw ]S-b-Wn-m Nhn-p-Xv. a-Xm-
$ Cu ]n-I-bn\np "Incm- fs B[m-c-am-n-bp hmbvm-p-Ipw
Xhrw' F cN-\bvv; AXn-t-Xmb {]tXy-I-X-bpv. shdpw Xmf-{]-
B[m-c-amb ]m-e-s- I-S\- - n\v thn-bp hmbvsamgn {]I-S\ -
-
p-dnv Fsmw kqN-\-I- am{X-a Ah. \psS {]mIr-X-k-aq-l-ns
fmWv e`y-am-Ip-Xv Fv Pohn- X - Z i\w B hmsam- g n- I - f n- e pv .
s]mXp-hmbn tNmZn-p-p. t\mpI: sXw=ssZhw sXwXm = ssZhw
h\w A--bm-Wv. sXwX = ssZhw A-Xs- -bmWv.
{Kmaw sXbv = Pbn-s. sXp-aX - - X={]Ir-Xn-bm-Ip
]cn-nXn
A Xs Pbn-s. Xn=An m-\w--A-
dn-hv. Xnsbv = An Adnhv Pbn-s. a-

Xm-f - ns Xmf-{In-bI - {]I-Sn-n-p hmsam-
gn-bnepw Cu Zi-\-ns k {]I-S-am-hp-
pv. Incm-X-hr--ns B-`m-h-n-
tev IS-p-I-b-dm Ch-sbms klm-b-I-
am-hm-Xn-cn-n-.
- IS-\
- n hmkp-tZ-h]n
lb skdn
ebmfw
Fgp-Iw 87
$ ]mT-]p-kX
v I
-
- n-ep ]S-bW
- n-sb-p-dnp Ipdnv IpnI hmbn-p-p.
$ ]S-b-Wn-bpsS ASn--d-bn sIn-bp-bnb Imhy-in--amtWm "Incm-X-
hrw'? s]mXp-N
]mTm-]{- K-Y\w {]tbm-P\ - s
- -SpWw.
"sXw-X-s-w-X--s-bp-a-X--n-sbv' F-XmWv aXmfw.
IS-\- n hmkp-tZ-h]n-bpsS teJ-\ - n\np Hcp `mKw t_mIvkn
D.v {]tbm-P\ - s
- -Sp-mw.

$ \S ]T-\{- ]-h-\ - ns shfn-- n ]mT-]p-kvXI - - n \nt-in D]-

\ymkw hyn-KX - a
- mbn Xbm-dm-m \ntZ-in-p-p. (D-]\- ymkw t]mv t^mfn-
tbm-bn Ds-Sp-t-X - m-Wv).
Is-pI
$ "Ihn-fn-encpv Ins\ Xncn-p-t\m-p Ip-\o''
sI.-Pn. i-c-n--bpsS "_wKm' F Ihn-X-bnse Hcp {]tbm-K-am-WnXv.
Cu {]tbmKw \n-fpsS a\-n Hcp Nn{X-ambn cq]-s-Sp-ptm ? - A[ym-
]nI tNmZn-p-p.
C{n-bk - w-th-Z\ -
- a - a
- mb hmMvab - N
- n-{X-f - mWv Imhy-_nw-_ - .
sI.-Pn.-i - c
-
- n-b - p-tSXv Zr-iy-_nw-_a - mW.v
Zr-iy-_nw-_-fn-eqsS Imhy-`mhw Xov-W-ambn A\p-`-hn-n-m
Ignbpw.
$ "Incm-Xh- rw' F Ihn-Xs - b ku-cym-I - a
- m-p-- Zriy-_nw-_- Is-
m \ntZ-in-p-p. hyn-KX - a
- mbn Ipdn-p-I.
s\-smcp ]w Ipn \np Imm-f.
Idp-I-pp--nfn If-sa-gpXnmSnb cmhp-I.
$ Cu Zriy-_nw-_- "Incm-X-hrw' F Ihn-X-sb IqSp-X Bkzm-Z-yI-c-

am-p-p- tm? hnhn-[ {- Kq-p-If
- mhp-p.
$ {Kqv N Ah-X-cWw
"Incm-Xh - r-'-n Zriy-_nw-_ - f- mWv Gsd-bp-Xv.
]S-bWn F Zriy-Ie - b
- psS kzm[o\w.
\jvSs- {]Ir-Xnsb Bhn-jvIc - n-p-X- psImv.
Hmw hjw - ] cn- N - b - s Ihn- X - I - f nse Zriy- _ n- w _-
kqNnnmw.
]mTm-]{- K-Y\w IqSn {]tbm-P\ - s
- -Sp-Ww.
sI.-]n.- A-s Ipdn-nep Bib {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-Ww.

]{v
88 So sSIvv
_nw_-I-ev]\: \nh-N-\-ns {]iv\w

Ghpw efn-X-am-bn--d-m C{n-b-kw-th-Z-\--a-amb hmMva-b-Nn-{X--
fmWv _nw_-. Ihn-I \psS C{n-b-sf ey-am-n-bmWv _nw_-
{]tbm-Kn-p--Xv. C{n-bm\p`-h-sf [z\n-n-p--sXpw _nw_-
-fm-Wv. ImcWw Ip-I am{X-a, Fm C{n-b-fpw \apv A\p-`-
h- ]IpXcp-p. Aaq-am-sbm-cm-ibw Ah-Xc-nn-p "Hma'
F ]Zw Xs FSp-p-I. Nnd-Ip Hm-I Fp {]tbm-Knvv AXns\
Zri-y-_nw-_-am-mw. "kuc-`-y-ap Hma-I Fp {]tbm-Knv AXns\
K- _ nw- _ - a mmw "kwKo- X m- - I - a mb Hm- I ' Fp {]tbm- K nv
AXns\ {ih-y-_nw-_-am-mw. "s]mp Hm-I' Fp {]tbm-Knv
"kv]i-_nw-_-ammw'. a[p-cn-p Hm-I Fp {]tbm-Knv AXns\
ck-t\-{n-bs Xr]vXn-s-Sp-p _nw_-amn ammw. Cu B`m-S-
Hp-an-msX Hm F hmv Fs kw_-n-n-S-tmfw _nw_-amWv.
B hmv a\v F C{n-b-n \nXy-X-bn \nv ASn-sb-Sp
kvac-W-bpsS sNdp-tem-I-ambn hp hogp-p. AXp sImv AXv _nw_-
am-Wv. Nnd-Ip Hma-I FXv Iptd-qSn i-amb _nw_-am-sWv
am{Xw.
_nw_w ku-cy-h[-I-h-kvXp-thm, B`-c-Wtam A. AXv Fgp-p-
Im-cs Zi-\-t_m-[-ns Ghpw kXy-k--amb kmy--fmWv.
_nw_-, krjvSn-bpsS thf-bn Fgp-p-Im-c\v Xtbpw {]]--
tbpw Adn-bm-\p amK-am-bn-o-cp-p. AXp-sImv hmb-\-m-c
_nw_-I-ev]-\-I A]-{K-Yn-p-thWw Fgp-p-Im-cs hyn-Xz-nepw
Ah-bpsS Zmi-\n-I-amb hnj-a-k-a-ky-I-fnepw Fn-t-tc-Xv.
sI.-]n.- A- (Ie-lhpw hnizm-k-hpw)
eLp- D-]-\ymkw
$ Imhy-`m-j -Im-em-\p-kr-X-ambn amdp-p. Imhy-{]-Xn-`-bpsS auenI k-`m-h-a-\p-
k-cnv `mj, Xmfw, LS\ Fn-h-bn ]cn-Wmaw kw`-hn-p-p-shv Bap-J-
ambn A[ym-]nI ]d-bp-p.
""kzW-hW-s-q ssaYnen at\m-lcn
kzW`q-jW - - f- p-aW
- np tim`-tbmsS
kzW-am-ebpw [cn-m-Zc - m aw-a -
atWm-P-t\-{X apn k{X]w hn\o-X-bmbv
\np-S t\t{Xm-ev]e - a
- m-eb
- p-anoSn\m apt
]nmse hc-WmY ame-bpanoSn-\m''
(A-ym--cm-am-bWw Infn-m-v--F-gp--)
""IWtb Icn-pen t]mse
Dcps]mnb amae t]mse
De-Im-sI-bp-ebvpw an
Aedo Imm-f''
Ae-I-S-en thcp ]dn-m
IpXdo Imm-f'' (IncmXhrw)
lb skdn
ebmfw
Fgp-Iw 89
$ Cu cv Imhy-`m-K
- fpw Nmn {]Zin-n-p-p.
$ Fgp- - s
- bpw IS-\- n-b
- p-sSbpw IhnXI hni-Za - mbn ]cn-Nb - s
- -p-Ig- np.
ap-dn-hns ASn-m-\-n `mj, Xmfw, LS\, _nw_m-hn-jvImcw Fn-h-
bn Fgp- - s Ihn-Xb - n \nv IS-\- n-b
- psS Ihn-Xb - n-se-p-tm kw`-
hn ]cn-Wm-as - -n s]mXp-N \S-pp.
Fgp- - s Ihn-Xb - psS `mhw [z\ym-I - a- mb Bo-bX - b- m-W.v
IS-\
- n-b- psS Ihn-Xb - nse `mhw \S-\m-I - a- mb {]p-_[ v X- bmWv. `mh-
n-\\- p-kc - nv Ccp-hc - nepw Imhy`mj amdpp.
Fgp- - s Ihn-Xb
- n am\I`mjbvv {]m[m\yapv.
IS-\- nhn-Xb
- n hmsamgncq]- kpe-à - m-W.v {Zmhn-Uk
- z-Xz-ns
X\n-ab- p ]Z- IS-\ - n-b
- psS Ihn-XI
- f
- n-ep-v.
Infn-m-p-hr-
- f
- psS LS-\b
- n Fgp-- s IhnX cq]-s-p.
]S-b-Wn-t]m-ep Zriy-I-em-cq]fnse hmbvm-cn-bn\np P\n
]pXnb Xmf-{I-a--fn-tev amdn IS--\nbpsS IhnX.
Fgp- - s IhnX ]c-c - m-KX Imhy-k
-
- -tmSnW-p-p.
tKm{X-ku-c- y-k
- -tmSv tNp\npp IS-\ - n-b
- psS Ihn-X.

$ Fgp--s Imhy-`m-j-sb-p-dn-p-- hn-i-Zmw-i-mbn So sSIvn

"ImSn Imtamfhpw' F ]mT-`m-Kn\v sImSp {]h\w {]tbm-P\ - -
s-Sp-t-X
- m-Wv.
$ cq]-s Bi-b- D]-tbm-Knv Fgp\n \nv IS-\
- n-b
- n-tev Fp-
tm Imhy-`m-j-bn kw`-hn ]cn-Wm-a-s-n eLp-D-]-\ymkw Xm-dm-
m Ipn-I-tfmSv \nt-in-p-p.
$ eLp D
- ]
- \
- ymkw t]mvt^mfn-tbm-bn Ds-Sp-t-X
- m-Wv.
Ah-Xm-cnI
$ Im-Sn-Im-tam-fhpw, Dum-en, Incm-X-hr-w, ayw Fo \mev Ihn-X-
Ifpw hni-Z-ambn ]cn-N-b-s-Xm-Wv.
$ Ah aptmphbvp Bi-b-sfpdnv \apv [mc-W-bp-v.
$ Cu Ihn-X-I tNv Hcp Ihn-Xm-k-am-lmcw {]kn-o-I-cn-Ww.
$ Ah-Xm-cnI Fm Fv? Ah-Xm-cn-Ib
- n Fsmw Ds-Spp?
s]mXp-N
]pkvXI - s ]cn-Nb
- s
- -Sp-pp.
]pkvXI - - ns auen-Ik- z-`mhw hni-Zo-Icn-p-p.
D-S
- - ns kw{Klw Fgp-Xpp.
hmb-\- msc IrXn-bp-ambn ASp-n-p-p.
]{v
90 So sSIvv
$ GsX-nepsamcp Imhy-ka
- m-lm-c
- ns Ah-Xm-cnI A[ym-]nI Ipn-Ip ]cn-
N-bs
- -Sp-p-p.
$ ta-d Ihn-XI Ds-Sp Imhy-k-am-lmcn\v hyn-K-X-ambn Ah-
Xm-cnI Fgp-Xm Ipn-It- fmSv \ntZ-in-pp.
(CXv t]mvt^m-fn-tbm-bn-tev t]mtI--Xm-Wv.)
Is-pI
$ ]mT-]p-kXv I
-
- n Xn-p IYm-`mKw (Hm-If - n hp-t]m-Ip-h
- ) hyn-
K-Xa
- mbn hmbn-m \ntZ-in-p-p.
$ ""Atm! Np-t]mbn Ign th\v'' F hmIyw am\-I-`m-j-bn Fgp-
Xm ]d-bpp.
$ cpw Xn A\p-`-h-]-c-amb hyXym-k-aptm? s]m-Xp-N
{]mtZ-in-I`- m-jb- n sshIm-cn-IXtbdpw.
{]mtZ-in-I-`m-j-bn ku-cym-\p-`-h-ap-v.
{]mtZ-in-I` - m-jb- n kzm`m-hn-IX

- b
- psS kv]-\a- pv.
{]mtZ-in-I-`m-j-bn thdn Pohn-X-]-m-ew [z\nnpp.
$ IYm-`m-Ks ap\nn C-c-samcp A]-{K-Y\w hyn-K-X-ambn \Sn

Ipdnp Xbm-dm-m ]dbmw.
Ihn-X-b-cv
$ Fn-\mWv Ihn-Xb - c
- v kwL-Sn-n-p-Xv? A[ym-]nI tNmZn-pp.
s]mXp-N.
IhnX sNmp ]mc-cyw ae-bm-fn-Ipv.
Imkv Ihn-X-Iv hym]-I-amb {]Nmcapv.
IhnX sNm Item--h-a--c-bn-\-ambn amdn-bn-p-v.
Ihn-Xm-kzm-Z\
- - n\v asmcp km[yX.

ASn hym]-I-am-b-tXmsS ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn sNm]m-c-cyw AkvX-an-p-t]m-

bn Fv Ihnbpw NnI-\p-amb Fw. tKmhn- ]d-n-p-v. Fm IS--\n-,
H.F.-hn, _me-N-{ Npn-m-Sv, -Un. hn\b-N-{, hn. a[p-kq-Z-\\m-b, Ipco-
pg {ioIp-am Fn-h-cpsSsbmw cwK-{]-th-i-tmsS IhnX sNmp ]mc-cyw
hos-Sp--s-p. Cu Ihn-I sNmkm[y-X-tb-dp \nc-h[n Ihn-X-I Fgp-
Xn-bn-psv A[-ym-]nI Bap-J-ambn ]d-bp-p.
$ IhnX sNmm-\p Ipn-Isf Xnc-s-Sp-p-p.
$ Ihn-Xb-c
- ns Znhkw Xocp-am-\n-p-p.
$ Ihn-XI
- s]mXp-N-bpsS `mK-sa-h
- w Xnc-s-Sp-p-p.
lb skdn
ebmfw
Fgp-Iw 91
$ IhnX-b-cv hne-bn-cp-p-tm Fsms Imcy--fmWv {in-t-Xv?

s]mXp-N-bn-eqsS kqN-I- hnI-kn-n-p-p.
`mhw
Xmfw
Dm-cW
- ipn
Ihn-X-bpsS Bibw

$ IhnX-bc
-
- n\p tijw ap hnZymYn-Ip tasmSp kqN-I - f- psS ASn-
m-\- n hne-bn-cp- \S-m-hp-X- m-Wv. Ihn-Xb
- c
-
- v kn.Un-bm-mw.
]{v
92 So sSIvv
Ah-Im-i--fpsS {]iv\w
IYm]-{K-Y\w
Bq- - n H-bmbntmIp a\p-jys hyY-Ifpw kzw apJ-w FhnsS Fv
Xnc-p-t]m-tIn-h-cp hyn-I-fpsS kn-Kv[-X-Ifpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Iem-
hn-jvIm-c-v hnj-b-am-bn-p-v. hn]-Wn-bpsS Im]-Sy-fpw \K-c-h-c-W-
ns koW-LS- \ - bpw A]am-\h - o-Ic
- W
-
- ns tXmXv h[n-n-p. Cusbmcp
]m--es {]Xn-`-I Iem-]t_m-[-tmsS t\cn--Xns ê-amWv B[p-\n-
I-X-bpsS Iem-k--fpw krjvSn-I-fpw. "Ah-Im-i--fpsS {]iv\w' F -I-Y-
bn ]n.- ]--cm-P AkvXn-Xzm-t\z-j-W-ns hyY-X-Ifpw Adnhv apdn-hm-bn-
o-cp hn]-cy-b - fpw Hcp Ne-n-{Xm-\p-`hw t]mse kv]i-\- a- a
- m-p-p-v.
acn--h-cpsS Ombm-]-S- am{Xw hnp sXcp-hn-tev \p-bvv hnbv

InX-s-p Znhm-I-c kzw amXm-]n-Xm--fpsS Nn{X-amWv At\z-jn-p--
Xv. Znhm-Ic
- s ]I-p-Is- fbpw DZzn-X
- I
- s
- fbpw \nhn-Im-cX - t- bmsS kzoI-cn-p
I-hS- - m-c hn]-Wn-bpsS bm{nILS-\b - p-sSbpw \nwK at\m-`m-h - n-sbpw
{]Xn-\n-[nbm-Wv. sXcp--hns Ccp-`m-K-p-ap IS-I-fn Xqn-bn-n-cn-p
AkwJyw Ombm-]S- - f - n Xncv lXm-i\ - m-hp-Ib
- mWv Znhm-Ic- . cm]-It`Z-
an-msX Fn-n--s-Sp-m-\m-Im A{X--b-[nIw Nn{X--fp-ambn AkwJyw
IS-I D]-t`m-m-hn\pthn hmbpw ]nfn-cn-p-p. X\nv th-s Nn{X-
IspI FXv Znhm-I-cs\ kw_-nv ti-I-c-am-Wv. shfn--ns
[qm NXn--s Hcp At\z-jn-bmbn Znhm-I-c amdp-I-bm-Wv. Znhm-I-c
F t]cn-s\-tmepw I_-fn-n-p hn]-Wn-bpsS {Iqc-In-c-W--tfv hmSn--
f-cp-I-bmWv shfntlXp-hmb Znhm-I-c.
amXm-]n-Xm--fp-sS Nn{X- hmm hv hn]-Wn-bpsS kap-{Z-n Xpg-bn-

msX Ipgp hoW Znhm-I-c\v A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t-n-h-cpXv Bdpw Ggpw hb-
p cv Ip-n-Is - f-bmWv. sNmSn-bp Ime-Sn-i_
- vZt- msS h Ah Znhm-Ic
- -
\-Sp-sn \nd-I-p-I-tfmsS t\mn, Znhm-I-c F Ombm-]-Ss ]tkv
sNp-p. Hcp IS-emkvIqn-emn IS-m-c Znhm-I-cs\ `wKn-bmbn s]mXn-bm
XpS-p-p. acn--h-cpsS Ombm-]-S- am{Xw hnp sXcp-hn Pohn-n-cn-p-
-h-cpsS AkvXnXzw ZpIp-\-am-Ip-Xv IYm-Irv shfn-s-Sp-p-p. \mw
\appXs A]-cn-Nn-X-cm-hp {]iv\]cn-k-c-amWv Ah-Imi{]iv\-ambn hcp--
Xv. amXm-]n-Xm--fpsS Ombm-]Sw At\z-jnv Ae-tb-n-h-cp-Xv AXp-sIm-m-
Wv. Fnepw I-h-S-km-[yX ImWp-, Fn-s\bpw hnv Imim-m {ian-p
D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-ns {IqcX ChnsS ImWmw. ]Ww am{X-amWv hn]-Wn-bn
aqeyhm-Ip--Xv. asmw AhnsS A{]-kw. Dw tXSn kzbw D--
lb skdn
ebmfw
Fgp-Iw 93
ambn amdp Znhm-Ic Cusbmcp ]cp- bmYmYy-ns sXfn-hm-Wv. D]-t`m-

m-hns CjvSm-\n-jvS-v \np-sIm-Sp-msX D---fpsS {]f-b-n
Ahs\ apn--f-bp hn]-W-\-X-{w IqSn [z\n-n-m ]-cm-P\v Ign-bp-p.
Xe-a-dv F tXp--hv I]SsshIm-cn-I-X-bpsS hnIr-X-a--lm-k-

Gp-hm-t-n-h-cp-p. Hcp IS-bn IXv thsdmcp IS-bn ImWp-I-bn-tm
At Fv Znhm-I-c tNmZn-p-tm As\ Dd-sm-p-an Fv hnIrX
a-lm-k-tmsS IS-m-c adp-]Sn ]d-bp-p. \jvS-s-Sp-n-b-sXmw Xncn-p-
]n-Sn-m-\m-hp-sa Znhm-I-cs [mjvSyw Fpw I-h-S--c-mbn amdnb
temIv A]-lm-ky-am-hp-I-bm-Wv. GsX-nepw Iptd ]S- t]mtc Fv IS-
m-c tNmZn-p-tm I-h-s-sbmpw ]Sw X\n-m-h-iy-an Fv ]d-bp
Znhm-Ic- AkwJyw Ombm-]S- - p apn X\nv th-sX-m-sWdn-bmsX
Ipg-p-t]m-Ip-p-v. \mK-cn-IX {]k-cn-n-p {àm-I shfn-
- n Bh-iy-
ap Nn{Xw Xnc-s-Sp-m Ign-bmsX t]mIp Znhm-Ic - hyYamb Bh-
\-n kzbw \jvSs - -Sp-Ib
- mWv.
shfn-w, Ccpv Fo kzm`m-hnI ka-b--Ime \nW-b-sf A{]-k--am-p

\n-e-amb Imew Cu IY-bn-ep-v. acWw AXns kqN-\-bm-Wv. acn--h-cpsS
Ombm-]Sw F I\Xs AIm-\n-Ia - m-Ip-p. Hpw B`m-Sa - n-m `mj-
bn IY-]-dv GI-Xm-\-amb Im\nIPoW-Xsb ]-cm-P {]Xn-tcm-[n-
p-p. Ombm-]S- - f
- psS kap-{Zw, {]Im-i - ns [mcm-fn-w, shfn- - n\v ]nnse
NXnhv Fo {]tbm-K- ImgvN-bpsS ]Xp hg--sf dp sNp-p. Ne-
n{X\njvT-amb BJym-\s IYm-Irv sImp-h-cp-p. Hcp ]Iepw cm{Xnbpw
DZnp\n-k- vXa- n-p Znhm-Ic - \- mWv Cu IY-bnse \mb-I. Ne-n-{X-Im-c\ - mb
]-cm-Ps kKm-IhynXzw \ngepw shfn-hpw Ien IYbvv IqSp-
X angnhv \Ip-p-.v ]S-at- \z-jnv ]S-am-Ip- (-ac - n-p-t]m-Ip), {]iv\] - c
- n-lmcw
tXSn koW-am-Ip, At\z-jW - - s
- fmw AkvXa - n-p iq\y-Xm-t_m-[ - ns
adp-]pdw At\z-jn-p ]Sw]nSn--m-c-\mb IYm-Ir-ns\ ]-cm-Ps Cu
IY-bn ImWmw.
t^mtmIv ka-Im-enIkaq-l - n-ep-mb ]cn-Wm-as - -p-dnv Btem-Nn-m\pw

]-cm-Ps IY hmb-\ - msc t{]cn-n-p-p. mv BUv sshv ^nenw t^mtm-
I-fn \nv AXns km[y-XI - Cv Gsd hfp. t^mtm Hcp A]qhhkvXp-
hmbncpn-Sp\nv AXv UnPn- sk^n-bn-tev amdn. kmt-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS
hf a\p-jy-`m-h\- s
- bbpw Ahs kzm`m-hn-IX - I
- s
- fbpw amn-ad
- n-p-p-shv CXv
\s t_m[y-s-Sp-pw. Nn{Xw Ftm-gpw adp-]p-ds Hfn-n-p-hbvp-p. Pohn-X-
ns adp-]pdw Xm-\p Ah-Im-i-ns {]iv\s \n-cn-p-I-bmWv
]n.- ]--cm-Ps IY.
Fw. apIp-s "Bv Amv' F IY CtXm-sSmw ]cn-N-b-s-Sm-hp cN-\-
]{v
94 So sSIvv
bmWv. hn]-Wn-bpsS kmt-Xn-I-an-I-hn\p apn Ime-l-c-W-s Hcp Iem-\n-cq-]-
I, aI hc Xs Nn{X-n apJ-at- \z-jnv F-t-p-ambn apJw \jvSs - -
SpXv Xncn-d
- n-bp ssZ\-ya
- mWv Cu IY ]p-hbvp-Xv.
IYbn-tev
""BIm-i-- Np
InS-X
- p-Ip \Spn
ae-tbm-c
-
- b
- n-cpp
Zln-XpIp Ien''
IS--\n cma-Ir-jvWs "Incm-X-hr-'-n \mw ]cn-N-b-s Cu hcn-I-fn
kqNn-Xa
- m-Ip Bi-bs- a-sv A[ym-]nI tNmZn-p-p. Nne Ipn-If
- psS {]Xn-I-
c-W
- tXSp-p.
Imm-fs ssZ\yw.
A-sbpw A-bp-sSbpw acWw.
`qanbpw {]Ir-Xn-bp-amWv Imm-fs amXm-]n-Xm-.
A-s\bpw A-sbbpw HmpsImv Xs \ne-\nn-s\-p-dnv
t_m[-hm-\m-hpp.
A\pw. Abpw kzw Pohn-X-]-cn-k-c-sbpw Ah-\-h-s\--sbpw Xncn--dn-

bm-\p D]m-[n-bmbn Imm-f Icp-Xp-p. A-s\bpw A-sbbpw Xncv kzw
Ah-Im-i--sfbpw AkvXn-Xz-sbpw At\z-jn-p IY-bmWv ]n. ]-cm-Ps
"Ah-Im-i--fpsS {]iv\w.' IY hmbn-m A[ym-]nI \ntZ-in-p-p.
]T-\-{]-h-\-
Ipdnv Xbm-dm-pI
"GsX-nepw Iptd ]S- t]mtc? C-Xp-Xs thW-sav \n_w ]nSn-p-
Xv A{X _pn-bmtWm? shdpsX kabw ]mgm-Wv'.
"Ah-Im-i--fpsS {]iv\w' F IY-bnse Cu k`w A[ym-]nI hmbn-p-
p. I-h-S-m-cs Cu kw`m-j-W-n t^mtm hmm hcp--h-tcm-Sp
Fv kao-]-\-amWv {]Xn-^-en-p-Xv F tNmZyw A[ym-]nI D-bn-p-p.
Hp-cv Ipn-I-fpsS {]Xn-I-c-W- tXSp-p.
D]-t`m-m-hns Xm-cy-s-m I-hS-
- m-cs Xmc-y
- n\v
apXqw.
lb skdn
ebmfw
Fgp-Iw 95
D--ns (t^mtm-bpsS) s]cp--n \apv thXv Xnc-

p-]n-Sn-p-Xv Hcp ]mgvth-eb
- m-Wv.
hkvXp-hns KpW-ta-b, hn-\b - mWv {][m-\w.

t^mtm F hkvXp-hns\ I-h-S-m ImWp--Xp-t]msebmtWm Znhm-I-c\pw

Ipn-Ifpw ]cn-K-Wn-p-Xv? A[ym-]nI tNmZn-p-p.
IYm-k-`- ap\nn hyn-K-X-ambn Ipdn-p X-bm-dmm \ntZ-in-p-
p. Hp-cv Ah-X-c-W-.
\mtem Atm {Kqmbn hyn-KX -
- p-dn-nse Bi-b
- N-sNbvXv sa-s-
Spn Fgp-Xm \ntZ-in-p-p. {Kq-hX- c- W
- w.
Znhm-Ic
- \
- pw Ipn-Ipw t^mtm-bp-am-bp sshIm-cn-I_
- w.
X\nv Bh-iy-ap t^mtm Is-Ww F Znhm-Ic
- s \n_-w.
acn-p-t]m-b-h-cpsS kmn[yw Znhm-I-c\pw Ipn-Ifpw t^mtm-bn Is-
p-p.
A-\--am-cpsS Ombm-]-S-fpsS At\z-jWw kzw ss]Xr-I-ns
At\z-jW
- ambn amdp-p.
Nn{X-f
- psS [mcm-fn-
- n apJw/kzXzw \jvSs
- -Sp Ah-.
]mTm-]-{K-Y-\-nse Bi-b- IqSn t{ImUo-I-c-W-n {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-mw.

A[ym-]n-I-bpsS t{ImUo-I-c-W-nse Bi-b- IqSn {]tbm-P-\-s-Spn Ipn-

I-tfmSv NIp-dnv sa-s-Spn Xbm-dm-m \ntZ-in-p-p.
IYm-k
- `- Ismw
""]tc-Xsc adhp sNm
]v
\-m-Sn-I
ss]XrIw adhpsNm,
Poh-t\msS
\s, adhp sNm
Cv
\v
Am-Sn-I''
]{v
96 So sSIvv
A[ym-]nI IhnX Nmn {]Zin-n-p-p. ]qhn-Isc ad-hp-sN-bvXn-cp henb
a`-c-Wn-I-fmWv \-m-Sn-I Fv A[ym-]nI hni-Zo-I-cn-p-p. XpSv Cu
IhnX \Ip B-cmYw Fs tNmZyw D-bn-p-p. AmSn, \-mSn
Fo ]Z- hni-Ie - \w sNp-p.
(\--m-Sn-I sI.Pn. i-c-n-)
Ipn-I-fpsS Hp-cv {]Xn-I-c-W-.
hn]-Wn-bpsS \nw-KX.
a\p-jys\ Poh-t\msS hngp-p hn]Wn.

"Ah-Im-i-fpsS {]iv\w' F IY-bn Ombm-]S- - hnp IS-Isf Ah-

X-cn-n-p--p-tm. IS-bn-tev Ombm-]Sw tXSn-h-cp Znhm-I-cs\ I-h-S-m
F-s\- kzoI-cn-p-p-sh-mWv IYm-Irv ]d-bp--Xv Fv A[ym-]nI tNmZn-
p-p.
Nne {]Xn-I-c-W-
D---fpsS s]cp--n apn-tm-Ip D]-t`m-m-hmbn Znhm-I-c
amdp-p.
Znhm-I-cs [a-k--S- Bhn-jvI-cn-p IYm-k-`- Isn Ipdn-
m A[ym-]nI \ntZ-in-p-p.
Htm ctm hnZymYn-If - psS Ah-Xc- W
- w.
IS-bn Xqn-bn-n-cn-p AkwJyw Nn{X- Znhm-I-cs\ Am-fn-n-
p-p.
t^mtm Xnc-bp-tm Znhm-Ic - t\cn-Sp ]cn-{`-ahpw \ncm-ibpw.
th-s Nn{X- GsX--dn-bmsX Ipg-p-t]m-Ip Znhm-I-c
Fn-n--s-Sp-m-\m-Im-{X IS-I/ hn]-Wn-bnse D---fpsS
[mcm-fnw.
Ombm-]-S- kqn-p apdn-I-fnse shfnw Znhm-I-cs\ I_-fn-n-
p-p.
Nn{X- t\mn-\ns It]m-f-Iv I\w-h-bvp-p.
Ombm-]S-
- hmmhv ]S-am-bn-o-cp Znhm-Ic - .

Cu Bi-b- {]tbm-P-\-s-Spn "D]-t`m-m-hns [a-k-Sw' F hnj-b-

n D]-\ymkw Xbm-dm-m A[ym-]nI \ntZin-p-p. Ipn-I-fpsS t]mv
t^mfn-tbm-bn CXv Ds-Sp-mw.
lb skdn
ebmfw
Fgp-Iw 97
Zriy-kam\`mj \nco--W-p-dnv
"Abm BZy-am-bmWv B `mKv hcp--sXv A]-cn-Nn-X-amb Hcp ]I-p-t\mw
hnfn-d
- n-bn-p.'
"A{Xbpw ]d-p-Ig - n-t- m-tgv Abm hnh-i\ - m-bn-g- n-n-cp-p. Abm-fpsS
s\n-S-
- n ]pXnb tKmf-f - p-m-bn.'
"]pXn-sbm-cp-m-l-tmsS Abm IS-bvp-n-tev Ib-dn-tm-bn. AkwJyw
Nn{X-fpsS \nc-bvp a - p-n Fp-sN-W - s
- a-d - n-bmsX Ahn-sSbpw Znhm-Ic -
]I-p-\n-p.'
Cu IYm`m-K- A[ym-]nI t_mUn Fgp-Xp-p. IYm-Im-c F-t]mse
Xs Ne-n-{X-Im-c F \ne-bnepw {]i-kvX\ - mWv ]n.-] - c- m-P Fv A[ym-
]nI hni-Zo-I-cn-pp IY-bpsS `mjbpw Ne-n-{X-ns `mjbpw Xn-ep
hyXymkw FmWv Fv A[ym-]nI tNmZnp-p.
Hp-cv Ipn-I {]Xn-I-cn-p-p.
IY-bn enJnX-`m-j-bvmWv {]m[m\yw.

Ne-n-{X-n Zriy-`m-jbvmWv {]m[m\yw.

"Ah-Im-i--fpsS {]iv\w' F IY-bnse apI-fn sImSp-n-cn-p IYm-k-

`-nse `mj-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-sbv Fv A[ym-]nI tNmZn-p-p.
Zriy-`mjtbmS-Spp \np `mj.
\mS-Io-bhpw Zri-yk- a
- m-\h
- p-amb BJym\w.
`mh-Xo-v-WX
Zr-iy-`m-j-bpsS km[y-X-I IY-bn D]-tbm-Kn-m ]n.-]--cm-P\v Ign-n-p-

v. "Ah-Im-i--fpsS {]iv\w' F IY-bnse av Zriy`m-jm-k-`-
Isn CXn-hr--n\v Ah Fs\ angn-th-Ipp Fv hyn-K-X-ambn
\nco-W -
- p-dnv FgpXm A[ym-]nI \ntZ-in-p-p.
BJym- \ s Zriym- - I - a m- p- t m- g mWv Zriy- ` mjtbmS- S pp
\np `mj cq]-s-Sp--Xv.

Zriy-kam\`mj IYsb lrZ-b-kv]in-bm-p-p.
Zriy-kam\`mj IYbvv \mS-Io-bX \Ip-p.
^m-kn-bpsS km[y-XI - IY-bn ê-{]-Za - mbn D]-tbm-Kn-m km[n-

p-Xv Zriy-`m-j-bpsS klm-b-m-emWv.
A[ym-]n-I-bpsS t{ImUo-I-cWwIqSn {]tbm-P-\-s-Spn \nco--W-p-dnv Xbm-
dm-m ]d-bp-p. Cu Ipdnv t]mvt^mfn-tbm-bn Ds-Sp-Ww.
]h t]mbnv \namWw
""shfnw ZpxJam-Wpo
]{v
98 So sSIvv
Xa-tm kpJ-{]Zw''
(C-cp-]Xmw \qm-ns CXn-lmkw An-w)
Cu hcn-I A[ym-]nI ]h t]mbnn ImWn-p-p.
CXns Bi-b-sa-sv tNmZn-p-p.
Nne {]Xn-I-c-W-.
Cu hcn-I-fpsS Bi-b-w "Ah-Im-i--fpsS {]iv\w" F IY-bnse {]ta-b-hp-
ambn Xmc-X-ay-s-Sp-m-\m-Iptam Fv A[ym-]nI tNmZn-pp s]mXp-N
IS-bnse shfn- - ns [mcm-fn- - n NXn-s- -Sp Znhm-Ic
- .
Ombm-]S -
- hnp IS-If - nse shfn-
- ns GI-Xm\ kz`mhw.
IS-If - nse shfnw cmhpw ]Iepw F kzm`m-hn-Im-h - sb \ntj-[n-
p-p.
Fmw Xpd-p-Im-Wn-pp F hymtP-\b - p I_-fn-n-.

ka-Im-enI Npp-]m-Sn shfn-s NXn-hn-\p D]m-[n-bmn amp-ptm?

\nco-Ww hyn-KX - a
- mbn Ipdn-m \ntZ-in-p-p.
hn]-Wn-bnse D- - BIj-Ia - m-m shfnw D]-tbm-Kn-pp.

BtLm-j - f - n shfn-
- ns [qv.
BIj-Ia - mb ]m-n Fp hnjw Ie Blm-ch - k
- vXp-.

Is--ep-I Hcp ]ht]mbn v Ah-X-c-W-n\v ]mI-amb coXn-bn kwn-

]vX-ambn Fgp-Xp-I. CXv D]-tbm-Knv ]ht]mbn v ssUv \nan-p-I.
Xmc-X-a-y-p-dnv
"{]Imiw Pew t]mse-bmWv', "Ah-Im-i - f
- psS {]iv\w' Fo IY-I hni-Zambn
]cn-Nb- s- -Sp-Ibpw A]-{K-Yn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp Ign-X - m-Wv. bmYmYy-n-sbpw
anY-yb
- p-sSbpw AXn-cp-I amp-t]m-Ip AXm-bXv bmYmYyhpw `mh-\bpw IqSn-
-e-cp IYm-k-`- cp IY-I-fn-ep-ap-sv Bap-J-ambn A[ym-]nI ]d-
bp-p. cv IY-I-fn \npw Ccw k`- Isn Ah-bnse hyXy-
kvX-X-I Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Ipdnv Xbm-dm-mw. CsXmcp {Kqv {]h-\-am-Wv.
{Kqv N Ah-X-cWw
amsIz-kns IY-bn Xpd-apJ\Kcw hos-Sp-p Ipn-Isf ImWmw. hn]-
Wn-tbmSv ka-c-k-sv t]mIp ]pXp-X-e-ap-d-bpsS {]Xo-I-am-bmWv ]-cm-
Ps IY-bn Ipn-I hcp-Xv.
amsIz-kn {]Imiw {]Xo-b
- psS {]Xo-Iw, ]-cm-P\
- n NXn-bpsS \ndw.
lb skdn
ebmfw
Fgp-Iw 99
cp IY-If
- nepw bmYmYys `mh-\b
- p-ambn Iqn-bn-W
- p-Xv Ipn-If
- mWv.
N-bpsS shfn--n hyn-K-Xambn Xmc-X-ay-p-dnv Xbm-dm-m \ntZin-
p-p.
kwhmZw
""Iqp-Im-scm-p-s Nn{X-n
asm-cm-tfbpw Rm Ioe''
(Aw Bq chn-h)
Cu hcn-I mkn Hcp Ipn-sb-smv sNmn-p-p. acn-p-t]mb amXm-]n-Xm-
-fpsS Ombm-]Sw At\z-jnv IS-I tXmdpw Ib-dn-bn-d - p Znhm-Ic - s\ IY-
bn \mw Ip. Ctm \mw tI hcn-I-fnse "Rm' F-s\-bp BfmWv
F tNmZyw A[ym-]nI D-bn-p-p. s]mXp-N.
cp-aqv Ipn-I-fpsS {]Xn-I-cWw.
t{ImUo-I-c-W-n htc-Xv
Bm-\p-cm-Kn-bmb Hcm
kzmY-\mb Hcm
kaq-l-n\v apJw Xncn-n-cn-p Hcm
XpSv A[ym-]nI Nne Imcy- mkn hni-Zo-Ic - n-p-p.
samss_t^m kvamvt^mWmbn amdn-bt- XmsS AXv \psS Pohn-Xc - o-Xnsb
Bg-n kzm[o-\n-m XpS-n. sFUnn ImUn\v thn am{Xw kzw
t^mtm FSp-n-cp kaqlw {I-taW sk^n-bn-tev amdn.
]pXnb Xe-apd sk^n-bn A`n-ca - n-p-pthm Fpw A]-IS- - nsSp-hsc
klm- b n- p- - X n\p ]Icw t^mtm FSp- p- Xv \- X mtWm Fpw
A[-ym-]nI tNmZn-p-p.
"t^mtm tPW-en-k-ns KpW-tZm-j-' F hnj-b-n Hcp kwhmZw
kwL-Sn-n-p-p. sk^nsb A\p-Iq-en-p-h - cpw FXnp-h - c- p-ambn Ipn-Isf
cv {Kqp-I-fmp-p. cv {Kqn-s\bpw {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cnv aqv Ipn-Isf hoXw
Wn-p-p. A[ym-]nI tamU-td-d - m-hp-p.
kwhm-Z- n ]s-Spv Ipn-I kzw \ne-]m-Sp-I Ah-Xc - n-n-p-p.
tamU-td--dpsS t{ImUo-I-c-W-n htc-Xv.
Bm-hn-jvImcw B-{]-iw-kb - m-hc- pXv.
Bm-\p-cm-K-s-m kaq-l-tk-h\ at\m-`m-h-amWv t{]mkm-ln-n-
-s-tS-Xv.
hynXzw Ir{Xn-aa - mbn \nn-t-X -
- .
_mly-{]-IS- \ - s
- -m Bcn-Ii - p-n-bmWv th-Xv.
Pohn-X - nse A]qh-\n-an-j - sf sk^n AS-bm-fs - -Sp-pp.
kn.kn.-Sn.-hn-bpsS KpW-tZm-j - .

]{v
100 So sSIvv
Dbp-h Bi-b- Ds-Spn kwhmZ dntmv hyn-K-X-ambn Xbm-dm-
m ]d-bp-p. kwhmZ dntmv t]mvt^mfn-tbm-hn tNmw.
skan-\m
hr-kZ- \
-
- s
- f-
- n-bp Hcp teJ\w hmbn-p-p. Xmsg-sm-Sp-n-cn-p Ihn-
Xbpw tIn-p-p.
"Asb Ipfn-n-p-tm'F
kmhn{Xn cmPo-hs IhnX A[-ym-]nI ]cn-Nb - s
- -Sp-p-p.
GXp cN-\b - mWv sshIm-cn-Ia - mbn \s kzm[o-\n-Xv? Imc-Ws - av?
{]Xn-Ic - W- -
cp cN-\bpw DWnb A\p-`qXn hyXykvXw.
teJ\w bpn-`{- Z-ambn hkvXp-XI - Ah-Xc - n-n-p-tm
IhnX sshIm-cn-Im-\p-`q-Xnbmbn \s Ae-p-p.
"Btcm-Ky-\n-tI-X-\w' Xmcm-i- _m\Pn Fgp-Xnb t\mh-emWv; "`qan-
bpsS Ah-Im-inI' _jo-dns IY-bpw.
[manIaqey- Ah-Xc - n-n-p IrXn-bmWv Btcm-Ky-\n-tI-X\ - w.
`qan a\p-jy-t-Xp- am-{X-a F t_m[w _jo-dns IY \n
DWp-p.
Fw.-_n.-_n.-Fk.v hnZymYn-I "Btcm-Ky-\n-tI-X\ - hpw' Bn-sS-Ivp-I "`qan-
bpsS Ah-Im-in-Ifpw' hmbn-t-X - ptm?
s]mXp-N
kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bpsS hmb-\b - n-eqsS Hcp tUmIvSd - psS aqey-t_m-[s - a-spw
Fm Poh-Pm-e - fpw A[n-hk - n-p `qan-bn Hcp Bn-sSIvv Fs\ sIn-
S- \nn-W - a- pw s{]m^-jW - e - p-I a\-n-em-pw.
]T-\a- m-[yaw amXr-`mjXs Bth-X - ptm?
s]mXp-N
]T-\{- ]-h-\ - f- psS kzm`m-hn-IX - bvv KpW-Icw amXr-`m-jb - n-eq-sS-bp ]T-
\-am-Wv.
`cW`mjbpw tImS-Xn-`m-jbpw amXr-`m-jb - m-tI-X - ptm?
km[m-cW - - m CS-s]-Sp Fm-bn-S - f - nepw amXr-`m-jb - m-hWw am[y-aw.
Ccw ImgvN - m-Sp-If - psS ASn-m-\ - n amXr-`m-jbvv \tI-p
{]m[m\yw hne-bn-cp-p Hcp skan-\m kwL-Sn-n-mw. ]cn-KW - n-m-hp taJ-
e-I;
amXr-`m-jbpw kmaq-ln-IP - o-hn-Xhpw
amXr-`m-jbpw kwkvIm-chpw
amXr-`m-jbpw t_m[-\-am-[y-ahpw
amXr-`m-jbpw `c-W` - m-jbpw
amXr-`m-jbpw am[y-a - fpw
amXr-`m-jbpw XP-abpw
lb skdn
ebmfw
Fgp-Iw 101
amXr-`m-jbpw kmaq-ln-IPo-hn-Xhpw
kmaq-lnI CS-s]-S-ep-I Imcy--a-am-m amXr-`m-jm-m\w A\n-
hmcyw.
A\y`mjm]cn-m-\-p-dhv Hcp t]mcm-bva-bmbn IW-m-p at\m-
`mhw amtd-Xp-v.

-amXr-`m-jbpw kwkvIm-chpw
Pohn-X-ns ka-kvX-`m-h-fpw tNcp-tm-gmWv kwkvImcw F
LSIw cq]-s-Sp-Xv.
hnhn[ Adn-hp-I, hnizm-k-, Ie-I, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\,
kZm-Nm-c-\n-b-a-, kmaq-ln-I-t_m[w XpS-n-b-h-bp-sS-sbms
BsI-p-I-bmWv Hcp hyn-bpsS kwkvIm-cs \nW-bn-p--Xv.
Ch-bpsS kzmwio-I-c-Whpw hn\n-a-bhpw \S-t-Xv {][m-\-ambpw
hnZym-`ym-k-n-eq-sSbm-Wv.
amXr-`m-j-bn-eq-sS-bp hnZym-`ym-k-nt\ kmwkvIm-cnI hn\n-a-b-n-
\p Nme-Ii - nbm-Im-\m-hq.
C\n-bp hnj-b--sf-p-dnv Ipn-I At\-z-jnp Is--s. skan-\mdn\v
Znhkw Xocp-am-\n-p-p. {]_w Ah-X-cn-n-t---h-scbpw tamU-td--sdbpw
\n-bn-p-p. {]_-m-hX - c
- W
-
- ptijw N-bm-hmw. Fm Ipn-Ifpw skan-
\m dntmsgpX-Ww. CXv t]mv t^mfn-tbm-bn htc-X - m-Wv.
klm-bI
- {- K-
-
Xp-m-Nm-cy sI.-]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-jm-tcmSn

Xp{]-_-- tIc-f -km-lnXy Am-Zan
Fgp--s Ie ]n.-sI. _me-Ir-jvW
Infn-mv tUm. F. apIp-
Imhy-I-e-bnse {]iv\- Ah-Xm-c-I: tUm.- tZ-i-aw-Kew cma-Ir-jvW
amsIzkvhmb\ sI. PohIp-am
GIm--\-K-c- ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c
Im-\n-I-Xbpw ae-bm-f-t\-hepw tUm. \yv tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW
knw_-enkw ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn sI.-Fw. thWp-tKm-]m
IS--\n--mew tUm. sI.-F-kv. chn-Ip-am
IYbpw ^m-knbpw tUm. h-e hmXp-tcn
IYm-cw hn.-B. kp[ojv
ae-bm-f-`m-jm-N-cn{Xw FUn-: Fkv.-hn. thWp-tKm-]\mb
]-cm-P: Zpc--Im-a-\-I-fnse Kh tUm. kPnv Ghq-tcv
A]-cnNnX XoYm-S-I hnh\w: sI. cm[m-Ir-jvW-hm-cy-
]{v
102 So sSIvv
2
X\-XnSw
B ap Jw
Hmtcm a\p-jy-\pw kzXzw At\z-jn-p-sIm-p bm{X-bm-Wv. anepw

kwkvIr-Xn-bnepw Dunb aqey- Is-n-p-S-p-tmtg B bm{X
AY]qW-am-Ip-p-q. hyXy-kvX- [m-c-I-fn-eqsS Pohn-X-sbpw A\p-`-
h-s - fbpw an Ipdn-n-Sm XpS-p-tm AXn sshhn-[y-fpw kwPm-
X-am-Ip-p. ans \ndhpw K-hp-ap sshhn-[y- \jvS-s-Sp--XmWv
Cp temIw t\cn-Sp {][m\ shp-hn-fn-Ifnsemv.
]pm-p-g-ens apc-fo-\mZw AXns\ apf-m-n\np shn-am-n-b-Xns thZ-
\-Iq-Sn-bm-sWv Ihn Pem-ep-o dqan ]mSp-p. Pohn-Xs {]Im-i-`-cn-X-
am-p kwkvIm-c-am-Ip hnfn F]IcpI F [-amWv Ie-
Ispw \nh-ln-m-\p--Xv. "X\-XnSw' t]cp-sImpw D-Sw
sImpw A\zY-am-t-Xv A{]-Im-ca - m-Wv. bp\kvtIm AwKo-Ic - n ]pXnb
\qm-ns ]mTy-]-Xn "Hcp-anp Pohn-m ]Tnq' Fp ]d-bp--tXm-
sSmw "kzXzs Adn-bm ]Tnq' Fpw Bh-iy-s-Sp-p. \h-\m-K-cn-
IX a\p-jy-s\bpw a\p-jys e-Im-e--sfbpw ]p\\nnp Ign
Cmev `qan-tbmfw hep-Xmb Hcp hyh-lm-c-a--e-n Ign-bp a\p-
jy\p Xs a\-ns\ B \ne-bn hnI-kz-c-am-m Ign-b-Ww. Hw Xs
Xm\m-nb kqvam--co-s a\-n-em-m\pw Ign-b-Ww.
a[y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse Imme-m (Ipd-hm) Ah-X-cn-n-p kmaq-
lnI hnt\m-Z-I-e-bmWv Imm-cn\mSIw. tIc-f-nse {]mNo\\mS-I-I-
em-cq]w IqSn-bmb Imm-cn\mS-I-n-eq-sS-bmWv "X\-XnS'ntep {]th-
in-p--Xv. XpSv ae-bm-f--c-bnse hnhn[ Iem-cq-]--fmb sXw, Xnd,
apSn-tbv, Iqv, IqSn-bmw Fnh ka-\z-bn-p IY-I-fn-bm-Wv ]cn-N-b-
s-Sp--Xv. IY-Ifn ae-bm-fn-bpsS A`n-am-\-am-Ip--Xn\p ]e Imc-W--fp-
v. Blm-cy-ns A\\y-X Xs {][m-\w. Ins DSw Na-b-
n\v B[m-c-am-nb k`- Iem-cw-Kp Ipd-hm-Wv. Fm {]Ir-
Xn-Z--amb Xc-n Ip Nph-nv ae-bmfn AZv`pXw Na-bvp-p.
\fNcnXw \memwZnhknse "tIin\osamgn' F ]mT`mKn
m\am\{`jvS-\m-bn, \nkz-\m-bn, \ncm-ew-_-\mbn ad-hn Ign-bp [otcm-
lb skdn
ebmfw
X\-XnSw 103
Zm\pw AXn{]Xm-]-KpWhm\p-amb \fs\ Xs kqva_pn-sImv Xnc-

bp Za-b-n-sbbpw At\z-jWZrjvSn-bn-eqsS Is-p tIin-\n-sbbpw
krjvSnv Dm-bn-hm-cy \f-N-cn-X-nse kv{XoI-Ym-]m{X{]m-[m\yw hy-am-
p-p.
`cW-IqShnai-\ - n\p ss[cyw Imp-t- Xm-sSmw ]uc-ka - q-l
- ns t_mt[m-
ZbwIqSn eywhbvp Imhm-e-ns "An-hWs Imep-I' tIc-f-
ns X\-Xp-\m-S-I-th-Znv apXq-mb \mS-I-am-Wv. `mc-Xo-bhpw tIc-fo-
bhpamb ]mc-c - y-ns B-i - nsb Bhpw ]mpw sImpw AS-p Xucy-
{Xn-I-ns AI--Sn-tbmsS Ac-v IpSn-bn-cp-m-\p {iaw Chn-sS-bp-v.
Iem-a-ew sslZ-c-en-bpsS "]Z-ns ]Y-n' F B-I-Ym-`mKw Iem-
Im-cs B-kw-Lj-tm-sSmw IY-I-fn-sb-tm-ep t{X-I-e-I \thm-
m-\-aq-ey--fpsS `mK-ambn atX-X-c-am-Ip Ncn-{X-Im-e-L-sbpw kqNn-n-
p-p. ap amn-f-m-p-I-fn\npw XnIpw hyXy-kvX-amb tIc-fob]m--
ehpw kwkvIm-ch - p-amWv ]pen-tm-n sslZ-dns IrXn-If
- n-ep-X- v. sslZdns
IrXn-I-fnse tIc-fo-b-X-sb-p-dnv IqSpX ASp--dn-bm D]-I-cn-p teJ-
\-amWv tUm. Fw.F. Imc-t-cn-bpsS "amn-f-m-nse tIc-fo-bX.'
'X\XnSw' F bqWnn kmlnXy]mTtmsSmw cwK]mTn\pw {]m[m\yw
\InsmmWv ]T\{]h\ {IaoIcnnpXv. ]mm-Xy-I-e-Isf
At]-nv `mc-XobIe-bvp khn-ti-j-X Ah-X-c-W-n\p \Ip {]m[m-
\y-amWv. IYm-K-Xn-bn ]pXp-a-sbm-p-a-ns-nepw AXn\v Bkzm-Z-I-cpv. Hmtcm
Ah-X-c-W-n-epw \S ImgvN-h-bvp anIhv, at\m-[w, sshhn[yw, ]qW-
X Fnh ImWm-\mWv t{]-I-sc-p--Xv.
{]th-i-I-{]-h\w
\mtSmSn CuWhpw Xmf-hp-ap ae-bmf kn\n-am-Km-\- hyn-K-X-ambn ]n-
I-s-Spm Ipn-I-tfmSv A[ym-]nI ]dbp-p. Ahbn\nv Htm ctm
Km\- Ipn-I Ah-X-cn-n-p-p. \mS CuWhpw Xmfhpw D-Xp-t]mse
\mSNph-Sp-Ifpw \mtSmSn A`n-\bcoXn-Ifpw \ap-p-v. \mtSmSn\mS-I--fmbn
\psS {Kma-fn ]p-ap-Xte Ch-bp-v. Ch-bn {][m-\-amWv Imm-cn
\mS-Iw.
sImpw B-hpw ]mpw tN A`n-\-b-amWv Imm-cn\mS-I-n-ep--Xv.

]mT-]p-kvXI
-
- nse Imm-cn\mS-I `
- mKw hyn-KX
- a
- mbn hmbn-m A[ym-
]nI \ntZ-in-p-p.
Ipn-Isf {Kqp-I-fmp-p. Cu \mS-I-`mKw {Kqp-I mkn Ah-X-cn-n--
Ww. AXn-\p Hcp---fn-tev t]mIm Hmtcm {Kqn-t\mSpw A[ym-]nI
]d-bp-p.
hnhn[ {Kqp-I-fpsS Ah-X-cWw.
-tijw Imm-cn\mS-I-ns hoUntbm{]Zi\w \S-mw (bpyq_n e`y-
amWv).
]{v
bqWnv hn-i-I-e\w 104
Bi-b[m-cW/ {][m\ ]T-\

ss\]pWn
$ ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS kwkv $ Imm-c-n-mv $ kwkvImccq]o-I-c-W- $ kwL- a mbn ]mSn $ Ah-X-c-W-`wKn
Imc -cq-]o-I-c-W-n n \mtSm- S n- m- p- Ah-X-cn-n-p-p. $ Bi-b-[m-cW
ebmfw
$ Imm- c n\mS- I -
lb skdn
\nWm- b I ]- p $ tIin-\o-samgn Iv m\-ap-v. Ch
ns hoUntbm
hln Iem-am-Xr-I-I- Ah-X-cWkm[y-X-I-f-S- {]Zi-\w.
fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I n-b-Xm-Wv. $ ]mT-`m-K-ns
So sSIvv
hni-I-e\w sNbvXv DNn- HmUntbm tIn-

X-amb hyh-lmc cq]-- p-p.
fn Bhn-jvIc - n-p-p.
$ N $ ico-c-N-e\w
$ B-Ybnse A`n-\b $ A`n-\-b-n-eqsS $ `mh-{]-I-S\w
km[y-X-I Isn $ \fN- c n- X - nse IYm- Ah-X-cn-n-p-p.
$ thjw
Ah-X-cn-n-p-p. ]m{XkrjvSn ssZhw $ IYm- ] m- { X- k - h n-
{it-b-am-Wv. $ IYm-]m{X\ncq- tij-XI - Is-
]Ww Xbm-dm-p- .
$ Imhykhn-ti-j-X-I $ Dm-bn-hm-cy-cpsS Imhy- p. $ \nco--W--\na
Isn Bhn-jvI-cn- `mj hyXn- c n- - a mW.v $ DNn-X-`mj
p-p. Htc kabw Ihn-Xs - bbpw $ `mjm- c oXn N $ hkvXp-\n-jvTX
Ac- n- s \bpw AXv sNp-p. $ Bi-b-[m-cW
Dsm-p-p.
$ Ipdnv Xbm-dm-p-
p.
Bi-b[m-cW/ {][m\ ]T-\
ss\]pWn
$ \mS-I-nse kmln-Xy $ An- $ tIc- f - n\v X\- X mb $ N A`n-\-bn-p- $ D-S[mcW

]mT- - f n\nv A`n- hWs \mSI]mc--cy-ap-v. p. $ kwn-]vXX
\b km[yX Isn Imep-I $ LS\
hn`n coXn-Ifn Ah- $ Bi-b-hy-X
X-cn-n-p-p. $ `mhw Dsm-
$ Bi-bs {]Xo-I-ambn $ \mS-I-hm-b\[z\n p kw`m-
$ \mS-I-nse kmaq-lnI Ah-X-cn-nv [z\n-]mTw ]mTw hniI- e \w jWw.
hnai\w A]- { K- Y nv \nn- m- \ p Ignhv sNp-p. $ sshIm- cn-IX
Ipdn-p-I Xbm-dm-p- \mS-I-n-\p-v. $ i_vZ-\n-b-{-Ww
p. $ `mj
$ \mS- I nse Zriy- k - $ \mSIw kmaq- l nI $ N $ A`n-\-b-km-[yX
`- Isn hnai- \ - ns Icp- $ ]mTw- h n- i - I - e \w $ IYm-]m-{X-krjvSn
sNp-p.
hnhn[ coXn-bn Ah-X- p am[y-a-am-Wv. $ `mh-{]-I-S\w
cn-n-p-p. $ Zriy- k - `- $ ico-c-]-T\w
$ \mS-Im-h-X-c-W-L---fn- Is-p-p. $ kw`m-jWw
eqsS ISp t]mIp- $ tdUntbm \mSIcq- $ Xmfw
tm am\-kn-I sshIm- ]- n Ah- X - c n-
np-p.
X\-XnSw
cn-I--hy-nXzhnI-k\w
km[y-am-Ip-p. $ \mS-I-in-ev]-ime
105
]{v
106
Bi-b[m-cW/ {][m\ ]T-\
ss\]pWn
$ Iem-cw-Kv hynap{Z- $ ]Z-ns $ Ie a\p-jys\ Hcp-an-n- $ N $ BibhyX

]-Xn--h-cpsS khn-tij ]Y-n p-p. $ DNn-X-`mj
Iem-Po-hnX k`- $ a\p-jy \nn AXn- $ ]mT-`mKw A]-{K-Yn-
p-p.
ebmfw
hni-I-e\w sNbvXv DNn- h- c - p- I Cm- X m- p-
lb skdn
X-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-p- p.
p. $ kmwkv I m- c nIka- \ z- b - $ s]mXpN $ Bibk-X
So sSIvv
n- e qsS atX- X - c Xzw \S-p-p. hyX

in-s-Spw. $ `mj
$ Iem- c w- K s {]ap- J - $ {]Xn-k-n-I A`n-ap-Jo- $ N $ D-S--[m-cW

cpsS Iem-Po-hn-Xw, kao- I- c n- m Cm- i n $ hoWw
]\w Fnh Isn Icpp ]I-cp-p. $ A`n-ap-J-n
Gs-Sp-p.
DNn-X-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn- $ `mj
p-p. $ Ie B- k - a - W - a m- $ s]mXpN
Wv. \S-p-p.
Bi-b[m-cW/ {][m\ ]T-\
ss\]pWn
$ kmwkvIm-c cq]o-I-c-W- $ amn-f-m- $ amn-f-m-p-I-fn tIc-fo- $ amn- f - m- p- I fpw $ D-S--[m-cW

n ]p hln Iem nse tIc- bX F Bibw {]Xn- sNmn Ah-X-cn-n- $ hkvXp-\n-jvTX
amXr-I-I-fpsS khn-ti-j- fo-bX ^-en-n-p-p-v. p-p. HmUntbm
X-I Xncn--dnv DNn- tIp-p. Ipdnv
$ Cv tIc- f - n- e p
Xbm-dm-p-p.
X-amb cq]-n Ah-X- Fm Iem- ] m- c - - c y-
cn-n-p-p. fpw Fm tIc-f-bo-cp- Ah-X-c-W-an-Ihv
$ amn-f-m-p-I-fpsS $
tS-Xp-am-Wv.
cwKm-hn-jvIm-cw.
$ N
$ eLp-Ip-dnv $ `mj
Xbm-dm-p-p. $ D-Sw
$ \nco-Ww
X\-XnSw
107
]{v
108 So sSIvv
Immcn\mSIw
sXtIcfn, hntijnv ]gb XncphnXmwIq{]tZifn
{]Ncnnp Hcp \mtSmSn\mSIw. Bepg, sImw, Xncph\]pcw
PnIfnse {Kma{]tZifnemWv CXv AhXcnnncpXv .
tt{Xmhfn hnt\mZ]cn]mSnbmbn AhXcnnncp Cu
\mtSmSn \mSIn\v GXmv apqdpsIms ]gtabpq.
Immen\mSIw, Imme\mSIw, ImmNcnXw, Immcp\mSIw
Fo t]cpIfnepw CXv AdnbsSpp.
Immethjw sInbhXcnnp \mSIamWv Immcn\mSIw.
'Imme' tIcfnse Hcp PmXnbpsS t]cmWv.
inh]pcmWhpambn _s HsscXnlyw
Immcn\mSIn\pv . `qanbn P\PohnXw Xnbn
apnbncnpIbmsWpw AXn\p ]cnlmcapmWsapw
\mcZ ssIemknsen inht\mS`yYnpp. AXp {]Imcw
inh Imme\mbpw(Ipdh) ]mhXnbpw KwKbpw
Immen(Ipdn) amcmbpw `qanbnsepp. Imme
AepXncnp \SpXn\nsS Immenamsc Isn
Ccphscbpw ]cnWbnpp. Ch aqhcpw tNv kaqlnse
XnIsXnsc ]cnlmkcq]n hnai\ \Sn
P\sf t\hgnv sImphcpp.
aIcw, Ipw`w, ao\w amkfnemWv Immcn\mSIw
AhXcnnphcpXv . AhXcWw \SpXv cm{XnbnemWv .
Xd\ncn\nv Hcw Dbnsnb cwKthZnbnemWv \mSIw
ActdpXv. kwKoXw, \rw, kw`mjWw Fnh tN
hnt\mZ\mSIcq]amWnXv. ênXhpw ]cnlmkhpamWv apJap{Z.
Idp XpWnsImp DSppsImWv Immes
thjnepXv. Xebn InpWnsImv hspw sIpw.
Hnph Idp aoibpapmIpw. apJv IdpNmbw tXv,
AXn shpnI sImv Nne Nn{XWnI sNpw.
icocnemsI Ipdnhcbvpw. Igpn ame [cnpp. tXmfn
hSnbpw AXn `mWvUhpapmIpw. apdpnbpSp tNe, aqpn,
Nne FnhbmWv ImmnbpsS thjw. apSn Hcphitv
NmbvpsIn apq NqSpw. arZwKw, Knd, lmtamWnbw, Cemfw
FnhbmWv {][m\ hmtZym]IcW.
lb skdn
ebmfw
X\-XnSw 109
2.1 tIin\osamgn
Zriy-I-e-IsImv k--amb \mSmWv tIc-fw. C{X-
am{Xw sshhn-[yhpw sshNn-{Xy-hp-am Iem-cq-]-
ap- tZ-i--fn Dm-I-W-sa-n-. \psS Zriy-I-e-I-
fn ]mc-cywsImpw Iem-]-c-amb ]qW-X-sImpw
kthmZvIr-jvS-amb Iem-cq-]-amWv IY-I-fn. temI
sm-Sp-ap Iem-kzm-Z-Isc hnkva-bn-n IY-Ifn
tIc-fobIem-cq-]--fpsS {]Xo-I-ambn \ne-sIm-p-p.
in- W - a n- msX Bkzm- Z \w km[y- a - m- X n- c p- n- p-
t]mepw kwkvIm-c-t`-Z-sat\y IY-I-fnv temI-p-S-
\ofw Bkzm-Z-I-cp-s-pXm-Wv asmcp hnkva-bw.
{]Xn-`m-im-en-I- sImp-h ]cn-jvIm-c- IY-I-
fnsb Cpw kPo-h-ambn \ne-\npp. khn-ti-j-
amb BIj-W-i-n-tbmsS \ne-sIm-p IY-I-fn-
bpsS kmln-Xy-cq-]-amWv B--Y.
B-Y F kmln-Xy-cq]w
IY-I-fn-bpsS kmln-Xy-cq-]-amb B--Y-bn
tmIw, ]Zw, ZWvUIw Fo Dn-cn-hp-I-fp-
v. B-Ymkmln-Xy-n\pw IY-I-fnpw
imkv{Xo-b-amb ASn-m\w \In-bXv tIm-
bv Xp-cm-\m-Wv. Dm-bn-hm-cy-cpsS \f-Nc - nXw
B--Y, B--Ym-km-ln-Xy-nse Ghpw
anI IrXn-I-fn Hm-a-Xm-bmWv ]cn-K-Wn--
s-p-t]m-cp--Xv. hnj-b-kzo-I-c-W-nepw B-
-Yb - psS B`y-c - - _
- mly in-cq-]o-Ic - W
- - -
fnepw cwKm-hn-jvIm-c-{I-a--fnepw cN\m-ssi-en-
bn-ep-samw B-h-bpw Zi-\hpw ebn-n-
m Ign- \psS GI B--Ym-Imc
Dm-bn-hm-cy-cmsWv tUm. h - n-Pb
- c
- m-Lh
- A`n-
{]m-bs - -Spp. alm-`m-cXw h\-]h-n _rl-
Z-iz-ap\n bp[n-jvTn-c-t\mSv ]d-bp \tfm-]m-Jym-
\-amWv Fm \f-Ir-Xn-Ipw ASn-m-\w.
Dm- b n- h m- c y- c psS \f- N - c nXw B- - Y bpw
BZyw \tfm-]m-Jym-\t- mSp IS-s-n-cn-p-p.
IY-bpsS qe-cq]w \tfm-]m-Jym-\-n-teXp
Xs-bm-Wv. Fm Xs cwK-I-em-kr-jvSnv
AXy-m-t]-n-Xs - ap tXmnb ]e am-fpw
kzoI-cn-m hmcy aSn-n-p-an-. kqvamw-i-
-fpsS Imcy-n-em-Is, Atlw kh-X{
kzX-{-\mb cmP-innXs.
]{v
110 So sSIvv
]mT-k`w
Za-b-n-bpsS cmw kzbw-hc{]Jym-]-\-a-dnv EXp-]Walm-cm-Pmhpw

kmc-Yn-bmb _mlp-I\pw IpWvUn-\-n-se-p-p. CX-dn Za-bn,
sImm-c- n-se-n-bn-cn-p _mlp-I \f-\mtWm Fv ]co-n-d
- n-bm
Xp\n-bp-p. AXn-\mbn Xs kaY-bmb tXmgn tIin-\nsb \ntbm-Kn-p-
p. tXmgn _mlp-Is hnti-j- t\cnpw Am-sXbpw a\-n-em-p-
Ibpw AsXmw Za-b-n-tbmSv ]d-bp-Ibpw sNp-p. \f-N-cnXw B--Y-
bn \memw Znh-k-n-ep Bdmw cwK-nse Cu k`-amWv ]mT-`m-
Kw.
$ shfn-ta sNp.......... hnPt\ ]d-m
_mlp-Is apn t\cn-p-sNv Hmtcmv At\z-jn--Xn\v Ifn-a-n
Ah ]d hmp-I tInv ]nn-cn-bp-Ibpw tijw ad-p-
\npsImv Nne-sXmw a\-n-em-p-Ibpw sNbvX ZqXn-bmb tIin\n
am-cp-an-m e-tv ssànsb hnfn-p-sIm-p-t]m-bnv ]d-p.
$ ]qam-Xn-s\m-........... sNmm
evao-tZ-hn-sb-tmse at\m-l-c-amb X\p-thm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-fmb ssào \o
tImepw. Cu _mlp-I ]pcp-j-c-Xv\-am-Wv. _pn-am-\mb Ah
FtmSv Ahs t]cpw ap hnh-c-fpw ]d-p.
$ \f-\n-sm-c-]-cm-[w.............-^-en-X-at{X ]mtmfw
\f Hc-]-cm-[hpw sNbvXn-n- t]mepw. h A]-cm-[hpw sNbvXn-p-
s-n Ipe-\m-cnv tIm]w Dm-h-cpXv t]m. hmp-I tInv
ZpjvS-\m-sWp tXmp-n-. Fs-nepw Ifhv D-Xmbpw tXmp-
n-. thsdbpw ]e Imcy-fpw ]d-p. {in-n-S-tmfw ]eXpw
Xam-i-bm-bn-mWv tXmp--Xv.
$ AmZn]mI-kw-`m-cw....................-Z-l-\ In-bp-Zmcw
(C-hnsS ]d-bp Imcy- tIin\n ad-p-\np \nco-n--tm
I-Xm-Wv).
tNmdpw Idn-Ifpw ]mIw sNm-\p hkvXp-hI - I
- òa-cm-Pm-hns I-
\-b-\p-k-cnv Fn-tXv Rm Ip. Atm IpS-n shw
\nd-p. Gsd IuXp-I-Icw Xs. bmsXm-c-l-m-chpw CmsX tLmc
hn \mbn Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.
$ thtK\ h-sm.................... Ah-I-f-tm hnf-o
s]sv ]mNIw Xonv tZl-ip-nbpw hcpn EXp-]Ws\ sNp
hW-p-I-bm-bn. XncnsI hv tXcn HXp-n-q-Sn. tXcnse ]pjv]m-
e-m-c-samw anb an-em-bn-cp-p. _mlp-I Ah ssIbn-se-Spv
Xncp-m XpS-n. Ah-sbmw Atm tim`n-m XpS-n.
hfsc ktm-j-tmsS ZqXnbmb tIin\n ]d hm-I tI-
tm Za-b-nv AXn-bmb B\--ap-m-bn. "ss\j-[-\n-h Xm Hco-
j-en ta \nWbw' (F-\nv bmsXmcp kwi-b-hp-an, Ch \f
Xs) Fv Za-bn a\-n Dd-n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
lb skdn
ebmfw
X\-XnSw 111
tmIw, ]Zw, ZWvUIw

tmI-fpw ]Z-fp-amWv s]mXpsh B-Y-I-fn-ep--Xv. Nne
B-Y-I-fn Htm ctm ZWvUIfpw ImWpw. Hcp hcn-bn 26 A-
c-n IqSp-Xep ]Zy-amWv ZWvUIw. Iptd-tbsd {Inb-I Hcp-anp \S-
pXv Bhn-jvI-cn-m-\mWv ZWvUIw. imkv{XobkwKo-X-nse cmKhpw
Xmfhpw A\p-k-cnvv Kmb-Iam \S-amp ]nn \nv ]mSp-XmWv
]Zw. ]hn, A\p-]-hn, Nc-W- Fnh tN ]Zw IYm]m{X-fpsS
`mjW-am-Wv. \S-amp thnbp hmNn-Im-`n-\-b-amWv ê-n
KmbI \S-pXv. cwKv Ah-Xc - n-nmsX ]ZnSbn hnpIf
IYm`mKw Npcpndv t{]Isc klmbnm\pXmWv tmI.
\f\pw hcfpw
Zabokzbwhcn kw_npXn\p \f t]mIp hgnv
C{, An, hcpW, ba Fo \mep tZhmsc Ipapn. Ah \fs\
XSp\nn. Xfn Hcmsf hcnm Zabnsb D]tZinpXn\p
thn Ah \fs\ ZqX\mbn Abp. Zabn, \fs\ am{Xta `mhmbn
hcnpIbpq Fdnbnp. kzbwhcn tZhm \mept]cpw \fs
cq]n {]Xysp. bYmY \fs\ ImWnpXcWsav Zabn
AhtcmSv {]mYnp. AX\pkcnv Ah kzw cq]w {]m]npIbpw \f\v
Hmtcm hc \IpIbpw sNbvXp.
\f kvacnp DSs\ ASpp hv tkhnpsImmsav An
hmpsImSpp. AX\pkcnv \f Hcp \ ]mNImc\mbn. \f]mIw
{]knamWtm. \f [\njvT\mbncnpsav ba A\p{Klnp.
kvacWam{Xbn Xs Pew e`npsav hcpW A\p{Klnp. bmKn
tamw {]Xyambncns F hcamWv C{ \InbXv.
.
tIin\osamgn-bn-tev
]mT`mKtp {]thinpXn\mbn \fNcnXw IY IpnIfpambn
]phbvmw. ]mTk`w hcp IYm`mKw DundbWw. XpSv
'tIin\osamgn' F ]mT`mKns HmUntbm tInmw.
]{v
112 So sSIvv
]T-\-{]-h-\-
A]{KY\pdnv
òacmP-[m-\n-bn-se-n-bXv \f-\m-sW--Xn X\nv bmsXmcp kwi-
b-hp-an-s B-K-X-n Za-bn Fn-t-sX-s\ F-dn-bm ]mT-
`m-K-ns AY-Xew ka-{K-ambn A]-{K-Yn-t--Xp-v. cp -kq-N-\Isf
ap\nn CXv km[y-am-hp-sav A[ym-]nI ]d-bp-p.
NmkqN-\I-
_mlp-I-s\-n Fsmw hnti-j--fmWv Za-b-n-tbmSv tIin\n ]d-
Xv?
_mlp-I \f Xs-sbv Za-b-nv Dd-p-\Im tIin\n
\Ip kqN-\-I Fs-m-amWv?
kqN\-If-- psS shfn--n, hnhn[ {Kqp-I-fmbn ]mT-`mKw A]-{K-Yn-m
\ntZin-p-p. {Kq-h-X-c-Ww.
]mTm-]-{K-Y\w A[ym-]nI {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-t--Xm-Wv.
Zriym-hn-jvImcw A]-{K-Y\w
'tIin-\osamgn' F ]mT-`m-K
- ns Zriy-mhn-jvImcw bqSyq_nepXv {]Zin-
n-p-p. \nXy-Po-hn-X-n \mw [cn-pXpt]msebmtWm IY-I-fn-bnse
IYm-]m-{X--fpsS thjw? s]mXp-N.
\mSy-[an{][m-\-amb Ie-bmWv IY-Ifn. AXn-\m IY-I-fn-thjw
Akm-[m-c-Whpw Aeu-In-I-{]XoXn Df-hm-p--Xp-am-hpw.
IYm- ] m{Xkz`m- h - a - \ p- k - c n- mWv IY- I - f n- b n thj- - f p- - X v .
kv{XoIv an\pv thj-am-Wv.
Za-b-n-bp-sSbpw tIin-\n-bp-sSbpw thjw an\pmWv. apJw an\pn
]n-ov hc-v, XneIw Nmn intcm-hkv{Xw, sam-`-c-W- XpS-
n-bh AWn-bp-p.
A`n-\-bBwKn-
-n {]I-S-amb {]tXy-I-X-I Fsmw? s]mXp-N.
Im-`n-\-b-n-\mWv {]m[m\yw.
BwKnIm-`n-\-b-n Xs kh{]m[m\yw lkvX-ap-{Zm-`n-\-b-n\m-
Wv. Hmtcm ]Z-n-sbpw AYw lkvX-ap-{Z-IsIm-mWv ImWn-p-
-Xv. IY-I-fn-bn "lkvX-e--W-Zo-]n-I'-bnse 24 ASn-m-\-ap-{Z-I-
fpsS sshhn-[y-am {]tbm-K-co-Xn-bmWv {][m\w.
]mT-`m-K
- nse ]Zm-cw-`
- n ap{Zm-`n-\bkm[y-XI
- mWv {]m[m-\yw.
evaotZhn-bp-sSbpw [oam-s-bp-samw ap{Z-I ISphcpw. CSbvv
hcp \r-{]-[m-\-amb Iem-i--fp-ap-v.
]mN-I-ns ap{Z-I AS-p cwK-{In-b.
_mlp-Is AZv`p-X-{]-hrn-I (shw \nd-bp-X,v Xo Ip--

lb skdn
ebmfw
X\-XnSw 113
Xv) ap{Zm-{]-tbm-K--fn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-n-p-p.

"kmtI-X-]-Xnsb hWn' Fv tIin\n ]d-bp-tm hnj-an-p
Za-bn Icbpp. Xs `mhv cmPm-hm-W-tm. asmcp cmPm-hns\
hW-p--Xn Za-b-nv Xm-cy-an-. Cu ka-bv tIin\n Za-b-
nsb kmz-\n-n-p-Xpw Ac-n ImWmw.
]q hnSphcp-Xp ImWn-p-tm D B-cyw.
Zriym-hn-jvIm-c-n kwKoXw F{]-Im-c-am-bn-cpp? s]mXp-N.

IY-I-fn-kw-KoXw Km\w am{X-a-, Zriy-I-e-bnse kw`m-jWw IqSn-bm-
Wv. IY-I-fn-bpsS hmNn-I-amWv kwKo-Xw.
IY- I - f n- b n A`n\b- k w- K o- X - a m- W p- - X v . \Ss BwKnIhpw
kmXznIhpamb A`n\bs t]mjnnpIbmWv IYIfnkwKoX-
ns eyw.
tkm]m\ coXn-bmWv {][m-\w. IWm-SIkwKo-Xhpw \mtSmSnkwKo-
Xhpw lnp-m\nkwKo-X-hp-samw B[p-\nIImev IY-IfnkwKo-
X-n ISpIqSn-bn-p-v.
BSm\p `mhw kw{IannpXv IYIfnbn kwKoXamWv .
AXn\m AXv `mhkwKoXamWv.
\mw I Zriym-hn-jvIm-c` - m-Kv Z_mcm-Ka - mWv {]tbm-Kn-n-p-X
- v.
Dmbnhmcy-cpsS CjvS-Xm-f-amb sN-S-bmWv Cu `mK-p--Xv.
]Xn ]Z-a CXv. Imew Ib-n-bmWv ]mSp--Xv.
GIm-`n-\bw, aqIm-`n-\bw
IY-I-fn-bnse Hcp Zriy-Iemk`-amWv ]mT-`m-Kw. _mlp-Is {]hr-n-
I ]eXpw tIin\n Hfn-p-\nv ImWp-p-n-hn-sS. Fs-m-am-Wh? s]mXp-
N.
]mN-I-k-`-n IpS-n X\nsb shw \nd-bp--Xv, hnNm-cn--
t\cw ASp-n XonSn-p--Xv.
]mN-I-n\p tijw _mlp-I EXp-]Ws\ hWn tXcn-se-p-
Ibpw tXcnse an-tmb ]pjv]m-e-mcw Xncp-n-btm ]g-b-]Sn
tim`n-m XpS-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
t{ImUo-I-c-W-n\p tijw A[ym-]nI GIm-`n-\bw Fm-sW--Xn-s\-p-
dnv eLp-hn-i-Zo-I-cWw \Ip-p. hyXykvX IYm-]m-{X--fpsS `mh--`m-j-
W--i-cocNe\ khn-ti-j-X-I cwKv HcmXs Ah-X-cn-n-p--XmWv
GIm-`n-\-bw. tIin\n Hfn-p-\np I _mlp-Is {]hr-n-I env
sNbvXp-I-gn-p. CXv GIm-`n-\-b-ambn Ah-X-cn-n--W-sa-n Fsmw
Imcy- thWw? s]mXp-N.
\S, \Sn, eLp-hmb Nabw, D]-I-c-W-, Xmfw XpS-n-bh.
eLp-kv{In]vv
eLp-kv{In]vv Fgp-Xp--Xn\pw A`n-\-bn-p--Xn-\p-ap Ipn-Isf Is-p-

p. Ah-X-c-W-n-\p Znh-kw Xocp-am-\n-p-p. ap Ipn-I Ah-X-cWw
Iv hne-bn-cp-n A`n-{]mbw ]d-tb--Xm-Wv. GIm-`n-\bw t]mse aqIm-`n-\-
bhpapv. aqIm-`n-\-b-ns khn-tij-X-I Fs-m-amWv? s]mXp-N.
]{v
114 So sSIvv
ico-c-N-e-\-n\pw ap{Zm-`n-\-b-n-\pw am{Xw CS-ap `mh-{]-I-S-\w.
kw`m-j-Whpw cwK-k-o-I-c-Whpw thjhpw `mh-n-\-\p-Kp-W-amb
kwKo-Xhpw aqIm-`n-\-b-n Hgn-hm--Ww. `mh-Xew t\cnv {]I-S-am-
hm hn[-ap kwKo-X-ns km[y-X-I D]-tbm-Kn-m-hp--Xm-
Wv. kwLm`n-\-b-amWv DNnXw.
tIin\n HfnpI _mlpI{]hrnI aqIm`n\bambn AhXcnnmw.
GIm`n\bn\v aptmph ]T\{]{Inb AtX]Sn Ahew_npsImv
Cu cwK\nhlWn\v A[ym]nI t\XrXzw sImSptXmWv.
IYm-]m-{X-\n-cq-]Ww
NphsS tNp ae-bmf kn\namKm\--fn-tev A[ym-]nI hnZymYn-I-
fpsS {i Wn-p-p.
N{I-hn\o .....
kym-kn-\o.....
{]mW-k-Jo.....
t{]a-`n-pIo
ap kn\n-am-Km-\--fn\np hyXy-kvX-ambn Cu Km\-p s]mXp-

hmb {]tXy-IX Fv? s]mXp-N.
kwt_m-[-\-bn XpS-pp.
sshIm-cn-I-amb ASp-s XovW-am-m kwt_m-[-\bvv Ign-
bpp.
"tIin\osamgn' F ]mT-`m-Kv Za-b-n-sbbpw _mlp-I-s\bpw Ipdn-p
tIin-\n-bpsS kwt_m-[-\-I env sNm A[ym-]nI hnZymYn-I-tfm-Sp-
]dbpp.
Za-bn ]qamXv (evao-tZ-hn)
Nmcp-X\p (kp--cn)
Ipe-\mcn
_mlp-I ]pcp-j-cXv\w
[o-am
Ccw kwt_m-[-\-Ifn-eqsS Bhn-jvIrX-am-Ip tIin-\n-bpsS kz`m-h-k-
hn-ti-j-X-I Fsmw? s]mXp-N.
Za-b-n-tbm-Sp kvt\lw, kmz-\w, BZ-chv Fnh {]I-Sn-n-pp.
\ncm-i-bn-em-p-t]mb Za-b-nsb sFiz-cy-tZ-h-X-bmb evao-tZ-hn-
tbmSv D]-an-p-Xv ip`-Nn--bn-tep \bn-m-\p {ia-am-Wv.
Za-b-nsb 'kpcn' Fpw _mlp-Is\ ']pcp-j-cXv\w' Fpw hnti-
jn-n-p--Xn-eqsS Ch Xn tNtc--Xm-sW kqN\ \Ip-
p. tIin-\n-bpsS \nco-W - ]- m-Sh
- hpw Ipim-{K-_p-nbpw ChnsS hy-
am-Ip-p.
Za-b-n-bpsS a\-n _mlp-I-t\mSv A\p-Iq-e-amb `mhw Dm-m
'[oam' F kwt_m-[-\-bn-eqsS Ign-bp-p. tIin-\n-bpsS kmaYy-
n\pw Iui-e-n\pw DZm-l-c-W-am-Wn-Xv.
lb skdn
ebmfw
X\-XnSw 115
\f \nc-]-cm-[n-bm-Wv. C\n A]-cm-[-ap-s-n-sbpw 'Ipe-\m-

cnv' tIm]w hc-cpXv. \f\pw Za-b-nbpw Hn-mepw a\-n Hcp
IcSpw _mn-bm-h-cp-sX tIin-\n-bpsS Nn. CXn-eqsS tIin\n Hcp
a\mkv{X ]Sp-hm-sWv sXfn-bp-p.
"Je-\' Fp ]d-bp-n-Sv ZpjvS-Xbpw Ifhpw \f-\n F kqN-
\-bp-v. \fs ]qh-hr-m--n\nv CXv cp-ap-sv Za-b-
nv tXmm-hp--Xm-Wv. Ccw tXm-ep-I-fn\nv Za-b-nsb
hnap--bm-m ]mI-n-emWv tIin-\n-bpsS kw`m-jW
kmaYyw.
]nsbpw \f ]eXpw ]dp Fp tcJ-s-Sp-p-n-Sv Za-b-
nsb BImw-m-`-cn-X-bm-m-\p ]pd-m-Sp-v. AsXms ên-X-
am-bn-s-Sp-m aXn Fp ]d-bp-nSv A-co--n\v Abhphcp-
m-\p a\mkv{X-k-ao-]-\-amWv tIin\n kzoI-cn-p--Xv.
N-bpsS shfn--n hyn-K-X-ambn "tIin\n' F IYm-]m-{Xs \ncq-
]Ww sNbvXv Ipdnv Xbm-dm-m \ntZ-in-p-p.
Dm-bn-hm-cy-cpsS Imhy-`mj
{^v Ihn-bmb Atm-fn-t\-b ag {]ta-ba - mn IhnX Fgp-Xn-bt- m km[m-
c-W-bp tcJo-b-amb Fgpv Hgn-hmn apI-fn\np Xmtgv Fgp-Xn.
Ihn Fn-\mWv Cs\ sNbvXXv? s]mXp-N.
`mthm-Nn-Xamb `mjm-co-Xnbpw BJym-\-co-Xnbpw kzmwio-I-cn-m-\mWv
Ihn-bpsS {iaw. Bhn-jvI-cn-p `mh-n-s\mv Imhy-`mj {]tbm-
Kn-pI FXv Po\n-b-p-I-fmb Ihn-I-fpsS kz`m-h-am-Wv. ChnsS `mj
\nc-h[n {Ia-ew-L-\-p hnt[-b-am-Ip-p. Cu Hcp eLp BapJw
A[ym-]nI mkn ]d-bp-p.
Htc-k-abw Ihn-X-sbbpw Ac-n-s\bpw eywhbvp Imhy-`m-j-bmWv
Dm-bn-hm-cy-cp-tS-Xv. IYm-]m-{X-n\pw cwK-N-cy-Ipw CW-pw-hn[w `mj-
sbbpw BJym-\-sbpw Cu Ihn ]pXp-n--Wn-bp-p. A`n-\-b-n\v Bw
Iqp i_vZ-aq-ey-sbpw Ac-nse kmln-Xy-n-tev Atlw kzmwio-
I-cn-p.
]mT-`m-Ks Bkv]-Z-amn Dm-bn-bpsS Imhy-`m-j-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I
Is-mw. ]mT-`m-Kv {]mkw hcp `mK- ]n-I-s-Sp-m A[ym-
]nI \ntZ-in-p-p. {]mkw `mhm-hn-jvIm-c-n hln-p ]v Is--
Ww.
tmI-n ZznXo-bm-c {]mkapv.
""]qam-Xn-s\m-.... _mlp-It\m'' BZym--c, Ay-{]m-k-fpv.
""thtK-\..... hnfo'' A\p-{]mkw Cu hcn-I-fn ImWmw.
{]mk-`wKn i_vZ-e-b-n\pw Xmf-e-b-n\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-p. cwKm-hn-
jvIm-cs NSp-eam-p-p.
kwKo-X-s Aeu-In-I-amb Xe-n-te-p-bp-p.
Ihn-Xsb Zriym-\p-`-h-amn amm km[n-p-p.
]mT-`m-K-n GsXmw `mj-I IS-p-h-cp-pv? s]mXp-N.
]{v
116 So sSIvv
ae-bm-fw, kwkvIr-Xw Fn-s\ cp Xc-n-ep `mj ]mT`mK-
p-v.
ae-bm-fw: shfn--ta.....-t]mp (tm-I-n ae-bmfw {]tbm-Kn-p-Xv
hmcy-cpsS auen-I-X-bmWv.)
Ipe-\m-co..... t]m, t]mp.......... hnfo
lrZyhpw X\n-a-bp--Xp-amb Dm-bn-hm-cy-cpsS ae-bmfw Bkzm-Z-Isc
ckn-n-p-p.
kwkvIrXw:
ssàow, hnP-t\, Ipwt` XpS-nb kwkvIrXhn`n D]-tbm-Kn
]Z klr-Z-bs\ Ipg-m-sX-bp kc-f-amb kwkvIrXw.
]mT-`m-Kp {]tbm-Kn-n-p kwt_m-[-\-I-sf-n \mw t\ct
NsNbvX-Xm-Wv. Fm Ah-bn-sem-scw `mjm-]-c-ambn khn-ti-
j-X-bp--Xm-Wv. GXm-WXv? s]mXp-N.
"Nmcp-Xt\m' F {]tbmKw.
Xmsg "_mlp-It\m' F {]tbmKw hcp--Xn-\m kwKo-X-km-[yX
IW-mn Nmcp-X\p FXv Nmcp-Xt\m Fmn ampp. Ac-n-
s\-q-Sn-v Imhy-sa-gp-Xpp Dm-bn-hm-cy.
kmam\y `mjm-{]-tbm-K-n Hcp Imcyw hnh-cn-pI FXv kqva-amb
H; qe-am-Wv. hnh-c-W-n\v Ftmgpw hmNm-e-X-bp-v. Cmcyw A[ym-
]nI kqNn-n-p-p. Ihn-X-bn-em-Ip-tm `mj-bpsS kwn]vtXm]-tbmKw
aqew hnh-cWw kqva-ambn amdp-p. ]mT-`m-Kv Ccw kqva-hn-h-cWw
{]Xy--s-Sp k`--fp-v. Is-mtam? N.
Am-Zn-]mI kw`m-cw.........-I-n-bp-Zmcw
thtK\ h-sm-cp-n.......-A-h-I-f-tm hnfn
Zriy-`m-j-bpsS kqva-hn-\n-tbmKw {in-t--Xm-Wv.

N-I-fpsS shfn--n Dm-bn-hm-cy-cpsS Imhy-`m-j-sb-p-dnv eLp

D]\ymkw Xbm-dm-m \ntZ-in-p-p.
IY-I-fn-kw-KoXw
kwKo-Xw, kmln-Xyw, A`n-\-bw, \rw, hmZyw XpS-nb Iem-L-S-I--fm Hn-W-
n-bn-p Hcp kwbpIe-bmWv IY-I-fn. ]Z-fpw tmI-fpw CS-I-en-p B-
-Ym-km-ln-Xyw, ]n-Wn-kw-KoXcq]-n A`n-\-b-n\pw klm-b-I-amb coXn-bn
hn-p-p. IY-I-fn-b-c-ns ]n`m-Kv CS-Xp-h-i-mbn cp Kmb-I tNmWv
IY-I-fn-bn kwKoXw Be-]n-p--Xv. {][m\ Kmb-I\v s]mm-\n-sbpw kl-Km-b-
I\v innSnsbpw t]cp ]dphcp-p. IY-If - n-bn {]tbm-Knphcp kwKoXw IWm-
SIkwKo-X-ns cq]m--c-amb tkm]m\kwKo-X-ns k{-Zm-b-n-epXmWv. tIc-
f-nse IrjvW-t-{X--fn Pb-tZhIhn-bpsS KoX-tKm-hnw (AjvS-]-Zn) ]mSp
coXn-bn\nmWv IY-IfnkwKo-X-ns Dhw Fp hnizkn--s-Sp-p. t{X-
ns \S-bv \np ]mSp-XpsImv CXn\v tkm]m-\-kw-KoXw F t]cp-h-
smWv hmZw. ]nm-ev ]eXc-n-ep ]cn-jvIm-c-fpw ap taJ-e-bn F
t]mse IY-I-fn-kwKo-X-nepw hn-p-v.
lb skdn
ebmfw
X\-XnSw 117
2.2 An-hWs Imep-I
]mTm]-{K-Y\w
A[n-Im-c-ns PoW-X, D]-Pm-]-I-hr---fpsS apX-se-Sp-v, ]uc-k-aq-l-

ns \nw-KX Fnh Hcphi-v. H-s {]Xn-tcm-[-, s]mXp-k-aqlw
`c-W-hy-h-sb ipo-I-cn-s-Sp-p-sa {]Xo Fnh adp-h-iv. Ch
Xn-ep kwLjhpw \mS-Iobaplq-fpw tNp-hbv-p-tm Imhm-
e-n\v "An-hWs Imep-I' t]mse Hcp \mS-I-sa-gp-Xm-\p B`y--c-
{In-bmw-i-am-bn. A[n-Imcw Xpey-\oXn \S-m-m-\p Pt\--bm-Wv. cmPmhv `qan-
bpsS, ]-`q-X--fpsS, AXn-eptn-cn-p -PohnhK-ns kwc--W-
am-Wv. Cu ks Acw{]Xn \S-m-n-bh - c
- mWv kqcy-hw-i- nse cmPm-
-m-cmb cLp-hpw Zneo-]\pw Zi-c-Y\pw cma\pw apw. Fm B hwiw An-
hW-\n Fn-t-tmtgm? C{n-bt- `m-K - n apgp-Inb An-hW cmhpw
]Iepw Apc--fn hnl-cn-p. GI-]Xv\o{hXw ]men cma-s\-hnsS? ]c-
kv{Xo-I-tfm-sSmv Ip-gn PohnXw \bn An-hW-s\-hnsS? {]P-I-fpsS
Imcyw At\z-jn-m cmPm-hn\v t\c-an-. P\m-e--gp-Xn-eqsS Xqn-bn cmPm-
hns Imep-I Iv {]P-I cmPm-hns\ Zin-sp hcpn. HSp-hn cmP-
bw F tcmKw _m[n-mWv An-hW acn-p--Xv. s]mXp-P\w cmPm-[n-
Im-c-hp-ambn _-s {]Xo-I-v F{]-Imcw am\-kn-I-ambn ASn-a-I-fm-Ip-
p-shpw Cu \mS-I-n\np hmbn-s-Sp-mw. A[n-Im-cnsb t\h-gnp
\S-t A\p-N-c-kw-L-am-Is, D]Pm-]Ihr-ambn A[Xn-p-Xpw Xn
a-cn-p-Xpw IpXnIm shpXpw XImcyem`-n-\mbn {]hn-p-Xpw
\mS-I-Irv hnhn[ kw`-h--fn-eqsS hy-am-n--cpp. ka-Im-eo\kaq-l-
Po-hn-X-nepw CXn\p kam-\-amb kw`-h- ImWmw. Iptd-mew \nw-K-X-
tbmsS, CsXmw klnp Pohn s]mXp-k-aqlw Hcp-\m Xncp-in-bm-
Ipw. AXns\ \bn-m ASn-m\hK-n \npXs Hcp {]Xn-\n[n hcpw.
ImcWw, Ah-cm-Wtm A\m-Znbmb Imew apXte CXn-s\mw Cc-I. "An-
hWs Imep-I-fn-'em-I-s, B ASn-m\ hK-{]-Xn-\n[n Hcp kv{XoIqSn-bm-
sW-p-Xv Ncn-{X-\oXn IqSn-bmbn. ssIbn-ep Bbp-[-am-Is, Nqem-Wv.
B`y-c{Inbmwihnv Ac-n hr-ambn imtJm-]i - m-JI
- f
- n-eqsS Cebpw
Imbp-ambn hncnp ]Sp ]-en-p-Xv _mly-{In-bmw-i--fmb IYm-]m-
{X--fn-eq-sSbpw kw`m-j-W--fn-eq-sS-bp-am-W-tm. "An-hWs Imep-I-fn'
Bdv IYm-]m-{Xhpw Hcp tImd-kp-am-Wp-Xv. Hcp {][m\ IYm-]m{Xw t]mse
An-hWs\ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cnpsImv cp ac-m-ep-I Ac-n-ep-v. Nen-
m Cu ac-m-ep-I PU-Xp-ey-amb, \n-e-amb `c-W-hy-h-sb {]Xo-I-
h--cn-m\pXI-p \mS-Ih - k
- vXp-hmWv. An-hWs t`mKem-ek - X- bpw P\m-
e-bn-eqsS \Ip NcWZi-\hpw Ac-n-se-n-m Cu ac-m-ep-Iv
Ign-bp-p-v.
cma-m `mc-X-cm-Pys tIhe]uc-m-cm-Wv. KmnPn hn`m-h\w sNbvX ka-
Xz-kp-c `mc-X-cmPyw cma-cmPy-ambncp-tm. tIh-e-cm-a kmZm-{]-P, Nnm-cm-
a _pn-Po-hn, sImp-hm \nb-a-cm-a, cmP-Kpcp `c-tWm-]-tZ-iI DtZym-K-
]{v
118 So sSIvv
. hnZq-j-I-\m-Is, {]Xn-mb \nnv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cnsb hmgn--m\pw hogn-
m\pw sIp B[p-\n-I-Im-es am[yatemI-ns {]Xn-\n-[n. P\w Nne-
tm-sgms Kmb-I-kw-L-ambn sshXm-fn-I-cpsS m\pw Nne-tm {]Xn-I-
cn-p {]Xn-]--ns m\pw hcp-p-v. Fm Imhm-e-ns ap
Nne \mS-I--fn-se-t]mse \nh-l-W-n Hcp kv{XoI-Ym-]m-{X-amWv "An-
hWs Imep-I-fn'-ep-ap--Xv. "An-hWs Imep-I-fn'se ASn-p-X-fn-mcn
\njvIf -
- bpw ip-KX - n-m-cn-bp-am-Wv. An-hWs\ {]Xo-n-n-cn-p t{]-
I-cpsS apn-tev NmW-I-sh-hpw Nqep-ambn hv Fmw ASn-p-X-fnp hrn-
bm-pp. \mS-I-{In-b-bn-eqsS Ah ImgvN-m-cpsS a\-n CSw]nSnp-p.
\mS-I-am-cw-`n-p-Xv An-hWs Imep-Isf ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-n-sm-mWv.
hnZq-j-I-\mWv B ZuXyw \nd-th-p-Xv. XpSv P\w Imep-Isf kvXpXnv
]mSp-p. hmgvp-sam-gn-In-S-bnepw Hs hnai-\- B-KXcq]-n
P\-n-S-bn\np hcp-p-v. ""hni-p-t]m-se-bp XmW-Xcw Imcy--fn
\mw hym]r-X-cm-Im-dptm'' F hnZq-j-Is tNmZy-nse Bt-]-lmkyw
\mS-Ins A[m-cbmbn hn-p cmjv{So-bt- _m-[ - n\nmWv Dm-
Ip--Xv. ""hmkvX-hw, hmkvXhw, Rv cmPm-hns Imep-I Im hni-
n'' FmWv P\-nse ap--h ]d--Xv. A[n-ImchK-n-\p-thn _en
hkvXpthm IpcpXnhkvXpthm Bbn amdp IYm-]m-{X- Imhm-e-ns \mS-
I--fnse s]mXp-L-S-I-amWv.
tIh-e-cm-a\pw Nnm-cm-a\pw Xn-ep ]cn-N-b-s-S-en tIh-e-cm-a-s\
km[m-c-W-]u-cs B-hn-izm-k-an-m-bvabpw AXn-hn-\-bhpw kw`m-j-W--fn-
eq-sSbpw tNjvS-I-fn-eq-sSbpw {]I-S-am-Wv. GXp \nan-jhpw tIh-e-cm-a\v Hc-]-
ISw ]nW-bptam F t]Sn-bmWv t{]-I-\n DtZzKw hfp--Xv. Nnm-cm-
a-\n-emWv tIh-e-cm-as {]Xo-. ""A]-ISw hcptm \n Fs hnpIf-
b-cpXv'' F-bm ]d-bp-p. Nnm-cm-a, ""Rms\-tmgpw \n-fpsS IqsS-bpv''
Fp hmp \Ip-p-s-nepw ]noSv FSp-p \ne-]mSv kzw \ne-
\nn\v tImw hcm hn[-n-em-Wv. knwlm-k-\-n Imep-I-tfmSv H-an-cn-
p tIh-e-cm-a "A[n-Imcw P\--fn-tev' F ambm-tam-l\hmKvZm-\-
n ab-n-tmb thm Xs-bm-Wv.
`c-WI - q-S
- ns {]Xy-a - t\m]-Ic - Ww F \ne-bn-emWv sImphm-sf
\nb-a-cm-as hc-hv. \nb-a-cm-a tIhecmas\ FmWv sNpI F BImw-
-bmWv \mS-I - ns ]ncn-ap-dpw Iqp-X - v. \nb-ac
- m-a\
- n\nv ASn-Inn Xmsg
hoWnpw tIh-e-cm-a auen-I-amb tNmZyw Dbp-p-v. ""Bs, ChnsS Hcp
cmPmhptm?'' \nb-a-cm-a-\mb sImp-hm adp-]Sn ]d-bp--Xv, ""Ctm a\-
n-em-bnt'' Fm-Wv. {]P-Iv ASn-In-p-tm a\-n-emmw cmPmhv cmPyw
`cn-p-p-s.v ]no-Sh - An-hWs cq]-LS- \bmWv kw`m-jW - - f- n-eqsS
A\m-h-cWw sNp--Xv. Nnm-cm-a ]d-bp-Xv, ""F\no LS\ Adn-bmw.
AXt Rm Xs-tmse `b-s-Sm--Xv. AXp-Ip ckn-m\m Rm ChnsS
h-Xv'' Fm-Wv. cmPys hnZym-k--cpw _pn-Po-hn-I-fpw ASn--a-s-
-h-cpsS AXn-Po-h\ka-c--tfmSp ImWn-n-p kao-]-\-s-bmWv \mS-I-Irv
hnai-\-hn-t[-b-am-p--Xv.
knwlm-k\ -
- n-en-cn-p ac-m Bcp-tS-XmIpw F Xw Hcp kwLj-
n-tep \op-p-v. IqSmsX, ChnsS Hcp cmPm-hn-s \nco-Ww tIh-e-
cm-a-\n\np XpSn HSp-hn Nnm-cm-a-\n-tepw \ofp-p. cmPm-hns hmb-\-
lb skdn
ebmfw
X\-XnSw 119
sbbpw Adn-hn-s\bpw Ipdn-p N Fn\np-Xv C-s\-bm-Wv: ""hmbp-

s-nepw hmbn-m t\c-an-m-nv Atlw thsdm-cmsf Ccpn hmbn-n-
p-p-v.'' Imhm-e-ns ap ]e \mSIfn-te-Xp-sat]mse Chn-sSbpw
A[n-Imcw ssIbm-fp IYm-]m-{X--sfmw tImam-fn-Isftmse s]cp-am-dp-p.
cmPm-hns Fgp---ns\ kqNn-n-p sImp-hnfn Db-cp-tm ]ncn-ap-
dpw IqSp-p. ]t, hcp-Xv cmP-Kp-cp. cmP-Kpcp \ne-hn-ep _yqtdm-{I-kn-
bpsS `qX-mtIm Hmn-n-p-p. ""cmPm-hns ImemWv Fs sNhn''sbv
cmP-Kpcp shfn-s-Sp-p-p. cmP-Kpcp B m\v Fn-t-Xns ]nnse
"CS-\mgnhn-h'-s-p-dnpw kqN-\I - f
- p-v ""Ctm-gs Imep-Im-c cmPm-hns
{`mp-]n-Sn C{n-b--fpsS el-cn-bn Cbm-ft ]gb cmPm-hns\ h[n-Xv.''
_mly-kw-Lj-ns GI-bnSw sImp-hmfpw tIh-e-cm-a\pw Xn-ep
Gp-ap-cwK-am-Wv. \mS-Io-b-Xbvv Bw Iqn cmPm-hns hchv kqNn-n-p,
bps tZymXn-n-p hmZy-tafw Atm apdp-Ip-p. \mS-Io-b-Xbvv Bw
Iqn cmPm-hns hchv kqNn-n-p sImphnfn hopw. cmP-Kpcphsc cmPm-
hns\ hc-thm-\mbn Xbm-dmbn \np-p, ]t, hcp-Xv hnZq-j-I.
t{]-I-cn Nncnbpbp IYm-hy-Xn-bm-\-am-Wn-Xv.
hnZq-j-I : ""BsI Fm Hcp au\w? hnZq-jI - {]th-in-p-tm Ghcpw
Xe Ipnp \np-tm.''
cmP-Kpcp : ""Xm\mtWm? hnZq-j-Is Fgp---n\pw sImpw Ipg-
eptam? Cu ]Xn-shp XpSn?''
hnZq-j-I : ""hnZq-j-I cmPm-hns DtXmg-\m-sWv Ipgeqp-Imdn-
bmw. Fs ]pd-m-Sn\v Fn\p sImpw Ipgepw thsv
hbv-Ww? Bbn-sm--s.''
thenXs hnf-hp Xnp kzP-\-]-]mXw P\m-[n-]-Xy-ns im]-am-
Wv. Acw Agn-a-Xn-I-fm cmPys `c-W-cwKw Nop-\m-dp-p-v. \mS-I-
n-eqsS AXv [z\n-np-p. cmPmhv Pohn-n-cn-p-ptm F At\z-jWw
Fn-t-cp-Xv ""Imep-I Pohn-n-cn-pp; C{n-b- acnp Pohn-pp;
Pohnp acn-pp'' F Is--en-em-Wv.
tIh-e-cm-a: ""Nnm-cm-am, CXp hnZq-j-I-\mtWm? Cbm cmPmhv thjw amdn-
b-Xt? As\ hniz-kn-m tXmp-p.''
Cu kw`m-jWw ASp kwLj-n-te-p \mS-Ih - f
- -bm-Wv. BcmWv
An-hW? Ac-n hptNcphcn An-hW\ptm? t{]-I-cmb
\n An-hWam-cptm? hnZq-j-I-m-\w XcwXmgvp-tm Inp
m\-amtWm F Btem-N-\bpw, am[y-a- `c-W-Iq-S-ns `mhn Xocp-am-
\n-p Cu Imev {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ Aln-p Hm-Wv. ""Rm B
knwlm-k-\-n Fs tXmgs Im Hn-cp-mepw, tXmg Hpw ]d-
bp-I-bn'' Fv hnZq-j-I ]d-bp-p-. cmP-Kp-cphpw hnZq-j-I\pw sImp-hmfpw
Xn-ep A[n-Im-c-w PpUo-jy-dnbpw FIvkn-Iyq-ohpw sePn-t-ohpw
am[y-a-tem-Ihpw Xn-ep Gp-ap--ens\ Hmn-n-p-pv.
\mS-II - rv tIh-ec - m-as
- \-smv ]d-bn-pp, ""Atlw knwlm-k\ -
- n
Ccn-s - . Hpw kw`-hn-m t]mWn-. At-lt- m-sS-nepw kSw ]d-bm-at- m?''
`c-Wc- o-Xn-tbm-Sp {]Xn-tj-[hpw A[n-Im-c - ns Akw-_ - k - z-`m-hhpw Imhmew
Chn-sSbpw shfns-Sp-p-p. sImp-hm hnZq-jI - s\ henp Xmsg-bn-Sp-tm
]{v
120 So sSIvv
hnZqjI ]d-bp-p: ""kmc-an-. am-sc-nepw Fs tXmgs knwlm-k\ - - n-en-cp-
m CXm-W\ - p-`h
- w. \nb-a - ns in Fm-sW-d - n-bpw.''
hopw cmPm-hns hc-h-dn-bnv sImp-hn-fn. cmPm-hns\ {]Xo-n-n-cn-p-
tm hcp-Xv ASnpXfn-m-cn. Cu Sznkvn Xs-bmWv ssamIvkv Hcpn
hn-cn-p--Xv. cwK-{]-thiw sNbvXn-cn-pXv Hcp s]mWv F-Xp-Xs
sR Dm-p-p-v. A[n-Im-c-ns CS-\m-gn-bn BcmWv Btc-mfpw
aosX? A[n-Imcw ssIbm-fp--ht]mepw attXm A[n-ImctI{--fn\nv
\nb-{n-s - -SphcmtWm? \nh-lW - - n-s\-nb ASn-p-Xf - n-mcn ]d-bp-X,v
""F\n-n-sXmpw Adn-p-IqSm, Fm-hcpw Hp amdn--c-Ww. Chn-S-samw
HSn-phm-cWw'' Fm-Wv. P\-Xb - psS kzmX-{y-tam-lhpw AXp-m-p Iem-
]-km-[y-Xbpw Iem-]-c-ambn \mS-I-Irv [z\n-n-p-p. ""Inpw In-sp
\Sn-p-Xv hmkvX-h-n IjvS-amWv. ImWmnpw Isp \Sn-p-Xv
AXnepw IjvS-amWv,'' ""hmkvX-hw, \apv Ah-Im-i-s-tX \app e`nq''
Fn--s\-bp {]kvXm-h-\-I-fn-eqsS C\n-tb-Xm-bmepw CXn-sems amw hcp-
m \-fn-S-s]-SWw F Nn-bn-tev cwK-]mTw t{]-Is\ Xn-bn-Sp-
p. Ac-msI ASn-p-hr-n-bmn, ac-m-ep-Isf Apc-n-tev B\-bn-
p--Xn-eqsSbmWv \mSIns bh-\nI Xmgp--Xv.
kwLj-n-sbpw ]ncn-ap-dp- - n-sbpw apap\-bn ]nSn-p-\n-n ]Sn-]-
Sn-bmbn hfn Szn-ne - qsS sRnv ssam-Ivkn-se-n-p inev]` - {- Z-Xtbm
krZr-VL - S- \
- tbm Imhm-e - ns \mS-I - f - n km[mcW ImWm-dn-. \mtSmSnhg-
-n-ep A\u-]N - m-cn-Ia - mb BJym-\c - o-Xnbpw \S\pw kwhn-[m-bI - \pw Htsd
km[y-XI - \Ip Ab-Xpw kulr-Z] - qW-hp-amb LS-\b - pamWv Cu \mS-
I-n-\p-ap-Xv. hmp-If - n-eq-sSbpw hcn-If - n-eq-sSbpw ]eXpw [z\n-n-p-IS- p t]mhp-
p. \mtSm-Snbpw mkn-e - p-amb Ie-If - psS Awi- kzoI-cn-p-sImv \mS-I-
c-N\bpsS Hcp ]pXnb LS\ Is-p-Ib - mWv Imhm-ew.
\S\pw cmw ico-chpw

temI-{]-ikvX \-I-\mb \nPnkvIn ]e thZn-I-fnhpw \r-n-\n-
S-bn Bd-Sn-tbmfw apI-fn-tev NmSnbpbv Kpcp-Xzm-Ij-Ws ewLn-
p-sImv Hcp Xqht]mse ]Xnsb Xmtgp ]Xn-p-am-bn-cp-p. CXns
cl-ky-a-dn-bm-s\-nb am[y-a-{]-h-I-tbmSv \nPnkvIn ]d-Xn--s\-
bm-Wv: ""\n-fpsS tNmZy-n\v Dcw \Im \rw sNbvXp-sIm-n-cn-
p \nPnkvInp am{Xta Ign-bq. Rm B \-Is\ sImp \S-
p Hcp hml-I am{X-am-W.v''
a\p-jy-kw-kvIm-c-ns {]Xn-^-e-\--fmbn {]mNo\-Imew apXte Iem-cq-]-
\ne-\np-p-v. a\p-jy Xs icoci-_vZ- N - e
- \
-
- sImvv Dm-
n-sb-Sp Ne-\m--I-amb icoc{]I-S-\-fpw `mh-lm-hm-ZnIfpw Ds
A`n-\-b-I-e-bmWv Iem-cq-]-fn hpXs {][m-\-s--Xmbn hne-bn-cp--
s-n-cn-p--Xv. Cy ]mc--cy-nepw Pm-\o-kv, {Kov ]mc--cy--fnepw
lb skdn
ebmfw
X\-XnSw 121
A`n-\bIebvv henb {]m[m\yw Dm-bn-cpXns sXfn-hmWv `c-Xs

"\mSy-im-kv{X'hpw knbman cN-\-Ifpw {Kov\mS-I-fpw Acn-tm-n-ens
"Imhy-ao-amw-k'-bpw. \S\pw t{]-I-\p-an-S-bn-ep/Poh-\p cp ico-c-
Xn-ep AKm-[-amb ASp--ns AS-bm-f-ambn A`n-\-b-Ie amdpp F-
XmWv Cu Ie-bpsS anI-hns Imc-Ww.
Ac-nse Hcp hnc-e-\w, \nizm-kw, \n_vZ-X, H-t\m-w, sNdp-i_vZw
CXpsImp am{Xw Bbn-c--W-n\p t{]-Isc \S-m Ah-cn-tep
tNp\np-p. icocwsImv kz]v\w ImWp-Ibpw Nnn-p-Ibpw
sNp \S, Ac-n-tev Bm-hns\ ]I-cp-tm kmh-eu-In-I-amb
hymJym\-fn-tep hgn-sX-fnpsImv \Ss icocw hfv Acp apgp-
h \nd-bp-p. \Ss cmw ico-c-am-WXv; hep-Xm-Ip-Xpw \nb-{-W-hn-t[-
b-am-Ip--Xp-amb ico-cw. B henb ico-c-n ebn-p-sImv Hmtcm t{]-
I\pw \S-t\m-sSmw {]Ir-Xn-bn-tev Xncnpt]mIp-p. \jvS-s-p-t]m-btXm
ad-n-cn-p-tXm Bb Ah-cn-se-s {]Ir-Xn-i-co-cs Ah Iqmbn
Xncnp]nSn-p-p. hyn-bn\nv \S-\n-te-p Cu ]cn-h-\-ns
ck-X-{-amWv \nPnkvIn shfn-s-Sp-n-b-Xv. \mSIIesb kmln-Xy-aq-ey-
ns am{Xw ASn-m-\-n hne-bn-cp-p--Xn\p ]Icw cwKm-h-X-c-W-n-
sbpw \S\{]I-S-\-n-sbpw BI-p-I-bmbn ]cn-tim-[n-Ww F ImgvN-
mSv temIw apgp-h cq]wsImp--Xns ]m--e-an-Xm-Wv. B ImgvN-m-
Sn \np-sIm-p-XsbmWv "X\-XnSw' F bqWn-n "An-hWs Imep-
I' F \mSIw CSw]nSn-n-p-Xpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am--s-Sp--Xpw.
]mT-n-tev
Im- Snp apn cp Ipn-Isf apJm-apJw \np-p. Ahn-S-bn

Xncn-bp Hcp Im-Sn-bp-sv kn--Ww. Hcm ImSn t\mp
B, at B Im-Sn-bnse {]Xn-_nw-_w.
ImSn
]Wn-Is
t\mp Bv tanSmw, hymbmaw sNmw. \rw sNmw,
- f-Sp-mw. at B Cu Zriy- Im-Sn-bn {]Xn-ê
- npw IWs
A`n-\-bn--Ww.
Bq--n-\n-S-bn
Nne Ipdn-p-I FgpXn IS-em-kp-I s]n-bn-env tai-p-dp hbvp-p.
GsX-nepw Hcp Ipnsb hnfnv s]n-bn\nv Hcp Ipdn-s-Sp-m ]dbp-
p. kw`m-j-W--fn-msX Ipdn-n-se-gp-Xnb Bi-b- cwK--h-X-cn-n--
Ww. Hbvpw Iqmbpw Ah-X-c-W-n\v km[y-X-bp Bi-b--fmWv Ipdn-
n th--Xv. Ipdnv Inp Ipn Hbvtm kwL-amtbm AXnse Bibw
A`n- \ - b np ên- n- - W w. t{]- I - c mb ap Ipn- I Ipdn- n- s e
BibsasmsWp ]d-b-s.
]{v
122 So sSIvv
DZm:
1. Hm^nkn\p apnse t\mo-kvt_mUn\nv ]co-m-êw Adn-bp
hnZymYn.
2. Xnc-t-dnb ]-W-{]-tZ-iv tdmUv apdnpIS-m hrs\ klm-bn-
p Ipn.
3. ASp--f-bn A-tbm-sSmw tPmen sNp aI.
4.
Ah-X-c-W-s-p-dnv N Nm-kq-N-\I-.
Bi-b- Ah-X-cn-n-m D]-tbm-Kn LS-I-
icoc`mj
`mhw
cwK-h-kvXp-
kw`m-jWwIqSn D]-tbm-Kn-m Ah-kcw Dm-bn-cp-sntem? eLp-N.
kw`m-jWwIqSn Dm-bn-cp-s-n A`n-\-b-n\v ka{KX ssIh-cp-am-bn-cp-
p F Is--temsS A[ym-]nI N t{ImUo-I-cn-p-p.
A`n-\-b-I-e-bpsS cp amXr-I-I apmkp-I-fn \mw ]cn-N-b-s-p-
I-gn-n-p-v. Imm-cn\mSIw Hcp \mtSmSn\mS-I-am-bn-cp-p. tIin-\o-sam-gn-
bm-Is, mknIv Iebmb \f-N-cnXnse Hcp `mKhpw. tIc-f-nse \mtSm-
Snbpw mkn--ep-amb Ie-I-fn\nv DuPw Dsm-p-sImv \mp-X-\n-a-
bp Hcp \mS-I-thZn F hnNmcw cq]wsImSp ae-bmf Ac-mWv X\-
Xp-\m-S-I-th-Zn. X\-Xp-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bpsS apJy {]tbm-m-hmWv Imhmew \mcm-
b-W--Wn-. Imhmew Fgp-Xnb Bt-]-lm-ky-kz`mhap \m-S-I-amWv
"An-hWs Imep-I.'
C{]-Imcw \mS-Is s]mXp-hmbn ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-n-b- tijw ASp Znh-k-
tv \mSIw hmbn-p-h-cm Ipn-I-tfmSv ]dbmw.
]T-\-{]-h-\-
[z\n- ] mTw A]- { K- Y - \ - p- d nv
\mSIw hmbn-p-h Ipn-Isf Bdp- {Kq-p-I-fmp-p. {K-]m-T-n ]cn-N-
b-s IYm-]m-{X-, cwK-hk- vXp-, \mS-I{- ]-ta-bh
- niIe\w Fnh cp
{Kqp-I hoXw NsN-s. N-bn btYm-NnXw CS-s]-S-Ww. AXn-\p-
tijw {Kq-h-X-c-Ww.
1. IYm-]m-{X-sf ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p {Kqnse AwKw AXXp IYm-]m-{X-
ns GsX-nepw kw`m-j-W- Ah-X-cn-n-p-sIm-mWv B IYm-
]m-{Xs ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-t--Xv. ap--h B IYm-]m-{X-n\v Cu \mS-
I-n-ep m\w hni-Zo-I-cnWw.
ap {Kqp-Iv Bi-b- Iqn-tm-hp--Xm-Wv.
2. cwK-h-kvXp-sf ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p {Kqnse AwKw AXXp cwK-h-kvXp-
sf {]Zin-n-p-Itbm ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-Itbm thWw. Cu cwK-h-kvXp-
lb skdn
ebmfw
X\-XnSw 123
v B`y-c {Inbmw-i-nepw _mly-{In-bmw-i-n-ep-ap m\w

aw-K- hy-am--Ww.
DZm: ac-m \Ip Bi-b-sa-mWv? Nq F {]Xo-I-n-eqsS \mSI
Irv shfn-s-Sp-p--sX-mWv?
Bi-b- hnp-t]m-bn-p-s-n ap {Kqp-I Iqn-t-Ww.
3. \mSI-{]-tabhni-I-e\w
Cu {Kqnse AwK- \mS-I-n-eqsS Ah-X-cn-n--s-Sp Imcy-
hy-am--Ww.
A[n-ImcPoWX
D]-Pm-]-I-hr--ns {]h--\-.
]mTm-]-{K-Y\w {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-m-hp--Xm-Wv.

Hcp \mS-Is kw_-n-n-S-tmfw {K-]mTw, cwK-]mTw Fn-hbvp

tij-amWv [z\n-]m-T-n-se-p--Xv. Ipn-I \mS-I-IrXn hmbn-n-p-v. cwK-
]m-T-nse kw`m-jW{]I-S-\hpw cwK-hkvXp kqN-\-Ifpw mkn hnh-cn-
-sp Ign-n-p-v. Zriy-]mTw ]qW-ambpw Ah-X-cn-n--sp Ign-n-
n-s-nepw \mS-I-Im-cy-N-bn-eqsS AXv AcwK-n ImWm {ian-n-p-
m-hmw. CtXm-sSm--sa-Sp-n-p Ipdn-p-I hnI-kn-nv \mS-I-ns [z\n-
]m-T-n-\m-bp A]{KY\pdnv Xbm-dm-m Ipn-I-tfmSv ]dbpp. anI
Ipdn-p-I Ah-X-cn-n-m Ah-kcw \Ip-p.
Bt-]-lm-kymwiw \ncq-]Ww
"AnhWs Imep-I' F \mS-I-ns B-cnI]mT- hni-Z-ambn
\mw A]-{K-Yn-p--I-gn-p.
\mS-I-n {]Xy--s-Sp Hcp kw`m-j-W-i-I-e-n-tev A[ym-]nI Ipn-
bpsS {i --Wn-p-p.
hnZq-j-I: \nsmw ImW-s ssZhhpw, A Ip Inm ssZh-
hp-amb An-hWalm-cm-Pm-hns {]nb-s Imep-I-fm-Wn-h.
Cu kw`m-j-W-n\nv \apv hy-am-Ip Imcy-sa-mWv? s]mXp-N.
A[n-ImcPoW-X-bpsS {]Xo-I-ambn amdp cmPm-hv.
Bt-]-lm-ky-cq-t]-W-bp Ah-X-c-Ww.
asmcp kw`m-jWiIew IqSn A[ym-]nI ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-p.

hnZq-j-I : hnZq-j-I cmPm-hns D-tXm-g-\m-sWv Ipg-eq-p-Im-dn-bmw.
Fs ]pd-m-Sn\v Fn\v sImpw Ipgepw thsp hbv-Ww.
Cu kw`m-jWw lmky-`mhw Dsm-p-sImv \nv Ah-X-cn-n-
mtam?
Htm ctm Ah-X-c-W-.
]{v
124 So sSIvv
Cu Ah-X-cWw \n Ip. AXns shfn--n Cu kw`m-jWiI-e-
ns D-S--sav? s]mXpN.
HtmA[n-

ctm t]cpsS A`n-{]mb{]I-S-\-.
Im-c-ns CS-\m-gn-I-fnse D]-Pm-]-I-hr--ns kzm[o-\w.
Bt-]-lm-ky-ns Ah-X-c-Ww.
kmaqlnIIm]-Sy-sf hnain-m-\p]tbm-Kn-p Bt-]-lm-ky-sa
lmkymhnjvImccoXn \mw ]cnNbsp. "An-hWs Imep-I-fn' Bt-
]-lm-kymwiw Bhn-jvI-cn-n-p--sX--s\-sbv \apv Hcp kwL-N-bn-
eqsS Is-mw.
cp kqN-\I-fpsS ASn-m-\-n-em-IWw CXp \nh-ln-t--Xv.
A[n-ImcPoW-X-bpsS {]Xo-I-ambn amdp cmPm-hv.
A[n-Im-c-ns CS-\m-gn-I-fnse D]-Pm-]-I-hrw.
t{ImUo-I-c-W-n htc--Xv
{Kq-h-X-cWw
\mS-I-ns t]cns \w. P\m-[n-]-Xy-bp-K-n Ah-

X-cn-p AnhW-msc Bt-]-lm-ky-n-eqsS ipo-I-cn-
p-I- F-XmWv \mS-I-e-yw.
Nnm-cm-as kw`m-j-W--fn ]e-bn-Spw I]S_pn-Po-hn-I-
tfm-Sp ]cn-lm-kw.
cmPm-hns ImemWv Fs sNhn-sbv cmP-Kpcp. D]-tZ-in- ]m-Z-
Zm-k-\m-hp--Xns ]cn-lm-ky-X-bm-Wn-Xv.
knwlm-k-\-n Bcn-cp-mepw Hpw ]d-bm tXmg-\m-sW
cmPm-hn-s\-
- n-bp Nnm-cm-as ]cm-aiw lmky-ap-Wp-p.
D]-Pm-]-I-hr--n\v m\w ssIh-cpp F kqN-\-bpw.
tasm {]h-\--fpsS shfn--n hyn-K-X-ambn \ncq-]Ww Xbm-
-dm-mw.
ASn-p-X-fn-mcn IYm-]m-{X-ns kmaq-ln-I-am-\w
{]l-k\kz`m-h-n cNn--s Cu \mS-I-n\v Akm-[m-c-W-am-sbmcp
Kuchw ssIh-cp-Xv GXp IYm-]m-{X-ns cwK-{]-th-i-tm-sS-bmWv?
Cu tNmZyw A[ym-]nI D-bn-p-p. \mSI{]tabw A]{KYn IpnI
ASn-p-X-fn-m-cn-sbv Dcw ]d-bpw. ASn-p-X-fn-mcn BcpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-
bm-Wv?
Xmtg--n-ep km[m-c-W-m-cmb P\-ns {]Xn-\n-[n-bmWv ASn-
p-X-fn-m-cn.
\mS-Im-y-n\v Hcp ipo-I-c-W-ns kz`m-h-aptm? s]mXp-N.
(]mTm-]{- K-Y\w {]tbm-P\- s
- -Spn A[ym-]nI t{ImUo-Ic
- n-t-X
- m-Wv).
ASn-p-X-fn-m-cn-bpsS cwK-{]-th-i-tmsS \mS-I-n\v ssIh-cp kmaq-ln-
I-am-\-sa-sv F-gp-Xm Ipn-I-tfmSv ]dbp-p.
lb skdn
ebmfw
X\-XnSw 125
X\-Xp-\m-S-I-th-Zn-bnse Xmfm-INe\w
""]n-a-I Nnn-c-st
]n-cp-]-sX-nb s]t
hm s]t If-n sXfn-n-cp-m-sSSn s]t
hmSmsX ]pn-b-ap-tmcp h-n-st''
Fm-cw-`n-p Imhm-e-ns "Ah-\-h IS' F \mS-I-nse ]mv
mkn tIn-p-p (bqSyq_nepv).
]mp-]-cn-j-bmWv Cu ]mv \mS-I-n ]mSp--Xv. Nnn-c-spw ktm-j-
tmsS Nph-Sp-hv H-apv. Cu cwKw Bhn-jvIcn-mtam?
Xbm-dmb Ipn-I-sf Ah-X-cWn\p Wn-p-p.
Ah-X-c-W-s-n s]mXp-N.
Ah-X-c-W-ns kz`m-h-sa-m-bn-cp-p-shv A[ym-]nI Bcm-bpp.
Xmf-_-amb \nan-j-.
NphSphp \op IYm]m{X.
cwK-N-cy-I-fn Xmf-n\pw Nph-Sn-\p-ap ]s-sv hy-am-Ip-p.
\mS-Im-cw-`-nse hnZq-j-Is cwK-{]-thiw km[m-cW Hcp \Sw sImv

kmm-cn-m-\m-hptam? Cs-n ap km[y-X-I Fsm-s-bmWv?
s]mXp-N.
hnZq-j-I t{]-Isc kw_--n-n-S-tmfw Akm-[m-cWIYm-]m-{X-
am-Wv.
cp ac-m-ep-I Xe-bn-te-n-bmWv hnZq-jIs hchv.
]nn hmZyhpw apg-p-p-v.
Cu kml-N-cy- Xs Nph-Sp-hv Xmf-tmsS hnZq-j-I-s\ IYm-]m-

{Xs cwK-s-n-m \Ss\ {]m]vX-\m-p-p.
Xmfm-Ikm[y-X-bp \mS-I-nse ap Zriy-k-`- hyn-K-X-ambn
Is-m ]dbp-p.
GXm\pw Nne Ah-X-c-W-.
\mS-Im-cw-`-ns-bp hnZq-j-Is kw`m-j-W-n\nv ....
lmky-I-Ym-]m-{X-at, Abmp {]iv\--sfm-p-an-. aqw
imm-Sv, ]I-en-c-hp-dw (P\w Nncn-p-p).
A[n-t-]-ntem BZ-c-hntem {]P-I-fpsS Nncn Db-cp-Xv? F-s\-
bm-bmepw hntcm-[-an-.
(NmIym-cpsS kzcn-coXn-bn-ep kw`mj-Whpw AXn-\-\p-k-cn-p Nph-
Sp-h-bv]p-am-hmw).
tIh-e-cm--a ]nn-cn-mWv cwK-{]-thiw \S-p--Xv. CXpw km[m-
cW coXn-bn-em-Ic - p-Xv. Xmf-n\pw Nph-Sp-hb
- v]n\pw {]k-n-bpv; AXv
]pXp-a-bp-m-pw, Nncn-bp-Wpw.
]{v
126 So sSIvv
tdUntbm \mSIw
"An-hWs Imep-I-fn'se \mS-Im-cw`w apX Imep-I {]Xn-jvTnv P\w
]ncn-bp--Xp-h-sc-bp Hmw Jw tdUntbm\mS-I-am-m-\p apsm-cp-
--fn A[ym-]n-Ibpw Ipn-Ifpw ]s-Sp-p-p.
ImnMv: IYm-]m-{X--\p-k-cnv \So-\-S-msc Xnc-s-Sp-.
`mh-apsm-p kw`m-jW Ah-X-c-Ww.
dntl-gvk-en-\p-tijw \mS-Im-h-X-c-Ww. Ah-X-c-W-n-\p-tijw Nm-thZn
kwL-Sn-n-p-p.
Nm-kq-N\-I-
`mh-apsm-p kw`m-jWw Dm-bn-cptm?
sshIm-cn-IX Zriym-\p-`-h-ns A`m-h-n F{]-Im-c-am-bn-cpp?
i_vZ-tem-I-n-eqsS k-cnv AcwK-n Zriym-\p-`hw km[y-
am-p--XmtWm Bkzm-Zy-I-cw?
t{ImUo-I-c-W-n htc--Xv
\mSIw cwK-I-e-bmWv. ChnsS i_vZm-hn-jvImcw am{Xta \S-p-
p-q. CXv tdUntbm\mS-I-ns ]cn-an-Xn-bm-Wv.

X\Xp\mS-I-th-Zn-sb-p-dn-p ]mT]pkvXInse Ipdnv hmbn-
m Hcp Ipnsb -Wn-p-p.

Ipdnv hmb\.
ChnsS ]d Ah-X-c-W-k-{-Zm-b-n-eqsS \apv Cu \mS-I-ns Hmw
Jw mkn Ah-X-cn-n-m-hp--XmWv.
\mS-I-in-ev]-ime
i\n-bmgvN Imev 9.30 apX 4.30 hsc

09.30 10.15 Ac-p-tIfn ({]h\w 1 3)
10.15 11.15 Xmf Nn{XtIfn ({]h\w 4 5)
11.15 11.30 hn{iaw
11.30 12.30 IYm-c-N\tIfn ({]h\w 6)
12.30 01.30 `-Ww, hn{iaw
01.30 02.30 A`n-\b--fcn ({]h\w 7)
02.30 03.30 kwhn-[m-\--fcn ({]h\w 8)
03.30 04.00 cN-\-fcn ({]h\w 9)
04.00 04.30 Ah-tem-I\w ({]h\w 10)
lb skdn
ebmfw
X\-XnSw 127
{]h\w 1: Ac-p-tIfn (\Sp\S-v)

Dtiy-
{i Dd-p-h-cp-m.
Ac-n-s\-p-dnpw kl A`n-t\-Xm-hn-s\-p-dnpw D t_m[hpw ]c-
kv]c[mc-Wbpw Dm-m.
am\-kn-I-amb DWhv \Im.
]cn-io-e-I\pw ]m-fnbpw Xn kulr-Zm--cow krjvSn-m.
{]{Inb
Fm-hpw \ \Ipp.
FmhtcmSpw ]cn-io-e-\--f-n ]e-bn-S-t-mbn \S-m ]dbp-p.
]c-kv]cw Iqn-ap--cp-Xv.
\S-p-tm icocw ]ehn[-n Nen-nmw.
Ac-n Hgn ew Dm-I-cpXv. ]c-kv]cw [mc-W-tbmsS hn\y-kn-
-Ww.
HkwJy-I \ns Fp ]d-bptm HkwJy-I GXv \ne-bn-em-
sW-n B \ne-bn \n-e-cm-I-Ww.
]noSv CckwJy-I Fp ]dbp-tm Ah \n-e-cm-hp-Ibpw ap-
-h Nen-p-Ibpw thWw.
CjvS-ap \-dp-I CS-I-en ]dv Ifn XpScmw.
{]h\w 2 : ]dp]dv
Dtiy-
]m-fn-I Xn-ep kulr-Zm--cow \ne-\nm.
]c-kv]cw CS-I-e-cm-\p Ah-kcw krjvSn-m.
kwLs A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-m-\p tijn \Im.
kzX-{-amb kw`m-j-W--fn Gs-Sp--Xn\v.
{]{Inb
Ac-n \So-\-S-m \S-p-sIm-n-cn-p-tm ]cn-io-e-I ssIsIm-p-
p.
ssIsImv tIp-tm \So-\-S-m \np-Ibpw Xv A`n-ap-J-
ambn hcp--h-tcmSv GsX-nepw hnj-b-s-n kwkm-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-
p. kwkmcw ]e Xmf-n-ep-am-Imw.
tIp B, tIp hnj-b-n\p hn]-co-X-amb `mhw apJp
{]I-Sn-n--Ww.
]cn-io-e-I ssIsIm-p-tm tIp-sIm-n-cp B kwkmcw XpS-p-
Ibpw kwkm-cn-p-sIm-n-cp B tIp-Ibpw thWw. apJv hn]-co-
X-`m-hw.
ASp ssIsIm-n\v cpt]cpw Hcpanv kwkm-cn--Ww.
]{v
128 So sSIvv
{]h\w 3 : (sa\psa\v)
Dtiy-
AcwKw DW-cm.
kqva-X-tbmsS hn\y-kn-m.
\So-\-S-m Xn-ep ]c-kv]chnizm-k-n\pw kl-I-c-W-n-\pw.
ico-c-h-gw Xncn--dn-bp--Xn\v.
{]{Inb
]cn-io-e-I aqv BIpnIsf As-n s]Ip-n-Isf hnfn-p-p.
aqp t]cn Hcm inev]n. Abm-fpsS Ip-I XpWn-sImv sIp-p.
Hcm inev]w. Abm GXp t]mkn \n-W-sav kZ-n\v \ntZin-
mw (Atm inev]nsb kZ-ns \ntZiw tIm Hcn-S-tv
amn \n--Ww).
aqm-a-s-bm Ifn-av inev]n-bpsS \ntZi--\p-k-cnv \ne-sIm-
-Ww.
inev]n-sbpw Ifn-a-n-sbpw \Spv inev]nsb \np-I.
inev]n inev]s sXm-dnv Ifn-a-n AtX inev]s sa\s-
Sp-Ww.
{]h\w 4 : Xmf-tIfn
Dtiy-
hyXy-kvX-amb Xmf- krjvSn-p--Xn-\v.
Xmf-n-Wn Nen-p--Xn-\v.
{]{Inb
Ipn-I-sf-m-hcpw h-n \np-p.
Hcm ssIhn-c, ssI-ew, hmb FnhsImv Dm-m-hp i_vZ-

GsX-nepw Xmf-n Dm-p-p. B Xmf-n\\p-k-cnv efn-X-
amb Hcp Ne-\hpw \S-p-p.
as-m-hcpw CtX Xmfhpw Ne-\hpw ]n]-p-p.
Fm-hcpw AtX Xmfhpw Ne\hpw sXp-Iq-SmsX sNp \ne-h-m

CXn-t\mSv tNcp asmcp Xmfhpw Ne-\hpw sXm-Sp B sNp-p.
ap--hcpw CXp ]Ip-p.
{]h\w 5 : Nn{XtIfn
Dtiy-
kzmh-t_m[w DW.
hmNy-`m-jb- n\nv Nn{X`mj-bn-te-p ]cn-h-\

- n-eqsS hymJym-
\--a-X-bpsS angn-hv, IrXyX Fnh Is-.
Nn{X-hm-b-\-bn ]cn-io-e\w t\S.
{]{Inb
\n-sf-p-dnv \n CXp-hsc Nnn-n-ptm?
Hcp\nanjw I-Sv bYmY-n-ep \n Bcm-sWv Nnn-q.

lb skdn
ebmfw
X\-XnSw 129
\n-fpsS bYmY hynXzw Fsv Is-n-b-tm. C\n AXv

t]mvImUv hep-n-ep IS-em-kn-tev Nn{X-ambn hc-bvq.
Ipn-I hc-bvp-p, {Itbm sImv If-dn-Sp-p.
Nne- Nn-{X- {]Zin-n-p-p.
Nne Ipn-Isf hnfnv Cu Nn{Xw hc hyn-bpsS hynXzhni-I-e\w
Nn{X-ns klm-b-tmsS \S-m Bhiy-s-Sp-p.
Atm Btdm t] Nn{X-hm-b\ \S--s.
{]h\w 6 : IYm-c-N-\-mtIfn
Dtiy-
hmbnv kzmwio-I-cnv XpSbpw hfbpw Is-m-\p aX
h[n-n-.
]c-kv]-c-_--tmsS kw`-h--sf Is-m-\p aX h[n-n-
.
]c-kv]-c-_--tmsS kw`-h--sfbpw k`--sfbpw sImcp-s-Sp-
m-\p tijn hnI-kn-n-.

{]{Inb
aqtm \mtem {Kqm-p-p.
hcn-h-cn-bmbn Itk-c-bnv Ccn-p-p.
hcn-p-ap-n Hcp-n-h IS-em-kn Hmtcmcp-cmbn Hmtcm hmIyw Fgp-

Xp-p.
]ckv]c_ap hmIyneqsS Hcp IY hfcpp, FgpXpp.
{]h\w 7 : A`n-\-b--fcn
Dtiy-
`mh-\ hfp--Xn\v.
`mh-\-bvsmv ico-c-`m-j cq]-s-Sp-p--Xn\v.
\Ss at\m-[w {]Im-in-n-p--Xn-\p ]cn-io-e-\-n-\v.
{]{Inb
Ac-n GXm\pw hkvXp- hbvp-p. DZm: hSn, mnIv Ipn, U.
GsX-nepw Hcp hkvXp-sh-Spv \S B hkvXp-hns\ AX-m-Xmn asm-

mbn `mh-\-sNbvXv Ac-v Ah-X-cn-n--Ww.
kw`mjWw ]mSn.
\S `mh-\-sNbvX hkvXp GXm-sWv t{]-Iv ]d-bm Ign-bWw.
DZm-l-c-W-n\v,
hSnsb ]mm-bn-tm mnIv Ipnsb Ipm-bntm \S\v `mh\sNbvXv
A`n-\-bn-m-hp--XmWv.
]{v
130 So sSIvv
{]h\w 8 : kwhn-[m-\--fcn
Dtiy-
]c-kv]c_-tmsS hnhn[ k`-n, e--fn IYm-]m-{X-
sf hn\y-kn-m-\p tijn hnI-kn-n.

Fnt-c - p ew, kw`hw Fn-hb - v\
- p-kc
- nv IYm-]m-{Xs Iqn-
tm-\p aX h[n-n-.
k`m-\p-km-cn-bmb s]cp-amhnti-j- Isn Bhn-jvI-cn-m-
\p Ignhp hf.
{]{Inb
aqtm \mtem {Kqp-I.
aqv s]n-I. Hmtcm s]n-bnepw ew, kw`-hw, IYm-]m-{X- Fnh

hnh-cn-n-p Ipdn-p-I.
e- (Bip-]-{Xn, _kvtm-v, ..... ), kw`-h- (hnhm-lw, ac-Ww,
tamj-Ww.....), IYm-]m-{X- (Irjn-m, hnI-emw-K.....)
Hmtcm kwLhpw Ahp Innb Ipdn-p-I tNv cwKm-hn-jvImcw \S-
p-p.
Btem-N-\bvpw Ah-X-c-W-n-\p-ambn 10 an\nv.
klr-Z-b-]-p \np-sIm-p A[ym-]n-IbpsS Bkzm-Z-\w.
{]h\w 9 : \mS-I-c-N-\--fcn
Dtiy-
t{]-Isc apnv \mS-I-c-N-\-bn Gs-Sm-\p ]cn-io-e-\w.
\mS-Io-b-X, ssamIvkv Fnh sImcp-t-- coXn a\-n-em-.
IYm-]m-{X, IYm-h-f Fo Imcy--fn-ep ASn-m-\-[m-cW
hf.
cwK-]mTw a\-n Iv {K-]mTw \nn-p-tm cwKm-hX - c
- W
-
- n\v
ssIh-cp kuI-cy--sf-p-dn-p Adn-hv \nn.
{]{Inb
IYm-c-N-\th-f-bn cq]-s IY \mS-I-amn Fgp-Xm ]dbp-p.
"]pncn lm, Ipeo-\amw Iw

s\p-Iodn Rm t\cn-s\-mmw'
CXp-t]m-e-p Ihn-Xm-i-I-e-fnse Bi-b- hnI-kn-nv \mS-I-c-N\
\S-mw.
anp--sXmw s]m Ccw ]g-sm-p-I hnI-kn-npw \mS-I-ap-
m-mw.
sNdn-bm sI. sNdn-bms "tX' F IhnX \mS-I-am--Ww. sImm--
-n tZh-ky-bp-sSbpw ]mep-t-cn-bn \mcm-bW
- ]
- n-b
- p-sSbpw kz`mhw,
Ah Xn-ep _w, Ah-cpsS Pohn-Xm-h--I Fnh `mh-\-sNbvXv
lb skdn
ebmfw
X\-XnSw 131
]qh-I-Y-bp-mn tX hoW kw`hw AXn-t\mSv tN-Ww.

{]h\w 10 : Ah-tem-I\w
Dtiy-
\mS-Is kw_-n ASn-m\ [mc-W-I Dd-n-.
\mS-I-n \Ss {]m[m\yw a\-n-em-.
\mS-I-]-cn-io-e\w hynXzhnI-k-\-n\pw kmaq-lnIPohn-X-n\pw
\Ip {]tbm-P\w ASp--dn-b.

]c-lr-Z-b-m\w Dm-.
{]{Inb
Ipn-I-fn Nne-sc-smv A`n-{]mbw ]d-bn-p-p.
A`n-\-bw, kwhn-[m-\w, \mS-I-c-N\ Fo ey-m-bp tIfn-I-fnepw

If-cn-I-fn-ep-ap A\p-`hw Nne-cn\nv Fgp-Xn-hm-p-p.
A[ym-]n-IbpsS / ]cn-io-e-Is hne-bn-cp-.
X\-Xp-\-mS-I-th-Znbpw Imhmew \mcm-b-W--Wncpw

sImtfm-Wn-b kwkvIm-c-ns kzm[o-\tam AXn-s\-m-tfsd A\p-I-c-
Wtam \psS Pohn-X-ns emh-Wy-]-chpw Am-Xp-amb Fm taJ-
e-I-fnepw hfsc i-amb coXn-bns \ne-\np-pv. Cu Acp-
Nn-I-c-amb hkvXp-X-bpsS Adn-hmWv \s \psS ]mc--cy-n-e-[n-jvTn-X-
ab Iem-Zi-\-n-tepw Iem-cq-]--fn-tepw {i sNep-m t{]cn-
n-p--Xv.
tIc-f-nse \mtSm-Snbpw mkn--ep-amb Ie-I-fn\nv DuPw
Dsm-p-sImv tIc-f--\n-a-bp Hcp \mS-I-thZn F hnNmcw 1967
imkvXmw-tIm--bn hp \S \mS-I--f-cn-bn-em-Wp-m-Ip--Xv. {io.
Fw. tKmhn-\- mWv Cu Bibw BZy-ambn Nbvp h-Xv. 1968 se Iqm-
p-Ipfw If-cn-bn {io. kn. F. {ioI-WvT\mb Cu hnj-bs kw_-
nv {]_w Ah-X-cn-n-p-I-bp-m-bn. X\-Xp-\m-S-I-thZn F-kw
Ah-X-cn-n--s-Sp-Xv Cu {]_--n-eq-sS-bm-Wv.
X\Xp\mSIImcamcn {]apJ\mWv Imhmew. tIcf\na, \mtSmSn
kmlnXyLSI, \mtSmSnkwkvImcw, tIcfobcwtKm]IcW
Fnh Imhmens \mSIfn \ndp\npp. Ip\mnse
]WnbmfcpsS N{Impw Rmp]mpw sImbvp]mpw Fmw Imhmes
kzm[o\nnpv. \mSIeIsmw mknIeIfpw Imhmens
\mSIfnse apJykzm[o\fmhpp. Xpdmb cwKthZnbmWv
Imhmens \mSI BhiysSpXv.
]{v
132 So sSIvv
2.3 ]Z-ns ]Y-n

]mT-n-tev
temI- sa-m-Spw kzoI-cns Nne Km\--fpsS hoUntbm ImWn-p-p.

DZm : Hm Kw ss (sImdnbKm\w)
hm hm (tem-I-Iv ^pSvt_m Xow tkmMv)
Cu ]mp-I-fpsS Bkzm-Z-\-n\v `mj, tZiw Fnh XSw krjvSn-p-

ptm?
kwKoXw Bkz-Zn-p--Xn `mj, hwiw, cmPyw Fo AXnn-
I XSw krjvSn-p-n-. AXn-\m-emWv temI-sa-m-Sp-ap P\-
Cu Km\- lrZ-b-]qhw kzoI-cn--Xv.
kwKoXsa Ie- a\p-jy-lr-Z-b-sf kv]in-p-p. IYIfnkwKoXmem-]-

\-n-eqsS tIc-f-ns Iem-cw-Kpw atX-X-c -k-aqlPohn-X-nepw {it-
b-\mb Iem-Im-c Iem-aW - vUew sslZ-cen-bpsS B-IY
- m-`mKw ]mT]pkvX-
I-n-ep-v. Ipn-I-tfmSv ']Z-ns ]Y-n' F ]mT-`mKw hmbn-m
\ntZin-p-p.
]T-\-{]-h-\-
A]- { K- Y - \ - p- d nv
"a\p-jy \nn AXnh-c-p-Isf Ie ambvp-I-fbpw'
Iem-a-WvUew sslZ-c-en-bpsS PohnXw Cu {]kvXm-h-\sb km[q-I-cn-p-p-
tm?
A[ym-]nI tNmZn-pp s]mXp-N.
{Kqp-I-fm-bn- ]mT-`mKw A]-{K-Yn-m \ntZ-in-p-p. {Kqv Ah-X-c-Ww.
kwKoXw ]Tn-W - s- a sslZ-cen-bpsS B{Klw k^-ea - m-hp-p. kmap-
Zm-bnIhne-p-I-fn-msX Iem-a-WvU-e-n tNcm Ah-kcw e`n-
p-p.
kwKo-Xt - mSpw sslZ-ce- n-tbmSpw Xmcyw D-Xn-\m sslZ-cenv
Iem-a-WvU-e-n tNcm-\m-h-iy-amb Pmay-pI \In kn.]n.
BWn klm-bn-p-p. Zmcn-{Zy-Im-es adn-IS- v kwKoXw ]Tn-m
sslZ-c-en-m-hp-Xv kn.-]n-. B-Wn-bpsS klmbwsImm-Wv.
Abn--ns t]cn kl-]m-Tn-I AI-p-tm A[ym-]-I-cmb
inh-cm-a-\m-im\pw \oe-I-WvT\o-i-\m-im\pw sslZ-c-ensb ]cn-K-
Wn-p-p. kwKo-X-hn-ZymYn-bm-b- ssl-Z-cenv Kpcp-Im-cp-Wyhpw
hmk-eyhpw e`n-p-p.
N-bn cq]-s Bi-b- {]tbm-P-\-s-Spn hnZymYn-I-tfmSv hyn-
K-X-ambn A]-{K-Y-\-p-dnv Xbm-dm-m A[ym-]nI \ntZ-in-p-p.
lb skdn
ebmfw
X\-XnSw 133
\nco--W-p-dnv
""At\Iw \n`m-Ky--tfmsSmw kw`-hn Nne `mKy--fpsS t]cn-emWv
Rm\nv Pohn-p--Xv.''
""]mp-]m-Sn--mWv _m Fs kvt\ln-Xpw emfn-Xpw.''
]mT-`mKp Cu ]cm-ai--fn\nv e`y-am-Ip Bi-b- Fsmw?
s]mXp-N.
Zmcn-{Zyhpw Ah-K-W-\bpw \nd sslZ-c-en-bpsS _mey-Im-e-Po-hnXw.
IjvS-m-Sp-I AXn-Po-hnv t\Snb {]ikvXn.
_m-bpsS kvt\lhpw hmk-eyhpw.
]mp-]mSn Xs kzm[o-\n _m.
P-kn-nbpw km[-\b - p-amWv Iem-Im-cs\ cq]-s-Sp-p-s - Xv Iem-aW

sslZ-c-enbpsS Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h--fn\nv \mw Xncn--dn-p. {]i-kvX-cmb
- vUew
ap hyn-I-fpsS Pohn-X-n\nv kam-\-amb k`- Is-m-sav

Bap-J-ambn A[ym-]nI ]d-bp-p.
Xmsg-sm-Sp B-IY - I
- f
- n GsX-nepw Hn \nv P-kn-nbpw km[-
\bpw sImv Iem-Im-c/Iem-Imcn cq]-s k`-n\v DZm-l-cn-m-hp
`mK- mkn A[ym-]nI hmbn-p-p.
Hcp \Ss BIY sk_my IppIpp`mKhX
Fs IemPohnXw Bnv ]n.sP. sNdnbm
kvss{XWw IemaWvUew IrjvW\mb
kzcm\ IemaWvUew ic F{mncn
B-IYbvv HcmapJw efnXmw_nI AP\w
Cu k`w sslZ-c-en-bpsS B-I-Ym-`m-K-hp-ambn kam-\X ]pep-
ptm?
k`w ]mT-`m-K-hp-ambn tNv s]mXp-hmbn N-sN-p-p. hnZymYn-I-fpsS
\nco--W- tNp-hv A[ym-]nI t{ImUo-I-cn-p-p.
{]Xn-k-n-Isf AXn-Po-hn--emWv Ie.
{]Xn` P-kn--amWv.
Nn-bmb ]cn-io-e\w Bh-iy-amWv.
B-k-aWw Ie-sb Zo]vX-am-pp.
Ctm ]cn-Nb - s
- -X
- - msX at-sX-nepw Iem-Im-cs/Iem-Im-cn-bpsS B-
IY hmbn-m\pw P-kn-nbpw km[-\bpw sImv Iem-a-WvUew sslZ-c-
ensb cq]-s-Sp-nb k`-n\v kam-\-amb `mK- Isn hyn-K-
X-ambn \nco-Ww Ipdn-m\pw ]dbp-p.
{]`m- j Ww
IY-IfnkwKoXw Itemkh-a - c
- b
- n-\a
- mWv. kvIq Itemk-h
X-cn-n--s-Sp cwK-I-e-I GsX-m-amWv? A[ym-]nI tNmZn-p-p.
- n Ah-
Z^vapv
Xncp-hm-Xn-c-fn
amKw-Ifn
]qc-fn
]{v
134 So sSIvv
hn-mv
\mS]mv
kmwkvIm-cn-I-ssh-hn[yw {]I-S-am-Ip aqtm -\mtem Iem-cq-]-fpsS
hoUntbm ImWn-p-p.
Cu Iem-cq-]--fpsS kmwkvIm-cnIkhn-ti-j-X-I Fs-m-amWv?
A\p-jvTm-\-kz-`mhw
aX--km-ap-Zm-bnI ]mc-cyw
\mtSm-Sn-ss]-XrIw
kwKo-X, \r, A`n-\-b-k-hn-ti-j-X-I
sshhn-[y-ap Iem-cq-]- \psS kmwkvIm-cnIPohn-X-ns `mK-am-Wv.

Cu Iem-cq-]- kvIq Itemk-h-n Ah-X-cn-n-m-dp-v.
kmwkvIm-cnI ka-\z-b - n-eqsS "atX-Xc
- Xzw in-s-Sp-p-X
h- hln-p ]v' F hnj-b-n {]`m-jWw Xbm-dmn Ah-X-cn-
- n Itemk-
n-m \ntZ-in-p-p.
Btdm Ftm Ipn-I- Ah-X-cn-n-p-p. ap Ipn-I {]`m-jWw hne-bn-cp-
s.
hne-bn-cp- kqN-I-
Bibw
`mj
ssien
`mhw
s]mXp-N
{]Xn-k
- n-Isf AXn-Po-hn o^ tlmnMv F {]Xn-`m-im-ensb A[ym-
]nI ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-p.
o^ tlmnMv
hnJym-X-\mb {_nnjv ùXn-I-im-kv{X--\mWv o^ tlmnMv. \-{X-
\in-p-tm cq]wsImp Xtam-K--sf-p-dn-v Cv e`y-amb hnh-
c-f- n ]eXpw At-l - ns Kth-jW - ^ - a- m-Wv. hneyw o^ tlmnns
- e
"F {_o^v lndn Hm^v ssSw' temIv Ghpw IqSp-X hmbn--s imkv{X-
{K--am-Wv. tIw{_nPv kh-I-em-im-e-bn Kth-jWw sNp-tm-gmWv ssIIm-
ep-I Xfp-t]m-Im Imc-W-amb \mUo-tcmKw Atls _m[n--Xv. ssIIm-
ep-I Nen-n-m\mhm Ah--bnepw Kth-jWw ]qn-bmn imkv{Xm-t\z-
j-W-n apgpIn At-lw. At-l-ns ico-c-n Ne-\-tijn \jvS-s-
Sm Hcp Ah-b-h-ta-bp-q. AXv Xe-tm-dmWv; temIs Ghpw t{ijvT-amb
Xe-tm-dv. imkv{Xhpw ]cn-n-Xnbpw ka-\z-bn-n-p At\z-jW -
- f
- nepw kwLm-
S-\--fnepw Hcp Iyq-Itk-c-bn-en-cpv CS-s]-Sp-p. Atlw AXn-\mbn temI-
sa-mSpw k-cn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p.
lb skdn
ebmfw
X\-XnSw 135
o^{]Xn-
tlmnns PohnXw FmWv \s ]Tn-n-p-Xv? s]mXp-N.
k-n-I AXn-Po-hn-m Cm-in hynv Icpp \Ip-
p. kwKo-X-tm-Sp A`n-\n-thiw Zpcn-X-sf adn-I-S-m Iem-a-
WvUew sslZ-c-env Icp-p- \In.
Cm-i-n-bp--h-cmbn \mw Pohn-t--Xns Bh-iy-IX t_m[y-
s-Sp-p-p.
A`n- a p- J - t e- J \w
Iem-cq-]-v tIc-f-ns kmwkvIm-cnIPohn-X-n-ep {]m[m-\y-s-
n \mw NsNbvXp Ign-p. tIc-f-ns A`n-am-\-ambn Icp-Xn-bn-cp
Iem-cq-]- Cv Fs-nepw shp-hn-fn-I t\cn-Sp-ptm? s]mXp-N.
Iem-cq-]-v th{X Acv Inp-n.
Iem-Im-camsc Ah-K-Wn-pp.
amdnb A`n- c p- N n- b n X\Xv I em- c q- ] - v th{X ]cn- K - W \
\Ipn.
Iem-cq-]--sf--n-bp AX.
Ie D]-Po-h-\-amK-am-m ]p-n.
Ac-p-I-fn hyn-ap{Z ]Xn-n (I-em-ta-Je GsXv hy-am--Ww) Hcp

Iem-Im-c-\p-ambn A`n-apJw \S-m-\m-h-iy-amb tNmZym-hen Xbm-dm-m
A[ym-]nI \ntZ-in-p-p.
{]mtZ-in-I-amb km[y-X-I IW-n-se-Sp--Ww.
tNmZym-h-env th KpW- Fs-m-sav A[ym-]nI tNmZn-pp.
emfnXyw
hyX
{]kn

tNmZy-Iem-

kv]in-t taJ-e-I GsXmw?
cq-]-ns {]tXy-IX.
Iem-Po-hnXw
hyn-Po-hnXw
AwKo-Im-c-
Iebpw kaq-lhpw
kmwkvIm-cnIkhn-ti-j-X-I
{]Xo--I
tNmZy- hyn-K-X-ambn Xbm-dm-m \ntZ-in-p-p. ]no-S-hsc {Kqm-
p-p.
anI tNmZy- Hmtcm {Kqn\npw Xnc-s-Sp-p-p. s]mXp-tNm-Zym-
hen cq]-s-Sp-pp.
XpSv Iem-Im-c-\p-ambn hnZymYn-I A`n-apJw \S-p-p. adp-]-Sn-I-fpsS
Ipdn-s-Sp-p-p. AXns ASn-m-\-n hyn-K-X-ambn A`n-apJteJ\w
Xbm-dm-m \ntZ-in-p-p. Ch-bn {]k--sa-p- tXm-p-h {]kno-
-I-c-W-v Ab-p-sIm-Sp-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
]{v
136 So sSIvv
Np-dnv
A-q am[-h-m-Iym-cpsS IqSn-bm Ah-X-c-W-ns hoUntbm bqSyq-_n
\np Ipn-Isf ImWn-p-p.
kqvam-`n-\-bw Bh-iy-amb Iem-cq-]-amWv IqSn-bm--sapw AXns BNm-
cy-m-\-mWv A-q am[-h-m-Iym-scpw A[ym-]nI ]d-bp-p.
]Xva{io A-q am[-h
\-`mKw ]mT-]p-kvXI
-
- m-Iym-sc-n Fw.Sn. hmkp-tZ-h\mb Fgp-Xnb teJ-
- n-ep-v. AXv hmbn-m- ]d-bp-p.
Fw.Sn. hmkp-tZ-h\mb-cpsS Ipdn-n \s AZv`p-X-s-Sp-nb Imcy-
Fs-n-ep-aptm?
Bkzm-Z-I-cn-msX NmIymIqv Ah-X-cn-n-p-p.
Bkzm-Z-I-]-v hnfv am{Xw.
Iem-h-X-c-W-n\v Bkzm-Z-I A\n-hm-cy-amtWm?

Bm-hn-jvIm-c-amWv Ie.
Iem-Im-c-\mb hyn-bpsS {][m-\-[w Iem-hn-jvImcw \S-pI
F-Xm-Wv. P\-tfm kaq-ltam ImWp-Xpw Bkz-Zn-p-Xpw
]noSv kw`-hn-p Imcy-am-Wv.
\SXs t{]-I-\m-Ip Ah--bp-ap-v.
N-bn Dcp-n-cn Bi-b

dm-m ]dbpp.
- Ds-Spn hyn-KX
- a
- mbn Ipdnv Xbm-
Aq am[hmIym
Iqnsbpw IqSnbmnsbpw Ipe]XnbmWv Ctlw.

CcnmepSbnse Aq NmIymaTn 1917 sabv 13 \v
P\np. ]Xns\mmw hbn Actw. Fp ]Xnmtmfw
Bns Acn. Htsd B{]Imc NnsSpn.
IqSnbms temI{]ikvXampXn henb ]phln
Ctlns ]cn{iafpsSIqSn êambmWv bp\kvtIm
IqSnbms am\hcminbpsS Aaqeyss]XrIkzv F
\nebn AwKoIcnXv. ]{io, ]`qj, ImfnZmkkm
XpSn \nch[n ]pckvImc e`np. 2008 Pqsse 1 \v
Acnp.
lb skdn
ebmfw
X\-XnSw 137
2.4 amn-f-m-nse tIc-fo-bX
]mTm]-{K-Y\w
\mp-cm-P-y--fpsS Iq-am-bn-cp tIc-f-n-tev I-h-S-n\pw aX-{]-t_m-[-\-

n\pw thn Fnb Ad-_n-Iv Xtiob-cp-am-bp Bibhn\n-a-b-n\v
`mj Hcp XS--am-bn-cp-p. AXv ]cn-l-cn-m-\p-X-Ip coXn-bn Ad_nae-bm-
fw `mjm-k-cw cq]-s-p. ]no-SXv kmln-X-y-`m-j-bmbpw amdn. [mcmfw KZy--]-
Zy IrXn-I Cu `mj-bn {]Nmcw t\Sn. ae-_m-dnse apkvenwI "amn-f-am"
Fpw Ah-cpsS ]Z-y-Ir-Xn-I 'amn-f-m-p-I' Fpw Adn-b-s-p.
amn-f-mv Pohn-X-ns Xmfhpw {ipXnbpw eb-hp-amWv. `nbpw {]W-bhpw
am{X-a, kvt\lw, Imcp-W-yw, {]Xn-Imcw, i{Xp-X, tIm]w, Xam-i, kSw XpSn
Pohn-X-K-n-bmb kIe hnIm-c--fpw AXn {]Xn-^-en-p-p. Km\-co-Xn-bmWv
amn-f-m-p-I ]np-S-cp--Xv. Ad_n tKm{X-hK-m-cpsS \nc-h[n CuW--
fp-sSbpw Ad_ns_bvnsbpw {ZmhnUobamb ioep-I-fp-sSbpw IqSn--e-cn-
eneqsS Hcp s]mXp-km-aq-lnIXmfw Ah s\bvXp-m-n. amn-f-m-p-I Hcp
kap-Zm-b-ns am{X-am-ImsX, P\-kw-kvIr-Xn-bpsS Xs `mK-ambn amdp-Xpw
AXn-\m-emWv. In, Igp-v, hm-n, hmeptn Xp-S-nb {]mk--
fpsS Ii ]p\m-]\ - - n-eqsS Ad_nae-bmfkmln-Xyw X\-Xmb CuWhy-
h m]n-s-Spp. kmwkvImcnI kn-{i-Xt- bm-sSmw A\-\y- a - m-sbmcp X\na
kqn-p--Xn-eqsS Ah thdnp\np-Ibpw sNp-p. ame-m-v, sIp]m-v,
{]W-b-Im-h-y-, Ip-]m-v, H-\-m-v, A-mv, ]n-mv Fn-hsbmw
CXns ssIh-gn-I-fm-Wv.
]pen-tm-n sslZ
Gd-\mSv Xmeqv ]p-me Awiw sNS-m-pfw tZiv ]pev sFp
A[n-Im-cn-bp-sSbpw ssXtm-S- Dm-Zn-bp--bp-sSbpw cm-as aI-
\mbn 1879 ]pen-tm-n sslZ P\n-p. ]pen-tm-n hop-t]-cm-Wv.
km-n-Iti-jn-bp GsXmcp Gd-\m-S apkvenw IpSpw-_-n-sebpw
km[m-cW AwK-s-tmse sslZ hfp. Ipn-m-ev Fgp-Xm\pw
hmbn-m\pw Bh-i-y-ap hnZym-`ym-kta At-l-n\v e`n-p-q. Ipn-bm-
bn-cn-p-tmtg ]m-n henb I-ap-m-bn-cp-p. ]nXm-hns kplr-p-
-fm-bn-cp tambnIpnsshZ-y, Ipn-cma Ipn-cm-bn XpS-nb Ihn-
I CS-bvnSbvv hon hcm-dp-m-bn-cpp. Cu kw sslZ-dns
amn-f-mv Is t]mjnn-p. ]pm-c -]q-tm-b-X-, Ipn ac-m
Fn-h sslZ-dn\v amn-f-mpcN-\-bn hgn-Im-n-I-fm-bn. ]me-ms
tambns aI ]mp--p-nsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. CXn Ggp km-\-
-fp-m-bn. tIcfNcn{Xw, adn-b-p-n-bpsS Iv, Zpcm-Nm-c-am-e, Ien-bp-
Kw, ImXp-Ip-vam-e, kv{XoaZn-am-e, amcam-cpsS XIcmdv XpS-nbhsbmw
At-l-ns {]kn--am-b -]m-p-I-fm-Wv.
]{v
138 So sSIvv
sslZ ]mp-I Fgp-Xp-Ibpw ]mSpIbpw sNpam-bn-cp-p. k-X-k-

l-Nm-cn-I Ah-sbms Ipdn-s-Sp-pw. kzw Imh-y-c-N-\sb Hmn-m-
hWw, Xs {]kn--a-m Hcp cN-\-bn sslZ ]mSp-I-bp-m-bn:
""]mSn Rm aqf--amse
Hcp ]mp Xmse''
At-l-ns a\-nepw Hcp aqfw CuWw Dm-bn-cp-p. ImWp-
Xpw tIp-Xpw Fmw B CuW-n ]mmbn hmphoWp. sslZ
cN-\-I A[n-Ihpw hnh-c-Wfm-Wv. s]mSn-pw- sXm--epIsfmpan-msX
kwKo-Xm--I-ambn Imcy- hnhcnpI. Hcp Xcw ZrIvkmnhnh-cWw.
Xs cN-\-I-fnse kw`-h-sf ]e-tmgpw tNXn Fm-W-tlw hnfn-p-
-Xv. tNXnv hm Fm-Wtm AYw. Xs- ]cm-ain-t-n-h-cp-
tm dmhn Fpw Atlw ]dbpw. dmhn F Ad-_n-hm-n\v dntm-
Fm-WYw. Atlw dntmv sNp-I-bm-Wv, \mp-h-am-\w ]mm-p-
I-bmW.v Cu dntmp-I Bk-zm-Zy- a - m-bn-o-cp-Xv Cu hcn-If
- nse Xmfhpw
kwKo-XhpwsImm-Wv. {]ta-b-nepw ]Zm-h-en-bn-ep-ap tIc-fo-b-X, kmaq-
lnI]cn-jvI-cWw ey-am-n-bp hnai-\-, Ahihn`m-K--fpsS
s\m-c--fpsS Nn{Xo-I-cWw, \nX-y-Po-hn-X-bm-YmY-y--fpsS kPo-h-km-n-
[yw Fnh sslZ]mp-I-fpsS {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv. ame-m-v,
Ip]m,v ko-v]mv XpSn amn-f-m-ns Am-es ssIh-gn-I-fn-
semw sslZ Xs Ih\ssh`hw sXfn-bn-n-cp-p.
amn-f-m-p-cw-Ks sslZkmn-[yw sImSpqf-cn-bnse \nan-j-
I-hn-I-sf-bmWv Hmn-n-p-Xv. ]-a-e-bmf]Z-, i_vZm-e-mc{]nbw,
ckn-I-X, hm-kv, kv{XohW\, ka-Im-enIPohn-X-ns hnh-c-W-
XpS-nb Imcy--fn-semw ]pen-tm-n sImSp--qf-cn-msc
Hmn-n-p-p. In-S-]m-Sp-I, bm{Xm-hn-h-cW- Fnh Ihn-X-bn-em-
p--Xn\v Cu Ihn-I ImWn Ic-hn-cpXv {]kn--am-Wtm. sImSp--q
Ihn-If- pw amn-f
- mpcN-bn-Xmfpw Xn t\cnp _s-n-cp-n-. ]t,
{_nnjv B[n-]-X-y-Im-ev kaq-l-nse D]-cn-hK-n-\p-m-bn-cp at\m-
`m-h- kam-c{]hmlwt]mse Cu cp Iqw Ihn-I-fpsS Ihn-X-I-fnepw
ImWm-hp--Xm-Wv.
hep-ap {]ta-b- ssIIm-cyw sNm ]pen-tm-n sslZ-dn\v
Hcn-epw CS-bm-bn-. Xd-hmpapX tIkp-IqSn \in-n Hcp ]W-m-c-s\-
bmWv hmk-\m-k--\pw ]Z-k---\p-amb Cu Ihn Hmn-n-p-Xv.
In\p I Fm-nepw At-l-ns Ih-\-tijn Xe-bn-p. GXp hy-
n-bpsS GXp tIkpw Gs-Spv Atlw ]mp-sI-n. B hgnv At-l-
ns Ih\tijn sNe-hmbntmhp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]pen-tm-n sslZ-
dns Ihn-X-I-fn-eqsS ISpt]mIp klr-Z-b-s GsXmcp a\-n\pw
An-a-ambn _mn\np hnjmZw CXm-bn-cn-pw
Cu Ihn CXn-t\-m hep--ap Hnepw sNpNmSn-bn--tm.
(Fw.F. Imc-tcn ]pen-tm-n IrXn-I Bap-Jw)
lb skdn
ebmfw
X\-XnSw 139
]mT-n-tev
]cn- N-b-ap Nne amn-f-m-p-I-fpsS Bem-]\w mkn \S--s.

Sp-m Cu ]mp-I klm-b-I-am-hpw.
amn-f-m-ns D]-hn-`m-K--sfbpw kz-`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-I-sfbpw ]cn-N-bs-
amn-f-m-ns khn-ti-j-X-I.
D]-hn-`m-K-
{][m\ amn-f-mpIhn-I.
]pen-tm-n sslZ-dns\-p-dn-p N-I-fn-te-v.
]T-\-{]-h-\-
{]tabw, `mj, ImgvNmSv
"aplv bnoame-'bnse Hcp `mKw Hmw-hj lb sk--dnbn Ipn-

I ]Tn-n-p-v. tambnIpnsshZ-y-cS--ap Ihn-I-fpsS amn-f-m-p-I
tIp ]cn-N-bn-n--p-v. Ch-sbms {][m-\-ambpw A]-Zm-\-{]-[m-\hpw
Ncn{Xaplq-fpw apw {]ta-ba-- m-bn-p--hbpam-Wv. Fm ]pen-tm-
n sslZ-dns cN-\-I Xs Npp-]m-Sp-I-fn \nv hnj-b- kzo-I-
cnpIbpw `mj-bn {Kmao-WX ]pep-Ibpw sNbvXp. At-l-ns
Xmfwt]mepw \nX-y-Po-hn-X-N-e-\fpambn _-s-n-cn-p-p.
DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw Ch kaYn-t--Xpv. AXn-\mbn hy-X-ykvX Imhy-
`m-K- D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-mw.
"aplvbnoame'-bnse Hmbn Xn\np Km\- mkn sNmn-
mw.
tIp ]cn-N-bn amn-f-m-nse Nne `mK- mkn sNmp-p.
CXnssbmw `mjm-]-chpw {]ta-b-]-c-hp-amb {]tX-y-I-X-I NsN-p-
p.
tijw ]pen-tm-nens Nne cN-\-I ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-p.
"shsmame-'bn\nv
""D-\Yw tIcfw ap ]pcnIsfmw

Dnbm AXn-smcp Ipw IWpanm
hnXv sImss tIc-f-n h \miw
hnn-Sp-hm am{Xta Dq F\nptiw
Ipn-Snv Bf-]mbw hv AmSn
Iqdp-hm Ipm-Snbpw Pqh DXnv NmSn
Astmse \mSp-ImWo hoWnSnp sImt
Ap-anpw t]mpw hchpw apSn-p-v.''
"adn-b-p-n-bpsS In'\nv
""D-sX-nev, hp Imam\pv tamlw s]mt!
]{v
140 So sSIvv
H- t\mv Iv acn-tms ApXs!
Fs s]mym amctc! ]nsn\m shdpvv?
Fs taen shn-Spv Nnbn apjnv''
"ImXpIp-vam-e-'bn\nv
""ImXv Ippw _nZv-A-p-sImp

tNXw s]cp-pv tI-phn! sImw
HmXp-nXm J_-dm-p-hn!
Ime-s-dp--n s]Ip-n-Isf
tImew sISp-m-Xn-cn-p-hn! A
them Cs-nepw t]mp-ho!
(thsdbpw Ihn-Xm-`m-K- tiJ-cn-m-hp--XmWv).
]pen-tm-n sslZ-dns IrXn-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-fmbn kqNn-n--s-
Imc-y- DZm-lc- W
-
- f
- n\nv hy-am-m-hp-X
- m-Wv. {Kqv N-If
- p-sSbpw
t{ImUo-I-c-W-nsbpw ASn-m-\-n ]mT-`m-Kw-IqSn ]cn-K-Wnv Hcp ]T-
\-p-dnv Xbm-dm-mw.
$ ]pen-tm-nIrXn-I ]cn-Nb - s
- Spp-tm CuWnsmnb HmUntbm
kwhn-[m-\- D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-pI.
amnfmv hn`mK
ame-mv
Ad_nae-bm-f - n cNn-s - Io\Imh-y - f
- mWv ame-m-p-I. ]pWym-
m-f - psS Pohm-]Z- m-\
- f
- mWv ame-m-p-If
- psS D-S- w. tIc-f
- n Ckvem-
anses hy-X-ykvX amK- (Xz-co-J-p-I) i-amb Ime-L--n-
emWv ame-m-p-I [mcm-f-ambn Dm-b-Xv. ame-m-n\v cp `mK-fpv.
]pWyhy-n-bpsS A]-Zm-\- hmgvp--XmWv BZy-`m-Kw. cmw-`mKw
ssiihw ap\nn ssZh-tmSv {]mYn-p-p. "aplvbnname' CXn
{][m-\-s--Xm-Wv.
Ip-]mv
amn-f-mpkmln-X-y-nse kpjvS-am-sbmcp ssIh-gnbmWv Ip-]m-p-I.
hnc-lhpw hn{]-ew-`hpw am{X-a-, hntam-N\ ka-cm-\p-`-h-fpw bm{X-Ifpw apw
{]Xn-]m-Zn-p-sIm-p Ip-]m-p-I-fpv. {]W-bm-`-yY-\, hnhm-l`-yY\
Fnh Ip]mp-Iv hnj-b-am-bn-p-v. ]pen-tm-n sslZ-dns "adn-b-
p-n-bpsS Iv' {]knam-Wv. K^v{]hm-k-ns Ime-L--n ae-bm-
fn-bpsS lrZ-b-Xm-fs kzm-[o-\n [mcmfw Ip-]m-p-Ifpm-bn-p-v.
Fkv.F. Pao-ens "Zp_m-bvv' DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
]S-mv
Ad_nae-bmfkmln-X-y-nse _rl-mb Hcp Imh-y-im-J-bmWv ]S-mv
AYhm bp-Im-h-y-. hy-X-ykvX \mSp-I-fn, hnhn[ `mj-I-fn C-cw
]mp-Ifpv. 19mw \qm-n C-y-bn Dmb km{am-P-y-Xzhncp-amb \nc-
h[n t]mcm- - v kmwkvIm-cn-Ia
- mb DuPw \Im Ccw ]mpIm-
bn-p-v. tambnIpnsshZycpsS "_Z]-S-mv' CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
lb skdn
ebmfw
X\-XnSw 141
eLpIpdnv
XncphmXncfn, H\, amKwIfn Fnhsbpdnv hnhc tiJcnv

Ipdnv Xbmdmn hcm IpnItfmSv ]dbpp.
GXm\pw Nne AhXcW.
Fm Iem]mccyfpw Fm
t_m[ysSpnsmv A[ym]nI t{ImUoIcnpp.
tIcfobcptSXpamsWv
]pXpamnfmpcN\
ka- Im-enIhnj-b--fm-bn-cp-tm ]pen-tm-n sslZ-dn\v hnj-b-am-b-Xv.

hnZymYn-Iv Ah-cpsS Ih\ssh`hn\v Ah-kcw \Ip hn[-n
Cu {]h-\s hnI-kn-n-m-hp--Xm-Wv. cN-\bpw Bem-]-\hpw Hcmv
Xs \nh-lnmw. AX-s-n cN-\, kwKoXw, Bem-]\w Fnh {Kqv
{]h-\-ambn sNmw. C-c-n-ep Hcp {]h-\-n\v Bh-i-y-amb
amK-\ntZ-ihpw t{]mm-l-\hpw A[-ym-]-nI \I-Ww.
klm-b-I-{K--
IYIfnaRvPcn tUm. Fkv.sI. \mb
IphebhntemNt\ IemaWvUew tIih
IYIfncwKw sI.]n.Fkv. tat\m
BIYmkmlnXyw aebmfn tUm. \Sphw tKm]meIrjvW
\mSIZi\w s{]m^. F.]n.]n. \qXncn
aebmf\mSIkhkzw aShq `mkn
]pen-tm-n IrXn-I ]pen-tm-n sslZ
FUn- tUm. Fw.F. Imc-tcn
amn-f-m-ns Ncn{Xkm-c- hn.Fw. Ipn
Ciep-I-fpsS DZ-ym\w tUm. Da Xd-ta
amnfkmln-X-y-]-T-\- _me-Ir-jvW hn-p-v
]{v
142 So sSIvv
3
ZWw
B ap Jw
temIPo-hn-X-ns ku-cym--I-amb {]-Xn-^-e-\-amWv
Hmtcm Ime-L--n-sebpw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I. A\p-`-hhpw
BJym-\hpw ka-\z-bn-n-p `qan-I-bm-hpp AXv. kmln-
Xy-]mTw kqvam-\p-`-h--fpsS Bg--fn-tev A\p-hm-N-
Is {i--Wn-p--tXm-sSmw t\m-gvN-bpsS CS-s]-
Sepw km[yampp. "ZWw' F bqWn-n-eqsS ]cn-N-
b-s-Sp cN-\-I-fpsS `mhcq]A-]-{KY\-n-eqsS hn\n-
abw sNt-Xv kaq-l-t_m-[-\nn-Xn-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnI
]cn-k-c-hpw Bhn-jvIm-c-nse hyXy-kvX-am-Xr-I-I-fpsS
kzIob cq]-hp-am-Wv. a\p-jy-s Im]-Sy-sf lmky-ns
hI-t`-Z--fn-eqsS s]mfn-s-gp-Xpp A---Wn--cpsS
"tamjWw' F cN-\. ae-bm-f-I-hn-Xsb cwK-{]-tbm-K-am-
nb al-mb ]mc--cy-n\v \nZi-\-amWv Ip\-
ym-cpsS Ihn-X-I. kmaq-lnIhn-ai-\-ns ap{Z-I
]Xn \ym- h n- X - b n \np Hcp `mK- a mWv
"sImn-hm--m-sXmpw' F cN-\. ]pcm-W-I-Ym-]m-{X-
amb ioem-h-Xn-bpsS s]]- samgn-Iv Icp-p-]-I-
cp i-amb cN-\b - mWnXv. sân-\nv Ah-t_m-[v
kam-c - a
- mbn t{Kkn Fgp-Xnb "Kufn-Pw' F IY BJym-
\-nepw \nco--W-nepw ]pep ]pXpa Xncn--dn-
tb--Xp-v. \ymcpw A--Wn-cpw X-fpsS cN-\-
bn-eqsS \nh-ln lmky-ns km[y-X-I hyXy-kvX-
amb coXn-bn "Kufn-Pw' F IY-bn t{Kkn Bhn-
jvIcn-pp.
Zm-Xys hnai-\m--I-ambn AS-bm-f-s-Sp-m HXp-
n-n-Sn \-ns AS-cp-I IY-bn kn-th-in-n-
n-p-v. Nncn-bpsS _pn-]-chpw kmwkvImcn-I-hp-amb am\-
{]I-S-am-nb hn.sI.-Fns "\ne-\n-]obw' F
cN-\bpw ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-v. kaq-l-Po-hn-X-ns t\{]-
Xn-^-e-\-ambn lmky-c-k-ns `mh-{]-]w A\m-h-cWw
lb skdn
ebmfw
ZWw 143
sNp-I-bmWv Chn-sS. D-cm-[p-\nI `mhp-I-Xz-n\v \nZm-

\-amb A\-ew-Ir-X-amb Imhy-`m-j-bn Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-sf
sFdWn Ien-smv Bhn-jvI-cn-p sNdn-bm sI.
sNdn-bms "tX' F Ihn-Xbpw bqWn-n tNn-pv.
bm{X -F A\p-`-h-n-eqsS P\-kw-kvIm-c-]-T-\-n\v
km[y- X - s bm- c p- p bm{Xm- h n- h - c - W - fpw bqWn- n
DsSpp. e--Im-e--fpsS t\ {]Xn-^-e-\-sa--\n-e-
bn bm{Xm-\p-`h - - p-dn-p-I hn\n-abw sNt-X - p-v. Fkv.-
sI. s]ms-m-n-sbpw Fw.]n. hotc-{-Ip-am-dn-sbpw lnam-
eb bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W- BJym\wsImpw Zriym-\p-`h
km[y-X-sImpw ]pep hyXy-kvX-XI A]-{K-Yn--
s-S-Ww.
]{v
bqWnv hn-i-I-e\w 144
Bi-b[m-cW/ {][m\ ]T-\

ss\]pWn
$ kmln-Xy-Ir-XnIfnse $ tamjWw $ Xmfw, ]Z-{]-tbm-Kw, $sNmm-gN
v m-h
lmky-c-k- {]mkw, \tm-n-I X-cWw ImWpp.
ebmfw
Isn hni-I-e\w XpS-n-bh Imhy-`m-
lb skdn
sNbv X p DNn- X - a mbn jbvp ssNX\yw ]I- $ N $ ]m-fnw
Bhn-jvI-cn-p-p. cp-p. $Ihn-X-bnse $ LS\
$ `mj
So sSIvv
`mjbvv ssNX\yw
]I-cp LS-I- $ Bi-b-[m-cW
]mT-`m-Ks ASn- $ \nco--W
m-\-amn hni-I- --\na
e\w sNpp.
$ \ym-hn-X-I-fnse $ t{Kkn-bpsS IY-I-fn $IY hni-I-e\w
$ `mj
`mjm-]-chpw ku-cy- $sImn-hm--m- kv{Xob-h--Isf sNbvXv Ipdnv Xbm-
]-c-hp-amb LS-I- sXmpw XovW-ambn Bhn-jvI- $ hni-I-e-\-]m-Shw
dm-p-p.
hni- I - e \w sNbv X v cn-p-p. $IYmJym\-n-sebpw $ Bi-b-hy-X
DNn-X-ambn Bhn-jvI- IYm-k-`--fn- $ `mj
cn-p-p. $ t{Kkn-bpsS IY-I sebpw lmkymw-i- $ Is--ep-I
$ a e - b m - f - n s e $Kufn-Pw i-amb kmaq-lnI Isn N
kv{Xo]IY-I-fnse hnai\w km[n-p-p. sNp-p. $ hkvXp\njvTX
kmaq- l nI hnai- \ - $ Bi-b-hy-X
Xew A]-{K-Ynv Ipdn- $ ]pcp-jm-[n-]Xyw kmaq- $IY-I Xmc-Xayw
p-I Xbm-dm-p-p. lnI\oXnv hnLm-X-am- sNbvXv kmay-hyXym-
sW [mcW cq]-s-Sp- k- spp.
p-p.
Bi-b[m-cW/ {][m\ ]T-\
ss\]pWn
$ ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bn $ Ihn-Xm-`m-K-
$ B[p-\nI ae-bm-f- $ tX Bt-]-lm-ky-X-e- Xmc-Xayw $ ]m-fnw
Ihn-X-bnse Zin-mw. sNbvXv kaq-l- $ `mj
Bt]lm-ky-X-e- ns
A]-{K-Ynv $ ssien
GsXms
DNn-X-amb hyh-lmc $ `mh\
kz`mhfmWv
cq]-n Bhn-jvI- ]cn-lm-k-n\v
cn-p-p. hnt[-b-am-Ip--
$ PohnXw Ftmgpw sXv N
bpn`{Z-am-I-W-sa- sNbvXv Is-
n. p-p.
$ lmkym-h-X-c-W-n\v $ "tX' Ihn-X- $ `mj

hyXykvX coXn-I-fp-v. bnse Bi-b-hp- $ Bib[mcW
ambn Xmc-Xayw
$ LS\
sNbvXv Ipdnv
Xbm-dm-p-p.
$ hmIy-ns Bi-b-
n\v amw hcmsX
$ hmIy-L-S-\-bpsS
ZWw
]pXp-hmIyw \nn- $ amXr-Im-hm-Iy-

khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw mw. ]cn-tim-[n-
ku-cymw-i-fpw $ Bi-b-[m-cW
p-p. ]pXp-hm-
Xncn--dnv ]pXp- Iy- \nn-
hmIy \nn-Xn-bn $ hkvXp\njvTX
p-p.
Gs-Sp-p.
145
]{v
146
Bi-b[m-cW/ {][m\ ]T-\
ss\]pWn
$ Fkv.-sI.-s]m-s-m- $ ]mT-`mKw
$ kmckmlnXyIrXn- ap\nn $ `mj
I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X- $ _Z-cnbpw ns km-c-km-ln-
s]ms-m-ns $ kwn-]vXX
Ifpw Du-ep-Ifpw Xy-Ir-Xn-I e-
]cn-k-c-fpw km-c-km-ln-Xy-
Xncn--dnv Ipdn-p- ns h-am-\-`m-h-
ns khn-ti-
ebmfw
I Xbm-dm-p-p. n Dup-p.
j-X-I ]cn-tim-
lb skdn
[n-p-p.
$ kmcw F A\p-
So sSIvv
$ bap-t\m-{Xn- $ kmcw Xs Xncn-- $ lrZ-b-kv]in-

`hw AS-bm-f-s-Sp- bmb bm{Xm-\p- $ `mj
p bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W- bpsS Dujva- dn-bm-\p D]m-[n-bm- $ ssien
Wv. `hw Ipdn-p-p.
Fgp-Xp-p. f-X-bn kv{In]vv Xbm-dm- $ Bibw
p-p.
$ km-c-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn- $ Fw.]n. hotc-{-
$ km-c-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn- $ Bib [mcW
I Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Ip-am-dn-sbpw
Ipdnv Xbm-dm-p-p. I `n-kz-`m-h-ap--h- $ DNn-X-amb `mj
bm-Wv. Fkv.-sI. -s]m-s-
$ ka\ ]mShw
m-n-sbpw
km-c-km-ln-Xy-
$ DNn-X-amb hnti-jWw Xmc-Xayw
tNv hmIyw Imhym- sNp-p.
-Iambn hnI-kn-n- $ hmIyw hnI-kn-n-
p-p. $ hnti-j-W- HuNn-
Xy-]qhw p-p. $ HuNnXyw
tNptm Imhy- $ hkvXp\njvTX
ku-cyw Dm-Ip-p. $ `mj
ZWw 147
{]th-i-I-{]-h\w
Fw.]n.-\m-cm-bW]n-bpsS "I' F IY A]-c-]--p-\n-p Hcp

t\mn-m-W-em-Wtm. kI-e-Xn-s\bpw Ffp--n kZm-Nm-c-ns Idppw
shfppambn Xncnv kz-ambn \ne-\nm {ian-p kaq-ls {]mtbm-
Kn-IP
- o-hn-X-n AX-s\bsv I F IY t_m[ys-Sp-p-p. A-
--Wn--cpsS "tamjWw' F IhnX Bt-]-lm-ky-n-eqsS Cu {]iv\w
D-bn-pp. Xs-m henb Iam-cp-tSbpw If-hn-sbpw kmn[yw shdp-
samcp tamjvSm-hmb BJym-Xm-hn-\-dn-bmw. I, tamjvSmhv Fo ]Z- kam-
\mY kqN-I--sf-nepw Ah-bpsS [z\n hyXy-kvX-am-sWv ImWmw. am{X-
a, tamj-Ws "shdp-samcp' F hnti-j-W-n-eqsS \nm-co-I-cn-p-Xv
{it-b-am-Wv. henb If-hnsbpw I-m-cp-sSbpw kmn[yw ]e-X-c-nepw
Xe-nepw \ne-\np-tm Xs I-s\v hnfn-m Ah-sc-sbp
hnfnpw Fsmcp tNmZy-hpap-v. ]p-cq] t]m--Sn--h Ip-hm-fnbpw tImSn-
I ssIbn-p-hm-cp-h
- anSp-\pw Imcy-{]m-]vX\
- p-am-Ip ka-Im-enI bmYmYy-
ns tcJmkmy-apv ChnsS I-\v.
XpWn- tam-jvSn-Xv ap--h-cpsS \mWw Imm-\m-bn-cppshmWv Is
\ymbw. AXv X\nv thnb. tImgnsb tamjvSn-Xv tImgn-bn-d-n-Xn-m\pw
]ip-hns\ tamjvSn-Xv ]mep IpSn-m-\p-am-bn-cp-p. Xobpw IpSnbpw ASn-m-
\m-h-iy--fm-Wv. CXv cpw sshZyt]mepw hne-m--Xpam-Wv. hyn-bpsS/
kaq-l- ns Btcm-Ky-n\v lm\n-Ic - a
- FYw. sFXn-ly-am-eb - nse app
\q-Xn-cn-bpsS IY ChnsS {]k--am-Wv. Ifhv Nne-tm-sg-nepw {]Xn-tcm-[-am-
Wv.
s{]man-Xyp-kns tamj-W-am-bn-cptm a\p-jys Ie-bp-sSbpw Adn-hn-sbpw
Bcw-`w. B\ tNmcp-X - d
- n-bmsX ISpIv tNmcp-Xv t\mn\np kaq-ls
]cn-l-kn-p-sImv Ipam-c-\m-ims "Zpc-h--'bnse hcn-I-fpsS Bt-]-lm-ky-
`m-h-n-ep ]cm-h-\-tm-sS-bmWv Cu IhnX Ah-km-\n-pXv.
Xmfhpw hg-hpw Cu Ihn-Xsb \psS \mS Iem-]m-c--cy-tmSv ASp-nv
\np-p-v. tIc-fns X\-Xp-Xm-f-amb KW-]-Xn-m-f-ns {]tbm-K-sa-
sv hni-Zo-Ic - n-mte Cu IhnX Dsm-m Ffp-a - m-hq. IhnXbpsS B-
k Xmf-n-em-Wv. Ip \ym-cpsS lmkyw A---Wn--cn ]p\P-\n-
pp Fv tUm.Fw.- e o- e m- h Xn (Ihn- X m- c - X n) \nco- n- p- Xv Cu
Xmft_m[sqSn ]cn-KW - n-m-hW
- w. \ym-cmWv tIc-fo-bX - m-f
- hrs
Ihn-bp coXn-bn Ihn-X-bn-tev sImp-h Ihn. Xmf-t_m-[spdn-p-
]-db- p-tm ]S-bWn t]mep Iem-cq-] - s
- f-p-dnv kqNn-n-t-X - p-v. AY-
{K-l-W-n am{X-sam-Xp-n-bm Ihn-X-bpsS Poh \jvS-s-Spw. kmwkvIm-
cnI]m--e-ns Dw F \ne-bn ka-{K-amb `qan-I-bn Imhy-]-
cn-Nbw km[n-Ww.
tamjWw F kmaq-lnIXnsb Xncn-d - n-bp-tmXs AXns\ krjvSn-p
kmaq-lnIkm-lN - c
- ys A]-{K-Yn-m-\p tijn-bn-tepw Ipn-Isf \bn-m
Cu Ihn-X-bn-eqsS {in-t--Xp-v.
]{v
148 So sSIvv
apv \q-Xncn IYm-kw-{Klw

hnI-S-k-c-kzXn \mhn IpSn-sIm-p--bm-fmWv apv \qXncn. hS-p Hcp
t{X-n oWn--h-i-\mbn Fn-t \q-Xncn t{X-nse hgn-
]m-Smb ]mm-bkw IpSnv oWw Xom-sav Icp-Xn. Ae-nse Ig-
I-m-cn \np t{Xw Ducm-f-\mb \o-i sNp AXym-Nm-c--sf-p-
dn--dn \q-Xncn \o-is \ntZi-{]-Imcw t{X-nse ]mm-bkw
apgp-h At-l-ns C-tv sImpt]mIm-dmWv ]Xn-shpw ampw
AXn Aw t]mepw e`n-p-n-spw a\n-em-n. hnI-S-k-c-kzXn \mhn-
ep-W apv t{Xw ]qPm-cnsb kao-]nv XtmSv ]mm-bkw Ign-tm-
fm \o-i ]d-n-p-spw AXn-\m ]mmbkw \I-Ws - apw Bh-
iy-s-p. ]qPmcn bmsXmpw kwi-bn-msX AX-\p-k-cn-p. ka-b-am-bnpw
t{X-n \npw ]mm-bkw Fm--Xn p`n-X-\mb \o-i
t{X-nsenbtm IXv ]m-bkw cknv Ign-p apv \q-Xn-cn-
sb-bm-Wv. Bcp-]-d-n-mWv Cbmv ]m]m-bkw sImSp--sXv ]qPm-cn-
tbmSv \o-i Ib-tm Atlw kw`-hn-X - d- n-bn-p. tIm]n-jvT\
- mb \o-
i ap-ns ASp-s-n-sb-nepw ]c-a-im--\mbn apv ]mbkw IpSnp
sImn-cp-p. HSp-hn apgp-h-\mbn Ign tijw \o-i-t\mSv apv Imcy-a-t\z-
jn-p. \o-i {_mlvaW-\mb Atlw Xm ]d-sv ]dp ]mbkw
hmn-b-Xns\ A[n-t-]n-p. DSs\ Hpadn-bm--a-n apv \q-Xncn
Atlw Bcm-sW--t\z-jn-p. Xm\mWv t{Xw Ducm-bva-bmb \o-i Fp-
]-d--Xn\v Xm If-hp-]-d-n-n-sv apv hy-am-n. sshZy-in-tcm-a-Wn-
bmb \o-i ]mm-bkw AXyp--a-am-sWv ]d-n-p-s-mWv Xm
]d-s - Xpw AmsX GsX-nepw A-\mb \o-is hmp-tIv ]mbkw
IpSn-m Xs Inn-spw ]dv \S-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
sFXn-ly-am-e sImm-c-n ipn
Imhmew \mcm-bWWn--cpsS \mS-I-k--ev]w ]cn-N-b-s--tm. \mSI

{]h\w t]mse Xs tIc-fob Imhym-kzm-Z-Isc HcpImev hf-sc-b-
[nIw kzm[o-\n sNmmgvN F Ihn-Xm-h-X-cWcoXnbpw \mcm-b-W--
Wn-sctmep--h-cpsS Iman-I-Xz-n \S--Xm-Wv. Imhmew \mcm-
bWWn-, A---Wn-, IS--\n-, sRc-fv cma-sm-Xp-hm, kpcm-
kp, Ac-hn-, s\Sp-ap-Sn-th-Wp, `cXv apc-fn, Imhmew {ioIp-am XpS-n-b-h
Ihn-X-bpsS Cu cwKm-hn-jvIm-c-n\v cq]hpw `mhhpw \In-b-h-cm-Wv.
s\Sp-
ap-Sn-th-Wphpw Imhmew {ioIp-amdpw tN-hX
- c
- n-n-p "tamjWw' F
Ihn-X-bpsS sNmmgvN {]Zin-n-mw. "I' F t]cn CXv bqSq-
_nepv. sNmm-gvN-bpsS Bkzm-Z-\-n-\p-tijw Ipn-I-tfmSv tamjWw
F Ihn-X-bpsS ]mcm-bWw \nh-ln-m-\m-h-iy-s-Smw.
hmb\- bn-eqsSbpw cwKm-hn-jvIm-c-n-eq-sSbpw e`y-amb Bkzm-Z-\ns

kz`mhw Xmc-X-ay-w sNp-I. s]mXpN.
lb skdn
ebmfw
ZWw 149
NmkqN-\I-
cwK-{]-tbm-K-km-[y-X-I
Xmf-ns khn-ti-jX, AXv Ihn-Xm-kzm-Z-\-n\v F{]-Imcw
klm-bn-p-p.
cwKko-I-cW km[y-X-I?
t{ImUo-I-c-Ww
ico-c-`m-j-bpsS hn\n-a-bw, A`n-\-b-km-[y-X-I, \mS-Io-b-X, Dm-
c-W-nse h{Io-I-c-Ww.
[z\ym--I-X-sb-m Zriym--I-Xbvv {]m[m\yw.
KW-]Xnmf-ns hn\n-tbmKw (ao-ao-Unb km[yX D]-tbm-
K-s-Sp--Ww.)
Ihn-Xm-\p-`-h-n\v A\p-]q-c-I-amb CX-c-km-[y-X-I.
Xn- c n- p sNmm- g v N - b n cwK- k - o- I - c W km[yX
th{X D]-tbm-Kn-n-s-nepw D]-tbm-Kn-m km[y-X-bp
HmWv sNmm-gvN.
Cu Ihn-Xbvv kmaq-lnI-{]-k-n-bptm? CXv Dbp Nn-I-tfh?
hyn-K-X-ambn Bi-b- tcJ-s-Sp-m Bh-iy-s-Sp-p. aqtm \mtem

Ah-X-c-W-v Ah-kcw \Ip-I.
t{ImUo-I-c-Ww:
Blmcw t]mep ASn-m-\m-h-iy- e`n-msX hcp- Nne
k`--fn Nne tamjv-Sm-fmbn amdn-tm-Ip-p.
]mh- F t\mh-ense PohmPo, Bicycle thieves se
(sskn tamjvSm-fnse) dnn.
I\pw Nne \ymbo-I-c-W--fp-v.
AcpIp-Po-hn-X-sf A\p-`m-h-]qhw ]cn-K-Wn--Ww.
\nm-c -Ip-- s]cp-nv ImWn-p-Ibpw henb Ip-
ImWmsX t]mIp-Ibpw sNp kaq-l-ns ImgvN-m-Sv.
sXns\ \ymbo-I-cn-p a\p-jy-kz-`m-hw.
`mjm-{]-tbm-K-n-eqsS AYs \yq\o-I-cn-s-Sp-p kz`mhw
(Kpm-bnkw F-Xn\v ]Icw kZm-Nm-c-tm-eokv, Agn-aXn F-
Xn\v ]Icw {Ia-tSv, I F-Xn\v ]Icw "shdp-samcp
tamjvSmhv' XpS-n-b-h).
Ihn-Xsb ]cn-N-b-s-Spn sImSp-- hni-Zo-I-cWw t{ImUo-I-c-
W-n {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-mw.
tamj-Ws \ncp-m-l-s-Sp-p-tm Xs tamjvSm-sf
krjvSn-p kmaq-lnI]cn-k-chpw A]-{K-Yn--Ww.
]{v
150 So sSIvv
3.1 sImn-hm--m-sXmpw
]mTm]-{K-Y\w
Hcp apJ-hp-c-t]mepw thm--hn[w ]cn-Nn-X-\m-Wv
Ip\ym. Cu ]mT-`mKw \ym Ihn-XI - f
- psS Hcp
]p\hm-b-\bvv Ah-kcw \Ip Hm-Wv. ]Xnhv
lmky-co-Xn-I \ne-\np-tmXs kv{XoPo-hn-X-
ns lXmihpw \n-lm-b-hp-amb hiw-IqSn ChnsS
A\m-h-cWw sN-s-Sp-p. cq-amb Bt-]-lm-ky-
s-p-dnv ]d-bp-tmgpw \ym-cpsS P\-Io-bX Fm
\ncq-]-Icpw AwKo-Icnnp-v. "Xmgv Xn hn-n-
cp ]d-b-cpsSbpw ]pe-b-cp-sSbpw thjhpw Na-bhpw
hr-co-Xnbpw Hc-f-thmfw hmMva-bhpw DX t{iWn-
bn-ep--hv \ym kzoIm-cy-am-p-Ibpw AtXm-
sSmw khW-cpsS Iqv, IqSn-bmw Fn-h-bpsS
kmlnXycq]-amb aWn-{]-hmfw, Np Fn-hb - psS A-
-- P-\I - o-bI- e
- b
- mb Xp-en-tev Bhm-ln-p-Ibpw
sNbvXp' Fv Fw. eo-em-hXn (Ihn-Xm-c-Xn) A`n-{]m-b-
s-Spp. NmIym-cpsS ]cn-lm-k-n \nv \ym-cpsS
lmkys hyXy-kvX-am-p-- L-SIw Cu P\-Io-b-X-
bm-Wv.
"]m\m-cpsS hwi-te-i-a-Xn ]nd--h-t\-j- Rm'
Fv kzbw hnti-jn-n-m Cu Ihnv aSn-bn-.
Xmgv-s--hs Iebpw Pohn-X-hp-ambn XmZmyw
{]m]nv \ym AXn-i--amb kmaq-lnIhn-ai-\w
Ah-X-cn-n-p. NmIymcpw \ymcpw Bt-]-lmkyw
D]-tbm-Kn--tm NmIym ên-X-n\pw \ym kmaq-
lnIhn-ai-\ - n\pw apXqw \In. NmIym Bkzm-
Z-\-]-pw \ym hnaiI]-p-ambn \ne-sIm-
p. ]pcmW IYm-]m{Xsf tIc-fobh-cnv Xm
Pohn- p Ncn- { X- k - `- n- t ev sImp- h v
hnai\w sXmSp-pI F-XmWv Ips ssien. Hcp
kaq-ls a\-n-em-m\pw AXns Dns Dnse
A`n-cp-Nn-Isf Xncn--dn-bm\pw k-b-dn-s\-tmse klm-
bn-p asm-n-. bh\Zmi-\n-I\ - mb ttm {]mNo\
{KopPohn-Xspdn--dn-bm Acn-tm-s^-\n-kns
"Xh-f-I' F Bt-]-lm-ky-\m-SIw hmbn-m-\mWv
D]-tZ-in--Xv. BZyw Bfp-Isf Nncn-n-p-Ibpw ]ns
Nnn-n-p-Ibpw sNp-I-bmWv Bt-]-lm-ky-ns
coXn. ChnsS H-hm-b-\-bn \mw Nncn-p-tmgpw ioem-
h-Xn-bn-eqsS kv{XoPohn-X-ns \n-lm-b-amb ]m-
-e-n-tev ISp t]mIp-tm ka-Im-enI kml-
N-cy-nepw Imcy--tfsd `n-a-sv ImWp-p.
lb skdn
ebmfw
ZWw 151
tZhIn \ne-b-tm-Sns "ImeI-I' (amXr-`q-an- _pIvkv

2008) F ]pkvX-I-n ioem-hXn F `mKw F-s\-
bmWv AP-\-sf ASn-a--n \ne-\n-m-\p ]mT-
]p-kvXIw t]mse D]-tbm-Ks - -SpnbXv F kqN-\b - p-v. ]pcp-
j-ta-[m-hn-Xz-n\v apn ]qW-ambpw hg-p ]c--cm-KX
kv{Xo_nw_ amXrI F \ne-bn-emWv ioem-h-Xnsb Ah-X-cn-
n-n-p-Xv. Ac-\q-mv app-h-sc-bp \q-Xncnkv{XoI-fpsS
Pohn-X-ns tcJm-Nn-{X-amWv tZhIn \ne-b-tm-Sns ta-
d {Kw.
Fm \ym Ah-X-cn-n-p ioem-hXn hyh-bvv
hnt[-b-bm-sW-nepw apdp-ap-dp-n-msX Fmw kln-p--h-f-.
Xm\-\p-`-hn-p ]cn-lm-khpw ]oU-\hpw B-ssi-Yn-eyhpw
Fsv Xncn--dn-bp--h Xs-bm-Wv.
"sImp--Xn-t\-mfpw iey-am-bn-p-smcp
sImn-hm--msX sNmp-In--tlw'
IpSpw-_m-c- o- - n imco-cnI ]oU-\t- -m cq-amWv
am\-knI]oU\w Fv Cu hcn-I ]d-bp-p. Cu hcn-I \qm-
p-I Ign-npw ka-Im-enI{]k-n-bpsS Xnf--tmsS
\ne\npXv ImWmw. `mjbpw `mhhpw Imem-Xn-hn-bm-
Ip Imhy-in-ev]-Nm-cpX IqSn Chn-sSbpv.
P\n--Xn ]ns Ip-fpw Ipd-hp-IfpamsX Xsn ]d-
bm-\n F kv{XoPohn-X-ns inYn-e-amb B-t_m[w
\ym ]d-p-h - X
- p-Xs ]noSv am[-hn-p-n-bpsS IY-If - nepw
av B[p-\nI Fgp-p-Im-cn-I-fnepw {][m\ {]ta-b-ambn amdp-Xv
\nco--Wml-am-Wv. \nXy-Po-hnXns `mcw apgp-h-t\-p-
Ibpw bmNn-p- sImp-h Acn-sImv `-W-ap-m-n-sm-
Sp-pIbpw sNbvXn-pw \-hmv Inp-n F-Xp-t]m-Is {Iqc-
amb hmp-I-tfp hmtn hcp-Ibpw sNp-p Fv hne-]n-
p ioem-hXn t\c-t-]-d kv{Xo_nw_-am-Xr-Ibvv
tN-h-f-. Xs \ncm-ibpw {]Xn-tj-[hpw Hs apnh-p-
sIm-m-Wn-hnsS ioem-hXn \np--Xv. Fn-mWv Xs PmX-
I-tZmjw sImpam-{X-amWv Xm\n-s\ ap\n-t{i-jvT\ - mb `m-
hn\nv Ip-tav \in-t-n-h-cp--sXv kzbw kam-[m-\n-p-
-Xv. B PmX-I-tZmjw kv{XoP-ns kmam\yhn[n-bmWv
Fv Xpd-p]-d-bm-\p Ahn-\bw Ahn-. kmaq-lnI-Po-
hn-X-n ]mZ-Psc ImWp-Ibpw Ahsc Dsm-p-Ibpw
sNbvX Ihn Xcp-Wn-Isf am\-hn-I-kz-Xz-ns ]m--e-n
ImWm {ian-pI kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv.
]mT-n-tev
sNmmgvN-bpsS kz`mhw a\-n-emn Ign-np--tm. Ihn-
X-bpsS cwK{]tbm-K-km-[y-X-I sNmmgvN {]tbmP-\-s-Sp-
p-p. Acpw kmln-Xy-hp-am-bp _w B--Ybpw IY-
I-fnbpw t]mse ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-nse hen-sbmcp `mKs
hfn-bn-p-v. (kam-\-amb kmln-Xy-cq-]-, Xp IrXn-
I, ]mTIw F cwK-I-e-bvp-th-n-bp Np-, Xncp-
]{v
152 So sSIvv
hm-Xn-c-m-p-I, amn-f-m-p-I, Ghpw ]pXn-b-Xmbn kn\n-am-Km-\-km-lnXyw
hsc hnI-kn-n-p-v. Dm-bn-hm-cysc t]mep {]Xn-`m-im-en-I Ccw
kmln-Xys Ac-ns\bpw Ihn-p hfn-bXv \apv ImWmw. CtX
]cn-KW
- \ \f-Nc - n-Xt- m-sSmw XpIr-Xn-Ipw e`n-n- pv. Ac-ns
NSp-e-kw-th-Z-\-Xzhpw kmln-Xyns Imem-Xn-hn-Xzhpw Ch-bpsS khn-
ti-j-X-bm-Wv. A[ym-]nI Bap-J-ambn ]d-v Imhy-`mKw hmbn-m Ipn-
I-tfmSv ]dbp-p.
]T-\-{]-h-\-
A]-{K-Y-\-p-dnv
temI- h-\n-Xm-Zn\w (amv 8) t]me-p Zn\m-N-c-W--fpsS {]m[m\ysp-
dnv Hcp s]mXp-N \S-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
Ccw Zn\m-Nc - W
-
- {]tXyI ]cn-KW- \ Aln-p hn`mK-ns {]iv\-
fpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw temI-ns {ibntev sImp-hc - m klm-bn-pp
F {]kvXm-h-\bvv tijw kv{XoI Hcp kaqlw F \ne-bn t\cn-
Sp {]iv\sfp-dnv Hcp s]mXp-N \S-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
\mtem Atm t]v A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-n\v Ah-kcw \Imw.
IY kqNn-n-mw.
kaq-l-n t\cn-Sp hnth-N\w ka-Im-enI kw`-h-, hm-
I XpSnbh D]-tbm-Kn-mw.
kv{Xo]-Zhn kn\n-a, ]c-kyw, Sn.hn. ]c-c XpS-n-bhbnem-hnjvIcn-
-s-Sp kv{Xokz-Xzw.
CS-t-cn-bpsS hnhmlkm-\w, Xz-im-kv{Xfp-d-p-tm Fo
Ihn-X-I-fnse Bi-bw.
"sImn-hm- - m-sXmpw' F Ihn-Xm-`m-Kv ioem-hXn hnh-cn-p
Ah-.
A[ym-]n-Ibvv ]mTm-]-{K-Y-\hpw {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
mkns\ \mtem Atm {Kqp-I-fmp-Ibpw t{ImUo-I-c-W-ns shfn--

n t\ct Is-nb Imcy-fpw tNv Ipdnv Xbm-dm-p-Ibpw
CXv temI- h-\n-Xm-Zn-\-n Ah-X-cn-n-m-\p {]`m-j-W-cq-]-n-tev amp-
Ibpw sNp-I.
hne-bn-cp- Ipdnv
""Zo]-kvXw`w alm-cyw
\appw InWw ]Ww''
\ymcpsS Cu hcn-I Ah-X-cn-nv k`w shfn-s-Sp-n-b-Xn-\vtijw
hcn-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-sb-p-dnv s]mXp-N-bn-eqsS A`n-{]mbw kam-l-cn-
p-p. aqtm \mtem t]cpsS A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-n\v Ah-kcw \Ip-I.
Ihn cmPm-[n-Im-cs Xs khn-ti-j-amb ]Zhn D]-tbm-Knv
(Ihn F ]Z-hn) hnain-p-p.

hnai-\-ns Bbp[w lmky-am-Wv.
Bt-]-lmkyw F Imhym-hn-jvIm-c-X-{w.
lb skdn
ebmfw
ZWw 153
Bt-]-lmkyw Fv FXn\p t_mIvkn sImSp Imcy-

D]-tbm-Kn-mw.
]mT-`m-K
- p "Ipd-h
- msX \ap-smcp hkvXp ]d-hm-\n P\nt
]ns' F `mKpw Bt-]-lmkyw Nqn-m-Wn-mw.
(ChnsS Imhy-k-`-tmSp tNt Bt-]-lmkyw Dm-hp-
p-q. k`n \n-Sn-am-n-bm ta-d hcn-If - psS
Bt-]-lm-ky-`mhw Cm-XmIpw Fv ImWmw).
lmk-km-lnXyw
Ghpw IqSp-X ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-bn-p kz`mhkhn-ti-jXbmWv Nncn. CXc
Pohn-I-fn \nv a\p-jys\ hyXy-kvX-\m-p Hcp khn-ti-jX Nncn-m-\p
Ign-hm-Wv. Fsm-s-bmWv \s Nncn-n-p LS-I- F At\z-jWw
Fm-epw a\p-jy \S-n-bn-p-v.
hnIr-X-amb A\p-I-cWw lmky-ap-m-pp Acn-tm-n
hnIr-X-amb thjhpw Ae-m-chpw apw lmky-Im-c-W-am-Ipp `c-X-ap\n
sshIr-X-n\nv lmkyw DZv`-hn-pp F ImgvN-m-Sn-t\mSv tNp
\np--XmWv ta-d A`n-{]m-b-. Fm s]mcp--t-Sn-emWv
lmkyw F A`n-{]m-b-n\pw kmln-Xy-]-WvUn-Xam- {]m[m\yw sImSp-
n-p-v. Hns\ asm-p-amtbm Hns c-h--I Xntem Xmc-X-ay-
s-Sp-p-tm Dm-Ip s]mcp-t- Sv lmky-ap-m-p-p. Kuc-ha - mb Ah-
-bpsS m\v \nm-c-amb Ah hp-tN-cp-tm A\m-h-iy-ambn
hcp am\-kn-tImPw Nncn-bn-eqsS ]pd-p-hc - p-p Fv sl_v kvs]k
\nco-n-n-p-v. CXp-Iq-SmsX t{ijvTX
- z-t_m-[w, bm{n-IXzw Fn-hbpw lmky-
Im-c-W-ambn Nqn-m-Wn-sn-p-v.
]mm-Xy lmkys hnv, lyqa, k-b Fn-s\ aqmbn Xncn-n-p-v.
hnv
{]tbm-K-nepw Bkzm-Z-\-nepw Iptd-sbms _pn-km-aYyw Bh-iy-amb
lmky-hn-`m-K-amWv hnv. km[m-c-W-bmbn tbmPn-n-m hkvXp-v Xn
A{]-Xo-n-Xa- mb k`-nepw coXn-bnepw kmZriyw ImWp-Xv hnns e-
W-am-Wv. bpn-c-ln-X-sav {]Y-a-Zr-jvSn-bn tXmn-n-p hkvXp-X-Isf
bpn-k-l-sav tXmn-n-p hn[-n {]tbm-Kn-pI IqSn-bmWv hnv.
CXn \mw A\n-b-{n-X-ambn Nncn-p-n-. AhnsS hnt\mZw hfsc kqvahpw
ku-cy-t_m-[-tmSv ASp k-ap--Xp-am-bn-cn-pw.
lyqa
lmky-ns kap--X-cq-]-ambn ]cn-K-Wn--s-Sp--XmWv lyqa. Xz-Nn--
tbmSv _-s-Xpw ZpxJm-I-hp-amb Nncn-bm-Wn-Xv. a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn-bnepw Pohn-
X-n-ep-ap Ak-p-en-Xm-h--I-sfbpw s]mcp--t-Sp-I-sfbpw a\-n-emn
Ahsb A\p-I-m-]qhw Ah-X-cn-n-p-I-bmWv lyqa-dnv sNp--Xv. lyqa
Bkz-Zn-p-tm NncnXs Dm-I-W-sa-n-. AXp-sIm-mWv CXns\
DrjvSlmky-sav hnfn--p--Xv.
]{v
154 So sSIvv
k-b
hyn-bntem m]-\-ntem kaq-l-ntem ImWp Bt-]ml--fmb
{]h-W-X-Isf ]cn-lm-k-tm-Sp-IqSn hnain-p kmln-Xy-cq-]-amWv k-b.
Xncp- F eyw ap\nn \nin-X-ambn \S-p ]cn-lm-k-am-bn-cnpw
CXv. _n.kn. Ggn Pohn-n-cp Bntemkv BZys {Kov k-bdnm-
bn ]cn-K-Wn--s-Sp-p. kmnd F emn ]Z-n\v hnhn[ `y-]-ZmY
sImv \nd Xmw_mfw Fm-WYw. lmky-Ir-Xn-I BXy-n-I-
ambn Nncn-bp-m-p-Ibpw B Nncnsb ]cn-lmky IYm-]m-{X-n-s\-Xnsc i-
amb Hcm-bp-[-am-n-op-I-bp-amWv sNp--Xv. k-b-dn\v Cc-bm-Ip hyn-
smw Nncn-m DX-Ip--Xm-bn-cn-Ww Da k-b-dp-I.
k-b-dp-Isf kz`mhw hv cm-bn-n-cn-n-p-v. {]apJ tdma k-b-dn-p-I-
fmb tlmdkv (_n.kn. 65-68), sUknakv Pq\n-bkv Pqh-\m-enkv (F.Un. 60 -
130) Fn-h-cpsS ssien-Isf Bkv]-Z-amn slmtd-jy k-b, Pqh-\m-en-
b kb Fn-s\bmWv B thXn-cnhv. tlmdkv cq-]-cn-lm-k-an-m-
sX-bmWv Bt-]-lmkyw \nh-ln-n-cp--Xv. \tmnkqWX AXns
kz`m-h-am-bn-cp-p. \mK-cn-Ihpw kln-jvWp-Xm-]qW-hp-amb coXnbm-Wn-Xv. t\c-
tm-n-\mWv {]m[m-\yw. Pqh-\m-en-b k-b-dm-Is Atlw Pohn-n-cp Ime-
L--tm-Sp {]Xn-I-c-W-am-Wv. tdma kmaq-ln-I-Po-hnXw \c-Io-b-amb an
A[k--en-X-am-bn-cp-p. tlmd-kns ab-ap Nncn XnIpw A]-cym-]vX-am-
hp-Ibpw cq-amb Bt-]-lmkyw CSw-]n-Sn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
k-b-dn\v ]mc-Un, _e-kvIv, sFd-Wn, ew]q, Fn{Kmw, Imcn-t- Fn-
s\ thXn-cn-hp-I-fp-v. Hcp {K-Im-cs `mhw, ssien, ]Z-{]-tbm-K-co-Xn,
kzc-hn-Xm-\w, Bi-b- Fn-hsb tkm]-lmkw Ah-X-cn-n-p--XmWv ]mc-
Un. ]mcm, HmUv Fo {Kop-]-Z-v ]miz-n Hcp Km\w Fm-WYw.
Hcp-Xcw a-\-hn-ai\-amb ]mc-Un-bn J-\-hn-ai-\w-IqSn {]tbm-Kn-p-
tm AsXmcp _e-kvImbn `hn-p-sav tIkcn F. _me-Ir-jvW-]n
A`n-{]m-b-s-n-p-v.
Imcn-t-
{]i-kvX-cmb hyn-I-sftbm kw`-h--sftbm ]cn-lmkcqt]W Ah-X-cn-n-
pp Imcn-t-. Nn{X-I-e-bn ImqsImv Dt-in-p-Xp Xs-bmWv
Imcn-t- hmp-IsImv \nh-ln-p--Xv.
ew]q
lmkyNn{Xo-I-c-Ww. hyn-I-sftbm IYm-]m-{X--sftbm lmkym--I-ambn
Nn{Xo-I-cn-p-XmWv ew]q.
Fn{Kmw
\tm-n-IfmWv CXn Ds-Sp--Xv.
t{ImUo-I-c-W-n-\p-tijw Bt-]-lmkykz`m-h-n-ep \ym-cpsS hcn-I

\mtem Atm hyXykvX k`-n-ep-Xv Isn Ah-sb-p-sImv
Bt-]-lm-ky-ns kz`m-h-ap--Xmbnocpp Fv hni-Z-am-p-I. mkv
apdnv ]pdv \S-t {]h-\-ambn CXp ]cn-K-Wn--Ww. Cu {]h\w
t]mvt^mfn-tbm-hn tNm-hp--Xm-Wv.
lb skdn
ebmfw
ZWw 155
D]-\ymkw
]mT-`m-Ks ASn-m-\-amn \ym-cpsS Imhy-`m-j-sb-p-dnv A]-{K-Yn-
p-I.
aqtm Btdm {Kqp-I-fm-p-p. Hmtcm {Kqn\pw khn-ti-j-hn-j-b-ambn Xmsg-
]-d-bp-h \nImw.
Xmfw
]Z-{]-tbmKw
{]mkw
{Kq-h-X-cWw
tIc-fobXmffpsS {]tbm-Kw. cwK-Ie F \nebvv Xmf-n-
\p khn-tij{]k-n, ]S-bWn XpS-nb a[y-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq

Iem-cq-]--fpsS kzm[o-\w.
AXn-th-K-nep kwth-Z-\Xzw cwK-I-e-bpsS kz`m-h-am-Wv.
XnIpw km[m-cW - a
- mb `mjtb AXn-th-K- AYkw-th-Z\- w Dm-
q. \mp-`m-j-bpsS `wKn, ]g-sm {]tbm-K- Fn-h.
cwKm-hn-jvImc km[y-X-Iv, \mS-Io-bX \ne-\nm, NSp-
eX ssIh-cp-m {]mkw {]tbm-Kn-p-p.

CXp IqSmsX "]mmeo]cn-W-b'-n \ym Xs Imhykev]w shfn-
s-Sp-p-Xpw D]-tbm-Kn-mw.
am[pcy-Kp-W-fpw A-c-hy-nbpw thWw

km[pXzw ]Z-pw kXXw kw`-hn-t-Ww
t_m[n-n--Xn-\p Ipi-e-Xz-aXpw thWw
t_m[-aphp-n _lp-am\w hcp-t-Ww
lmky-n-s\mcp amKw Nne-Zn-n-eXpw thWw
{]mk-n-s\m-tc-Spw Ipd-hn-m-Xn-cn-tWw
hmk-\-bvsm--Xp-t]mse hN-\-{]-{Iaw thWw
kwkK-KpWw sImv kIew kn-am-t-Ww
Csm KpW-samw hgn-t]mse hcp-n-sm-
p--n {]tbm-Kn-m ênpw kwibw thm-
sa--n-semcp IY ]d-hm-\m-{K-l-sa-n
enbvp tN t]mse Xmfhpw tafhpw thWw
IY-bn kwKXn tNp IYn-p-tm-f-XnqSn
IYn-t-n-hcpw Ipp-I-hn-Ifpw Nne-Zn-n
]mmeo]-cn-Wbw (\ym)
{Kqv N-bn Dcp-n-cn Imcy- Ipn-Isfsmv Ah-X-cn-npI.

aqp -{Kq-p-Ifpw Ah-X-cn-n Imcy- ka-\z-bn-nv hyn-K-X-ambn D]-
\ymkw Xbm-dmmw.
]{v
156 So sSIvv
A]-{K-Y\p-dnv
ae-bm-f-nse {][m-\ -lm-ky-\-S-m-cpsS lmky-n\v Du sImSp-p
Zriy-`m-K- ImWn-p-I. XpSv Nmfn Nm-ns GsX-nepw kn\n-am-
`mKw ImWn-p-I. t\c-t-Im-Wn `mK--fn \Sm lmtkym-m-
Z\n\mbn kzoI-cn D]m-[n-I-sf-p-dnpw Ah \s kzm[o-\n-p hn[-
s-p-dnpw Ipn-Iv A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-n\v Ah-kcw \Ip-I.
Hmtcm \S\pw hyXy-kvX-amb X{- D]-tbm-Kn-p-p. AXv `mj-
bm-hmw, Ne\amhmw, at\m-[-amhmw, ico-c-am-Imw.
Nne lmky- shdpw Nncn DWn- am-p-t]m-Ip-p. NneXv a\-
n-tev Bp-I-b-dp-p.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
A`n-\-b-nepw kmln-Xy-nepw lmky-n\v ]e D]m-[n-I
kzoI-cn-m Ign-bpw. A[ym-]nI hyXykvX lmky-km-ln-Xy-

Im-c-m-cpsS IrXn-Isf ]cn-N-b-s-Sps.
WnIlmkyw ]e- t mgpw D]- c n- - h - a m- W v . ]no- S Xv \s
apjnnt-pw. Fm NneXv an\p-pw-tXmdpw Xnf-p-tmse

Imew Ign- b p- t mdpw Xnf- n- \ npw. Ccw lmkyw
Bgnep Nne PohnXka-ky-Isf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-p--Xm-bn-
cn-pw.
lmkyw cq]-s-Sp ]cn-kcw hfsc {][m-\a - m-Wv. Nmfn- Nm-ns
Xam-ibvv cmw- tem-I-bpw, ap-Xp-I-fn temI-a-\p-`-hn
hn km-nI Fnhbpambn _-ap-v.
hn]-co-X-Po-hnXkml-N-cy--tfm-Sp tm`w lmky-ambn shfn-
s-Smw. hn]-coX Pohn-Xk

- m-lN
- cyw FXv Zmcn{Zyw am{X-a, A[n-
Im-c-n-s Zpcp-]-tbm-Khpw IS-p-I-b--hp-am-Imw, aqey--I-
bm-Imw.
t{ImUo-I-c-W-n-\p-tijw "\ne-\n]obw' F IYm-`mKw hmbn-p-p.
AXn Nncn-bpWp `mK- FSp-p-]-d-bm \ntZinmw.
]d-bm-\n-S-bp Imcy-
ih-ambnonpw `-W-s-p-dnv ]pep BImw.
_p- tIm Zqc-n-se-n-bXv ihw Xncn--dn-bpp F-
Xnse s]mcp--t-Sv.
hop-Im tImsX ih-a--sa-Sp-p--h-tcmSv tNmZnp F-Xn
sXfn-bp Ipkr-Xn.
`mj hn\y-kn--Xns coXn.
ioj-I-ns ckn-IXzw.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
hn.sI.-F-ns IrXn-I-fnse `-W-]-cm-ai- Nqn-m-Wn-
m-hp--Xm-Wv.
lb skdn
ebmfw
ZWw 157
hn.sI.F. IrXn-I-fnse IYm-]m-{X-v hoc-\m-b-I-]-cn-th-j-

tm-sSmw tImam-fn-Om-bbpw Dv. Cu tImam-fnw \psS
kaq-l-n-t-XmWv.
""Nncn- b psS arZp- c q- ] sbpw tLmc- c q- ] - s bpw D]- I - c - W - -
fmnsmv Cu Fgp-p-Im-c Xn Ak-p-jvSn-\n-db - vp

Cu tImam-fn-bpK-n-\-p-dtv t]mIm {ian-pp'' Fv
sI.]n. A ]d-bp-Xv kqNn-n-mw.
]Z-{Iaw Agnpw apdnpw cq]w amnbpw lmkyw \nn-m-\p
Akmam-\y-amb Ignhv hn.sI.-F. lmky-n-\pv. DZm-l-c-W-

hni-Z-am-mw.
hn.sI.-F. kmln-Xyspdnv t_mIvkn \Inb hni-Zo-I-cWw D]-
tbm-K-s-Sp-mw.
takq-N-\-I-fn\nv e`n hkvXp-X-Isf ASn-m-\-amn Hcp A]-{K-Y-\-
p-dnv Xbm-dm-pI.
Xm {]tbm-Kn-p Hmtcm hmn-s\bpw Hcp {]l-k\ ]pkvX-I-am-

p hn.sI.-F. t\mh-env F \ne-bn D-X-m-\n-bmb \nco-
-I\pw Bkpc{]Ir-Xn-bp tImam-fn-bp-am-Wv.... ka-Im-enI Pohn-X-
n-sbpw s]mXp-hmb a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xnsbpw ASn-m-\-]-c-amb
AY-ssh-]-coXyw {]I-Sn-n-m Xs Ie-bn DS-\ofw hn]-co-XmY-
-fpsS Dm-h hn.sI.-F. \ne-\np-p.... ChnsS lmkyw D]-cn-
-h-am-sbmcp hnt\m-Z-`m-h-a-. Cu lmky-`m-h-\-bpsS thcp-I Xov-
W-amb t{Im[-nepw hyY-bn-ep-amWv hym]np \np--Xv..... kmln-
Xy-`m-j-bp-sSbpw {]kw-K-ssi-en-bp-sSbpw ]{X-`m-j-bp-sSbpw ]g-sm-
p-I-fp-sSbpw tImam-fn-cq-]- `mj-bpsS \nnjvS Nn-I A\p-k-cn-
msX hn.sI.- F . Ah- X - c n- n- p- Xp ImWmw. AXp XnI
lmkys krjvSn-p-Ibpw sNp-p. As\ shdpw `mjm-kr-jvSn-
Xs ChnsS lmky-ambnocp-p. Nne DZm-l-c-W- t\mp-I :
IeymWn ]e-tcmSpw If-hm-Wn- ]-dp \S-p (am-n-f-b-Xns Xncp-
hm-Xn-c-mv ên-X-n-\p-thn DNn-X-ambn {]tbm-Kn-p-p). B\--e-
_v[n-n\n Hpw thn-bn-cp-n (h-tm), sas-n-m iI-
Shpw Xnmw (]g-sm), ]m{Xm-ibkw_--amb tcmKw (aq{Xm-ib
kw_--tcm-K-n\v ]mc-Un), in]m-bn- _-lp-am\kqN-I-ambn Xe-Ip-
n-\np. (XnI {`mv ]qWbpn-bm Ah-X-cn-n-p-p), IpS-
sIm-p-h-n-n-, AXp-sImv shbn Hp-IqSn aq-tijw Cdmw
(bpnsbbpw bmYmYy-sbpw hncp--i-n-I-fm-n Bi-b-p-g--
n-eqsS Nncn Dm-p-p).... {]tbm-K-sf Xe-Io-gmbn ]nSnpw km[m-
cW kev]-n Hcp adp-bpn Ienbpw AYssh]-co-Xy-fpw
sshcp-[ym-`m-k- fpw \nc-cw Ah-Xc - n-npw hn.sI.-F. krjvSn-p
tImam-fn-cq-]- \nd `mj-bmWv Atlns lmky-`m-h-\-bpsS
Ghpw sXfn apJ-ap-{Z.
(sI.]n.- A- tImam-fn-bp-K-nse ]pcp-j-tKm-]p-c-)
]{v
158 So sSIvv
_pn-bpsS kn-cq-]-amb ] ùXnIPohn-X-ns Xn-X-I-fn-

tepw Ah- kr-jvSn-p auVy-n-tepw IS-n-cn-pXv Hcp Xc-
n Xs _pnsb ao-`-hn-npsImm-Wv. AanX`-Whpw AXn-
kw-Khpw hgn-bmWv Ah AXp- km-[n-p--Xv. AhnsS _pn-am-yw-
hc-e-_v[n-bm-Ip-p. `-Whpw cXnbpw AXn-te-p hnip--amK-
fpw. Xota-i- \n-d-bp Xo-hn-`-h-fpw a Ihn-bp kv{Xocq-]-
-fp-amWv _mly-tem-I-n Ahs\ FXn-tc-p--Xv.
sI.hn.- k-\Ipam Bk-n-bpsS cq]-I- ]I-Y-I-fn
3.2 Kufn-Pw
]mTm]-{K-Y\w
kv{Xoa\-ns `q]-S-sf AS-bm-f-s-Sp-m bXv\n-p IY-I

Fv sI.kn.- \m-cm-b-W "{`m ]q-fp'sS Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn t{Kkn-
bpsS IY-Isfpdnv hne-bn-cp-n-bn-p-v. t{Kkn-bpsS IY-I s]s-
gp-nse Ime-kq-N-I--fmWv Fv Fkv.- im-c-Z-pn "]pXnb IY-bnse
s]hn\n-a-b-' F teJ-\-n Nqn-m-p-p.
Btcm-Ky-n\v lm\n-Icw F ap-dn-bnv Non-sb-dnv ZmXyw ioen-
m XpS-n-bnv Ipdv Znh-k- am{X-amb KufnZ-Xn-I-fpsS ImgvN-
I-fn-eq-sSbpw ]cn-Wm-a- n-eq-sSbpamWv "KufnPw' hnI-kn-p-Xv. Kufn-
]p\np IY]d-bp-tm km[m-cW Pohn-Xs Hcp ssl-Bw-
Kn tjmn-eqsS Ah-Xc - n-n-m IYm-Im-cnp km[n-pp-v. ZmXyw
Btcm-Ky-n\v lm\n-Icw F ]mcUn {it-b-am-Wv. ap-dn-bnv apn-
epXpsImv Hcp IpSn-b\pw IpSn-m-Xn-cn-p-n-. Hcp hen-b-\pw ]nn-
cn-n-p-an-. Pohn-X-n A\p-`-hn-t Zpcn-X--sf-p-dnpw Xs
t\tc I-Sb - vp-- am-\h- nI [man-IXIsf-p-dnpw Adn-bm- kv{Xo
PohnXw bmYm-n-Xn-I-X-bpsS Be-bn IbdnnS-p--sX kXyw
shfn-s-Sp-p--XmWo {]tbm-Kw. t`mK-Xr-jvW-bpsS shfnhnkv-a-b--
fn \nv bmYmYy-t_m-[-ns hnf-dnb ]Ishfn--n-tev
sImgnphogp-tm ImWp ImgvN-Isfn-bp BKu-fn-bpsS
AXn-ssh-Im-cn-Iamb hymJym-\-]-cX s]Ku-fn-n-. Ah B ImgvN-
sb, AXns A\n-hm-cy-amb ]cn-Wm-as s]Ipn Fs\ AXn-Po-
hnpw F-dn-bm-\p BImw--bn-em-Wv. BKu-fn-bm-Is, Iap-
lb skdn
ebmfw
ZWw 159
n-ep PohnXZpc--Nn-{Xs amdn-\nv Zmi-\n-I-ambn hymJym-\n-

m {ian-pp. Pohn-X-ns I\-en InSp ]nS-bp-h-\-,
kpcn-Xa - mbn AXp I
- m-Wm Ign-bp-h- \
- mWv Zmi-\n-Ib
- pn {]tbm-
Kn-pI F-sXmcp bmYmYy-am-Wv. Fs Ipns\ sImpIf-bptam
FmWv Bk--a-c-W-\mb `m-hns tNmZyw. AXn-\p adp-]Sn
NnX-dn-s-dn Io-cpw. Ipv Ft-Xm-Wv, Fs hwim-h-en-bpsS
XpS-bmWv F {]uVn-bpv Ahn-sS. Ah tIhew hmS-I-k-{Xw.
DSa\n-m-Xm-bm kqn-m-t\]n apX Fp-sNpw FmWv
tNmZyw. ChnsS kv { XoPohn- X - ns IXrXz`mhw ]qW- a mbpw
\jvSsSp-Xv s]Kufn ]nSn-s-Sp-pXpsIm-m-Wv.
Ipp-v Pw \Im Ign-bp hmS-Ik - {- X-am-Im GXv s]i-
co-c-n\pw Ignbpw FmWv HSp-hn Ah ]d-bp--Xv. \mcnv \b\w
am{X-a, t{im{Xhpw kqva-am-sWv t{Kkn Icp-Xp-p.
HmI BcpsS Ip-I-bm-sWv Cu IY ]cn-tim-[n-p-p. Fm-
P-hpw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-hp-tm Hma-I \c-p-t]m-Ip-p. AXns
{]kn Cm-Xm-Ip-p. BKufn Fmw Hmphbvp-p. ImcWw,
]pcp-j-Po-hn-X-ns hWm`-amb Hgp-mWv Ncn-{X-. ]t, s]-
dn-bp PohnXbmYmYy- GXp t_m[n-k-Xz-sbpw ImgvN-Isf
\nm-c-amp-Xm-sW Ddv Ahp-v. HSp-hn Db-i-_vZ-
ns AI--Sn-tbmsS acWw nco-I-cn--s-Sp-tm s]Kufn
Xs hgn Xncn--dn-bp-p. s]Pohn-X-ns At-b-Xp-cp-p-I-fn
Fp kw`-hn-p-sa--dn-bm-\p P-ZuXyw AXv Gs-Sp-p-p.
BKu-fnsb Ahn-iz-k\ - o-ba
- mbn A-cn-p-sImv AXv kzw Pohn-
X-n-tev A]-I-S-I-c-ambn IpXnpNmSp-p. s]a\-n\v AXn-t-
Xmb Xnc-s-Sp-p-I-fpsv CXn-eqsS Hman-n-p-p.
s]mXpth lmkkmlnXyw ]qp-e - p-\np kmln-Xy-ns D-
dv s]a-bpsS Nncn apg-m-dn-. kmaq-lnIkm-nIkZm-Nmc
Imc-W- Cu iq\yX-bvv hfw hn-p-m-Imw. CtX-p-dnv ]cn-
tim-[n-m-\p Ah-kcw mkv apdn-I-fn \evtI--Xm-Wv. \psS
lmk-]m-c--cy-ns aIp-S-ambn Nqn-m-Wn--s-Sp NmIymq-
n-te-Xp-t]mse \ymq-n lmkyw IS-p-h-cp-n- F
sshcp[yw Xncn--dn-b-Ww. Zriy-I-e-I-fnse lmky-cw-Ks kv{XoI
(AXv \Sn-I-fm-bm-epw IYm-]m-{X--fm-bm-epw) Dm-Zn-n-p-Xv GXp-
Xcw lmky-am-Wv F N-bm-hmw. Ao-e-[z-\ntbm ]cn-lm-ky-Xtbm
amn-hv _pn-]-c-amb lmkyw kv{XoI-fn\nv Dsm-m \psS
t{]-I-k-aqlw k-cmtWm F- Imcyw {]k--am-Wv. Ctmgpw
apJw adt Nncn-mhq F Ah--bnstbm Ah-sfv Adn-
b-Ww. sI.B.- ao-c-bpsS "Hm-bpsS Rc-n' i-amb {]Xn-tj[w
Dan-o-t]mse Dn kqn-p-tmgpw {]Xy--n ]qW-hn-t[-
b-Xz-n Ign-bp ]gb Xe-ap-d-bnse Fp-d-p kv{Xosb-m-Wmw.
{]Xy- - nep D]-Nm-ca- c
- ym-ZI
- f
- n-msX kzw a\pw a\-mnbpw
t{]cnnp hgnsb Xt-S-tmsS Cd-n-tm-Ip B[p-\nI kv{Xo
Pohn-X-ns apJw "Kufn-Pw' shfn-s-Sp-p-p.
]{v
160 So sSIvv
]mT-n-tev
]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-k-aq-l-n-s\-Xn-sc-bp ioem-h-Xn-bpsS {]Xn-tj[w \ym-
cpsS cN-\-bn Ip Ign-p. Imhy-L-S-\-bn ioem-hXn I-m-\pw
\ym IXr-m-\-p-am-Wv. NmIymIqn-eqsS Nncn-bpsS apgw krjvSn-
pp NmIym. kv{Xo Ah-X-cn-n-p \ymqn Nncn-bn-. \psS
lmky-I-em-]m-c--cy-n kv{Xov CS-aptm?
A[ym]nI
Ipn-I-tfmSv s]mXp-hmbn tNmZn-p-p. N- sN-p-p.
\mS-Iw, kn\n-a, sSen-hn-j ]c-c
- , lmky-{]-[m-\a
- mb tPv t{]m{Kmap-
I Fnh-bnse lmky-Xm-c--fmb kv{XoI.
kv{XoI lmkyw Ah-X-cn-n-p--Xnse {]tXy-I-X.
lmky- X m- c - - f mb ]pcp- j - m- c n\nv lmky- X m- c - - f mb
kv{XoIp hyXym-k.
lmky-Xm-c--fmb kv{XoIsf klr-Z-b-temIw ]cn-K-Wn-p--Xns
t`Z-.
]pcp-j-m-tc-m hfsc Ipd-hmWv lmkycwKv kv{XoI F
hkvXp-X.
Nncn-m\pw Nncn-n-m\pw kv{Xo ]n-n-em-hp-Xv Fp-sImv F
{]iv\w.
kv{XobpsS Bhn-jvIm-c-sf s]mXp-k-aqlw Fs\ ImWpp?
ae- bm-f-nse {]apJ Fgp-p-Im-cn-I kv{XoPohnX{]iv\-sf A`n-kw-

t_m-[\ sNbvXn-p-v. sI. kc-kzXnb, efn-Xmw-_nI AP\w, am[-hn-
p-n, kmdm-tPm-k-^v, Ajn-X, {]nb -F.-F-kv. XpS-nb Fgp-p-Im-cn-I
{it-b-cm-Wv. t\ct \S N-bn\nv lmkym-hn-jvIm-c-n\v kv{Xov
hf-sc-b-[nIw {]Xn-Iq-e-km-l-N-cy--fp-sv \mw a\-n-em-n. Cu ]T-\m-
\p-`-h--fpsS shfn--n \psS Fgp-p-Im-cn-I-fpsS ]c--c-bns-Sp
t{Kkn-bpsS "KufnPw' F IY hmbn-mw.
]T-\-{]-h-\-
-hn-i-I-e-\-p-dnv
""\obn-tm Nne--sX-n\v? a\p-jy F{X ]ptcm-K-an-mepw Ahv Kufn-
bpsS Nne-bv-en henb hnizm-k-am-sWv \n\--dn-p-IqtS''?
IY-bn-se Cu ]cm-ai-n sXfn-bp--sXv?
Ipn-I-tfmSv s]mXp-hmbn tNmZn-p-p.
a\p-jys A-hn-izmkw.
A-hn-izm-k--fnepw A\m-Nm-c--fnepw Xf-bv-s-Sp-tm
A{]-k--am-Ip ]ptcm-K-a-\w.
]ptcm-K-a-\-hm-Zn-bm-sW a\p-jys \mSyw.
kmaq-lnIhnai\w IY-bn-eqsS \nh-ln-p-p.
lb skdn
ebmfw
ZWw 161
Fn "KufnPw' F IY-bn-eqsS t{Kkn Ah-X-cn-n-p kmaq-lnI

hnai-Xew Fv? IY hni-I-e\w sNm \ntZ-in-p-p.
\mev {Kqp-

kaqlw
I-fmn \mev kqN-\I \Ip-p.
IpSpw_w
a\p-jy-_--
kv{Xo
Hmtcm {Kqn \npw Xbm-dm-nb hni-I-e-\-p-dnv Ah-X-cn-n-p-p.
kzmYX \nd a\p-jy-_--.
]pcp-jm-[n-]Xykaqlw
A-hn-izm-k-v ASn-s kaqlw.
I-h-S-h-cn--s NnIn-m-kw-hn-[m-\w.
sshIm-cn-IX tNmpt]mb a\p-jy-a-\v.
tcmK-tmSpw tcmKn-tbm-Sp-ap A\p-`m-h-]qW-a-m kao-]-\w.
s]mIpw hn-bpsS "tUmIvS' F IY-bnse Intim-cn-em F IYm-

]m{Xw kqNnX-am-Ip-p.
kv{Xohn-tam-N-\-ns {]iv\-.

N-I-fpsS shfn--n hyn-K-X-ambn hniIe-\-p-dnv Fgp-Xm
]d-bp-p.
-IY-bpsS BJym-\-X{w A]-{K-Yn-pI
{]tabw sImpw Ah-X-c-W-co-Xn-sImpw cN-\-I hyXy-kvX-X- ]pemdp-
-tm. "Kufn-Pw' F IYbvv av IY-If - n \nv henb Acw ImWmw.
BJym-\-X-{-n Cu IY ]pep khn-ti-j-X-I A]-{K-Yn-t-
Xpv.
BJym-\-n GXp coXn-mWv IYm-Imcn {]mapJyw \In-bn-cn-p-
-Xv?
IY-]d - - n-ens ]XnhpcoXn-If
- n\nv Cu cN\ F-s\-sbmw hyXy-
kvX-am-Ipp?
IYm-K-Xnv NmcpX \Im BJym-\-coXn F{X-am{Xw {]tbm-P-\-s-
Spp?
a\p-tjy-Xc IYm-]m-{Xs IY-]-d-n-en\v {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-n-b-Xns
bpn-sb-mWv?
ta kqN\I-fpsS ASn-m-\-n IY-bpsS BJym-\-X{w hni-Z-ambn
]cn-tim-[n-s - -SW- w. Ipn-Isf Bh-iym-\p-kc - Ww kwL-f- mbn Xncnv Ah-
X-c-W- \S--Ww.
kzK-Xm-Jym\ kz`m-h-an.
Kufn-I-fpsS ]-p-\nv IY-bpsS hoWw cq]-s-Sp-p.
]{v
162 So sSIvv
a\p-jy-kz-`m-h
- nse PoWX-Ifpw koW-XI - fpw Kufn-If
- psS
kw`m-j-W--fn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-pp.
A\p-hm-N-I-cn IuXp-I-ap-Wpp.
IYm-Imcn ]w tNcp-n.
a\p-tjy-Xc IYm-]m-{X--fn-eqsS IY-]-d-bp coXnv Infn-m-n-t\mfw ]g-

-ap-v. ae-bmfsNdp-I-Ybpw Cu cN-\m-X{w FSp-p-]-tbm-Kn--Xmbn
ImWmw. sh-sm--n (X-I-gn), tiJqn (Sn. ]Xva-\m-`), ]cn-Wmaw
(Fw.]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-), s]v (C.]n. {ioIp-am) XpS-nb IY-I {i-
bns-Sp-mw.
BJym-\-X{-- --sf-p-dnv Ipdnv Xbm-dm-m ]d-bp-p.
-N-p-dnv Xbm-dm-pI
"Zmi-\nI sshIm-cn-IX
- b
- psS `mc-an-msX t{Kkn Fgp-Xp-p. ck-Ic- a
- mb N]e
kz`m-h-n-eqsS Fm-n-s\bpw Hcp Xam-i-bn Fn-pp' sI.]n. A.
sI.-]n. As Cu {]kvXm-h-\sb A[ym-]nI ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-p. Cu IY-
bn Nncn-bp-Wp k`- GsXms Fv Is-m Ipn-ItfmSv
]dbpp.
tcmKnsb sskzcambn NmImIqSn k-Xn-m ki-I-sb-
p-dn-p Kufn-bpsS \nco--Ww.

Kufn-bpsS Nnev {]h-N\- t- i-jn-bp-s
- Xv Icp-Xp a\p-jy-kaq-
l-ns \ne-]m-Sv.
a\p-jys CS-s]-S-ep-Isf hnai-\m--I-am-bn-m-Wp Kufn-I-
fpsS \nco--W-.

XpSv hyn-K-X-ambn Np-dnv Fgp-Xp-p. ck-I-c-amb Ah-X-c-W-n-

eqsS ae-bmf sNdp-I-Ysb kp-jvS-am-n-b-h-scbpw Cu L-n ]cn-N-b-
s-Sp-m-hp--Xm-Wv. H.hn. hnP-b, hn.sI.-F, sshw apl-Zv _jo,
AIv_ I-n....
-Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Ipdnv Xbm-dm-p-I
"Hm-bpsS Rcv' Ipn-I-fpsS {i-bn sImp-h-cp-p. cp IY-Ifpw
Xmc-Xayw sNm \ntZin-p-p.
Hm-bpsS Rcv Kufn-Pw

$ hnt[bXzw ]pep kv{Xo. $ {]Xn-tj-[n-p kv{Xo.
$ hnai-\m--I-amb kv{Xoa\v $ \-t_m-[-ap kv{Xoa\-ns\
BJym\w sNpp. BJym-\-n sImp-h-cp-p.
$ hnjm-Zm--I-amb kv{Xoa-\v
BJym\w sNpp.
$ $
lb skdn
ebmfw
ZWw 163
Hmtcm {Kqpw Ah-X-cn-n Bi-b- kam-l-cnv hyn-K-X-ambn Xmc-X-ay-

p-dnv Xbm-dm-m \ntZ-in-pp.
-Imhy-k-am-lmcw \nn-pI
kyv Ipfn-sm
iey-n \npw thdn
p hmbn-q, Znhy
apds `mK-hXw
\o hcp-n-t, hn
ncn-s,-sm-s-tmw
Xmh-I-kzcw; Xobn
cn-In-se-\n--tm
shp-th-e-I, tXp
Igp-In-o-cm-\m-Im
sX{X ]m{X, \mtf
bvs{X -sIm-p-Im-cy-
Icn-]-nb ssIbm
acWw hscocm
alm-`m-K-hXw Rm
adn-p-hm-bn-pp
aSn-bm-sXpw; Ap
tIp-hm hcp-n
`mK-hXw hnP-b-evan
hnP-b-e-van-bpsS Ihn-X-bn, `mhv Ipfn-I-

gnv im-\mbn `mK-hXw hmbn-p-Xv tIm-
\mbn Wn-p-tm, ASp--f-bn hn{i-aan-
msX ]nS-p-Xo-cp-- Xm alm-`m-Kh
- X
- a
- mWv hmbn-
p--sXpw AXv tIm Xm hcp-n-
tm Fpw ]d-bp-p.
kvthspw
{XoPohn-X-ns ImTn-\y-n asmcp Xz-Nn--bpsS klmbw t]mepw
AXn-t\-m hep-XmWv Ah-fpsS Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-sapw ChnsS
kqN-\-bp-v. Cu coXn-bn kv{XoPohn-Xs AS-bm-f-s-Sp-n-bn-p
kvIqfnse Ipn-I Fgp-Xnb Ihn-X-I Isn Hcp kam-lmcw \nan-
pI.
]{v
164 So sSIvv
3.3 tX
]mTm]-{K-Y\w
B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-I-hn-I-fn {it-b-\mb sNdn-bm sI sNdn-bm
Fgp-Xnb "tX' sFdWn-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Hc-kw-_IhnXbm-Wv.
PohnXw Fm-bvtmgpw bpn`{Ztam {]h-N-\o-btam A. NpSe`{Z-Im-
fn-bpsS \n_w kln--h-msX \mdm-Wv {`m Xs acWw
Hcp Znh-k-tv amn-cm-\m-h-iy-s-Sp-p. acWw amn-hbv-m
Bpw Ign-bn-. AXp-sImv at-sX-nepw hcw tNmZn-m- ]d
`{Z-Im-fn-tbmSv CSXpImense av he-Xp-Im-en-te-m-m \mdm-Wv
{`m Bh-iy-s-Sp-p. {]Xy--n Akw-_--sav tXmm-sa-
nepw hen-sbmcp Zmi-\n-IX CXn-\p -]n-d-In-ep-v. \mdm-Wv {`m-s\-
A-dn-bp ae-bm-fnv Akw-_---fpsS Zmi-\n-IX Ffpw a\-n-
em-mw.
tX hoWp Xs Xe-X-Ipt]mtI--Xn-\p -]-Icw tX XIsv
am{X-a, \mWnv Ipf-n t]mbn NmSp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXns Ahn-
iz-k-\o-b-X-bn sImm---n tZh-ky- Nn-cn-p-t]m-bn. tX hogp-
-Xp-Iv taem-sI- X-cn-p-t]mb Abm-c ]mep-t-cn \mcm-b-W-
]n HmSn-sb-n-b-tm tX Xe-bn hoW tZhky \mcm-bW
]nsb t\mn Nncn-p. Ipf-nepw sXns a-bnepw t\mnn-cn-
p. aep InSpw ]bvv ssItNpw Nncn-p. A_w ]nb
B, AXp Ip-h--h-\mWv ]cn-lmkw Gp-hm-t-n-h--Xv.
]t, Nncn AhnsS \nn-. AXv Bn-ss-am-Ivkn-tev \on. Nncn-
p Nncnp tZhky ac-W-n-tev sXdn-p-t]m-bn. acWw hen-sbmcp
ên-X-ambn amdn.
efn-Xhpw A\m-bm-k-hp-amb `mj, KZy-tmSv tNp \np-- Xmfw,
{Inb-bpsS kqvamw-i--fn-tev IS-p-sN-p- IYm-I hnh-c-W-
(s]cp-tX, sRSpv Xmtgv t]mp. taep-X-cnp \np-t]m-bn,
tZhky ]nntev aes ....) XpSnbh CXns BJym-\-n\v
khn-ti-j-amb HuNnXyw \Ip-p. A\p-hm-N-I\pw Ihn-p-an-S-bn
apIme Ihn-X-I-fpsS XS-tam kmt-XnI_m[y-Xtbm Cm kz
{]hm-l-ambn amdp Imhy-co-Xn-bmWn-hn-sS. h{Io-I-c-W-an-. AXn-i-tbm-
n-bm-sW-nepw hmp-If - n AXn-itbm-n-bpsS Ir{Xn-aX - z-f - n-. Nn-
h---sfm-p-an-. Imhym--I-`mj F kev]w Cm-sX-bm-Ip-p. IY-
bn `mj-bpsS kmln-Xy-]-cX F hnip--k-ev]w _jo s]mfn--
Xp-t]mse B[p-\nIIhn-I Ihn-Xsb Nqgp Znhy-X-bp-sSbpw hnip-n-
bp- s Sbpw ]cn- t h- j - Agn- p- I - f - b p- p. a\p- j y- k m- a o- ] y- m
aoam-m-bmepw tNcn-I-fm-bmepw Imhy-k-`--fp-m-Imw. BIj-
I-amb arZp-hW- am{X-a, Pohn-Xnse ]-bmb A\p-`-h--fpsS
ISpw-hW-fpw Ihn-X-bn Ie-cp-tm-gmWv Imhy-ku-cyw hnim-e-am-
hpI F ImgvN-mSv Cu Ihn-Xsb Adn-bm klm-bn-pw.-
lb skdn
ebmfw
ZWw 165
]mT-n-tev
\mS hmMva-b-nse Akw-_--Km-\- ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-I. an-ao-Unb

D]-tbm-K-s-Sp--Ww.
Btmte
Btmte Cutmte Ipm-tmte G
Rms\mcp Imcnbw sNmmw tItm Hm
tIm s]mfn-sbt tXmq tItm Hm
Ipn-bp-dp-ns ImXp-Ipo Cu
sXp-ap-dnp Ipc-Sp-anq Du
Dpw-Nn-c-bvv ]p-hq Du
shm-cw-I-n\v aoi-hq Du
aoi-ta Xqn cm\ Nq Du
\qdpw IpS-n-sem-cm\ s]q Du
tImgn-tm-m\ Xncp--dq Du
tKm]pcw Xnn co Nq Du
tIm s]mfn-sbt tXmq tItm
Btmte Cutmte Ipm-tmte G
Rms\mcp Imcnbw sNmmw tItm Hm
(\psS \m-dn-hp-Ifpw ]g-sm-p-Ifpw
IS--Y-Ifpw hmeyw 5
\psS ssien-Ifpw \mtSm-Sn-m-p-Ifpw,
Un.kn. _pIvkv 2011)
t\ct tInp ]mp-I-fn\nv Cu ]mns hyXy-kvXX FmWv Fv

A[ym-]nI tNmZn-p-p. N.
Akw-_-kz`mhw
Abp-n-IX
ckn-IXzw
emfnXyw
Pohn-Xs Bhn-jvI-cn-p--Xm-Wtm kmln-Xyw. Pohn-X-n bpnbpw
bpnbnmbvabpapv. bpn-bn-m-bva-sbbpw kmlnXyw Bhn-jvI-cn-n-p-v.
Cusbmcp ]m--e-n "tX' F IhnX hmbn-mw.
]T-\-{]-h-\-
-\nco--W-p-dnv Xbm-dm-pI
kqcy-\mtWm N{-\mtWm \apv IqSp-X D]-Imcw sNp-Xv F N
apdpIn \np-tm-gmWv apm- \-kd
- p-o ISphcp-X
- v. hfsc Kuc-ht- msS
]{v
166 So sSIvv
ap N-bn-en-S-s]-Sp-Ibpw N{-\mWv IqSp-X D]-Imcn Fv {]Jym-]n-p-
Ibpw sNbvXp. As\ ]d-bm-\p Imcyw Fsv At\z-jn--tm ap-
bpsS adp-]Sn CXmbn-cp-p. ""Ccp-v shfnw ImW-tW N{ Xs
thWw''.
Cu IY kqNn-n- tijw ap-bpsS IY Nncn-bp-Wp--Xns Imc-W-
s-p-dnv Ipn-It- fmSv tNmZn-mw. bpn-bn-mbva lmky-n\v Imc-Wa - mIpw
F {]Xn-I-c-W-n Ipn-I Fn-bm "tX' F Ihn-Xsb Bkzm-
Zy-am-p bpncmln-Xy--tf-sXv Is-m Ah-tcm-Sp]dbmw.
Xe-b XIXv, tX-bm-Wv.
sIm- X-eb - hoW AtN-X\ - a

- mb tX-bmWv \mWn-sm-fn-X
- v.
Ipg--n-em-bXv Cc-bmb Bf, AXp-Iv HmSn-h--bm-fm-Wv.
Nncnp Nncnp acn-p-t]m-Ip-I.
bpncmln-Xy-n\nv Dm-Ip s]mcp--t-Sp-I Nncnv
Imc-W-am-Ip-p.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
PohnXw kmam-\y-bp-n--Xo-X-am-Wv. Cu Xncn--dnhv Ihn-X-bpsS
lmky-n\v ]pXn-sbm-cYw \Ip-p.

Pohn-X-ns AYw, {]tbm-P\w Fn-h-sb-p-dn-p At\z-
jWw \nXy-Po-hn-X-n F{X-tmfw {]k--amWv? (In-bn

sImSp- -IY Ipn-I-fp-ambn ]p-hbv-m-hp--Xm-Wv).
`mhn-Po-hnXn apgp-h FmWv kw`-hnpI Fv apIqn
Adn-m \psS PohnXw F{]-Im-c-am-bn-cn-pw?

X{-im-en-bmb Ipdp- kz-ambn Cgp \op tXcsb
kao-]np. hfsc AXv`pXhpw BZ-chpw `mhn-p-sImv ]dp
""Xm-fpsS knnsb k-Xnp Xn-cn-p-p. Cu \qdp-I-W-n\v
Imep-Isf Htckabw Htc Xmf-n Xn ]nW-bmsX Nen-
nv A\m-bm-k-ambn aptmv \om Ign-bp--tm. ApXw
Xs.'' Ipdp- \S-p-t]mbn. A`n-am\w \nd tXc BZy-
ambn Xm \S-psXs\ Fm-tem-Nn-p. AtXmsS AXn\p
aptmp \om-\p Ignhv \jvS-am-bn.
-Bkzm-Z-\-p-dnv Xbm-dm-pI
Ipn-Iv apn ]-X{w IY-I-fn-semv Ah-X-cn-n-pI. AtXm-sSmw
Hcp km[m-cWIYbpw Ah-X-cn-n-p-I. Ch Xn-ep Xmc-Xayw \nh-
lnpI. DZm : ]S-tms tNmdv Ddq-_v, ]qh-gw Imcq, tIc-fobw
]n.sI. ]md--Shv
KpW-]mTIY-I IrXy-amb Hcp ktiw hmb-\ - m-c\v \IWsa-
p-t-in-p-p. IY-bpsS ku-cy-s-m \Ip kt-i-hy-
-X-bmWv IY-bpsS ta \nWbn-p-I.
km[m-cWIY-I {]ta-b-]-c-ambn hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. IYm-hkvXp,
BJym-\w, `mj XpSnbh-sbms ChnsS {][m-\-am-Wv.

lb skdn
ebmfw
ZWw 167
"tX' F Ihn-X-bpsS LS-\bpw HSp-hnsm-Sp KpW-]m-Thpw km[m-

cW KpW-]mTIY-I-fn\nv hyXy-kvX-amtWm F-t\z-jn-m Ipn-I-tfmSv
]dbp-p.
Is-m-hp-h
CXnse KpW-]mTw bpn-c-ln-X-am-Wv.
KpW-]m-Thpw Ihn-X-bpsS ssienbpw ]c--cm-KX IY-I-fp-tS-X
Fv Xncn--dn-bpp.
PohnXw t]mse Xs Ihn-X-sbbpw IY-sbbpw {]tbm-P\w ey-
amn kao-]n-m-\m-h-W-sa-n-.
Fm {]tbm-P-\-fpw sXmp-Im-Wn-m-\m-hn-.
Imcy-Im-c-W--fnse Abpn KpW-]m-T-n Ah-X-cn-n-n-cn-p-
-Xn-\m lmkyw krjvSn-p-I-bmWv Cu KpW-]mTw Xbm-dm-n-

b-Xn-eqsS ey-am-p--sXv shfn-s-Spp.
takq-N-\-I-f-\p-k-cnv Hcp Bkzm-Z\w Xbm-dm-p-I-bmWv th-Xv.
-\a-te-J\w Xbm-dm-p-I
"tX' t]mse Xs k`sshin-jvSytam `mjm-hn-jb khn-ti-j-Xtbm
Cs-nepw Ihn-X-bvv Nncn-bp-Wm Ign-bpw. D-X-amb Zmi-\nI{]iv\-
F {]kvXm-h\ - bvv tijw Ippnamjns Nne Ihn-XI - A[ym-
]nI mkn Ah-X-cn-n-p-p.
AlX F IhnX Ah-X-cn-nv AXn Dsm-n-p kmaq-ln-I-hn-
ai\w Fm-sWv Is-m ]dbpp. sshb-n-I-{]-Im-i-\-n\v Ipd-
p-t]v Ah-kcw \Imw.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
B-lXy sNm {ian-p--hs\ ASn-p-sIm-pI F-Xnse
{Inbm-]-c-amb lmkyw.
Pohn-Xc- o-Xn-bn \nmWv {]W-ba- p-m-Ip-X
- v. AtX {]W-bw- Pohn-
Xss Cm-Xm-p-p F Zmi-\n-I-ssh-cp-[y-n \np-
m-Ip lmkyw.
t{]a-ss\-cmiyw sImv Xqn-m-hp-I, ac-sm-v Ib-dn-b-hs\
an \np-I, ]-sem-Snv Xn-sm-p-I, henp Ipgn-n-SpI

Fo `mjm-{]-tbm-K--fn \np-m-Ip lmkyw.
"tX' F IhnX-bn IS-p-h-cp bpn-cm-lnXyw Is-n-
bn-p-v.
]{X-am-[y-a--fn hcp \a-te-J-\- ]cn-N-b-ap-m-Ip-atm.
ap-dn-hp-I {]tbm-P-\-s-Spn \a-te-J\w Xbm-dm-p-I.
-Xmc-X-ay-p-dnv Xbm-dm-p-I
"B FenPn Hm Z sUv Hm^v F amUv tUmKv' F Hen-h tKmUv
kvan-ns Imhy-`m-K - p-\nv FSp-n-p hcn-Iv DNn-Xa
- mb hnh\w
Xbm-dm-m-\m-h-iy-s-Sp-I. Av {Kqp-Ifmmw.
]{v
168 So sSIvv
Imhy-ns aaw \ne-\nn-sm-m-bn-cn-Ww hnh\w.
Ir{Xn-aXzw Hgn-hm--Ww.
]Zm-\p-]Z XPa thW-sa-n.
{Kqp-I-fn\np Ah-X-cWw.
AXn-\p-tijw "tX' F Ihn-Xbpw Ctm sNbvX hnh-\hpw Xmc-
X-ay-n\v hnt[-b-am-p-I. Bi-b-X-e-n Cu Ihn-X-I Xn-ep kmPm-
Xy-ssh-Pm-Xy- Is-p-p.
lmky-ap-f-hm-m `mj-bn hcp-m-hp am-.
sshb-n-I-amb {]Xn-I-c-W-.
AXns\ ASn-m-\-amn Ipdnv Xbm-dm-pI.
3.4 cv bm{Xm-hn-h-cW`mK-
]mTm]-{K-Y\w
"lnam-e-b-km-{am-Py-n-' F bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw Fkv.-sI. s]ms-mv

\S-nb bm{X-bpsS A\p-`h -
- p-dn-mW.v CXn \np FSp-n-pXmWv
"_Z-cnbpw ]cn-k-c-fpw' F ]mT-`m-Kw. IYm-Irv km-cn-bm-b-Xns
ku-cymw-i- BJym-\-n Dt-cp-p. "Ipt_-c-in-e-bn \nv,
Hcm-izm-k-s\-Sp-hop-t]mse hml\w Iogvtmv k-cnp' F IYm-
`m-j-bn-eq-sS-bmWv bm{X-p-dnv XpS-p--Xv. hmb-\-msc A]-cn-NnX
`q`m-K--fn-tepw P\-kw-kvIm-c--fn-tepw Iqn-sm-p-t]m-Im-\p
Fkv.-sI.-bpsS Ignhv At-l-ns bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W--fn ap{Zn-X-am-Wv.
_Z-cn-t-{Xhpw \oe-IW - vTs
- si-ehpw Af-I\ - bpw _Z-cn-Im-{i-ahpw Zriy-
Nm-cp-X-tbmsS hmb-\-m-cn _nw_n-nm Fkv.-sI.-bpsS BJym-\-
n\v Ign-n-p-v. lna---bp-d-p _Z-cn-bpsS Xmgvhc-bnse anen--
dn-Iympw ]mf DtZym-K--\mb kqcy-{]-Imipw \psS apn-se-p-
p. I\ lna-]m-X-n aqSn-tmb A\p-`-h-ap kqcy-{]-Imiv Hcp
]cm-Xn-bp-an-msX XymK-]qW-amb Pohn-X-n-eqsS AXnn Imp--
Xns t\n{Xw bm{Xm-\p-`-h-p-dn-nepv.
Fw.]n.- ho-tc-{-Ip-am-dns "ssla-h-X-`q-hn' F bm{Xm-hn-h-cW {K-
n \nsSp `mK-amWv "bap-t\m-{Xn-bpsS Dujva-f-X-bn'. bm{X
Hcp Bo-bm-\p-`-h-sa \ne-bn Bhn-jvI-cn-p cN-\-bmWnXv.
ssiXy-Im-ev ]qPyw Un{Knbnepw Xmsg-sb-p Xm-]-\n-e-bp bap-
t\m-{Xn-bpsS Dujva-fX Bob hnip-n-bm-Wv. bap-\m-tZhn apJy-{]-Xn-
jvT-bm-bp bap-t\m-{Xn-t-{Xhpw bap-\bpw KwKbpw kc-kz-Xnbpw Hn-
p {XnthWnkwK-ahpw DjvW-P-e-{]-hm-l-amb kqcy-Ippw hnh-c-
W-n ISp hcp-p. \Zn-Ifpw ]h-X-fpw {]IrXn{]Xn-`m-k-fpw
Hcp-p hnkva-b-n X\nv knn Dujva-f-amb Bo-bm-\p-`-hw
]I-cp-I-bmWv "bap-t\m-{Xn-bpsS Dujva-f-X-bn' F ]mT-`mKw.
lb skdn
ebmfw
ZWw 169
]mT-n-tev
kmaq-
lnI-Po-hn-Xs Bg-n {]Xn-^-en-n-p IY-Ifpw Ihn-X-IfpamWv
"ZWw' F bqWn-n \man-Xp-hsc ]cn-N-b-s--Xv.
Xmsg- sm-Sp--h-bn kaq-ls a\-n-em-m a\p-jy\v Gsd klm-bIw

GXm-sWv s]mXp-hmbn tNmZn-p-p.

hnZym-`ymkw

hmb\
bm{X
Iem-{]-h\w
F-s\-bmWv bm{X klm-b-I-am-Ip--sXv s]mXp-N \S-p-p.

a\p-jy-N-cn{Xw ]ptcm-K-an-n-p-Xv bm{X-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.
bm{X temI-ho-Ww hn]pe-am-p-p.
bm{X Iem-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Hcp {]h-\-am-Wv.
bm{Xm-hn-h-cWkmlnXyw XpdpXcp sshm-\nI sshIm-cn-I-
tem-Iw.
kmaqlnIkmwkvIm-cnI sshhn-[y-sfpdnv Adn-bm bm{Xm-hn-
h-cW IrXn-I klm-bn-pw.
]mT-`mKw hmbn-m-\m-bn- ]-dbmw
]T-\-{]-h-\-
-\nco--W-p-dnv Xbm-dm-pI
""Hcp e-ns KX-Ime aln-a-tb-m Fkv.sI. s]ms-mv {in-p-
Xv AXns h-am\`mh-s-bmWv'' B. hniz-\m-Y
Hcp {]tZiw kin-p-tm \nsf BIjn-p {][m\ LS-I--tf-
sXmw F s]mXp-tNmZyw A[ym-]nI D-bn-p-p.
Ipn-I ]d-bm-hp-h
a\p-jy
`q{]-IrXn
m]-\-
Ncn{Xw
bm{Xm-hn-hc -- -W-n Ds-Sp-tp Imcy- Fsm-s-

bmhmw s]mXp-N
a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-ns sshhn-[y- Is-p-Ibpw hnh-cn-p-
Ibpw sNp-tm bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W Poh-p-h-bm-Ip-p.

{]Ir-Xn-bnepw Imem-h--bn-ep-ap sshhn-[y-fpw ku-cyhpw
tcJ-s-Sp-p-p.
Ncn{Xw, ]pcm-Ww, sFXn-lyw, m]-\--fpsS kmn[yw Fnh
Nne e-v khn-ti-jX \Ip-p.
]{v
170 So sSIvv
A[ym- ]nI XpSv B.-hn-iz-\m-Ys {]kvXm-h\ hmbn-p-p. Ipn-I-tfmSv
]mT-`m-Ks ap\nn AXns kmwKXyw ]cn-tim-[n-m-\m-h-iy-s-Spp.
hyn-KX {]I-S-\-n\v Ah-kcw \Ip-I.
Ipn-I Is-m-\n-S-bp-Xv
lnam- e - b Xmgv h - c - b n sImSpw- s siXyw klnv AXnn
Imp ]m-f-m-cpsS PohnXw.

s\m- c - s - S p- p aq- b p lna- mv Ds- s S- b p
Imemhm ]cm-aiw.
]m-f-mv e`n-p ]cn-an-X-amb Pohn-X-ku-I-cy-.
]m-f-m-cpsS XymK-]q-amb PohnXw.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
Fkv.sI. bm{Xsb Hcp kmaq-lnIm-\p-`-h-am-pp.
Zriym\p`h km[y-X-sbm-cp-p-p.
t\m-gvN-Iv Fkv.sI. sImSp-p {]m[m\yw.
CXns ASn-m-\-n Hcp \nco--W-p-dnv Xbm-dm-mw.

-hni-I-e-\-p-dnv Xbm-dm-pI
\n-fpsS \mnse e-\m-a--fn\nv ]g-b-Im-espdnv Fs-nepw
kqN\ e`n-p-ptm Fv tNmZn-p-p.
Hmtcm tZi-n\pw Hmtcm Ncn-{X-ap-v.
{]tZ-i--sf-b-dn-bm Ncn{Xw IqSn-b-dn-b-Ww.
kqvaa - mbn {in-m Ncn-{X-kq-NI - - f

- mb Imcy- \apv Npp-
]m-Sp-I-fn \nv Ismw.
Fkv . sI. s]ms- mv a\p- j y- P o- h n- X - n\pw kmaq- l nIm\p- ` - h - n\pw
{]m[m\yw \Ipp F Adnhv Ipn-p-v.
hotc-{-Ip-am-dns bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-n GXp LS-I-amWv apn-p-\np-Xv
F-t\z-jn-p-p. s]mXp-N-bn Is-p Ncn-{X-]-cm-ai-
]nIs-Sp-p-p.
bap-t\m-{Xn-bpsS `qan-imkv{X ]m-ew.
bap-t\m{Xnt{X-s-p-dn-p ]cm-aiw.
kqcy-Ip-ns {]tXy-I-X-I.
K-am-Z\ ]h-X-km-\p--fnse {]IrXn{]Xn-`m-k-
t{ImUo-I-cWw
bm{Xsb Hcp ]T- \ m- \ p- ` hw F \ne- b n Ah- X - c n- n- p
kao]\w
hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb hnh-c--fpsS tiJcw.
cN-bn-Xm-hns Ncn-{Xm-h-t_m[w.
km-c-km-ln-Xy-Im-c\pm-bn-cn-t Pnmk.
e`y-amb hnh-c- hv Ipn-I hni-I-e-\-p-dnv Xbm-dm-s.
lb skdn
ebmfw
ZWw 171
-hne-bn-cp- Ipdnv
Hcp kmcn Ihnbpw IYm-IrpwIqSn-bm-Ip-tm cN-\bvv ssIh-cp
`mh-\m-]-c-amb anIhv FmWv?
t\ct e`n Adn-hp-I D]-tbm-Knv bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W- Bkzm-Z-\-{]-Z-
amtWm hnm-\-{]-Z-amtWm (kKm-Ikmln-Xytam sshm-\nIkmln-
Xy-tam) F kwhmZw kwL-Sn-n-p-I. Bkzm-Z-\-{]-[m-\-sav hmZn-p--
h DZm-lc - W
-
- Is-p-X - n-e[
- n-Ihpw Fkv.sI. s]ms-m-ns bm{Xm-
hn-h-c-W-n-em-bn-cn-p-a-tm. A[ym-]nI tamU-td--dm-h-Ww.
kwhm-Z-n-s\m-Sp-hn bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw Bkzm-Z-\-{]-Z-am-Ip-Xn\v thp
LS-I- hne-bn-cpp-p. Ipn-I-fpsS sshb-nI {]Xn-I-cWw {]mXn-\n-
[y-kz-`m-h-n kzoI-cn-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
Ipn-I Is-m-\n-S-bp-Xv
Bmwiw
sshIm-cn-IX
a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-ns kmn[yw
kmln-Xym--IX
t{ImUo-I-cWw
Fw.]n hotc- { - I p- a m- d ns bm{Xm- h n- h - c - W - n\nv Fkv . sI.
s]ms-m-ns km-ckm-lnXyw hyXy-kvX-am-Ip-Xv Bkzm-Z-\-

ns Awiw Gdnbpw sshm-\n-Imwiw Ipdpw \np--
Xn-\m-em-Wv.
t\mh- e npw IYm- I r- p- a mb Fkv . sI. a\p- j y- P o- h n- X - - f psS
BJym-Xm-hmWv. t\mh-enepw IY-bnepw Fkv.sI. Ime-n\v Ipdp-

sIbpw bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-n Atlw tZin\v Ipdp-sIbpw k-
cn-p-p.
hne-bn-cp- Ipdnv sshb-n-Iambn Xbm-dm-p-I. (kwhm-Zn\nv e`n
hkvXp-X-I-fpsS shfn--n.)
-D]-\ym-k-sa-gp-XpI
Fkv.-sI-bpsS bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS kz`m-hw, hotc-{-Ip-am-dns bm{Xm-
hn-h-c-W-ssien Fn-h-sb-p-dnv hni-Z-amb N-I \S-p-I-gn-p.
CXn\nv Hcp \ bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-n\v Fsms Imcy- thWw
Fv N-sN-m Ipn-Isf \mev {Kqp-I-fmpp. Xmsg -sIm-Sp- taJ-e-
I {Kqn \Imw.
BJym-\-ssien
`mj
\nco--W-tijn
kKm--IX
{Kqp-I-fpsS {]I-S-\-n\v Ah-kcw sImSp--tijw A[ym-]nI t{ImUo-I-

cn-pp.
BJym-\s - sien-bn Bmwiw Iecmw. Fm Aan-Xa - mbn Rm
]{v
172 So sSIvv
IS-p-hc - p-Xv Atcm-NI - a
- m-Wv. (Rm I bqtdm-n\v ]Icw bqtdm-
nse Rm BI-cp-Xv).
km-c-km-ln-Xy-n\v Ghpw ASpw B-I-Y-tbm-SmWv FXv
Cu Bmw-i-ns {]m[m\yw Iqp-p.

km-cm-\p-`h -
- tNmp-t]m-ImsX ]Ip-\Im-\p Ignhv.
AXn\v tN `mj-bm-I-Ww. sshIm-cn-IX hfsc {][m-\am-Wv.
]mcm-b-W-tbm-KyX GXp kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw ASn-m-\-am-Wv.
am-Jym\ {K-fn ]cn-Wm-a-Kp]vXn hmb-\-msc ]nSn-p-

\npw. Acw BImw km-c-km-ln-Xy-n-en-.
GXp cmPysbpw {][m-\-am-p-Xv Ahn-Ss a\p-jy-cm-Wv.
AtN-X-\-amb sIn-S--f-. P\--fpsS \mUn-an-Snpw lrZ-b-kv]-

-\-hp-amWv Hcp km-c-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xnsb BIj-I-am-p--Xv.
\mtSm-Sn-Y - , Ncn-{Xw, `qan-imkv{Xw XpSn GXv hnm-\i - m-Jbpw
Dsm-nm am{Xw sshhn-[y-]qW-amWv km-c-km-lnXyw.
ImgvN-I-fn ]m-fn-I-fm-Im hmb-\-mv Ign-b-Ww.
{]ta-b- nse ]pXp-ab -
- (-ln-am-eb- s
- -p-dnv Xs ae-bm-f
- n
[mcmfw IrXn-I-fp-v. Xt]m-h-\-kzm-an-I apX Fw.]n. hotc-{-
Ip-am hsc \op-In-S-p-p) Fgp-ns kKm--I-X-bmWv
bm{Xm-hn-h-c-Ws al--c-am-p--Xv.
Cu N-bpsS ASn-m-\-n D]-\ymkw Xbm-dm-m ]d-bmw.
klm- b - I - { K- -
lnam-e-b-n Fkv. sI. s]msmv
sslahX`qhn - Fw.]n. hotc{Ipam
Ip\ymcpw At-l-ns XpIrXnIfpw
tUm. hn.F-kv. i
Nncn-bpsS ]nXm-a-l tUm. ]n. kn. tdmbv
Fkv. sI. s]ms-mv B. hniz-\m-Y
lb skdn
ebmfw
am[yaw 173
4
am[yaw
B ap Jw
Bi-b-hn-\n-abw Hcm-fn \nv asm-cm-fn-tev F \ne-

bn \nv Hcm-fn \nv ]e-cn-tev F \ne A\n-hm-cy-
am-b-tXm-sS-bmWv am[y-a- F k-ev]-n\v hym]-I-
amb AY--fp-m-Ip--Xv. hnIm-csbpw hnNm-c-sbpw
Bi-b-sbpw Dsm-p hml-I-sa \ne-bn-emWv
\mw `mjsb am[y-a-sav hnfn-p--Xv. Zn\-]-{X-, B\p-
Im-en-I-, tdUntbm, sSen-hn-j XpS-n-bh ]c--cm-
KX am[y-a- Fp hnfn--s-Sp-p. hm-msX
t{imXm-v Imcy-ambn CS-s]-Sm ]m am[y-a--fm-
bn-cpp Ah. {]h\ kml-N-cy--\p-k-cn-s-Sp-
p \ne-]m-SpXd-bn \np-sImv AXv t{]-I-tcmSv/
hmb-\-m-tcmSv \nc-cw kwhZnpsImn-cp-p. Iqn-
ttem Xncp-tem km[y-a-m hn[w kmaq-ln-Ihpw
cmjv{So-bhpw aX-]-c-hp-amb ho-W-tIm-Wn AXp-dp
\np. m\\nth-Z-\hpw Bi-b-t_m-[-\hpw Ah-bpsS
apJy-e-y-ambnop. hmm-hn-\n-a-b-n tIhew
\njv{Inb (passive) ]mfn am{X-am-bn-cpp kaqlw. Fm
Cs\v ASn-m-\-amb \h-am-[y-a--fpsS Bhn`m-h-
tm-Sp-IqSn hm-If - n-tev Ibdn hcp-Ibpw Ncn-{X-k
- `-
-fn \nv ASn-sb-Sp Adn-hp-I-fpsS aq D]-tbm-
Knv hnNm-cW sNp-Ibpw sNp Xcn-tev P\m-[n-
]-Xy-h--cWw kw`-hn-p. ]{X-te-JI\pw ]{Xm-[n-]cpw
hmb-\-m-c\pw Hm-bn-o-cp-Ibpw hm-I kpXm-cy-am-
hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1995 HmsS hntUmkv P\-Io-b-am-bXpw
Cu am-n\v Bw \In. kzX-{-tkm^vvshb {]m-
\-ns ap\n-c-{]-hIcn Hcm-fmb Sow Hmsd-bnenbpw
At-l-ns Hmsd-bnen aoUn-b-bpw tNv {]N-cn-n
sh_v 2.0 F k-ev]s XpSmWv am[y-a--fpsS ]c-
-cm-KX LS-\-bpsS IpI XIp-t]m-b-Xv. Ftm
]{v
174 So sSIvv
thW-sa-nepw {]Xn-I-cn-m\pw tNmZyw sNm\pw CS-s]-

Sm\pw km[y-am-Ip Cs\-nse hnh-c-hn-\n-ab km[y-X-
I ]pXnb Hcp am[ya k{-Zm-b-n\v XpSw Ipdn-p.
GXp kmt-XnIhnZybpw Ah Dm-b- Im-ev ]c--cm-KX
hgn-bn\np amdn \S-pp F-Xns t]cn hnhmZ-
Wn-p-h-cp-n-bn-p-v. A]-cn-Nn-X-amb Fm-nt\mSpw a\p-
jy kqn-p BZn-a-amb `bw Cu hnhm-Z-n\v DuPw
\In-bX - mbn ImWmw. AtXm-sSmw Dd-p-t]mb ioe-fpw
-- C-c-samcp \ne-]m-Sn-tev \s \bn-p-p. asmv ]c-
-cm-KX am[y-a--fn\nv hyXy-kvX-ambn \h-am-[y-a-
ImWn-p A\u-]-Nm-cn-I-X-bpsS kz`m-h-am-Wv. CXv Ch-
bpsS B[n-Im-cn-I-X-sb-p-dnv kwi-b-ap-f-hm-pp Fv
ImWmw. AtXm-sSmw \nb-{-Wa - n-msX B-es - -p
hnh-c{- ]-hmlw \psS aqey-k -
- -n-t\-n-p ]cnn-
s\-p-dn-p Bi-bpw \h-am-[y-a - sf cp-ssIbpw \on
kzoI-cn-p--Xn \np s]mXp-kaq-ls ]nn-cn-n-p
Hcp LS-I-am-Wv.
F{XXs kwi-b - f- p-sSbpw òXn-bp-sSbpw ]nhn-fn-If
- m
XS--s-npw \h-am-[y-a- \psS hnh-c-hn-\n-a-b-cw-Kv
m\-ap-d-n-n-cn-pp Fv am{X-a, ]{X-am-[y-a-
t]mepw Ch-bp-ambn In-tN-cp- kml-N-cy-amWv ImWm
Ign-bpXv.
Cs\-ns hnIm-khpw hfbpw Cv kmam-\y-Po-hn-X-
ns ka-kvX-ta-J-e-tbbpw kzm[o\n-n-pv. kzm`m-hn-I-
ambpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ih- pw kmln-Xy-]c - h
- p-amb {]Xn-Ic
- W
- -
krjvSn-m\pw AXn\p Ign-bp-p. Cv ka-Im-enI a\pjy
IYm-\p-Km-bn-Iv Cu \h-am-[y-a-sf IW-n-se-Sp-t
]q. ssk_ {]iv\ - f- p-ambn CgtNv koW-amb a\p-
jy-a-\v ka-Im-en-I-X-bpsS ZpxJ-am-Wv. AXp-sImv Xs
ssk_ {]iv\- CXnhr-am-nb cN-\-I kmln-Xy-
n ]pXp {]h-W-X-I krjvSn-n-p-v. am[y-a-fpsSbpw
\h-am-[y-a-fpsSbpw LS-\bpw kz`m-h-fpw ssk_
{]tabw ssIImcyw sNp ]pXnb kmlnXyk-ev] - fpw
Cu bqWn-n-eqsS ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-I-bm-Wv.
lb skdn
ebmfw
bqWnv hn-i-I-e\w
Bi-b[m-cW/ {][m\ ]T-\
ss\]pWn
$ `mj-bpsS sXmgn]-c- $ {]th-iIw $ ]{X{]h- \ - nse $ ô-dns khn-ti-j- $ Bi-b-hy-X

amb km[y-X-I Xncn- {][m- \ hn`m- K - a mb X-I N sNbvXv $ `mj
-dnv hnhn[ am[y-a- "ô' hm- b n Is-p-p. $ kKm--IX
v tbmPn- p \npw teJ- \ - n
$ Ipdnv Xbm-dm-p-p.
hn[-n hyXykvX \npw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. $ Bib hyX
hyh- l mc cq]- - f n- $ am[ya-fpsS I- $ `mj
eqsS cN-\-I \S-p- $ hmwJ-sU- hy-s
- f-p-dnv N $ \nco-W
-
- \
- na
p. bpsS sNp-p.
lrb-p-Sn-
p-I $ am[y-a-v P\m-[n- $ hmm- X - e - s - p- $ A]-{K-Y\
- ]
- m-Shw
am[y-a--fnse hm- ]Xykaq-l-n \n- I tiJ-cnv A]-{K- $ Bi-b-[m-cW
Ifpw teJ- \ - fpw Wm-bI I-hy--fp- Yn-p-p.
hnai- \ m- - I - a mbn v.
$ ]{X-am-[y-a- hni-
A]-{K-Ynv DNn-X-ambn I-e\w sNp-p. $ LS\
am[yaw
Bhn-jvI-cn-p-p. $ `mj
D]- \ ymkw cNn- p- $ Bi-b-hy-X
$ Imhy-`w-Kn-bp ioj- p. $ \nco-W
-
- \
- na
I- hmb-\ - m-c\
- n
Xm]cyw P\n- n- p-
p.
175
]{v
176
Bi-b[m-cW/ {][m\ ]T-\
ss\]pWn
$ ]{X-\nm-W-ns $ `mjbv v sXmgn]- c - $ Xnc-s-Sp $ LS\

{][m\ D-StaJ- amb Htsd km[y-XI-fp- hnj-b--fn $ kwn-]vXX
e- b mb dntmn- M v , v. apJ-{]-kwKw $ `mj
apJ-{]-kwKw Fn-h- Xbm-dm-pp. $ hkvXp-\n-jvTX
ebmfw
lb skdn
bn {]mtbm-KnI ]cn-
Nbw t\Spp.
So sSIvv
$ teJ-\- hnj- $ hkvXp \njvTX

bm-Sn-m-\- $ `mj
n tiJ-cnv $ LS\
dntmv Xbm-dm-
p-p.
$ hkvXp\njvTX
$ {]tbmK`wKn
$ \nZnjv S cN\
FUnv sNp-p.
Bi-b[m-cW/ {][m\ ]T-\
ss\]pWn
$ ]c- - c m- K X am[y- a - $ am[y-a-hn-Nm- $ ]c- - c m- K X am[y- a - $ ]mT-`m-Ks $ Bi-b-[m-cW

s]mXp- P - \ - - cw, \h-am- _lp-P-\-sf ap\nn
fn sNep- p [y-a- kzm[o-\n-p-p-v. N sNbvXv $
Ipdnv Xbm-dm-
kzm[o\w hne- b n-
p-p.
cpn Ipdn- p- I
Xbm-dm-p-p.
$ kmaq- l nIam[y- a - - $ ]c--cm-KX am[y-a-- $ ]c-c - m-KX am[y- $ A]-{K-Y-\-]m-

fpsS khn- t i- j - X - fn\nv hyXy- k v X - a- - f pw kmaq- Shw
Ifpw CS-s]-S km[y- ambn \h- a m- [ y- a - lnI am[y- a - $ `mj
fpw Xn-ep
X- I fpw hni- I - e \w v kzX-{-kz-`m- $ hkvXp-\n-jvTX
hyXym-k-
sNbv X v D]- \ ymkw hhpw P\m- [ n- ] Xy N sNp-p.
Xbm-dm-p-p. kwkvIm-chpw IqSp-X- A]-{K-Y\ -
- p-dnv
em-Wv. Xbm-dm-pp
am[yaw
$ kmaq-lnIam[y-a- $ NmkqN-\I $ `mj

v CS- s ]- S hnI-kn-nv D]- $ LS\
\ymkw Xbm- d m- $ Bi-b-[m-cW
tijn-bp-v.
p-p.
$ \nco--W-
177
]{v
178
Bi-b[m-cW/ {][m\ ]T-\
ss\]pWn
$ \nXy-Po-hnX hn\n-a-b-- $ ssIsbm-n- $ a\p- j ys ssZ\w- Z n\ $ ]mT-`m-Ks $ DNn-X-amb `mj

fn hnh- c - k m- m Pohn-X-n ssk_ IYm-k-`- $ Bi-b-[m-cW
tXnIhnZybpw ktiw krjv S np {]XoXn Is-p-p. $ hni-I-e-\-N
ssk_ kwkvIm-chpw bmYmYy- am-
ebmfw
sNep-p kzm[o\w $ NsNbvXp
lb skdn
NsNbvXv eLp-te-J, fpmp-p. Ipdn-m-p-p.
Ipdn- p- I , {]_w
XpS-n-bh Xbm-dm-p-
So sSIvv
p. $ ssk_ Zpcp- ] - $ LS\

tbmKw krjv S n- $ `mj
$ hnh-c-km-t-XnI hnZy- $ ssk_ {]ta-b-am-n- p kmaq-ln-I- $ Bi-b-[m-cW
bpsS kzm[o-\-^-e-ambn bp kmlnXycN- \ - {]- i v \ - - s f- p- $ ]m-fnw
cq]- s - S p kKm- - I hni-Ie
- \hnt[-ba
- m- dnv ]m\ N $ bpn-]-cX
Ic- N - \ - I \ncq--] Ww \S-p-p.
Wv. $ `mj
sNp-p.
$ Ah-X-c-W-`wKn
$ \h- a m- [ y- a - fpambn $ ssk_ D]-

_-s kmt-XnI tbmKw kw_- $ LS\
]Zm-h-en-I-fpsS Bibw $ \h-am-[y-a- km[y-X- n dntmv $ hkvXp-\n-jvTX
a\-n-emn DNn-X-amb I, ]cn-an-Xn-I, {]iv\- Xbm-dm-p-p. $ kwn-]vXX
kml-N-cy--fn

{]tbm-Kn-p-p.
am[yaw 179
{]th-i-I-{]-h\w
]n. kmbv\mYv F ]{X-{]-h-Is\ mkn ]cn-Nb - s
- -Sp-p-p. Cy-bnse
ImjnIkaq-l-ns {]iv\- s]mXp-{i--bn-tev sImp-h-cm At-l-
ns CS-s]-S-ep-Iv km[n-n-p-v. A[ym-]nI hni-Zo-I-cn-p-p.
{]Xn-_--X-bp Hcp ]{X-{]-h-I F \ne-bn Atlw Chn-sS-bp-
bm-\p-t-in-p {]iv\--sf-sm-s-bm-Imw? eLp-N.
t{ImUo-I-c-Ww
Htm- ctm {]Xn-I-cWw.
am[y-a-hp]p-et-p kmaq-lnI{]Xn-_--X.
P\-]--p-\np Imcy- t\mn-m-W F kao-]\w -
kzo-I-cn--Ww.
Xmsg \Inb GsX-nepw Hcp hnjbw s]mXp-Nbvv \Ip-I. AXn-
\mbn AXp-kw-_--amb ]{X--fpsS apJ-{]-kw-K-fpw ]cn-tim-[nmw.

arK--tfm-Sp {IqcX

D-`m-jn-Wn-ieyw kqNnn LS-I--fn ]{X- \S-p

^vfIvkp-I-fpsS B[nIyw {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Isfpdnv DZm-

Ip-dntjm l-c-W-k-lnXw hy-X-h-cp-mw. Ccw

^mj kz`mhw ]pep ]{X-hm-Ifpw ho-

AXn-i-tbm-n-]-c-amb W-fpw tiJ-cn-p-Ibpw t]mvt^m-fn-tbm-
]c-ky- bn Ds-Sp-p-Ibpw sNm-w.
N-bn sImp-h-cm-hp-h
hnjbsshhn[yw am{X-amtWm Ch kqNn-n-p--Xv?
hyXykvXamb A`n-{]m-b-.
{][m\ ]{X--fpsS \ne-]m-Sp-I.
t{ImUo-I-c-Ww
]{X- kzoI-cn-p \ne-]m-Sp-I Dm-Z-\-]-c-am-tWm?
P\-]-p \np--h-bmtWm?
kmaq-lnI]ptcm-K-Xn-sb-p-dn-p {]Ir-Xy-\p-Iq-ehpw B[p-\n-I-
hp-am-b- Im-gvN-m-Sp-I Dsm-pptm?
Ah-Imi{]iv\-sf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-p-ptm?
BZi-ns apJw \jvS-s-, [mn-I-ambn {]Xn-kn t\cn-Sp h-am-\-Im-e -am-[y-a-km-l-
N-cy-n Cu taJ-e-bn {]hn-p-, ISphcm B{K-ln-p bph-Xz-n\v Fv D]-tZ-
i-amWv \Im-\p-Xv?
cv km[y-X-I-fmWv apn-ep--Xv. Hp-In am[ya{]h-I-cmhp-I. As-n st\m-{K-
^-dm-Ip-I. tIm-]tdv st\m-{K-^. am[y-a-{]-h\w Fp hnfn-p 85% Cv tIm-]tdv
st\m-{K-âmcmbn amdn-bn-cn-p-p. tIm]-tdv temI-ns Xm-cy-fpw Bh-iy--fp-amWv
am[y-a- {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-p--Xv. Hcp am[y-a-{]-h-I\mIp FmWv F\nv \Im-\p D]-
tZiw.
kmbv\mYp-ambn \S-nb A`n-ap-J-n\nv (amXr-`qan BgvN--Xn-v)
]{v
180 So sSIvv
4.1 hmwJ-sU-bpsS lrZb-p-Sn-p-I

]mTm]-{K-Y\w
A-Sn-am-[y-a-ns hnhn[ hi- ]cn-N-b-s-SpI

F \ne-bvmWv kvt]mSvkv ô hn`m-K-n
hcp "hmwJ-sUbpsS lrZb-p-Sn-p-I' F ]mT-
`mKw Ah-X-cn-n-t-X.v IYm-cq]-n-ep teJ-\--
fmWv ô-dp-I Fsmcp \nh-N-\-ap-v. Cy-bpsS
Fm- e - s bpw anI ImbnI{]Xn- ` - b mb kn
sSp 2013, \hw-_ 16 i\n-bmgvN hmwJ-sUt-
Un-b-n hv \S-nb hnS-hm-ens hnIm-c-`-cn-X-
amb tcJm-Nn-{X-amWv sI.hn-iz-\mYv krjvSn-X
- v. Iuamc
buh-\-sf {Xkn-n {Ioknse am{n-Is ]na-
Sw AhnsS kmn-I-fm-bn-cphpam{X-a, Fm
Xeapd-I-fnsebpw ImbnIt{]an-Iv ad-m-\m-hm
hn[w hnIm-c-`-cn-Xhpw A-m-Xp-am-bn-cp-p. temIw
_lp-am-\n-p {Inv {]Xn-`-bmb {_bm emsdsb
t]mse, Dze{]Xn-Ì - f
- mb kp\n Khm-kvIs - d-tmse,
kl-I-fn-m-cmb cmlp{Zm-hnUv, kuchv KmwKp-en-sb-
tm-se-bphcpsS hnIm-tcmjvaf kmn[yw {Inv
temIw kn sSpsd Fs\ ImWppsh-
Xns kqN-\-bm-bn-cp-p. cmjv{Sob A`n-{]mbhyXym-k-
apdpIn\np-tmgpw AbcmPy-amb {ioe
kns hnS- h m- NS- n At- l - n- \ mbn
kan ]pc-kvImcw, cmPy-X-{-pw hwio-b-X-
bvp-a-p-d-ap Imbn-I-i-n-bpsS {]Xo-I-am-Wv.
hniz-\m-Yns ô-dn\v cp `mK-ap-v. Hmw `mKw hnS-
hm- NSns lrZ-b-kv]in-bmb hnhcWam-sW-
n cmw `mKw 1989 \hw-_ 15 \v Idm-n-bn ]mIn-
m-s\-Xnsc Ifnp XpS-nb kns Am-cmjv{S
{Inv cwKs {]I-S-\--sf-p-dn-p hni-I-e-\-am-
Wv. 24 hjw Ifn--f-n \ndp\n Atlw
X\nv Ifnp aXn-bm-bn-n F hmp-I-tfm-sS-bmWv
{Iokn \np ]h-en-b-\n-tev aS-p--Xv. kvt]mSvkv
ô tIhew hkvXpXmhnh-cWw F-Xn-\ - pdw Dz-
e-amb Hcp kKm-IkrjvSn-bmWv Fv Cu ]mT-`mKw
\s Hmnn-p-p. kmlnXyns kKm--Ihpw
sshIm-cn-I-hp-amb Xnfw Cu ô-dn\v \Ip
kucyw \s Bkzm-Z-\-ns ]pXnb Xe--fn-se-
n-p-p.
lb skdn
ebmfw
am[yaw 181
]mT-n-tev
kns hnS-hm- NS-ns hoUntbm e`y-amWv. AXv mkn {]Zin-
n-mw. XpSv kns hnS-hm- {]kw-K-ns {]k--`mKw So
sSIvn sImSp-Xv hnh\w sNm Ipn-I-tfmSv ]dbmw. CXv kwL-
{]-h-\-am-bmWv \S-t--Xv.
]T-\-{]-h-\-
Ipdnv
sI.hn-iz-\m-Yns "hmwJ-sU-bpsS lrZ-b-p-Sn-p-I' F ]mT-`mKnse
Bi-b- a\-n-em-n-b-tm. km[m-c-Wte-J-\-ns kz`mhn \nv
CXv Fs\ hyXym-k-s-Spp Fv Is-m-w.
eLp-N- -sshb-nI {]I-S-\-n\v ctm aqtm t]v Ah-kcw
\Ipp.
A`n-{]m-b-n hcmhp-h
sshIm-cn-I-amb `mj D]-tbm-Kn-p-p.
khn-ti-j-amb ssien-I-fpsSbpw ]Z-fp-sSbpw {]tbm-Kw.
Adn-hnt\m hkvXp-Xbvtm A A\p-`-h-n\pw Bkzm-Z-\-n-
\p-amWv {]m[m-\yw.

t{ImUoI-cWw
hm-I am{X-a am[y-a--fn-em-hn-jvI-cn--s-Sp--Xv.
ô-dp-I ]{X-am-[y-a--fnse Hcp {][m\ LS-I-am-Wv.
IYm-cq-]-n-ep teJ-\-amWv ô Fsm-cp \nh-N-\-ap-v.
ck-\o-bX F Awi-n-\mWv ô-dn {]m[m\yw.
kKm-I kmln-Xy-tmSv ASpp \np HmWv ô.

hmwJ-sU-bpsS lrZ-b-p-Sn-p-I ô F hn`m-K-n
Ds-Sp-mw.
F.- h n. Irjv W - h mcycpsS "FmWv ô' F `mKw
t_mIvkn sImSp-Xv {in-pI.

ta kqNn-n hkvXp-X-I-fp-]-tbm-Knv ô-dns khn-ti-j-X-I ]n-I-
s-Sp-p-p. Ch ]mT-`m-Kv {]Xn-^-en-p--sX-s\ Fp Isn
Ipdnv Xbm-dm-m \nt-in--Ww.
ô
FmWv Cu "ô?' B t]cv \mw ASpImet tIpXpSnbnpq.
"Bn-n' Fp app hnfnsph kmlnXyhn`mKns asmcp
t]cmWv "ô' FXv . "ôtmdn' Fpw CXns\ hnfnm- d pv .
hmcnIIfnepw Zn\]{X-fnepamWv ôdpI [mcmfambn tN-sSpXv.
]{v
182 So sSIvv
ipjvIhkvXpXIp IYbpsS cq]w tasmSnbmsbnepw Ah \Ipp.

hyn-I, kw`h, {]m-\, {]hWXI, {]{InbI apXembh-
bmWp ôdpIfpsS hnjbw. Ah hmb\mp \IpXp `mh\b,
hkvXpXIfmWv. hkvXpXIfpw Bibfpw hmb\mcpsS a\pIfn
Bgn hogvpXn\p thn IYbpsS ktX D]tbmKsSpn
\nns Hcp teJ\w (Bnn) Fp ôdns\ \nhNnmw.
"IYbpsS ktX' FXpsImv DtinpXv ôdns Du
P\fn-emsWXt{X. Hcp kw`hs t\cnp hnhcnpXntesd B
kw`hw km[mcW-mcmb GXm\pw hyn-Ifnepfhmnb {]XnIcWw
hnhcnpI-bmWv ôteJI sNpXv. CXns Dtiyw, kw`hw
t\cnpI A\p`hw hmb\mcn DfhmpIbmWv. IYbnse-t]mse
ôdnepw Hcp "tmv' DmbncnWw. ôdnse tmns\ "{]tabw' (Xow)
Fp hnfnpp. ôdnepw IYbnset]mse "\nhlWnepXckw'
krjvSnm hnZKv[cmb teJI {ianm-dpv. ImenI{]knbmWv
ôdns kv. ImenI{]knbnm ô ]gInb ]elmcwt]mse
hnckambncnpw.
EPphmb BJym\w, kw`mjWw, Iv, IhnX Fp kmtXnIcq]hpw
ôdn BImw. IYbnset]mse aq[\yw (ssamIvkv) ôdnepw
A\pt]WobamWv. \ssienbmWv ôdns khntijX. ]t,
CsXmpw ôdn\v B[mcamb hkvXpXsb hfsmSnp
hn[nemIcpXv . AXmbXv , BZyambpw Ahkm\ambpw ô Hcp
"hm'bmIpp; BhWw.
A\sshNn{Xyv km[yXbp Hcp kmlnXycq]amWp ô.
"kmlnXy'tam? AsX, km[mcWmcs kmlnXyw. km[mc-Wmc\v Adnhv
]IcpI, hnt\mZw \IpI, Abmsf DtPnnpI, Abm-fpsS `bw AI-p-
I, Abmsf klm-bn-pI, AbmfpsS kmZyhpw kpJhpw h[nnpI
CsXmsbmWp \ ôdpIfpsS eyw. "Imhyw bitkcYIrtX' Fp
kmlnXy-n\p ]p ]dbs ey Ct, Ah Xs.
GsXnepw Hcp hnjbw (DZm: {]Wbw) kw_n ckIcfmb DnIfpsS

ke\hpw HcpXcw ô BWv. ]{Xfnse hmNItaf, \`mjWw,
hnt\mZ]wn apXembhsb Cu hIpn s]Spmw. ke\w sNpXp
KZysat]mse ]Zyhpw BImw. kenX`mKp ]nb D]{Itam]-
kwlmc -FgpXnt-p-XnemWv ô-teJIs anSpp ImtWXv.
Hgnhph ew \ndbvpI, Kuchap teJ\nSbvp
eLp]mcmbWn\p kuIcyapmpI apXemb Dtiy \ndthp
AXn{lkzteJ\fpw ôdpI-Xs. Chsb ^n t_mIvkv, ss{_\,
Fsmw hnfnphcpp. ]etmgpw Ch \IYIfmbncnpw.
apJyteJ\tmSp _-ap D]-te-J-\-fpw Cqn {]kfmWv.
Ch "]mizIY' (sskUv_m) Fv AdnbsSpp.
lb skdn
ebmfw
am[yaw 183
]{Xfnepw hmcnIIfnepw ncambn tNphcp kvXw`fpw (tImfw)

ôdn- s hIt`Z Bbn ]cnKWn- s phcpp. eoU apX
"tPymXnj]wn'hsc ]e Xcnep kvXw` {]Nmcneptm.
ôdpIfn Nn{X tNpXv kh- k m[mcWamWv . \ne-
Nn{Xf, -{]h\-Nn{X (BIvjt^mtm) -- BWv A`ne-jWobw.
Hm^vskv ASn \SnembtXmsS Nn{X {]knoIcn-pXn\p
sNehp Ipdp;
({]iv\ ]T\ -
F.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cnb)
Hcp ô amXrI ]cn-N-b-sSmw
Ad_np-fhpw sN-cn-bm-Sp-Ifpw
-a[p]m
]m e- m- S ns Ghpw henb i_vZw Icn- - \ bn Imp- ] n- S n- p-
XntXmWv. Xkdm-n-tev Hcn-qSn bm{XsNp-tm B i_vZ - n\v
sNhn hw]nSnp. Fm, AXv Xopw Ipdn-cn-p-p. CjvSn-I-I Nps-
Sp-m Ghpw \ hndIv Icn--\-bp-tS-Xm-sW Is--en-\p-tijw Cu
{]-tZ-i- p \nv Icn-\ - I
- A{]-Xyambn-sm-n-cn-p-p. Icn-\ - I
- f- psS
Xntcm-[m\w \Inb iq\yX-bn-te-mWv Cv Xk-dm-ns `qan BImiw
Iv aep InS-p--Xv.
H. hn. hnP-bs hnJ-ymX t\mh-emb "Jkm-ns CXn-lmk'ns cwK-
`q-an-sbv m]n-s - pIgn ]me-m-S {Kma-amb Xk-dm-n-tev t]mIp-
tm B t\mh-ens Bcm-[-I Icn--\bpw Impw Hn-\nv ]d--bp IY-
I tIm Xo-bmbpw B{K-ln-pw. Icn--\-tbm-e-IsImv ta
hoSp-I, Ah-bvp-n Ign {]mWn-Ifpw Pohn-Ifpw, ]mp-I, {]tX-y-
Inpw tNc-I Ch-sbmw henb tXmXn Cu ]me-m-S {]Ir-Xn-bn\nv
A{]-X-y--am-bn-cn-p-p. CsXmw Xk-dmv F {Kma-ns ssPhn-IX,
Cv \apv "Jkm-ns CXn-lm-k'-ns Xmfp-I-fn am{Xta ImWm Ign-
bq.
]d-fn-bn-se Ipn-mew apX ]me-m-S {]IrXn ImWv Rm hfnp-
-Xv. Hmtcm Xh-Wbpw ChnSw kin-p-tm Cm-Xm-bn-sm-n-cn-p
emUvkvtI-p-I Xs-bmWv Ip-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv. B iq\-y-X-bn-tev
t\mp-tm Krlm-Xp-c-XbpmIpw, Xn-bmbpw ZpxJhpw. Xk-dm-n-tev
CXv BZybm{X-b - . CXn-\p-appw ]e-tm-gmbn Dm-bn-p-v. Hmtcm Xh-Wbpw
Cu iq\-yX h[np hcp--Xm-bn--s-bmWv A\p-`-hn-n-p--Xv. Fnepw,
Xk-dm-n-tep Hmtcm bm{X-bnepw amPn- Fp ]d-bm-hp A\p-`-h-
Dm-Im-dp-v. Cpdnbpw am-an-msX AXv kw`-hn-p.
]{v
184 So sSIvv
Ips Bacw
]memS NqSv, \op--X-c-n-te-p Ak-l-\o-b-X-bn-tev hfn-cp-n-.
Fnepw Xk-dm-n-eq-sS Gsd t\cw Ae--tm Ipdpkabw Hcp XW-en
Ccn-m sImXn-p. Jkm-nse chn _n-d - nb BenX-W Cn-. AXpw Imew
apdn-p-am-n-bn-cn-p-p. AtXmv \Sv Fn-tXv {Kma--h-e-bnse Ba-c-
-W-en-te-m-Wv. Htm ctm Hmtm-dn--Ifpw Hcp sNdnb Nmb--Sbpw AhnsS
Dv. Aw IqSn amdn-bmWv icn-p Am-Sn. Ipd-p-t\cw Ba-c--W-en-en-cp-
p. ]ns Nmb--S-bn Ib-dn. AhnsS Hcp hr Nmb DuXn-pSn-n-cn-p-p. IS-
m-c -A-bmsf Nqn ]d-p: ""CbmfmWv Bacw \-Xv, \\-p-h-fn-b-Xv.'
""amam, \apv Ipd-p-t\cw B Bac-W - e- n-en-cpv kwkm-cn-p-IqtS'' F Fs
tNmZ-ys Atlw Bm-Z-tmsS kzo-I-cn-p. Hw hp.
""hosS-hn-sS-bm...?''
""Zm...... ChnsS''
""ama\m Cu Bacw \sXv Chcv ]d-p.''
""Xs..... ]\-tI--am-bn-cpp ]Wn.
Rm\v Iptd apv ]t\ tIdn-btm (ssI ImWn-v) Zm Ct{Xw hep--nev
Hcp ssX Ip. h Imt sImn-bnv ]t\s tamfnev sImp-shv hfn-b-
Xm-hpw. henv ]dnv Xmsg-bn-S-tWmv t\mn. A-gmWv CsX-Spv Ipn-bn-
mtemv? I\mev sh-ns Itcev apsmcp aqn Dm-bn-cp-p. Bmv
AsXmcp XW-em-bn-cpp
tdmUn\v hoXn Iqotm AXv shn--f-p. Ctm s]m-ms. NqSv kln-
m ]n Ipt-y. Atm CsX-Spv Ipn-bnm Hcp XW-em-Ipw. Xmsgbndn
sh-ns Itc htm am[--th-s ssItmpw hmnv Hcp Ipgn-sb-Spv
AXnev Ipov IpSnep sIn. BSpw ]iphpw Xnnv t]mIm ]mSn--tm. aqp-
sImw shw \\v hfn-b-XmWv Zm \n ImWp Bevacw. shbn-ev
\Sv NqSpw sImv _kv Imv \n-tWmv Hcp XWev tht... Rm\tX Icp-
Xn-bp-q...''
1991 \ ]\ hfv 24 hb-n Fn. Cs\ XW ]cn \npp.
Ip\v H.hn.hnP-b-s\tbm Jkm-ns CXn-lm-k-spdntm Adn-bn-. Fm,
Jkm-n \nv hmb-\-m-c\v Innb Ba-c--W Ip F sXmgn-emfn
\mp-I-h-e-bn {]Xn-jvTn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p Fp tXmn. Ghpw CjvSw tXmp
]pkvX-I- Pohn-X-n XW-embn Fpw hn-p-p. CXm ]pkvX-I-n\p
]pdv asmcp XW Hcp km[m-c-W -a-\p-j-y krjvSn-n-cn-p-p. t\mh-en\p
]pdv asmcp hnv hf-v ]-enp \np-p.
tZiw aqe-m\w
{]nbs ]pkvX-I- hmbn-p-Ibpw AXv kz-b-a-env Dn tNcp-Ibpw
sNp-tm, {]tXy-y-Inpw t\mh-ep-I, B IrXn kw`-hn tZiw ImWm Xo-
bmbpw Dn B{Klw P\n-pw. sshw apl-Zv _jo- krjvSn tZi-, XIgn-
bpsS sNo kw`-hn IS-tem-cw, Fkv.sI.bpsS AXn-cm-Wn-mSw, B.sI.\mcm-
b-Ws amKpUn, Xk-dmv, F.-]n.ap-l--Zns F-mSw, bp.F. JmZdns
Xrtmq, Sn.]n.-cm-Po-hs ]mte-cn.... A-s\-bp e-. Fmw Cv Xopw
amdn-bn-cn-p-p. Nne {]tZ-i Hcp \ne-bnepw a\-n-em-n-sb-Sp-m ]m hn[w
lb skdn
ebmfw
am[yaw 185
amdn-bn-cn-p-p. Fm ]e e-f - nepw ]pd-t-, B \mSp-If - nse D-dI - fn

Cu e- \ne-\np-p-v. hnZq-c-Om-b-I t]mepw ]qW-ambpw amp Ign-
p-shp ]d-bm ]m hn[w. ]pkvXI - - fn, hmb-\ - m- cpsS a\-p-If - n-emWv
B {]tZ-i- Cpw ]qW-amb coXn-bn \ne-\np-Xv. Fm cN-\-Ipw
Hcp `qan-I-bp-v. AXn-msX kmln-Xyw km[yta A. AXn \nv a\-n-em-m
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cs kK-i-n-bnemWv cq]wsImp--Xv. AXmWv Fgp-ns dnb-en-kw. Xk-
dm-n-tev Hmtcm XhW hcp-tmgpw Cm-cyw Hmt-n-h-cpw.
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m-Ipw. Jkmv kn\n-a-bm-m ]n-s-mWv Hcp kn\nam{]h---I F \ne-
bn Fs tXm.
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Xcn-n {]Xn-`-I-fpsS HmI kwc-n-m apn-ep--Xv.
.....................
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186 So sSIvv
B \mnShgn-bn
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188 So sSIvv
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hnS-hm-
{]kwKw Full text of Sachin Tendulkar's farewell speech at
Wankheda Stadium
Saturday, 16 November 2013 - 8: 34 pm IST Place :
Mumbai Agency : DNA
All my friends. Settle down let me talk, I will get more and more emotional
(crowd gets louder as he composes himself). My life, between 22 yards for 24
years, it is hard to believe that that wonderful journey has come to an end, but
I would like to take this opportunity to thank people who have played an
important role in my life. Also, for the first time in my life I am carrying this list,
to remember all the names in case I forget someone. I hope you understand.
It's getting a little bit difficult to talk but I will manage.
The most important person in my life, and I have missed him a lot since
1999 when he passed away, my father. Without his guidance, I don't think I
would have been standing here in front of you. He gave me freedom at the age
of 11, and told me that [I should] chase my dreams, but make sure you do not
find shortcuts. The path might be difficult but don't give up, and I have simply
followed his instructions. Above all, he told me to be a nice human being,
which I will continue to do and try my best. Every time I have done something
special [and] showed my bat, it was [for] my father.
My mother, I don't know how she dealt with such a naughty child like me.
I was not easy to manage. She must be extremely patient. For a mother, the
most important thing is that her child remains safe and healthy and fit. That
was what she was most bothered and worried about. She took care of me for
the last 24 years that I have played for India, but even before that she started
praying for me the day I started playing cricket. She just prayed and prayed
]{v
190 So sSIvv
and I think her prayers and blessings have given me the strength to go out and
perform, so a big thank you to my mother for all the sacrifices.
In my school days, for four years, I stayed with my uncle and aunt because my
school was quite far from my home, and they treated me like their son. My aunt,
after having had a hard day's play, I would be half asleep and she would be
feeding me food so I could go again and play tomorrow. I can't forget these
moments. I am like their son and I am glad it has continued to be the same way.
My eldest brother, Nitin, and his family, have always encouraged me. My
eldest brother doesn't like to talk much, but the one thing he always told me is
that whatever you do, I know you will always give it 100%, and that I have full
faith and confidence in you. His encouragement meant a lot to me. My sister,
Savita, and her family, was no different. The first cricket bat of my life was pre-
sented to me by my sister. It was a Kashmir willow bat. But that is where the
journey began. She is one of those many who still continue to fast when I bat, so
thank you very much.
Ajit, my brother, now what do I talk about him? I don't know. We have lived
this dream together. He was the one who sacrificed his career for my cricket. He
spotted the spark in me. And it all started from the age of 11 when he took me to
Archrekar sir, my coach, and from there on my life changed. You will find this
hard to believe but even last night he called to discuss my dismissal, knowing
that there was a remote chance of batting again, but just the habit we have devel-
oped, the rapport we have developed, since my birth, has continued and it will
continue. Maybe when I'm not playing cricket we will still be discussing tech-
nique.
Various things we agreed upon, my technique, and so many technical things
which I didn't agree with him, we have had arguments and disagreements, but
when I look back at all these things in my life, I would have been a lesser crick-
eter.
The most beautiful thing happened to me in 1990 when I met my wife, Anjali.
Those were special years and it has continued and will always continue that way.
I know Anjali, being a doctor; there was a wonderful career in front of her. When
we decided to have a family, Anjali took the initiative to step back and say that
'you continue with your cricket and I will take the responsibility of the family'.
Without that, I don't think I would have been able to play cricket freely and
without stress. Thanks for bearing with all my fuss and all my frustrations, and all
sorts of rubbish that I have spoken. Thanks for bearing with me and always stay-
ing by my side through all the ups and downs. You are the best partnership I've
had in my life.
Then, the two precious diamonds of my life, Sara and Arjun. They have al-
lb skdn
ebmfw
am[yaw 191
ready grown up. My daughter is 16, my son is 14. Time has flown by. I wanted
to spend so much time with them on special occasions like their birthdays,
their annual days, their sports day, going on holidays, whatever. I have missed
out on all those things. Thanks for your understanding. Both of you have been
so, so special to me you cannot imagine. I promise you [that] for 14 and 16
years I have not spent enough time with both of you, but the next 16 years or
even beyond that, everything is for you.
My in-laws, Anand Mehta and Annabel, both have been so, so supportive
[and] loving and caring. I have discussed on various things in life, generally
with them, and have taken their advice. You know, it's so important to have a
strong family who is always with you and who are guiding you. Before you
start clapping, the most important thing they did was allowing me to marry
Anjali, so thank you very much.
In the last 24 years that I have played for India I have made new friends,
and before that I have had friends from my childhood. They have all had a
terrific contribution. As and when I have called them to come and bowl to me
at the nets, they have left their work aside to come and help me. Be it joining
me on holidays and having discussions with me on cricket, or how I was a little
stressed and wanting to find a solution so I can perform better.
All those moments my friends were with me. Even for when I was injured,
I would wake up in the morning because I couldn't sleep and thought that my
career was over because of injuries, that is when my friends have woken up at
3 o'clock in the morning to drive with me and make me believe that my career
was not over. Life would be incomplete without all those friends. Thanks for
being there for me.
My cricket career started when I was 11. The turning point of my career
was when my brother (Ajit) took me to Achrekar sir. I was extremely delighted
to see him up in the stands. Normally he sits in front of the television and he
watches all the games that I play. When I was 11/12, those were the days when
I used to hop back on his scooter and play a couple of practice matches a day.
The first half the innings I would be batting at Shivaji Park, the second half, at
some other match in Azad Maidan. He would take me all over Mumbai to
make sure I got match practice.
On a lighter note, in the last 29 years, sir has never ever said 'well played'
to me because he thought I would get complacent and I would stop working
hard. Maybe he can push his luck and wish me now, well done on my career,
because there are no more matches, sir, in my life. I will be witnessing cricket,
and cricket will always stay in my heart, but you have had an immense contri-
bution in my life, so thank you very much.
My cricket for Mumbai started right here on this ground, the Mumbai Cricket
]{v
192 So sSIvv
Association (MCA), which is so dear to me. I remember landing from New

Zealand at four o'clock in the morning, and turning up for a game here at
eight o'clock just because I wanted to be a part of Mumbai cricket, and not
that somebody forced me. That was for the love of Mumbai cricket, and
thank you very much. The president is here so thank you very much, along
with your team, for taking care of me and looking after my cricket.
The dream was obviously to play for India, and that is where my associa-
tion with BCCI started. BCCI was fantastic, right from my debut they be-
lieved in my ability and selecting me into the squad at the age of 16 was a
big step, so thanks to all the selectors for having faith in me and the BCCI for
giving me the freedom to express myself out in the middle. Things would
have been different if you had not been behind me, and I really appreciate
your support. Especially when I was injured, you were right with me and
making sure that all the treatments were taken care of, and that I got fit and
fine and playing [right] back for India.
The journey has been special, the last 24 years, I have played with many
senior cricketers, and even before that there were many senior cricketers
with whom I watched on television. They inspired me to play cricket, and to
play in the right way. Thanks to all those senior cricketers, and unfortu-
nately I have not been able to play with them, but I have high regards for all
their achievements and all their contributions.
We see it on the mega-screen, Rahul, Laxman, Sourav, and Anil, who is
not here, and my team-mates right here in front me. You are like my family
away from home. I have had some wonderful times with you. It is going to
be difficult to not be part of the dressing room, sharing those special mo-
ments. All the coaches for their guidance, it has been special for me. I know
when MS Dhoni presented me the 200th Test match cap on Day One morn-
ing. I had a brief message for the team. I would like to repeat that. I just feel
that all of us are so, so fortunate and proud to be part of the Indian cricket
team and serving the nation.
Knowing all of you guys, I know you will continue to serve the nation in
the right spirit and right values. I believe we have been the lucky ones to be
chosen by the Almighty to serve this sport. Each generation gets this oppor-
tunity to take care of this sport and serve it to the best of our ability. I have
full faith in you to continue to serve the nation in the right spirit and to the
best of your ability, to bring all the laurels to the country. All the very best.
I would be failing in my duties if I did not thank all the doctors, the
physios, the trainers, who have put this difficult body together to go back on
the field and be able to play. The amount of injuries that I have had in my
career, I don't know how you have managed to keep me fit, but without
lb skdn
ebmfw
am[yaw 193
your special efforts, it would never have happened. The doctors have met
me at weird hours. I mean I have called them from Mumbai to Chennai,
Mumbai to Delhi, I mean wherever. They have just taken the next flight and
left their work and families to be with me, which has allowed me to play. So
a big thank you to all three of you for keeping me in good shape.
My dear friend, late Mark Mascarenhas, my first manager. We unfortu-
nately lost him in a car accident in 2001, but he was such a well-wisher of
cricket, my cricket, and especially Indian cricket. He was so passionate. He
understood what it takes to represent a nation and gave me all the space to
go out and express myself, and never pressurised me to do this ad or promo-
tion or whatever the sponsors demanded. He took care of that and today I
miss him, so thank you Mark for all your contribution.
My current management team, WSG, for repeating what Mark has done,
because when I signed the contract I exactly told them what I want from
them, and what it requires to represent me. They have done that and re-
spected that.
Someone who has worked closely with me for 14 years is my manager,
Vinod Nayudu. He is more like my family and all the sacrifices, spending
time away from his family for my work, has been special, so big thank you
to his family as well for giving up so much time for my work with Vinod.
In my school days, when I performed well, the media backed me a lot.
They continue to do that till this morning. Thank you so much to the media
for supporting and appreciating my performances. It surely had a positive
effect on me. Thank you so much to all the photographers as well for those
wonderfully captured moments that will stay with me for the rest of my life,
so a big thank you to all the photographers.
I know my speech is getting a bit too long (crowd roars with 'noooo'),
but this is the last thing I want to say. I want to thank all the people here who
have flown in from various parts of the world, and have supported me end-
lessly, whether I scored a 0 or a 100-plus. Your support was so dear to me
and meant a lot to me. Whatever you have done for me.
I know I have met so many guys who have fasted for me, prayed for me,
done so much for me. Without that life wouldn't have been like this for me.
I want to thank you from the bottom of my heart, and also say that time has
flown by rather quickly, but the memories you have left with me will always
be with me forever and ever, especially "Sachin, Sachin" which will rever-
berate in my ears till I stop breathing. Thank you very much. If I have missed
out on saying something, I hope you understand. Goodbye.
]{v
194 So sSIvv
4.2 am[y-a-hn-Nm-cw, \h-am-[y-a-
]mTm]-{K-Y\w
hn.B. {]t_m-[-N-{ F]Xp-I-fpsS a[y-n FgpXnb Hcp teJ-\-
amWv "am[y-a-hn-Nmcw.' Cu teJ\w {][m-\-ambpw ]c--cm-KX am[y-a--sf-p-
dn-mWv {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-Xv. Fm Av ae-bm-fnv Gd-ptd A]-cn-Nn-X-am-
bn-cp Cs\-ns km[y-X-I-sf-p-dn-p kqN-\-Ifpw teJ-I aptmv
hbvp-p-v. Cv km[m-c-W-m-c-\p-t]mepw Cs\v km[y-X-I Ic-K-X-am-
hp-Ibpw \nXy-Po-hn-X-n Ah m\w ]nSn-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-p-v. kzm`m-hn-
I-ambpw Cu hfbpsS ê-ambn \h-am-[y-a-fpw Ah-bpsS km[y-X-Ifpw
hfsc Xmcy-]qhw {in-p-Ibpw D]-tbm-KnpIbpw sNp Hcp kaq-l-
s-bmWv hn.sI.-B-Ziv "\h-am-[y-a-: inbpw km[y-Xbpw F teJ-\-
n-eqsS A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNp--Xv.
]c--cm-KX am[y-a- t\cn-Sp {][m\ shp-hnfn KpWhpw BIj-IXzhpw
Hn-p-sImpt]mIpI FXmWv. ]e-tmgpw hncp--m-\v \np Cu
cp LS-I-sf ka-\z-bn-n-msX am[y-a-v aptmv t]mIm-\m-In-. ]c-
ky- am[y-a--fpsS A\n-hm-cy-L-S-I-am-Wv. Fm ]c-ky-fpw AXn-i-tbm-
n-]-c-amb hnh-c--fm-h-W-sa-n-. AXns\ Xn--f-bm\pw ]n, ImcWw
hnZym-`ymkw, BtcmKyw, tdmUvkpc XpS-nb kmhI ]c-ky- P\-
v KpW-I-c-am-Wv. \mw Pohn-p temI-ns kw{Klw {]k--amb
ka-b-ns Ghpw ASp _np-hn\npsImv am[y-a- \apv \Ip-
p. Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv am[y-a
- f
- psS {]Nmcw \psS Pohn-X - n henb kzm[o\w
sNep-p-p-v. Ahsb Hgn-hm-nsmp PohnXw Nnn-m t]mepw
]mXmbn-cn-p-p. Bibhn\n-ab -
- ns IWn-iX
- - am[y-a- t\cn-Sp asmcp
{][m\ {]iv\-amWv. "B\-]p-dp Ib-dp-Xpw' "B\-p-dp Ib-dp-Xpw' cm-
W-tm. temI-sa-mSpw Bibhn\n-abcwK-p-mb hn hf teJ-I
Nqn-m-Wn-p-p. Sn.hn.bpsS {]Nmcw Atlw FSpp ]d-bp-p. hnh-c-hn-\n-
ab cwKv {K-im-e-I-fpsS {]kn Nqn-m-Wn-p-sImv tUm.{]t_m[
N{ Iyq--dn-te-pw XpSp hcm-\n-cn-p Zi-I--fpsS am[y-a-amb
Cs\v km[yXIfn-tepw ZoL-Zi\w sNpp. Fm Adn-hp-If - pw ssIn-
Sn-bn-sem-Xp-pIbpw e-Im-e--fpsS khkm[m-c-W-amb AXn-cp-I ewLn-
p-Ibpw sNp \h-am-[yakm[y-X-Isf {]Xym-im-]qhw Atlw Ah-X-cn-
n-p-p.
tUm. {]-t_m[N{ ]dp \nn-bn-Sp\nmWv hn.sI.-B-Ziv Bcw`n
p-Xv. \h-am-[y-a- F-Xn-t\-m kmaq-lnIam[yaw Fv ssk_ CS-
-fnse kzX-{m-hn-jvIm-c-n-\p e-sf hnti-jn-n-m-sav BZiv
]d-bpp. _lp-kz-c-X-bpsS inbpw Zu_eyhpw Htckabw Dsm-p
FUn-n-n\pw Ccpw h `mj F k-ev]-n\pw AXo-X-amb HmWv
kmaq-lnIam[y-a- . am[y-a`
- m-jI
- f
- psS hmpamXr-II
- sf XIv D-a
- m-
\p\nv t\cnv ssk_ temI-t-p -I-b-dp--h-bmWv, kmaq-lnIam[y-a-
-fnse hm-I. AtXm-sSmw `mj-bpsS am\Ik-ev]s AXv XIs-
lb skdn
ebmfw
am[yaw 195
dn-bp-p. {]mtZ-in-I-`m-j-I AXn-i--ambn ISphcp-p. hm-I kwhm-Z-

n-tev ]S-cp kz`m-hhpw anI t]m-dp-I-fpsS kmn-[yhpw ^n^vv
Ftv F hnti-j-W-n\v kmaq-lnIam[y-a-sf Al-am-p-p. hyn-
bn\nv kzm`m-hn-Ia - mbns Fgp-p-Im-c\
- n-tev hf-cp nXn kmaqlnI
am[y-a--fnep-v. AtX-k-abw kmaq-lnIam[y-a--fpsS Zpcp-]-tbmKw Ip-IrXy-
-fpsS km[yX IqSn Xpd-p-pv Fpw Xncn--dn-tb--Xp-v.
]pXnb am[y-a--fpsS Ghpw henb in AXv krjvSn P\m-[n-]Xy ]cn-k-
c-am-Wv. Bscbpw \nc--c-amb \nco--W-n\pw hnNm-c-Wbvpw AXv hnt[-b-
am-p-p. Ncn{Xw Xncv hkvXp-X-I-fpsS ]n_-e-tmsS av sImp
tNmZyw tNmZn-m\pw am[y-a-kr-jvSn-sbv ]dv Hgnpamdp--hsc Xpdp
Imm\pw Cs\v hnh-c - p-cI
- km[m-cW
-
- msc {]m]vXc
- m-p-p. AtX-t]mse
kam-\-ambn Nnn-p--hv cay-s-Sm\pw kmaq-lnI {]h-\-n-tev
Acw Iqm-bva-Isf hfm\pw Ahbvv Ign-bpw. BZy-Ime am[y-a--fn
\nm-cw-`nv kmaq-lnIam[y-a - f
- nsen \np \psS hnh-ch - n-\n-ab kwhn-
[m-\-ns hnkva-b-I-c-amb hfbpw AXns km[y-X-Ifpw A]-I-S-fpw
Cu `mKv \apv ]cn-N-b-s-Smw.-
]mT-n-tev
cpaqv Znh-k--fnse am[ya-]-cn-]m-Sn-I \nco-n-p-Ibpw Ah P\-{i--
bm-Ijn-p--Xn\v kzoI-cn-p X{- Fm-sWv Is-p-Ibpw
sNs. AtX-t]mse hm-IfpsSbpw ka-Im-enIkw`-h--fp-sSbpw A\p-
c-W-\- kmaq-lnIam[y-a- Fs\ Gs-Sp-p-p-shv \nco-ns.
]{X-am-[y-a- (Htm ctm apJy-[m-cm-]-{X-)
Sn.hn. (hmmNm\-ep-Iv {]m[m\yw \Imw).
tdUntbm (F^v.-Fw. Ds-sS)
t^kv_pv, Szn
hmSvkv Av
mkv 5 {Kqp-If- m-bn- Hmtcm NmkqN\ Hcp {Kqn\v F \ne-bn \IpI.
N-bn Dcp-n-cn Bi-b- A[ym-]nI t{ImUo-I-cn-p-p.
]c--cm-KXam[y-a-fpw \h-am-[y-a-fpw P\-Po-hn-X-s- kzm-[o-\n-p-
pv.
\h-am-[y-a- Bi-b- thK-nepw kzX-{-ambpw P\--fn-se-n-
p-p.
]c--cm-KXam[y-a--fn hnj-b--fpsS Xnc-s-Sppw FUn-npw \S-
p-p-v.
\ham[y-a- CXn\npw hyXy-kvX-amWv.
am[y-a-hn-Nm-cw, \h-am-[y-a- : inbpw km[y-Xbpw Fnh hmbn-m

]d-bp-p.
]{v
196 So sSIvv
]T-\-{]-h-\-
-\nco-Wpdnv Xbm-dm-pI
{]t_m-[-N-{ 1980 IfpsS a[y-n-se-gp-Xnb am-[y-a--sf-p-dn-p ]T-\-
n Fp [amWv Ah \nh-ln-psX {]iv\w A[ym-]nI
mkn D-bn-p-p.
eLpN Htm ctm t]cpsS {]Xn-I-c-W-.
A`n-{]m-b-n hcm-hp-h
]c--cm-KX am[y-a-, AXns khnti-j-X-I, hyXykvX hn`m-K-
sf Fs\ A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNp-p Fnh Cu teJ\w ]cm-

ain-p-p.
]ckyw am[y-a-nse `mj Fn-h-sb-p-dnv hni-Zo-I-cn-p-p.
hfsc ihpw A`n-{]mbcq]o-I-c-W-n Cpw \nWm-bI ]phln-
phbp-amWv ]c--cm-KX am[y-a-.

Cu teJ\w `mhn-bnse am[yakz`m-h-s-p-dnv kqN\ \Ip-p-v.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
F]-Xp-I-fpsS ]Ip-Xn-bn Sn.hn. Nm\-ep-I {]Nm-c-n-ep-m-bn-cp-n-
. ae-bm-f-nse BZy kzImcy Nm\ kwt{]-jWw sXmq-dp-I-fn

Bcw-`n-p--tX-bp-q.
Sn.hn. t]mepw A]qh-amb k`-n Iyq- F kwhn-[m\w
km[m-cW tIc-fo-bv tI-dn-hv am{Xambn-cp-p.
B kml-N-cy-n-emWv tUm. hn. B. {]t_m-[-N-{ Cs\v F,
hmm-hn-\n-ab cwKs ]pXnb hnkva-bs B t]cv ]d-bmsX kqNn-

n-p--Xv.
\nanjw {]Xn hnIknp Cs\v F ]pXnb hnhc hn\n-ab
km[yX-bpsS XpS--am-bn-cpp Atlw kqNn-n--Xv.

am[y-a-tem-Iv Apm-bn-cp ]pXp\mp-I-fpsS {]m[m\yw teJ-I Xncn-
-dnpshv a\-n-emn \nco--W-p-dnvv Xbm-dm-p-I.
-Ipdnv Xbm-dm-p-I
hfsc {][m-\-s kw`-h-ambn Ign-mgvN am[y-a- NsNbvXXv
FmWv? Fp-sIm-mWv AXv hfsc {][m-\-s--Xm-sWv \apv tXmn-
bXv? at-sXmw Xc-n hyn-Po-hn-Xs am[y-a- kzm[o-\n-p-p-
v?
Htm ctm {]Xn-I-c-W--fmhmw.
N-bn htch
]{X-ns apt]-Pnepw Sn.hn. hm-I-fn A[n-I-k-a-bhpw \on-h-bv-
s kw`-h {]m[m-\y-tmsS kzoI-cn-p-p.

t\cnv kw`-h- ns ê-a\
- p-`h
- n-p-n-s-nepw ]{X-am-[y-a
- fpw Sn.-hnbpw
sImSp-p {]m[m\yw kw`-h-hp-ambn \apv hfsc ASp--apXmbn
tXmpp. DNn-X-amb DZm-l-c-W- Ipn-I Is--s.
lb skdn
ebmfw
am[yaw 197
Ch-bn NneXv am{Xw hfsc thKw \psS {i-bn\nv ad-p-t]m-

Ipw. Nne-Xm-Is ZoL-Ime-êw \ne-\n-p-Ibpw sNpw.
am[y-a--fn Bhn-jvI-cn--s-Sp Pohn-Xw \s kzm[o-\n-p-p-v.
]c-ky- \psS A`n-cp-Nnsb kzm[o-\n-p-p.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
kw`-h-ns Ncn-{X-]-ctam kmaq-ln-Itam Bb {]m[m-\y-n-\p-]cn am[y-
a- Ahsb Fs\ Ah-X-cn-n-pp FXv {][m-\-am-Wv.

\psS at\m-`m-h-sbpw aqey-t_m-[--sfbpw kzm[o-\n-m am[y-a-
v Ignbpp.
am[y-a--fn kocn-b, ]ckyw XpS-n-b-h-bn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn--s-Sp
Pohn-X-am-Xr-I-I \s kzm[o-\n-p-p.
am[y-akzm[o-\s - -n "am[y-ah
- n-Nmcw' F ]mT-`mKw ap \nn Ipdnv
Xbm-dm-p-I.
-A]-{K-Y\-p-dnv
"Cv Adn-hp-I ssIam-dm \mw kzoI-cn-p amK--tfh? Ghpw efn-
Xhpw thK-nepw s]mXp-hn-jb -
- \mw ssIam-dp-s
- X-s\? Fo tNmZy-
A[ym-]nI D-bn-p-p.
Htm ctm {]Xn-I-c-W-
hmSvkv Bvt]mep kwhn-[m\ D]-tbm-Kn-p-p.
t^kv _pv, Szn XpS-nb \h-am-[y-a- D]-tbm-Kn-pp
Fkv.-Fw.-Fk.v D]-tbm-Kn-p-p.
]c-c - m-KX am[y-a

- f
- psS coXnbpw takq-Nn-n \h-am-[y-a
- f
Xn GsXmw Xe-n hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-p-p. "\h-am-[y-a-:
- psS coXnbpw
inbpw km[y-X-Ifpw' F ]mT-`m-K-ns ASn-m-\-n hne-bn-cp-

mw. {Kqp-N. mkv \mev {Kqmhm \ntZ-in-p-p. {Kq-Sn-m-\-n-
ep A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-n\v Ah-kcw \Ip-p. {Kqv {]h-\-n-eqsS
kzmwio-I-cn Bi-b- {]tbm-P-\-s-Spn t{ImUo-I-cWw \nh-lnmw.
am[y-a-hm-I kzoI-cn-p ]Xn-hp-ssi-en-I \h-am-[y-a- ]np-
S-cp-n-.
FUn- F kw A\y-am-Ip-p.
\h-am-[y-a--fn hm-I \nc-chnNm-c-Wbvv hnt[-b-am-Ip-p.
hmbpw AXns {]Xn-I-c-W-fpw In-tNp hf-cp coXn \h-am-
[y-a--fpsS hmm-h-X-c-W-n\v kPo-hX \Ip-p.

kzX-{-amb BhnjvIm-c-n\v kzmX{yw e`n-p-p.
Iqn-t-ep-I \h-am-[y-a--fn km[y-am-Wv.
hmb-\-m-c\pw Fgp-p-Im-c\pw F thXn-cnhv \h-am-[y-a--fn-en-.
Hcp hkvXp-X-bpsS `n-X-e- \ham[y-a-fn Bhn-jvI-cn--s-Spp.
]c--cm-KXam[y-a--fpsS B[n-Im-cn-I-`mhw ]pep-n-.
kam\ Nnm-K-Xn-msc Htc Nc-Sn tImm\pw kmaq-ly-am--n\v hgn-
sbm-cp-m\pw \h-am-[y-a-v Ign-bpw.

]{v
198 So sSIvv
Is-nb Bi-b- {]tbm-P-\-s-Spn A]-{K-Y-\-p-dnv Xbm-dm-mw.
-eLp D]-\ymkw
t\ct N-sNbvXv Is-nb hkvXp-X-I-fpsS shfn--n kmaq-ln-I-
]-cn-Wma{]{In-b-bn \h-am-[y-a- \S-p CS-s]-S-ep-Ip DZm-l-c-
W- ka-Im-enI]m--e-n hne-bn-cp-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
{Kqv N
{]k--amb {]Xn-I-c-W- Nmn FgpXp-p.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
Uln-bnse s]Ip-nv t\sc \S AXn-{I-a-s-Xnsc P\-Iob
apt--n\v cq]w \In-b-Xn \h-am-[y-a-v ]p-v.

]n-ta-jy cmPy--fn P\m-[n-]-Xy-n\v thn \S hyXy-kvX-amb
{]tm-`--fn \h-am-[ya- hln ]v.

Ata-cn- Ip-I-I-fpsS sXmgn-em-fn-hn-cp, P\-hn-cp \ne-]m-Sp-Is-
Xnsc Xtio-b \S-nb Iqm-bvabvv \h-am-[y-a- \Inb ]npW.

hnn-eoIvkv hnhmZw, AkmsP \S-nb shfn-s-Sp--ep-I.
òI-c-hm-Zn-I, av hn[zw-kIin-I X-fpsS Bi-b-{]-Nm-c-W-th-Zn-
bm-pp F hkvXp-X.
takq-Nn-n hkvXp-X-I-fpsS shfn--n Hcp eLp D]-\ymkw Xbm-dm-
pI.
4.3 ssIsbm-n-m ktiw
]mTm]-{K-Y\w
ae-bmf t\mh kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-n cq]-nepw `mhpIXz-nepw

hyXy-kvXX AS-bm-f-s-Sp-nb t\mh-emWv Fw. apIp-s "\rw'
(2000). hnhckmt-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS km[y-X-I IYm-Jym-\-n {][m-
\-ambpw {]ta-b-s-Sp-nb t\mh-em-Wn-Xv. hn\n-ab kmt-Xn-I-hnZy
krjvSn-p {]XoXnbmYmYy-ns temI-hp-ambn ae-bmf `mh-\sb
_n-n-p "\rw' ae-bm-f-nse {]Ya ssk_ t\mh-embn IW-
m-mw.
hnh-c-km-t-Xn-I-X-bpsS {]XoXntemI-n\v apX-em-fn-m-\p-Iq-e-amb
cmjv{So-b-[z-\n-I-fp-v. cv temI- Xn t\cn--msX \S-p
lb skdn
ebmfw
am[yaw 199
Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-amWv "\r-'ns {]ta-bw. Csabn-en-eqsS cp-

t] kwkm-cn-p-p. Ah Hcn-epw t\cn-p-Im-Wp-Itbm sSen-t^m-
Wn kwkm-cn-p-Itbm t]mepw sNbvXn-n-. `mjm-am-[y-a-am-Is,
ae-bm-f-hp-a-. Iyq--dp-Iv ]nnse AZr-iy-e-amb ssk_
kvs]bvkn-emWv {io[-c\pw "An'bpw Xn-ep hn\n-a-bw. t]cp-
I kqNn-n-p- kzXzw t]mepw Ahn-. Ah cv hnem-k-
-fm-Wv. Xmakw amdnbmepw am-an-m hoSns t]tcm ^vfmns
\tdm \mSns t]tcm Cm C sabn hnem-kw. 40-mw hb-
n Iyq- hmp-Ibpw C sabn hnemkw Dm-p-Ibpw
sNbvX Sn.-]n. {io[-c\v e`n-p C sabn-en \nv "\rw" Bcw-
`n-p-p. Am-X-amWv AXns Dd-hnSw. "An-'sbv ]mm-Xy-
tem-Iv Adn-b-s-Sp _me-Ir-jvW F If-cn-b-`ym-kn-bmb
\-Is Im-bn-cpp AXv. An Ab-bvp Ip-I-fpsS
cq]-n-emWv t\mh-ens BJym-\w. {io[-c {]Xn-I-cn-m XpS-
n-b-tXmsS ]Xn-hmbn hcp Ip-I-fn-eqsS "An'sb hmb-\-
mcpw Adn-bp-p.
tIc-f-nse Hcp ]pg-bpsS Ic-bn P\n _me-Ir-jvW bqtdm-
nse \ho\ \r-a-WvU-e-n An-sb-mWv Adn-b-s-Sp--Xv.
]m{SnIv sdmtUm^v F \-I-\mWv Abmsf bqtdm-nse
\-I-\m-n-b-Xv. ]noSv bqtdmv hn Abm bp.F-kn Fn.
Ctm FbvUvkv tcmKn-bmWv Abm. Xs hoSv, A-\--am,
_mey-Im-e-k-Jn, If-cn-b-`ymkImew, ]mm-Xy-Po-hn-Xm-\p-`-h-
Fn-h-bpsS GI-tZi Nn{X-amsX asmpw "An' \Ip-n-.
kt-l-sf Zqco-I-cn-p-I, ImWp--Xns\ hniz-kn-p-I, Fs,
Ansb hniz-kn-pI, s\nse kXy-amWv Rm FmWv Abm
\Ip kt-iw. `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb e--sf-p-dn-p ]cm-
ai- ]qW-ambpw Hgn-hm--s-Spp. {io[-c Pohn-p
Cy \K-ctam "An'bpsS bqtdm-]y \K-ctam tIc-fob {Kmatam
Fhn-sS-sbv t\mh-env Hcn-epw shfn-s-Sp-p-n-. AtX-k-
abw \r-hp-ambn _-sv k-cn-p ]mm-Xy-\-K-c--fpsS
hnh-cWw "An' \Ip-p-v. Ahn-S--fn \np Nne-tm hnam-
\-n-en-cpv X-bm-dm-nbpw "An' Xs Pohn-X-IY {io[-c\v Ab-
p-sIm-n-cp-p. AXneqsS ]m{SnIv sdmtUm^v F \-I-
sbpw Abm-fpsS tZi-m \nd \r-kw-L-sbpw Ipdnv
{io[-c\pw hmb-\-mcpw Adn-bp-p. \r-kwLw XI-tXmsS
"An' ]noSv bp.-F-kn-tev t]mbn. FbvUvkv ]nSn-Iq-Sn--gn
"An' Cy-bn Xs {Kma-nhv A-sbbpw _mey-Im-e-k-
Jn-sbbpw Iv Xncn-p-t]m-Ip-p. Xs Hmtm-{Km^v Bh-iy-s
{io[-c\v Ah-km-\s C-sa-bn-en Abm Hcp Iyq- {Km^nIv
lmkyNn{Xw Ab-p-sIm-Spv ssk_ kvs]bvkn ad-bp-p. Ah-
km-\s sabn-en "An' Fgp-Xp-p. ""\mSns t]tcm hoSns
t]tcm Cm Hcp shdpw C-sabn am{X-amWv Rm. F\np
ssIsbmv t]mep-an-.'' Im--dp--\mb An-bpsS Idppw shfp-
p-amb lmky-Nn-{X-n \rw Ah-km-\n-p-p.
]{v
200 So sSIvv
]mT-n-tev
kmaq-lnIam[y-a-sf PohnX]ptcm-K-Xn-mbn {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-p-I-bmWv
thXv. hyn-bpsS kzmX-{y-hm-RvOsb hnIm-k--a-am-p--tXm-sSmw
P\m-[n-]-Xy-nsbpw kmwkvIm-cn-tIm--a-\-n-sbpw DuP-Zm-bn-\n-I-fmbn
tkmjy aoUn-bI D]-bp--am-I-Ww.
\h-am-[yaw BZy-Im-e- tIhe kulr-Z--fpsS CS- F \ne-bn
am{X-aWv hn-p-t]m--Xv. Fm Cv s]mXp-P-\m-`n-{]m-b-fpw P\m-`n-
cp-Nn-Ifpw \nW-bn-p in-bmbn AXv _e-s-p-I-gn-p.
apJym[mcm am[y-a--fpsS km{-Zm-bnIkz`m-h-sf s]mfn-s-gpXn FXv
\h-am-[yafpsS {][m\ CS-s]-Se - p-If
- n Hm-Wv. 2013 Cy awKbm
hnt-]n--tm AXns\ Ifn-bmn "\yqtbmv ssSwkn' {]kn-o-I-cn
Imq-Wn-s\- i-ambn {]Xn-tcm-[n-Xv Cy tkmjy aoUn-b-bm-Wv. Cv
`c- W - I q- S - ns \ne- \ npXs tNmZyw- s N- m- \ p tijn t\Sn- -
gnnpv \h-am-[ya.
Fm hnh-c-hn-\n-a-b-cw-Kv \h-am-[y-a- sImp-h-cp am--sfmw
Bim-kyhpw A`n-Im-ay-hp-amtWm Fv tkmjy aoUn-b-I Kuc-h-n
N-sN-bvXn-p-v. P\-Po-hn-Xs kmc-ambn _m[n-p hnj-b--fn \n-
Iv tIh-e-Iu-Xp-I--fn A`n-c-an-p kwkvImcw ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-a-.
]pXnb Xe-ap-d-bpsS at\m-`m-h-sf apqSpw \nb-{n-p tkmjy aoUn-
bsb hnai-\-_p-n-tbmsS kao-]n-m hnZymYn-Isf {]m]vX-cm-Ww
AXn\v klm-bn-p ]T-\-{]-h-\-fmWv Cu ]mT-`m-Kv Dsm-
n-n-pXv. ssk_ ASn-aw {]Xn-tcm-[n--s-tS--Xp-v. Cu cwKs
Ip-I-h-c-Whpw cmjv{So-b-am-\-fpw Xncn--dn-b-Ww.
tkmjy aoUn-b-bn-eqsSbp kzoIm-cy-X-bmWv hm-I-fpsS

Xnc-s-Sp-p-Isf Ctm kzm[o-\n-p--Xv. tkmjy aoUn-b-
bn IqSp-X hmbn--s-Sp-Ibpw sjb sN-s-Sp-I-bpw -N
sN-s-Sp-Ibpw sNp hm-Iv {]m[m\yw \Im
apJy-[m-cm-am-[y-a- Xbm-dm-Ip-tm hmm-\nWb A[n-
Im-cw tkmjy aoUnb ssIImcyw sNp-I-bmWv sNp--Xv.
ssk_ CS-n\sbpw {]Xo-Xn-bm-YmYy-nsbpw temIw
tIc-fob kmaq-lnIPohn-X-n KWy-amb kzm[o\w sNep-n-
sm-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv.
ssk_ bmYmYys kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNm-dp-v.
ssk_ kvt]bvkpw Pohn-X-ns kvs]bvkm\v. Cu ImgvN-m-Sn-eqsS ]mT-
`mKw hmbn-m \nt-in-p-p.
lb skdn
ebmfw
am[yaw 201
]T-\-{]-h-\-
-\ncq-]-W-p-dnv Xbm-dm-pI
t^kv_pn \psS kplrp--fm-b-h-cpsS kulr-Z-ns kz`m-hhpw
mkv apdn-bnse \n-fpsS kulr-Z-ns kz`m-hhpw Htc-t]m-se-bmtWm?
A[ym-]nI tNmZn-p-p.
{]Xn-I-c-W--fn hcm-hp-h
cnepw kplr-p- Xs-bmWv.
Fmhn[ Bi- b - h n- \ n- a - b hpw km[y- a m- I p- t mgpw t^kv _ pv
kplrv ImWm-a-d-bv \np-p.

ad-p-\np ]d-bp--hs kzcw Ir{Xn-a-amtWm Fv Dd-n-m-\m-
hn-. t\cn-p kplr-p-sf \apv sXm-dn-bmw.

D]m-[n-I-fn-m-, sIp-]m-Sp-I-fn-m kulrZw, Nqj-W-ap--amb
kulrZw F tXm t^kv_pv kulrZw krjvSn-p-p. tZi,

{]mb, enwK, hnizmkt`Z--fn-. D]-Nm-c--fpsS XS--an-.
kzm`m-hnIkulrZw A{Xbvv hnim-e-a-. AXv D`-b-_--am-Wv.
]t, Bh-iy-n D]-I-cn-p ùXn-I-km-n-[y-am-Wv. Pohn-X-

Ime Hma-bm-Wv. shdp-sX-bv amp-t]mIp-n-. sshImcnIX-bpsS
ZrVX AXn-\p-v.
]mT-]p-kvX-I-nse Ipdnv A[ym-]nI hmbn-pp.
t^kv_pnse kulr-Z- {]Xo-Xn-bm-YmYy-ns ]cn-[n-bns-Sptam?
eLp-Nbvv Ah-kcw \Ip-p.
N-bn htc-Xv
t\cnv ImWp-Itbm Adn-bp-Itbm sshIm-cn-IX - b - psS ZrV-Xtbm Cs-
nepw t^kv_pv kulrZw bYmY kulr-Z-ns [w \nh-
ln-p-p. Fm aq-k-`--fn Cu kulrZw \njv^-e-am-
sWv Xncn--dn-bpp.
]mT-`m-Kv {]XoXnbmYmYyw Ah-X-cn-n-p--sX--s\-sb-pw -A-Xv {io-
[-c F IYm-]m-{X-n sNep-p kzm[o-\--sf-spw Is-m-
\ntZ-in-pp. -Nbvmbn Ipn-Isf \mev {Kqp-I-fmp-p.
{Kqns \nK-a-\- Ah-X-cn-n-p-p.
t{ImUo-I-c-W-n htc-Xv
]c-kv]cw Hcp Xc-nepw ]cn-Nb-an-m cv hyn-I Xn
hfsc {][m-\-s Bi-b- ssIam-dpI \nXy-Po-hn-X-n km[m-

c-W-a-.
An F Ducpw t]cpw Adn-bm Hcm-fn \np h satkPv
kmam-\ym\p-`-h-n Ah-K-Wn--s-Sm-hp--Xm-Wv. Fm {]Xo-Xn-

bm-YmYy-n CXv kzm`m-hn-I-ambn kzoI-cn--s-Smw.
kmam-\ym-\p-`h-
- n Akzm-`m-hn-Ihpw {]Xo-Xn-bm-YmYy-n kzm`m-
hn-Ihpw BhpI F sshcp[yw {io[-c\ - n kwLjw Df-hm-pp.
]{v
202 So sSIvv
{io[-c A\p-`-hn-p kwLjw bYmY-am-Wv. CXm-W-bmsf
ssk_ kvs]bvkn-eqsS Ae-k-K-a-\-n\v t{]cn-n-p--Xv.
{]Xo-Xn-bm-YmYy-nse Bh-iyhpw kmam-\ym-\p-`-h-nse A\m-h-
iyhpw Xn-ep thXn-cnhv Hcp lntm-{I-kn-bmbn {io[-c\v A\p-`-

h-s-Sp-p.
takq-N-\-I-fp-]-tbm-Knv \ncq-]W-p-dnv Xbm-dm-p-I.
-hni-I-e-\-p-dnv Xbm-dm-pI
"a\p-jy-{]-Zi\w' F Ipco-pg {ioIp-am-dns IhnX mkn Ah-X-cn-n-
mw. a\p-jy b{-ambnocp kml-Ncyw ChnsS kqNn-X-am-Ip-Xv
hnZymYn-If - psS {i-bns-Sp-mw. b{-a\- p-jycpsS ]pXn-btem-Is Ihn
Bhn-jvI-cn-p-p. A[ym-]nI ]d-bp-p.
b{-kw-hn-[m-\ - t- fm-Sp AanXhnt[-bXzw \psS Nnsb Fs\ kzm[o-
\n-pp F s]mXp-N \S-mw. aqtm \mtem sshb-nI {]Xn-I-c-
W-v Ipn-Iv Ah-kcw \Imw.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
sshIm-cn-IX tNmpt]m-Ip-p.
kmaq-ln-I-t_m[w Ipd-p-t]m-Ip-p.
imco-cn-I-{]-h-\--fn \np ]nhm-.
b{-ns bpn-bn-tev a\p-jy sNp-hogmw.
D]-tbm-Knp ]g-Inb sNp-Iew t]mse Xs Xe-tm-dn\v tXbvam\w h-

Xm-Imw, sNp-]m{Xw Cubw ]qip--Xp-t]mse am\-k-an{Xw KpfnI hmn--
gnv Xs Xe-tm-dns\ hrn-bm-n-sb-Sp-Ww Fv Abm Xocp-am-\n-p.
Ccw {]tbm-K- Fm-WY-am-p--sXv Ipn-I NsNp-p.
GXm\pw Ipn-I- A`n-{]mbw ]d-b-s.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
Fm {]iv\-pw bm{n-I-amb ]cn-lmcw Is-m-\p Xzc.
kzw ico-c-tm-Sp-t]mepw A\yXzw tXmp--hn[w \nhn-Im-c-
ambnocpp.
Cs\v t]mep bm{n-I-kw-hn-[m-\-n IpSp-n-tm-Ip-tm
\mw {]Xo-Xn-bmYmYy-n-tev hogpp F kqN\.

Akp-J- t]mepw Hcp {]Xo-Xn-bm-YmYyw t]mse a\-n-em--
s-Sp-p.
ta kqN-\-I D]-tbm-Knv hni-I-e-\-p-dnv Xbm-dm-mw.
lb skdn
ebmfw
am[yaw 203
ssk_ shfn--nse Ccpv

Iyq-dpw Cs\pw temI-s-p-ap Ipn-I-fpsS ]T-\-Im-cy-
n henb am--fp-m-n-bn-cn-p-p. Adnhv ssIamw sNp--
Xnepw kzoI-cn-p-X - nepw AXv kzmwio-Ic- n-p-X
- nepw Dmb ]pXp-
co-Xn-I hnZym-`ym-k-n\v ]pXp-]-cn-th-j-amWv \Ip--Xv. hyn-
Isf AXv kmc-amw-hn[w kzm[o-\n-p-p. Cm-cy-n tIcfw atXv
tZi-s-m-fp-tasd t\--fp-m-n-sm-n-cn-p-I-bmWv.
Iyq-, Cs\-v, samss_t^m XpS-n-bh IqSp-X-embn D]-
tbm-Kn-p-tm Nne hyn-I-fn hnIm-c, hyh-lmc {]iv\-s-bp-
m-pw. Ch-bpsS Aan-tXm-]-tbm-Ktam, hyn-bn-se--t]mse IpSpw-
_-nepw {]bm-k- krjvSn-p-p. Nne-sc-nepw Cu D]-I-c-W-
v hnt[-bc - m-hp-Ibpw hnj-ak
-
- n-bn-se-n-t-cp-Ibpw sNp-p.
Cs\v Zpcp-]-tbmKw \nb-a--{I-a-k-am-[m-\-{]-iv\-pw hgn-h-
bvp-p. ssk_ Ip-Ir-Xy- F taJeXs-bp-m-bn. ]pXnb
\nb-a-\nm-W-fpw t`Z-K-Xnbpw thn-h-p. GsX-nepw hyn-
Itm m]-\-tm atm am\-lm\n hcp-p hm-Itfm
hnh-c-tfm Nn{X-tfm Cs\-neqsS {]N-cn-n-p-Xv Ip-I-c-
amWv. ap--h-cpsS sskp-I-fnepw C sabn Au-p-I-fnepw
IS-p-I-b-dpI (lm-n-Mv), t^mtm-I-fn Ir{Xn-aXzw ImWn-pI
(tam^n-Mv), AoeNn{X- ssIam-dp-Itbm kqn-p-Itbm sNp-
I, ssewKn-IN - q-jWw \S-p-I, PmXn-aX - s
- sh-cmKyw Dm-p-I, hymP-
k-t-i- Ab-bvp-I, Cs\-n \nv e`n-p hnh-c-
Xt-sX coXn-bn Ah-X-cn-npI XpS-n-bh ssk_ Ip--
fm-Wv.
2012 \mj-W ss{Iw dnmUvkv _yqtdm {]kn-o-I-cn IWp
{]Imcw, tIcfw ssk_ Ip-Ir-Xy--fn apn-em-sWv hy-am-
hp-p. aphj-tm 18.5 iX-am-\w. cPn- sNm tIkp-
Ifpw [mcm-f-ap-v. ssk_ Ip-v Gsdbpw Cc-bm-Ip- Ipn-
I-fn hen-sbm-c-fhv s]Ip-n-I-fmWv. ssk_ Ip-Ir-Xy-v
Poh-]-cyw XShv hsc e`n-pw. am\-lm-\nv Ap-tImSn cq]- hsc
\jvS-]-cn-lmcw hn[n-m\pw hyh--bp-v. ssewKn-I-Zr-iy- {]N-
cn-n-m aqp -ap-X ]p hjw hsc XShpw hn[n-mw.
km[y-X-I-fpsS henb temIs kqva-X-tbm-sS-bmtWm Ipn-I
{]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-p-Xv Fv \nco-n-p-I-bmWv apXn-h sNt-
-Xv. Fn ssk_ kpc Hcp bmYmYy-amIpw.
hnh-c-v IS-mSv
tUm. _n. ky sF.-]n.-Fkv.
tUm. F.]n lm^nkv apl-Zv
AUz. Imfo-izcw cmPv
]{v
204 So sSIvv
FmWv hnn-]o-Unb?
hnhn[ `mjIfn kzX-{hpw hnim-e-hp-amb hniz-hn-m-\-tImiw Dm-m-\p
Iqmb kwcw-`-amWv hnn-]o-Unb. Hcp hnj-b-n Fgp-Xm Ign-hp Bpw
Fgp-Xmw. Xpd-Xpw kzX-{-hp-amb LS\Xs-bmWv hno-]o-Un-b-bpsS in.
Hcm sXp-h-cp-n-bm asmcp hnn-]o-Unb thmf-n-b AXv DSs\ Xncp-p-
sav am{X-a-, IqSp-X hnm-\-k-p-jvS-am-p-Ibpw sNpw.
hnn-]o-Un-b-bpsS XpSw
Bpw teJ-\- FUnv sNm D]-I-cn-p hnn F tkm^vv sh-b-dns
]n_-e-tmsS 2001 P\p-hcn 15\v Pnn shbnkv, emdn tk Fn-h-cmWv
CXv XpS-n-h--Xv. s]mXp-P-\-smw FUnv sNm-hp Xc-n-emWv CXns
hnm-\-\nan-Xn. hnn-]o-Un-b-bn kPo-h-ambn 75,000ntesd tkh-I-cp-v. 12
Zi-ew teJ-\ - 200-Hmfw temI-`m-jI - f- n-embn Ds-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p. Cwo-jn
am{Xw 28,60,715 teJ-\--fp-v. 88 `mj-I-fnse hyXykvX ]Xn-p-Iv ]Xn-\m-bn-c-
n-tesd teJ\ hoX-ap-v. Fm `mj-I-fn-ep-am-bp- -te-J-\--fnse hmp-I-
fpsS Fw Zn\w-{]Xn h[n-p-sIm-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv.
sh_vsskv \nco--I-cmb Alexa.com s IW-p-{]-Imcw temI-v Ghpw
IqSp-X hmb-\-m-cp ]v sh_vssk-p-I-fn Hv hnn-]o-Un-b-bm-Wv. ae-bm-
f-a-Sw ]Xn-\mev Cy -`m-j-I-fn hnn-]o-Un-bbvv ]Xn-p-I-fp-v. {]mtZ-in-I-`m-
j-bnse ]Xn-p-Imbn bqWn-tImUv t^mn {]hn-p {Smkven--td-j
F kuI-cy-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-p-X - v. AXm-bX - v, Fgp-tX hmp-I Cwojv A-
c- D]-tbm-Knv ssSv sNbvXm Hcp {]tXyI tkm^vvsh-b-dns klm-b-
tmsS {]mtZ-in-I-`m-j-bn-tev amp coXn-bm-Wn-Xv.
hnn-]o-Un-bb - vmbn teJ-\s - a-gp-Xp k-t- k-hI - sc hnn-]o-Un-b FmWv
hnfn-p--Xv. Cu Iqm-bvasb hnn-k-aqlw Fpw ]d-bp-p. Xp Adn-hp-
I kaq-l - n-tev ]I-cpIbpw ]c-kv]c - _- l - p-am-\t- m-Sp-Iq-Sn-s ap teJ-
\--fnse sXp-Ip-- Xncp-p-Ibpw sNp coXn-bmWv hnn-]o-Un-b ]np-S-
cp-X- v. ae-bm-f
- ns Bbn-c - n-tesd hnn-]o-Un-bc - p-v. hnn-]o-Un-bb
- n-tev
teJ\w am{X-a, t^mtm, kvsIp-I Fn-hbpw \Imw. Nne hnn-]o-Un-b-bn-
tev teJ\w Xbm-dm-p-p. Nne \ne-hn A]vtemUv sNbvX teJ-\-n sXp-
I Ds-n Xncp-p-Itbm IqSp-X hnhc-k - p-jvSa- m-p-Itbm sNp-p. apNn-
e ]pXp-Xmbn hnn-]o-Un-b-bn-tev Fp--hsc kzmKXw sNp-p. Nn{X-
tNm\pw teJ-\-sf Xn ssl env hgn Iqn-bn-W-m\pw asmcp Iq
{ian-p-p. CsXm-s-bmWv hnn-]o-Un-b kaq-l-ns {][m-\- tkh-\-.
Hcp teJ\w \n hnn-]o-Un-b-bn-tev Ds-Sp-n--gn-nv, Hcm-gvNbvv
tijw CtX-t]Pv kin-p-I. \n Fgp-Xnb t]Pv Ahn-sS-bp-s-n hnn-
]o-Un-b kaqlw Cu teJ-\s AwKo-I-cn--Xmbn IW-m-mw. Hmtcm t]Pnepw
lndn F env apI-fn-embn \In-bn-cn-pw. CXv {Ia-am-bp amw sdtmUv
sNbvXv hn-cn-pw. AXm-bXv \n hmbn-p Hmtcm t]Ppw tIhew Hcm-fpsS
lb skdn
ebmfw
am[yaw 205
am{Xw krjvSn-b-, Hcp kaq-l-ns krjvSn-bmWv. efn-X-amb, XnI P\m-[n-]-

Xy-t_m-[-tm-sS-bp Cu LS-\-{Iaw Xs-bmWv hnn-]o-Un-bsb hyXy-kvX-am-p-
-Xv..
hnn]oUnb AXns ssii-hZ- i - b
- n-em-sWv thW-sa-n ]d-bmw. Cwojv CXc
`mjm-]-Xn-p-I-fn ]WvUn-X-k-aqlw CXp-h-scbpw Imcy-amb CS-s]-S \S-n-bn-n-
. GXm\pw hj-p-n kaq-l-ns t\]-cn-tZw Xs hnn-]o-Un-b-
bntes-pw. Bpw Ftmgpw Fgp-Xm-sa-Xpw FUnv sNm-sa--Xp-am-bn-cn-
Ww Cu hnm-\t- Im-i - ns P\-Io-bX - bvv Imc-Ww. temI-ns ]e tImWp-
I-fn-en-cn-p k--{]-h-I Iqn-tp-Xpw ipo-I-cn-p--Xp-amb coXn
km{-Zm-bnI hniz-hn-m-\-tImi \nan-Xn-bpsS FXnZn-i-bn-ep--Xm-Wv.
ae-bmfw hnn-]o-Unb
hnn-]o-Un-b-bpsS Cy `mjm-]-Xn-p-I-fn KpW-\n-e-hmcw sImv Ghpw
apn ae-bmfw hnn-]o-Unb Xs-bm-Wv. Db km-c-Xbpw hmb-\-io-ehpw
kmt-Xn-I-km--c-amb {]hmkn tIcfob-cpsS kmn-[y-hp-amImw ae-bmfw hnn-]o-
Un-bbvv anI-th-In-b-Xv. bqWn-tImUv t^mns IS-p-h-chmWv {]mtZ-in-I-`m-jm-
]-Xn-p-Iv Pa-ta-In-b-sXp ]d-bmw. Cwojv ]Xn-p-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s-Sp-p-
tm {]mtZ-in-I-amb hnhc--fmWv Hcp sNdp-`m-jm-]-Xn-ns apJy-L-S-I-am-Ip--
Xv. tIc-f-nse Hcp sNdp-{]-tZ-i-s-p-dn-tm Hcp BNm-c-s-p-dntm Hcp
teJ\w Cwojv ]Xn-n {]Xo-n-m-\m-In-. F{X sNdp-sX-nepw Imcy-am{X {]k-
-amb Adn-hns Imcy-n t\cnv hnh-c- ssIap-X-em-bp-f-fXpw AXXv {]tZ-
is `mj kwkm-cn-p P\-m-bn-cn-pw. Hw Cu hnhcw IqSp-X-embn
thXpw CtX kaq-l-n\p Xs-bm-Wv.
Cwojv ]Xn-n- Cm hnh-c--fmWv {]mtZ-inI `mjm-]-Xn-n hmb-\-m
Ghpw IqSp-X CjvS-s-Sp-Xv. Ctm Cwojv ]Xn-nse Ip-a-Xpw Gsd hmb-
\-m-cp--Xp-amb teJ-\- {]mtZ-in-I-`m-j-bnse hnn-]o-Un-b XPa sNbvXv
kzw `mjm-]-Xn-n-tev Ds-Sp-p-Ibpw sNp-p. amdnb kvIq ]mTy-]--Xn-
bn t{]mP-IvSn\pw av ]T-\-{]-h-\-p-ambn hnZymYn-I hnh-c-ti-J-cW
D]m-[n-bmbn Cs\-ns\ B{i-bn-p-p-v. AXp-sIm-p-Xs {]mtZ-in-I-`m-j-
bnse Ccw hnm-\k - m-Kcw ]pXp-Xe - a- p-dbvv apXq-m-Ipw. Cv tIc-f
- nse
kvIqfp-I-fn Cs\v e`y-X-bp--Xn-\m henb ]W-s-e-hn-msX ae-bm-f-`m-j-
bn sshm-\n-I-te-J-\- e`n-p-sa-Xv A[ym-]-Ipw hnZymYn-Ipw
Ft]mse s]mXp-k-aq-l-n\pw A\p-{K-l-am-Wv.
kuP-\y-e-`y-X-bvp-]-cn-bmbn Xt-io-b-amb hnh-c- henb ]W-s-e-hn-msX
`qtem-I-ns hnhn-[ `mK--fn NnX-dn-n-S-p ae-bm-fn-Iv AtX-`m-j-bn
Fn-m-\m-Ipp FXv hnm-\-ns \nb-{-W-n\pta A\p-h-Zn--s
kzmX{yw D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xp -sIm-m-Wv. CXp-X-s-bmWv {]mtZ-in-I-`m-j-bn-ep
hnn-]o-Unb ]Xn-p-Iv BtKm-fo-I-c-W-Im-e-p {]k-n-bpw. hnn-]o-Un-b-
bns Nqn-m-Wn-p DZm-l-cWw CXm-Wv. ae-bm-f-nse {]kn-o-I-cn--
s hnm-\-tIm-i--fn-sempw Ipnbpw tImepw F Ifn-sb-p-dnv IqSp-X
hnhcw Dm-In-. hfsc \nm-c-sav tXmm-hp Ipnbpw tImepw Ghpw IqSp-
X hmbn--s-Sp hnn-]o-Unbm teJ-\-nsSp-p.
]{v
206 So sSIvv
-]m\ N
ssk_ Ip-Ir-Xy--sf-p-dn-v ka-Im-enI am[y-a--fn Dbp hcp-
hm-I mkn A[ym-]nI kqNn-n-ti-jw. Cs\v, samss_
t^m Fn-h-bpsS Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s-p-dnv N \S-mw.
So sSIvn sImSp "ssk_ Ccp-nse shfnw' F `mKw hni-Zo-I-
cn-mw.
ssk_ Ip-Ir-Xy-
ssk_ kpc
ssk_-dns A\n-hm-cyX
ssk_temIs NXn-p-gn-I
\mev Nm kqN-\I FSpv Hmtcm NmkqN-\bvpw Hmtcm {Kqv F

\ne-bn 4 {Kqp-I-fmmw. {Kqn \npw Hmtcm {]Xn-\n-[n-sb hoXw hnj-
bm-h-X-c-W-n-\mbn tamU-td- hnfn-Ww (tamU-td-sd t\ct Is-
n-bn-cn--Ww).
ssk_ Ip-Ir-Xy-f - psS ssh]peyw km-nInv apX cmPy-
t{Zmlw hsc \opInSpp.
hyn-I-fpsS kzIm-cy-Xbvv t\tc-bp IS-p-I-bw.
hyn-Ipw m]-\ - pw t\tc-bp A]am-\I - c

- a
- mb {]Nmc-
W-.
kpc-n-X-amb ssk_ D]-tbm-K-n\v kzoI-cn-t Imcy-.
ssk_ \nb-a-n-ep Adnhv.
Hfn- n- c n- p NXn- b n- S - Gsdbp- X mWv ssk_temIw
tam^nMv, lmnMv t]mep-h Acw NXn-bn-S--fm-Wv.

]m\ Nsb ka-{K-ambpw kwn-]vX-ambpw hne-bn-cpn Nm-dn-tmv
Xbm-dm-p-I.
-kth dntmv
hnZymYn-I ssk_ am[y-a--fnse CS-s]-S-ep-Iv F{X-k-abw \on-
h-bvp-pv? ssk_ temI-n\v Aan-X-ambn hnt[-b-s-Sp-ptm? Cu
hnj-b-n kth \S-m th apsm-cp---sf-p-dnv s]mXp-N-
bm-Imw.
N-bn -h-cm-hp-h
hnZymYn-Isf BIjn-p {][m\ ssk_ am[y-a--tfh?
ssk_am[y-a--fnse CS-s]-S ]T-\-sbpw kmaq-lnI_-
sbpw Fs\ _m[n-p-p?
Htm ctm hyn-KX {]Xn-I-c-W-v Ah-kcw \Imw. XpSv mkv
Atm Btdm {Kqp-I-fmbn CXn-\m-h-iy-amb ]tm ]Xn-\tm tNmZy-
Xbm-dm-m Hmtcm {Kqn-t\mSpw \ntZ-in-p-p. AtXmsSmw tNmZyw
hkvXp-\n-jvThpw hy-amb D-c- eyw hbvp--Xp-am-bn-cn--Ww
Fpw kqNn-n--Ww.
lb skdn
ebmfw
am[yaw 207
XpSv {Kqp-I-fpsS {]Xn-I-c-Ww.

t{ImUo-I-cWw
Cs\-n kPo-h-amb am[y-a--sf-sbmw Dsm-p--h-bm-bn-
cn-Ww tNmZy-
D-c-kq-NnI Xbm-dm-p-tm hyXy-kvX-X-e-n-ep {]Xn-I-c-W-
n\v Ah-kcw \IWw (DZm : nc-am-bn, CS-bvn-S-bvv, h-

tm-gpw, Xosc-bn).
tNmZy- \ntj-[m-Iw am{X-am-hm-Xn-cn-m {in--Ww (G-I-]-
o-b-am-h-cp-Xv).
Fgp-Xn-b - m-dm-nb tNmZym-he
- n-bmWv kthbvv D]-tbm-Kn-t-X - v.
kth-bn-eqsS kam-l-cn Imcy- ]n-I-s-Spn A]-{K-Yn-t-
-Xm-Wv.
Is-e - p-Ifpw \ntZ-i- fpw Ds-Spn Cu A]-{K-Y\w teJ-\c
kvIq Akw-n-bn hmbn-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
- q-]- n
klm- b - I - { K- -
hrm]{X-{]-h\w kztZ-im-`n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-]n
{]kn-Uns BZys acWw F.-]n. apl-Zv
\rw Fw. apIp-
sImta-gvky t{_v Aw_n-Im-kp-X amm-Sv
`mh-\m-XoXw - ]n. sI. cmP-ti-J-c (Bap-J-]-T-\w)
ssk_ ae-bmfw FUn-: kp\o-X.-Sn.hn.
sImame ktmjv Gn-m\w
]{v

Malayalam Teacher Text Xii

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Malayalam Teacher Text Xii

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lb sk-dn

Fw. knoJv, - F.F.Fw.Fw.Fv.Fkv.Fkv. s]cnq, Iq

X\-XnSw ....................................................................... 102

ZWw ........................................................................ 142

am[yaw ......................................................................... 173

amXr-Im-tNm-Zy- D-c-kq-NnI ................................... 208

tIcf kvIq ]mTy-]- Xn 2013

{K-amb ]mTy-] - Xn ]cnjvIcWw \S- Av hj- n- e - [ n- I - a mbn \ne-

$ lbsk---dn-X-e-n Imem-\p-kr-X-amb ]mT-]p-kvX-I- Xbm-dm-

I, hnZym-`ymk sh_vsskp-I, t]m-ep-I, tmKp-I, tkmjy s\v

co-Xn-bmWv Cv \ne-hn-ep-X - v. sshIm-cnIsshm-\nI taJ-eI - f

hgn-sX-fn-p kml-Nc - y-fpw Hgn-hm-p-Ibpw imn-bp-sSbpw kulr-Z - nsbpw

Ah-Imim[njvTnX hnZym-`ymkw (Right based Education)

$ in sa-s ]T-\ - n-tep \bnpw F sXnmcW Xncp-s - -tS-

3.5 Xs {]h-\- s- fbpw Xocp-am-\

{]{Inbm t]Pv hne-bn-cp- t]Pv

{]h-\-fpw hne-bn-cp-epw (hne-bn-cp- hnh-c--fmWv

\nK-a\w bpn-]qhw kaYn-m Ign-n-ptm?

gether, Learning to be Fnh-bp-ambn _-s ss\]p-Wn-If - mWv ChnsS ]cn-K-

C{]-Imcw sshm-\nI Xe-n-sebpw kmaq-ln-I-ssh-Im-cnI Xe-n-sebpw

\nc--chpw ka-{K-hp-amb hne-bn-cp- (CCE)

sshm-\n-I-ta-Je kmaq-lnIsshIm-cnI taJe

\nc-c hne-bn-cp- tSw hne-bn-cp- 1 Bibhn\n-abtijn

\ hnZymYn-bpsS t]cv CE C\-

`mjm-]T- \w: Nne shp-hn-fn-I

2. temtIm- c \ne- h m- c - n- e p kmln- X y- c - N - \ - I - f nse ku- c y-

2015 Pq Fgp-Iw ImSn Imta-mfhpw

BKkvXv X\-XnSw tIin-\o-samgn

HIvtSm-_ ZWw sImn-hm- - m-sXmpw

Unkw-_ am[-yaw hmwJsU-bpsS lrZ-b - p-Sn-p-I

amXr-`m-j-bn-sebpw CX-c-`m-j-I-fn-sebpw \mgn-I--

Bi-b[m-cW/ {][m\ ]T-\

$ Fgp--s Imhy-`mj $ ]-hn-c $ `mjm-]T - \w Pohn-X] - T

$ hnhnX-Ir-Xn-I-fnse $ {]Imiw $ {]hmkw Pohn- X - n $ ]m-fnw

$ km[m-cW `mjbpw amPn- $ DNn-X-amb`mj

$ hnh-\-ns $ hnh-\-n\v `mjm-]- $ hnhn[ amXr-I-I $ DNnXamb Bib

$ Nn{Xw hni- I - e \w $ DZm- - a mb Bi- b - X - e - $ Nn{X- ImWp- $ hymJym-\n-m-

$ Ihn-X-I-fnse kmaq-lnI $ Incm-X- $ B[p-\nI ae-bmfIhn-X- $ kwL-N $ Bi-b-hy-X

$ Ihn-X-bnse `n--fmb $ Imhy-`mj Imem-\p-krX- $ I m h y - ` m - K - $ ]m-fn-w, `mj,

$ B[p-\nI ae-bmf sNdp- $ Ah-Im-i- $ hn]Wn krjvSn- p $ N $ ]m-fnw

IYm cN-\m-k-t-X- [n-b-. sNpp.

KZytmS-Spp \np hmIy-LS- \.

hkvXp-XI-fpsS kqvam-]{- K-Y\

1.1 ImSn Imtam-fhpw

amXr-`m-jm-]-T\w kKm-I Nnbvpw \qX\ Bi-

alm-`m-cXw kw`-h-]h-n-emWv iIp--tfm-]m-Jym-\-ap--Xv. sshi-m-

$ Zpjvj-\m iIpf C{]-Imcw Bt-]n--s kml-N-c-y-n-emWv

$ ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy{]h-W-X-I-tfmSv Fgp--s iIp-f Fs\ {]Xn-I-cn-p-

hmevaoIncmam-b-W-n\nv hy-X-y-kvX-amb hy-n-X-z-amWv

$ Cu N-bpsS ASn-m-\-n IYm-]m-{X--fpsS kz-`m-h-nse kam-\-X-

$ IpnIsf {Kqp-I-fmpI. Hmtcm {Kqn\pw Hmtcm temtImn hoXw \Ip-

$ {]kn---fm-b -{]-`m-j-W- tIm-\-h-kcw \Imw.

kwkvIrXw Ign-bp-n-S-tmfw Ipdv, kwkvIrX]Z-sf ae-bmf

""cp ssIhgn-I-fn-embn ]ncnpsIm-n-cp tIcfIhnXmkc-

"\mS]mp-I t]mse -t\tc P\-lr-Z-b--fn ISpsNm Ign-

]{X-hm Ipn-Isf ]cn-Nb- s- -Sp-mw.

$ ""\obpw Rm\p-sa-p bmYmY-y - n\nv Ah-km\w \o am{Xw Ah-ti-jn-

$ {InkvXp-tZ-hs Gsd {]kn--amb hN-\-amWv \ns-tmse \ns Abm-

\ns Abm-cs\ kvt\ln-m-\ {InkvXp-tZ-h ]d--Xv.

$ "ssZh-Z-i-I'-n GsX-nepw ssZhs hnfn-p-sIm-p {]mY-\m-co-

ssZh-amWv Chn-sS-bp-Xv. \ma-cq-]-n-eqsS Hcp {]tX-yI t]cv

"`hm_v[n' sbXv \psS `uXn-I-Po-hnXw Xs-bm-Wv. CXv IS-

1.2 {]Imiw Pew- t]m-se-bmWv

ISepw Iepw h-fpw [mcm-f-ap Xpd-apJ \K-c-amWv ImSvPn-s\.