SINCE 1985

PSC Bulletin, Official Publication of Kerala Public Service Commission

Vol. 27 Issue 24 Fortnightly August 15, 2016 Page 24 ` 10

kzm-X{¥y-Zn-\ B[p-\nI C¥y

{]tXyI ]Xn∏v
Biw-kIƒ- alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpsS
PohNcn-{X-Øns‚
aq∂mw-`mKw,
B[p\nI C¥y-bnse
Nne alm-cY - ≥amsc
Ip-dn-®p≈ hnh-cß- ƒ,

555
tNmtZym-Øc
˛- ¬]cw
- ß
- ƒ
F∂nh Dƒs∏-SpØn
B[p-\nI C¥ym-Nc - n-
{X-Øn\v {]m[m\yw
\¬In kzmX{¥yZn\
kvs]jy-em-bn-´mWv
Cu e°w
]ªnIv k¿hokv IΩn-j≥ AwK-ß-fmbn B¿ ]m¿hXn tZhnbpw tUm.-]n.-kp-tc-jvIp-am-dpw
Pqsse 26-˛\v ]nFkvkn Bÿm-\Øv \S∂ -{]-Xn⁄m NS-ßn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
sNb¿am≥ tUm.-sI Fkv cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ apºmsI kXy-hm-NIw sNm√n- Npa-X-e-tb‰p.

GP≥kn°v an\naw 300 cq].

Bdpamk-tØ°v 1800.
Hcp h¿jtØ°v 3600 cq].
]nFkvkn _p≈-‰n\ns‚ {]-tXyI anj≥ kocokv Cu e°w Bcw-
`n-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]nFkvkn _p≈-‰n≥ A®Sn°p-∂-Xns‚ ASpØ
Znh-kw-Xs∂ sImdn-b¿ aptJ\ hn-Zym-`ym-k kv-Ym-]\ßfn-eq-sS
DtZym-Km¿Yn-I-fn-se-Øn°p∂-Xn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ hn]p-eam-
°nbn´p≠v. ap∏--tXmfw ]pXnb GP≥kn-Iƒ CubnsS G¿s∏-Sp-
Øn. GP≥kn C√mØ ÿe-ßf - n¬ GP≥kn Bh-iy-ap-≈] - £w CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ \S-Øm-w. hnhn[ ]nFkvkn Hm^o-kp-I-fnepw ]Ww AS-bv°mw. tkh\
C˛-sa-bn¬ Ab-®m¬ hyh-ÿ-Ifpw At]-£m-t^m-dhpw e`n-°pw. at\m-`m-h-tØmsS \nc-h[n ¢∫p-Ifpw k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw dkn-U≥kv Atkm-kn-
t^mdw ]qcn-∏n®v GP≥kn-bpsS an\naw XpI-bmb 300 cq]-bpsS tb-j-\p-Ifpw P\-{]-Xn-\n-[nIfpw Icn-b¿ ssKU≥kv {]h¿Ø-\ßfpsS `mK-ambn
Un.-Untbm {Sjdn sNemt\m klnXw Xncn®b-®m¬ sXm´-SpØ GP≥kn-sb-SpØv _p≈-‰n≥ DtZym-Km¿Yn-I-ƒ°v \¬Ip∂p-≠v. GP≥kn-Iƒ Ipd-
e°w apX¬ _p≈-‰n≥ sImdn-b¿ hgn e`n-°pw. thW-sa-¶n¬ hmb ]Ø-\w-Xn-´, hb-\mSv, Imk¿tImSv Pn√-Ifn¬ DtZym-Km¿Yn-I-fpsS Bhiyw
Bdpamk-tØt°m Hcp h¿j-tØt°m D≈ XpI Hcp-an-®S- b - v°mw. ]cn-K-Wn®v IqSp-X¬ GP≥kn-Iƒ ASn-b-¥-c-ambn G¿s∏-Sp-Øpw. IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-
Bÿm\ Hm^o-kn¬ t\cn-s´Ønbmepw GP≥kn kw_-‘-amb ߃°v: 0471 2546270

website: www.keralapsc.gov.in E-mail: kpscbulletin@gmail.com Circulation : 0471-2546270

 Npa-X-e-tb‰
]{Xm[n]kanXn A[y- £ ≥-
{io.- Atim-I≥- Ncp-hn¬
]nFkvkn AwK-߃
saw-_¿-, tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-∆o-kv- IΩn--j≥
]{Xm[n]kanXn Aw- K ߃- B¿.-]m¿hXn tZhn
tUm.- sI Dj Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw kztZ-in-bmb B¿.-]m¿hXn tZhn ^ntem-k-^n-bn¬ tIcf
saw-_¿,- tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-∆o-kv- IΩn--j≥ k¿h-Ie - m-im-eb
- nse _ncp-Z˛_ncp-Zm-\¥ - c ]T\Øn\p-tijw a{Zmkv k¿h-
{io.- ]n- in-hZm-k≥- I-em-im-e-bn¬\n∂v Fw.-^n¬ t\Sn. ]Xn-s\m∂p h¿jw ]{X-ta-J-e-bnepw
saw-_¿,- tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-∆o-kv- IΩn--j≥ 8 h¿j-w sSen-hn-j\ - n-ep-ambn am[y-ac
- w-KØv c≠p Zim_vZI
- m-et- Ømfw A\p-
{io-aXn.- kn-an- tdm-kv-s_¬- tPm¨- `-h-]-cn-N-bw. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw {]kv ¢_ns‚ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v tPW-en-k-
saw-_¿, tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-∆o-kv- IΩn--j≥ Øn¬ ^m°¬´n, tImHm¿Un-t\-‰¿, Fd-Wm-Ip-fsØ tIcf aoUnb A°m-
AUz.- C cho-{µ\m-Y≥- Z-an-bn¬ ^m°¬‰n, IpSpw-_-{io- anjs‚ ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv Hm^o-k¿
saw-_¿,- tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-∆o-kv- IΩn--j≥ F∂o \ne-I-fnepw {]h¿Ø\w. A°mΩ sNdn-bms‚ Poh-N-cn-{X-amb
FUn- ‰ ¿ PohnXw Hcp ka-cw, tIc-f-Ønse hnZym¿Yn{]ÿm\Øns‚ Ncn-{X-amb
ka-c-Xo-£vW-X-bpsS C∂-se-Iƒ F∂nhbpsS I¿Øm-hv. {Ko°p-t\m-h-
km-Pp -tPm¿-Pv- emb CkUv Cw•n-jn¬\n∂v ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v samgn-am‰w \SØnbn´p≠v.
sk{I´dn-,- tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-∆o-kv- IΩn- j ≥ - Hu´vsse≥kv Hm^v C¥y≥ ^ntem-k-^n- F∂ Cw•njv ]pkvXI-Øns‚
ae-bmf ]cn-`mjbmWv `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v {]kn-≤o-I-cn-® `mc-Xob Z¿i-\-
]ªnIv dntej≥kv Hm^ok¿ kw-{Klw F∂ IrXn. _me-km-ln-Xy-Øn-\p≈ A_p-Zm_n i‡n Ahm¿Un-\¿l-am-b ]{Xw ]{Xw
Ip´n-Itf BWv as‰mcp cN\. PohnXw HmSn-Øo¿°p-∂h¿, \oe hnπ-h-Øns‚ _m°n-]-{Xw, Imfn-b-Ω,
sI.- B¿.- a-t\m-PvIpam¿ ]n-≈ ho≠pw kqtcym-Zbw F∂o tUmIyp-sa‚-dn-Iƒ kwhn-[m\w sNbvXn-´p-≠v.

t^m¨ : 0471 2546368 OR 9446412483

k¿°ptej≥ (]n.B¿.bqWn‰v): 0471 2546270
tUm.-]n.-kp-tc-jvIp-am¿
sIm√w Pn√-bnse s]cp-a¨ kztZ-inbmb tUm.-]n.-kp-tc-jvIp-am¿ C°-
tWm-an-Ivkn¬ _ncp-Zm-\-¥c _ncp-Z-hpw \nb-a-_n-cp-Zhpw t\Sn-bXv tIcf
k¿h-Ie - m-im-eb
- n-¬\n∂mWv. Ipkm-‰n¬\n∂v AssπUv C°-tWm-an-Ivkn¬
hcn°mcpsS {i≤bv°v Fw^n√pw K-th-jW - _
- n-cp-Zhpw kºm-Zn-®p. sImfn-Pn-b‰v FPyp-t°-j≥ hIp-
∏n¬ Atkm-kn-tb‰v {]^-k-dmbnbncp∂p. B‰n-߬ Kh¨sa‚ v tImtf-
Pn¬ t]mÃv {KmPp-th‰v B≥Uv dn-k¿®v sk‚¿ ta[m-hn-bm-bn-cns° hn-c-an-
hm¿-jn-I hcnkwJy ˛ $ 200 ®p. XpS¿∂v sIm√w _mdn¬ A`n-`m-j-I-\m-bn. sSIvt\m-fPn B≥Uv te_¿
aWn-tbm¿U-dmbn Abt°≠ hnemkw: t{]mkkv; ^njnMv C≥Ukv{Sn C≥ tIcf F∂ ]pkvXIw FgpXpIbpw
]ªn-Iv- dn-tej≥-kv- Hm-^o-k¿,- sUh-e-]vsa‚ v,s]mfn-‰nIvkv B≥Uv skmssk‰n; Z se^v‰v s]mfn-‰nIvkv
tIcf ]ªn-Iv- k¿-ho-kv- IΩnj≥,- C≥ tIc-f, F Unkn‚-d-ÃUv s]¿kvs]-IvSv F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ cN-
]´w- ]m-ekv- ]n.-H., Xn-cp-h\¥]p-cw-˛695004 \bn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-hpIbpw sNbvXn´p-≠v. kwbp-‡-ambn FUn‰v sNbvX
]pkvX-I-ß-fmWv Kth-W≥kv B≥Uv sUh-e-]vsa‚ v; Z tIcf FIvkv]o-
➨ h-cn-°m¿- _p-≈-‰n-≥ kw-_-‘n-®v- I-sØ-gp-Xp-tºm-gpw- cn-b≥kv (Cw•n-jv), as‰mcp tIcfw km[y-amtWm (a-e-bm-fw) F∂nh. a\p-
t^m-¨- sN-øp-tºm-gpw- _p-≈-‰n-\n-s‚- te-_-en-ep-≈ k- jym-h-Im-i-߃, hnI-k-\Øns‚ cmjv{So-b- -k-ºZv hyh-ÿ-, ]cn-ÿnXn {]iv\-߃, t{SUv bqWn-b-\p-
_v-kv-ss{I-_¿- \-º¿- Ir-Xy-am-bn- kq-Nn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.- Iƒ, Zmcn-{Zy-]-T-\-߃, sP≥U¿ C°-tWm-anIvkv F∂nh kw_-‘-ambn Aº-Xn-e-[n-Iw Kth-jW teJ-
➨ Pn-√m- X-e- tkm¿-´n-Mn-\m-bn- h-cn-°m¿- hn-em-k-Øn¬- Pn- \-߃ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p≠v.
√-bp-sS- t]-cpw- ]n-≥tIm-Upw- Ir-Xy-am-bn- tc-J-s∏-Sp-tØ-
≠-Xm-Wv.-
➨ Im-em-h-[n- Xo-cm-dm-Ip-∂- h-cn-°m¿-°v- A-Xp- kw-_-‘-
am-b- A-dn-bn-∏v- B-dp- e-°w- ap-ºv- ap-X¬- dm-∏-dn-se- hn-
em-k-Øn¬- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-≠v.-
➨ h-cn-kw-Jy- hn-hn-[- ]n-Fk
- k
v- n- Hm-^o-kp-If- n¬- t\-cn-´v- kzo-
]n.-Fk
- v.kn. Adn-bn-∏p-Iƒ-
I-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.-

Bÿm\ Hm^okv F≥Iz-bd- n ]n.-kn.-F≥. e`n® DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ

P\-d¬ F≥Iz-b-dn 0471 2546400,0471 2546401
({]h¿Ø\ kabw cmhnse 8 apX¬ sshIp- H.-Sn.-B¿. ]cn-tim-[-\bv°v ho≠pw htc-≠-Xn-√
t∂cw 6 aWn-h-sc). H‰-Ø-hW kq-£va-]-cn-tim-[\m \S-]-Sn-{Iaw A\p-k-cn®v kq£va-]-cn-tim-[\ \SØn ]n.-kn.-
F≥. e`n-°pIbpw Sn XkvXn-Ib - psS tbmK-yX
- I
- fpw A\p-_‘ hnh-cß
- fpw AtXm-sSm∏w kq£v-
tImƒ sk‚¿ a-]-cn-tim-[\ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-s≠-¶n¬ DtZ-ym-Km¿∞n-Iƒ ho≠pw H‰-Ø-hW kq£va-]-
tImƒ sk‚¿: 0471 2444428, 0471 2444438,0471 cn-tim-[-\bv°v lmP-cm-tI-≠-Xn-√. ]Icw Sn XkvXn-Ibv°v th≠ tbmK-y-X-Ifpw A\p-_‘
2555538 hnh-c-ßfpw kq£va-]-cn-tim-[\ \SØn CXn-t\m-SIw ]n.-kn.-F≥. e`n-®n-´p≠v F∂v kX-y-hm-
({]h¿Ø\ kabw cmhnse 10.15 apX¬ sshIp- Mvaqew s{]mss^-en¬ tN¿Øm¬ aXn-bm-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.
t∂cw 5.15 aWn-h-sc).
taJem Hm-^o-kp-Iƒ
sIm√w: 0474 2745674, F-dW
- m-Ipfw: 0484 2317435,
tImgn-t°mSv: 0495 2371500
Pn√m Hm-^o-kp-Iƒ icn-bp-Øcw
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw-: 0471 2448188/ 0471 2546402,
sIm√w: 0474 2743624, ]Ø-\w-Xn´: 0468- 2222665,- HmKÃv 1 e°-Øn¬ 13-˛mw t]Pnse a√n- Pqsse 15 e°-Øn¬ Ggmw t]Pn¬
Im¿Pp-\-t£{Xw {io-Ir-jvW\p ka¿∏n-®n-cn- 25. "B-[p-\n-I πm-Ãn-Iv k¿-Pd
- nbp-sS ]n-Xm-hv'- F-∂d- n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X- v:
B-e∏pg: 0477 2264134, tIm´bw: 0481 2578278,-
°p-∂p F∂-Xv inh\v ka¿∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p (F) N-c-I≥ (_n) [-\z-¥-cn
C-Sp°n: 04868 272359,- F-dW
- m-Ipfw: 0484 2314500, F∂v XncpØn hmbn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. (kn) kp-{ip-X≥ (Un) A-t{X-b≥
Xr»q¿: 0487 2327505, ]me-°mSv: 0491 2505398, tIc-f-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- Ip-d-hv- hn-t√-Pp-I-fp- F∂ tNmZyw "πm-Ãn-Iv k¿-Pd - n bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv'- F-∂d - n-bs- ∏-Sp-∂X- v:
ae-∏pdw: 0483 2734308, tImgn-t°mSv: 0495 2371971, ≈- Pn-√- h-b-\m-Sm-Wv.- F-∂m¬,- {]-kv-Xp-X- F∂v XncpØn hmbn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
hb-\mSv: 04936 202539, IÆq¿: 0497 2700482, hn-h-cw- sX-‰m-bn- Im-k¿-tIm-Sv- Pn-√-bp-sS- hn- XncpØv \n¿t±-in-®Xv _nµp, A¶am-en.
Imk¿tKmU:v 04994 230102 h-c-߃-s°m-∏-am-Wv- sIm-Sp-Øn-cp--∂-Xv. sX‰p-]-‰n-b-Xn¬ tJZn-°p-∂p. icn-bp-Øcw Ab-®-h¿°v \µn.

2 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 BKkv‰- v- 15

 B[p\nI C¥y˛555 tNmZy-߃
*- a-lm-flP - n-bp-sS- ti-jn-bp-≈- I-cß - ƒ- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- ˛-A-en- k-tlm-Z-c-≥am¿-
*- C-¥y-≥ tZ-io-b-X-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-a-l-≥ F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ˛-cm-Pv- \m-cm-b-¨- t_m-
kv-
*- tdm-b¬- G-jym-‰n-Iv- skm-ssk-‰n- Hm-^v-
_w-Kmƒ- F-∂-kw-L-S-\- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- ˛-
hm-d-≥ tl-Ãn-Mv-kv-
*- \m-´p-Im-cy-ß-fn¬- A-`n-{]m-bw- ]-d-bpw-ap-
ºv- C-¥y- ap-gp-h-≥ k-µ¿-in-°m-≥ Km-
‘n-Pn-sb- D-]-tZ-in-®-Xm-cv-˛-tKm-]m-e-Ir-
jv-W- tKm-J-se-
*- \n-ba - ] - T
- \- Ø - n-\p-ti-jw- Km-‘n-Pn- C-¥y-
bn¬- {]m-Iv-So-kv- \-S-Øn-b- ÿ-e-߃-˛-
t_mw-s_-bn-epw- cm-Pv-tIm-´n-epw-
*- \n-co-iz-c-hm-Zn-bm-bn-Øo¿-∂- hn-π-h-Im-cn-
B-cm-Wv-?- `-K-Xv- kn-Mv-
*- \n- -l-I-c-W- {]-ÿm-\w- ]n-≥h-en-°m-
≥ Km-‘n-Pn-sb- t{]-cn-∏n-®- kw-`-hw- G-
Xv-?- Nu-cn-˛-Nu-cm- kw-`-hw-(1922)-
*- `-K-Xv- kn-Mn-s\m-∏w- Xq-°n-te-‰-s∏-´-h¿-
˛- cm-Pv-Kp-cp,- kp-Jv-tZ-hv-
*- `m-c-X-Øn¬- {]-tXy-I- \n-tbm-P-I- a-Wv-
U-e- kw-hn-[m-\w- \-S-∏n¬- h-cp-Øn-b- \n-
b-a] - c - n-jvI - m-cw-˛- C-¥y-≥ Iu-¨k - n¬- \n-
b-aw-˛-1909
*- \o-ew- Ir-jn-°m¿-°m-bn- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-
k-ac - w- \-SØ - n-b- N-ºm-c≥ - G-Xv- kw-ÿm-
\-Øm-Wv-˛- _o-lm¿-
* -\-tc-{µ-\m-Yv-Z-Ø- F-∂- _m-ey-Im-e-\m-
a-ap-≈- kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-\v- B-Zy-an-´-
t]-cv- ˛-ho-tc-iz¿- Z-Ø-
*- ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø\ - w- \-SØ
- n-bX - n-s‚- t]-cn¬-
X-Sh - \ - p-`h - n-t°-≠n-h∂ - - B-Zy- C-¥y-°m-
c-≥ ˛-kp-tc-{µ-\m-Yv- _m-\¿-Pn-
*- ]-©m-_n-s\- {_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-tbm-Sv- tN¿-
Ø- K-h¿-W¿- P-\d - ¬-˛- U¬-lu-kn-
*- ]-©m-_v- knw-lw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´- t\-Xm-
hv-˛- em-em- e-Pv-]-Xv-dm-bn-
*- ]m-›m-Xy- ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X-Øn¬- _n-cp-
Zw- t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ h-\n-X-Iƒ- B-
sc-√mw-˛- Im-Zw-_n-\n- Kmw-Kp-en,- B-\-µn-
`m-bn- tPm-jn-
*- ]u-\m-dn-se- k-∂ym-kn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-
˛- B-Nm-cy- hn-t\m-_- `m-sh-
*- 1857se- C-¥y-≥ kzm-X{- ¥y-ka - c
- Ø- n-s‚-
B-Zy-sØ- c-‡k - m-£n-˛- aw-Kƒ- ]m-Ws -v U-
* -1857se- hn-π-h-Øn-s‚- ]-cm-P-b-ti-jw-
{_n-´o-jp-Im¿- _-lZ- q¿-jm- c-≠m-as - \- F-
hn-sS-°m-Wv- \m-Sp-I-S-Øn-b-Xv-˛- aym-≥a¿-
(_¿-a-)-
* -{_-lv-a-k-am-Pw- kv-Ym-]n-®-Xv-˛- cm-Pm-dmw-
tam-l-≥tdm-bv-
* -{_n-´n-jp-Im-cpw- {^-©p-Im-cpw- C-¥y-≥
a-Æn¬-\-S-∂- kw-L¿-j-Øn-\v- G-Xv- k-
‘n- {]-Im-c-am-Wv- Xn-c-»o-e- ho-W-Xv-˛- ]m-
cn-kv-
* -{_n-´o-jn-¥y-bn¬- s]m-Xp-a-cm-a-Øv- h-
Ip-∏v- \-S-∏m-°n-b- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-˛-
U¬-lu-kn-
*- {_n-´o-jn-¥y-bn-se- A-Iv-_¿- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-´-Xv-˛- sh-√-…n- {]-`p-
*- _¿-as - b- C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂p- th¿-s]-Sp-Øn-
b- \n-b-aw-˛- 1935˛-se- K-h.-Hm-^v- C-¥ym-
\n-b-aw-
* -_¿-tZm-fn- k-Xym-{K-lw- \-bn-®-Xv-˛- k¿-
Zm¿- h-√-`v-`m-bn- ]-t´¬-
*- _-Iv-km¿- bp-≤-Øn¬-(1764)- {_n-´o-jp-
Im¿- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛- an¿- Im-knw-
*- _-ln-jv-Ir-X- `m-c-Xv- F-∂- ssZz-hm-cn-I-
B-cw-`n-®-Xv- ˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-
2016 BKkv‰- v- 15
*- {_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-≥ s{]m-hn-≥kp-I-fn¬- Zzn-
`-c-Ww- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1919
* -{_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-
Im-ew- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬- Xp-S¿-∂- ssh-
t{km-bn-˛- en-≥en-Xv-tKm- {]-`p-
*- {_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bn-se- A-h-km-\-sØ-
ssh-t{km-bn-˛- au-≠v-_m-‰-¨- {]-`p-
*- _m-eK - w-Km-[c
- X
- n-eI
- ≥
- a-dm-Øn- `m-jb- n¬-
\-SØ- n-b- {]-kn-≤o-Ic - W
- w-˛- tI-kc
- n-
*- _o-Kw- l-{k-Øv- a-l¬- B-[p-\n-I- C-
¥y-bn-se- G-Xp- kw-`-h-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-
´n-cn-°p-∂p-˛- 1857˛-se- I-em-]w-
*- _o-lm¿- Km-‘n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- cm-tP-
{µ-{]-km-Zv-
*- _p-≤-\pw- _p-≤-[¿-a-hpw- F-gp-Xn-b-Xm-cv-
˛- Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-
*- _w-Kmƒ- hn-`-P-\-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s∏-´-
ssh-t{km-bn-˛- I-gv-k-¨- {]-`p-
*- 1785¬- `-K-h-Xv-Ko-X- Cw-•o-jn-te-°v- hn-
h¿-Ø-\w- sN-bv-X-Xm-cv-˛- Nmƒ-kv- hn¬-
°n-≥kv-
* -1857 ˛-se- I-em-]-Im-e-Øv- \m-\m- km-tl-
_v- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv-
˛-Im-¨-]q¿-
*- _w-Kmƒ- hn-`-P-\-Im-e-Øv- km-bp-[- k-a-
c-Øn-\v- B-lzm-\w- sN-bv-X- bp-Km-¥-dn-
s‚- ]-{Xm-[n-]¿-˛- `q-t]-{µ-\m-Yv- Z-Ø-
* -_w-Kmƒ- hn-`-P-\-sØ- C-¥y-bn-se- ln-
µp-˛-ap-…nw- sF-Iy-Øn-s‚- ta¬-ho-W-
t_mw-_v- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xm-cv- ˛-kp-
tc-{µ-\m-Yv- _m-\¿-Pn-
*- _w-Kmƒ- hn-`-P-\w- d-±m-°n-b- {_n-´o-jv- cm-
Pm-hv-˛- tPm¿-Pv- A-©m-a-≥
*- _w-Kmƒ- hn-`-Pn-°-s∏-´- h¿-jw-˛- 1905
*- 1920 ¬- F.-sF.-Sn.-bp.-kn.-bp-sS- B-Zy- k-
tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- A-[y-£-X- h-ln-®-Xv-˛- em-
em- e-Pv-]-Xv-dm-bn-
* -1920¬- \n- -l-I-c-W- {]-ÿm-\w- Aw-Ko-
I-cn-®- {]-tXy-I- tIm-¨-{K- v- k-tΩ-f-\w-
˛-I¬-°-´-
*- 1857˛-se- H-∂mw- kzm-X{- ¥y-ka - c
- I
- m-eØ
- v-
{_n-´o-jv- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- hn-
kv-Iu-≠v- ]m¬-a¿-tÃm-¨-
*- _w-Kmƒ- hn-`P - \
- w- d-±m-°n-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1911
*- _w-Kmƒ- hn-`-Pn-®- ssh-t{km-bn-˛- I-gv-k-
¨- {]-`p-
*- _w-Kmƒ- K-k-‰n-s‚- a-‰p- c-≠p- t]-cp-Iƒ-
˛- ln-°o-kv- K-k-‰v,- I¬-°-´- P-\-d¬- A-
sUz¿-ss´-k¿-
*- _w-Km-fn¬- im-iz-X- `q-\n-Ip-Xn- hy-h-ÿ-
]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥
\-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv-˛- tIm-¨-hm-en-kv-
*- _w-Km-fn¬- Zzn-`c - W - w- \-S∏ - m-°n-bX - v˛- - tdm-
_¿-´v- ss¢-hv-
*- `m-c-Xo-b- hn-Zym-`-h-≥ ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-
ap-≥ssI- F-Sp-Ø-Xv-˛- sI.-Fw.-ap-≥jn-
*- `m-c-Xv- \u-P-hm-≥ k-`- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®-Xv-
˛- `-K-Xv- knw-Kv-
*- `m-c-Xv- am-Xm- skm-ssk-‰n- F-∂- hn-π-h-
kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I-≥˛- A-Pn-Xv- kn-
Mv-
*- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-I- A-s√-¶n¬- a-cn-°p-I- F-
∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- ]-d-™- A-h-k-cw-˛- Izn-‰n-
¥ym- k-a-cw-
* -1931 s^-{_p-h-cn- 27\v- A-e-lm-_m-Zn-se-
B¬-{^-Uv- ]m¿-°n¬-sh-®v- t]m-eo-kp-
Im-tcm-tS-‰p-ap-´n- a-cn-®- hn-π-h-Im-cn-˛- N-
{µ-ti-J¿- B-km-Zv-
* -1938 ¬- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-
kv- kw-L-Sn-∏n-®- \m-j-W¬- πm-\n-Mv- I-
Ωn-‰n-bp-sS- A-[y-£-\m-bn- B-sc-bm-Wv-
Np-a-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛- P-hm-l¿-em¬-
s\-{lp-
* C- ¬-_¿-´v- _n¬- X¿-°s - Ø-Øp-S¿-∂v- cm-
Pn-h-®- ssh-t{km-bn-˛- dn-∏-¨-
* -{]-kn-U-‚ n-s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- h-k-Xn-bm-
b- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn-`-h-≥ cq-]-I-ev-]-\- sN-bv-
X-Xv- ˛- F-Uzn-≥ ep-Sy-≥k.v-
* -{]m-tZ-in-I-`m-jm- ]-{X- \n-b-aw- d-±m-°n-
b- ssh-t{km-bn-˛- dn-∏-¨- {]-`p-
*- 1946˛- se- \m-hn-I- I-em-]w- G-Xv- Xp-d-ap-
J-Øm-Wv- B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛- apw-ss_-
*- 1947 Hm-KÃ - v- 15\v- C-¥y-bp-sS- K-h¿-W¿- P-
\-d¬- B-bn-cp-∂X - ˛v- - au-≠_v- m-‰¨ - - {]-`p-
* -1947 Hm-K-kv-Xv- 15\v- A-¥-cn-®- kzm-X-{¥y-
k-a-c-tk-\m-\n-˛- A-Pn-Xv- kn-Mv-
* {- _n-´o-jn-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- ssh-t{km-
bn-˛- Im-\n-Mv- {]-`p-
* -{_n-´o-jn-¥y-bn-se- Hu-dw-K-ko-_v- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- I-gv-k-¨- {]-`p-
* -1857˛-se- I-em-]-Im-e-Øv- e-Iv-\u-hn¬- I-
em-]w- \-bn-®-Xm-cv-˛- _o-Kw- l-{k-Øv- a-
l¬-
*- 1864˛¬- {_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bp-sS- th-\¬-°m-
e- X-e-ÿm-\-am-b- \-K-cw-˛-jnw-e-
*- {_n-´o-jn-¥y-bp-sS- th-\¬-°m-e- X-e-
ÿm-\-am-bn-cp-∂- \-K-cw-˛- jnw-e-
*- {_n-´o-jp-Im¿- a-{Zm-kn¬- ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-
tIm-´-˛- sk-‚ v- tPm¿-Pv- tIm-´-
* -{_n-´o-jp-Im¿- C-¥y-bn¬- ÿm-]n-®- B-
Zy-sØ- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-
* {- _n-´o-jv- ]m¿-es - a-‚ n¬- Aw-Ka - m-b- B-Zy-
sØ- `m-cX - o-b≥- ˛- Zm-Zm-`m-bv- \-ht- dm-Pn-
*- {_n-´o-jv- `-c-W-Im-e-Øv- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- A-
dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv-˛- sk-≥{S¬- e-Pn-t…-‰o-
hv- A-kw-ªn-
* -{_n-´o-jv- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ- C-¥y-°m-
cp-am-bn- Iq-Sn-bm-tem-N-®m-Wv- `-c-Ww- \-S-
tØ-≠-Xv- F-∂- B-i-bw- C-¥y-≥ cm-jv-
{So-bc - w-KØ
- v- B-Zy-am-bn- A-hX - c- n-∏n-®- \n-
b-aw-˛- 1861se- C-¥y-≥ Iu-¨-kn¬-kv-
B-Iv-Sv-
* -{_n-´o-jv-`-c-W-Im-e-Øv- G-Xv- \n-b-aw- {]-
Im-c-am-Wv- I¬-°-´-bn¬- kp-{]ow- tIm-S-
Xn- ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv-˛- 1773˛-se- d-Kp-te-
‰n-Mv- B-Iv-Sv-
* {- _n-´W - n-se-Øn-b- B-Zy- {_m-“W - ≥ - ˛- cm-
Pm-dmw- tam-l-≥ tdm-bv-
* -{_-“-k-am-Pw- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´- h¿-jw-˛-
1828
* -{_-“-k-am-Pw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- cm-Pm-dmw-
tam-l-≥ tdm-bv-
* -{io-cm-a-Ir-jv-W-an-j-s‚- A-[y-£-\m-b-
B-Zy- a-e-bm-fn-˛- kzm-an- cw-K-\m-Ym-\-µ-
* -{io-cm-a-Ir-jv-W-an-j-s‚- B-ÿm-\-am-b-
t_-eq¿- G-Xp- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛- ]-›n-
a- _w-Kmƒ-
* -{io-cw-K-]-´-Ww- D-S-º-Sn- {]-Im-cw- Cw-•o-
jv- Cu-kv-‰v- C-¥ym-I-º-\n-°v- e-`n-®- a-e-
_m¿- {]-tZ-i-sØ- `-c-Ww- Nn-´-s∏-Sp-Øm-
≥ I-Ωn-j-W¿-am¿- F-Øn-b-Xv- G-Xv- h¿-
j-Øn¬-˛- F.-Un.-1792
* -{io-cw-K-]-´-Ww- D-S-º-Sn-bn¬- (1792)-H-∏p-
h-®-Xv-˛- Sn-∏p-hpw- {_n-´o-jp-Im-cpw-
* -{Zm-hn-U- ap-t∂-‰- I-g-I-Øn-s‚- Nn-”w-˛-
D-Z-b- kq-cy-≥
*- {Zm-hn-U- ap-t∂-‰- I-g-Iw- ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv-
˛-kn.-F-≥.-A-Æm-Zp-ssc-
*- {Zm-hn-U- I-g-Iw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- C.-hn.-cm-a-
kzm-an- \m-bv-°¿-
*- ¢-a-≥dv- B-‰v-en- C-¥y-bp-sS- kzm-X-{¥yw-
{]-Jym-]n-°p-tºmƒ- ssh-t{km-bn- B-bn-
cp-∂-Xv-˛- th-h¬- {]-`p-
*- a
- ‚
- v- B-‰ve- n- C-¥y-bp-sS- kzm-X{- ¥yw- kw-
_-\v-[n-®- Xo-cp-am-\w- {]-Jym-]n-®- Xo-b-
Xn-˛- 1947 s^-{_p-h-cn- 20
*- 1739˛¬- \m-Zn¿-jm- C-¥y- B-{I-an-°p-
tºmƒ- ap-Kƒ- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂-
Xv- ˛-ap-l-Ω-Zv- jm-
*- 1857se- I-em-]-sØ- C-¥y-bp-sS- H-∂m-a-
sØ- kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-am-bn- B-Zyw- hn-ti-
jn-∏n-®- `m-c-Xo-b-≥˛- hn.-Un.-k-hm¿-°¿-
*- 1857se- I-em-]w- s]m-´n-∏p-d-s∏-´- ÿ-ew-
˛-ao-d-‰v-
*- 1876˛¬- B-\-µ- tam-l-≥ t_m-kp-am-bn-
tN¿-∂v- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- A-tkm-kn-
tb-j≥ - cq-]h - X
- vI
- c
- n-®X
- m-cv- ˛-kp-tc-{µ-\m-
Yv- _m-\¿-Pn-
* -1886 ap-X¬- 1937 h-sc- {_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-
bp-sS- `m-K-am-bn-cp-∂- cm-Pyw-˛- aym-≥a¿-
*- {_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bn-se- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-
am-cn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew- ]-Z-hn-
h-ln-®-Xv-˛- hm-d-≥ tl-Ãnw-Kv-kv-
*- {_n-´o-jv- cm-Pm-hv- C-¥y-≥ C-≥Un-s]-
≥U-≥kv- _n-√n¬- H-∏p-sh-®- Xo-b-Xn-˛-
1947 Pq-sse- 18
* -1893¬- Nn-°m-tKm-bn¬- \-S-∂- a-X-k-tΩ-
f-\-Øn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- `m-c-Xo-b-≥˛- kzm-
an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-≥
* -1912¬- P-\-K-W-a-\- F-¥p- io¿-j-I-Øn-
em-Wv- X-Øz-t_m-[n-\n-bn¬- {]-kn-≤o-I-
cn-®-Xv-˛- `m-c-Xv- hn-[m-X-
*- 1914¬- k¿- _-lp-a-Xn- \n-c-kn-®- kzm-X-
{¥y- k-a-c- tk-\m-\n-˛-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W-
tKm-J-se-
* -1920¬- tN¿-∂- F.-sF.-Sn.-bp.-kn.-bp-sS- H-
∂mw- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- A-[y-£-X- h-ln-
®-Xv-˛- em-em- e-Pv-]-Xv- dm-bn-
*- 1921¬- cq-]w-sIm-≠- tI-{µ- e-Pn-t…-‰o-hv-
A-kw-ªn-bp-sS- B-Zy- kv-]o-°-dm-bn-cp-∂-
Xv- ˛-k¿- {^-U-dn-Iv- ssh-‰v-
* -1926se- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- a¬-k-cn-®- C-
¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- ÿm-\m¿-
Yn-˛- I-a-em-tZ-hn- N-tXm-]m-[ym-b-
* -1927¬- {_- ¬-kn¬- \-S-∂- a¿-±n-X- P-\-
X-I-fp-sS- tem-I-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- tIm-¨-
{K-kv- {]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø-Xv-˛- P-
hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-
* -1929 se- tIm-¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\w- \-S-∂-
ÿ-ew-˛- em-tlm¿-
* -1929¬- sk-≥{S¬- se-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- A-kw-
ªn-bn¬- t_mw-_v- s]m-´n-°m-≥ t\-Xr-
Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv- B-cv-?- `-K-Xv- kn-Mv-
3
*- 1930 Hm-K-kv-‰n¬- \m-Kv-]q-cn¬- ]n-∂m-°-
hn-`m-K° - m-cp-sS- A-Jn-te-¥ym- k-tΩ-f\ - w-
kw-L-Sn-∏n-®-Xv-˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-
*-A-cp-Wm-N¬- {]-tZ-in¬- {_n-´o-jv- `-c-W-
Øn-\p- Xp-S-°-an-´- I-cm¿-˛- bm-¥m-thm- I-
cm¿- (1826 ^n-{_-h-cn- 24)-
* a- c
- W
- k - a- b
- Ø
- v- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- H-∏a - p-≠m-
bn-cp-∂- in-jy¿-˛- a-\p,- B-`-
*- 1930,- 1931,- 1932 h¿-j-ß-fn¬- \-S-∂- aq-
∂v- h-´-ta-i- k-tΩ-f-\-ß-fn-epw- A-[-kv-
Yn-Xc - p-sS- {]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- tZ-
io-b- t\-Xm-hv-˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-
*- A-en-K-Vv- ap-…nw- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-bp-sS-
]-g-b- t]-cv-˛- ap-l-Ω-Z-≥ Bw-t•m- Hm-dn-b-
‚¬- tIm-tf-Pv- -
*- A-h-km-\-sØ- t]-jzm- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛-
_m-Pn-dm-hp- c-≠m-a-≥(1795˛-1818)-
*- A-Jn-te-¥y- t{S-Uv- bq-Wn-b-≥ tIm-¨-
{K-kn-s‚- B-Zy- k-tΩ-f-\w- \-S-∂- ÿ-
ew-˛- apw-ss_-
*- 1931 am¿-®v- 23\v- cm-Pv-Kp-cp,- kp-Jv-tZ-hv- F-
∂n-h¿-s°m-∏w- Xq-°n-te-‰-s∏-´-Xv- ˛-`-K-Xv-
kn-Mv-
*- A-en-∏q¿- Kq-Vm-tem-N-\-t°-kn¬- A-c-
B-[p-\n-I- C-¥y-bn-se-
hn-µ-tLm-jn-\p-th-≠n- lm-P-cm-b- A-`n-
`m-j-I-≥˛- kn.-B¿.-Zm-kv-
*- A-Jn-te-¥ym- kz-`m-ha - p-≈- B-Zy-sØ- cm-
jv-{So-b- kw-L-S-\-bm-b- C-¥y-≥ A-tkm-
kn-tb-j-≥ cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®-Xv-˛- kp-tc-{µ-
\m-Yv- _m-\¿-Pn-
*- 1945˛¬- ssh-t{km-bn- th-h¬- {]-`p- C-
¥y-bp-sS- cm-jv-{So-b- `m-hn- kw-_-‘n-®v-
tIm-¨-{K-kv- t\-Xm-°-≥am-cp-am-bn- N¿-®-
\-S-Øn-b- \-K-cw-˛-jnw-e-
*- 1946 Pq-Wn¬- ]o-∏nƒ- F-Uyq-t°-j-W¬-
skm-ssk-‰n-°v- cq-]w- \¬-In-b-Xv-˛-_n.-
B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-
* -πm-kn- bp-≤-Øn-s‚- A-\-¥-c-^-ew- F-
¥m-bn-cp-∂p-˛- C-¥y-bn¬- {_n-´o-jv- `-c-W-
Øn-\v- A-Sn-Ø-d- ]m-In-
* -πm-kn- bp-≤w- \-S-∂- h¿-jw- ˛- 1757
*- πm-kn-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv- _w-Km-fn-se- \-hm-
_v-˛- kn-dm-Pv- D-Zv- Zu-f-
* -πm-kn-bp-≤-Øn¬- hn-P-bn-°m-≥ tdm-_¿-
´v- ss¢-hn-s\- k-lm-bn-®-Xv-˛- an¿- Pm-^¿-
*- A-[-Ir-X¿-°v- {]-tXy-I- \n-tbm-P-I-a-Wv-
U-ew- th-W-sa-∂p- hm-Zn-®- t\-Xm-hv- ˛-
_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-
* A- [ - k - vY- n-Xc - p-sS- D-∂a - \- Ø- n-\m-bn- _-ln-
jv-Ir-X- ln-X-Im-cn-Wn-k-`- kv-Ym-]n-®-Xv-
˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-
*- A-`n-\-h-`m-c-X- skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS- ÿm-
]-I-≥˛- hn.-Un.-k-hm¿-°¿-
*- A-`n-⁄m-\- im-Ip-¥f - w- Cw-•o-jn-te-°p-
]-cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-˛- hn-eyw- tPm-¨-
kv-
* -a-{Zm-kv- (sN-ss∂-)- \-K-c-Øn-s‚- ÿm-]-
I-≥˛- {^m-≥kn-kv- tU-
*- A-¨-lm-∏n- C-¥y- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- em-em- e-
Pv-]-Xv- dm-bn-
*- A-Æm- {Zm-hn-U- ap-t∂-‰- I-g-Iw- ÿm-]n-
®-Xv- ˛-Fw.-Pn.-cm-a-N-{µ-≥
*- A¿-[-\-·-\m-b- ^-°o¿- F-∂v- Km-‘n-
Pn-sb- hn-fn-®- {_n-´o-jv- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- ˛-
hn-≥Ã-¨- N¿-®n¬-
*- A-ar-Xvk - d - n-s‚- ]-gb - - t]-cv˛- - cmw-Zm-kv]
*- A-bn-tØm-®m-S-\w- e-£y-an-´v- 1932¬- Km-
‘n-Pn- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®- kw-L-S-\-˛- A-Jn-
te-¥ym- l-cn-P-≥ k-am-Pw-
*- A-e-lm-_m-Zn-se,- s\-{lp-hn-s‚- Ip-Spw-
_-ho-Sn-s‚- t]-cv-˛- B-\-µ-h-\w-
*- A-en- k-tlm-Z-c-≥am¿- F-∂- t]-cn¬- {]-
kn-≤-cm-b-Xv-˛- au-em-\m- ap-l-Ω-Zv- A-en-
bpw- ju-°-Øv- A-en-bpw-
*- A-en-∏q¿- Kq-Vm-tem-N-\m-t°-kn¬- A-
d-Ãn-em-Ip-I-bpw- ]n-∂o-Sv- k-∂ym-kn-bm-
bn-Øo-cp-Ib - pw- sN-bvX - X - v˛- - A-ch
*- B-[p-\n-I- C-¥y-bp-sS- {k-jv-Sm-hv- F-∂-
dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- U¬-lu-kn- {]-`p-
*- B-[p-\n-I- ssa-kq-dn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv-˛- Fw.-
hn-iz-iz-c-ø-
*- B-\-µ-a-Tw- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv-˛- _-¶nw-N-{µ- Nm-
‰¿-Pn-
*- B-\n- _-k-‚ v- hm-cm-W-kn-bn¬- sk-
≥{S¬- ln-µp- kv-Iqƒ- ÿm-]n-®- h¿-jw-
˛- 1898
*- B-\v-{[- tI-k-cn- F-∂- A-]-c-\m-a-Øn-e-
dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- t\-Xm-hv- B-cv-?- ˛-Sn- {]-Im-
iw-
*- B-{‘m- {]-tZ-in-s‚- in¬-]n- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- t]m-‰n- {io-cm-a-ep-
* -B-{‘m-tI-k-cn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- Sn.-{]-
Im-iw-
*- B-¥-am-≥ \n-t°m-_m¿- Zzo-]p-Iƒ- ]n-Sn-
- q¿- ®-S-°n-b-t∏mƒ- kp-`m-jv- N-{µ-t_m-kv-
\¬-In-b- t]-cv-˛- j-lo-Zv- kz-cm-Pv- Zzo-]p-
Iƒ-
*- B-≥ Hm-t´m-_-tbm-{K-^n- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛-P-hm-
l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-
*- B¿.-F-kv.-F-kv.-˛-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥˛- tI-
i-hv-dm-hp- sl-Uv-tK-hm¿-
*- B-cp-sS- k-µ¿-i\ - Ø- n-s‚- kva - c- W
- b - v°- m-
bm-Wv- apw-ss_-bn¬- tK-‰v- th- Hm-^v- C-
¥y- \n¿-an-®-Xv-˛- tPm¿-Pv- cm-Pm-hn-s‚-
- n-µt- Lm-
*- B-cp-sS- t]-cp-am-bm-Wv- Ip-Ø-_v-an-\m-dn-
\p- _-‘w-˛- _m-Kv-Zm-Zn-\p- k-ao-]-ap-≈-

kw-L-S-\-Iƒ- ˛kv-Ym-]-I¿- jv-

B-Xv-ao-b-k-`-
{_-lv-a-k-`- (1928)-
{_-lv-ak-am-Pw- (1829)-
X-Xz-t_m-[n-\n- k-`-
B-Zn- {_-lv-a-k-am-Pw-
`m-c-Xo-b- {_-lv-a-k-am-Pw-
km[mc¨ {_-lv-a-k-am-Pw-
Bcy-k-am-Pw- (1875)-
Xn-tbm-k-^n-°¬- skm-ssk-‰n-
Xn-tbm-k-^n-°¬- skm-ssk-‰n-
Hm-^v- C-¥y-
cm-a-Ir-jv-W-an-j≥-
Cu-kv-‰n-¥ym- A-tkm-kn-tb-j≥
sk≥-{S¬- ln-µp- kv-Iqƒ-
]q-\- km¿-h-P-\n-Iv- k-`-
t_mw-s_- A-tkm-kn-tb-j≥-
C-¥y≥- \m-j-W¬- tIm¨-{K-kv-
ap-…n-w-e-o-Kv-
bw-Kv- _w-Kmƒ- aq-hv-sa‚ v-
k-Xytim-[-Iv- skm-ssk-‰n-
G-jym-‰n-Iv- skm-ssk-‰n Hm-^v- _w-Kmƒ- ˛
tdm-b¬- G-jym-‰n-Iv- skm-ssk-‰n-
Hm-^v- _w-Kmƒ-
A-l-Ω-Zo-b- {]-kv-Ym-\w-
sk¿-h‚ v-kv- Hm-^v- C-¥y- skm-ssk-‰n- ˛ tKm-]m-e-Ir-j-v
K-±¿- ]m¿-Sn-
ln-µ-p-kv-Ym≥- dn-∏-ªn-°≥-
A-tkm-kn-tb-j≥-
Jn-em-^-Øv- {]-kv-Ym-\w-
kz-cm-Pv- ]m¿-Sn-
_-ln-jv-Ir-X- ln-X-Imcn-Wn- k-`-
ln-µp- a-lm-k-`-
cm-jv-{So-b- kz-bw- tk-h-Iv- kw-Lv-
Jp-Zm-bv- Jn-Zv-a-Xv-K¿-
(sk¿-h‚ v-kv- Hm-^v- tKm-Uv)-
t_-Xq¨- kv-Iqƒ-
ap-l-Ω≥- Bw-t•m- Hm-dn-b‚¬- tIm-tf-Pv- ˛ k¿- k-ø-Zv- A-l-Ω-Zv- Jm≥-
A-\p-io-e≥- k-an-Xn-
hn-iz-`m-c-Xn-
kz-X-{¥m-]m¿-Sn- (1959)-
{]m¿-∞-\m- k-am-Pw-
U-°m¨- F-P-yq-t°-j≥- skm-ssk-‰n- ˛ Pn.-Pn.- A-Km¿-°¿-
tZ-h-k-am-Pw-
tkm-jy¬- k¿-ho-kv- eo-Kv-
C-¥y≥- \m-j-W¬- tkm-jy¬-
tIm¨-^-d≥-kv- (1887)-
*- A-lΩ - Z- o-b- {]-ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n-®X
k- Kp-emw- A-l-Ω-Zv-
- v˛- - an¿-
D-jv- kz-tZ-in-bm-b- Jzm-Pm- Ip-Ø-_v-±o-
≥
* -B-cp-sS- tI-kv- hm-Zn-°m-\m-Wv- Km-‘n-
˛ cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l≥- tdm-bv- *- A-l-Ω-Zv- jm- A-_v-Zm-en- C-¥y- B-{I- Pn- Z-£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn¬- t]m-b-Xv-˛- tk-
,,- an-®t- ∏mƒ- ap-Kƒ- `-cW - m-[n-Im-cn-˛- jm- B- ´v- A-_v-Zp-≈-
,,- ew- c-≠m-a-≥ *- B-cy-≥am¿- D-S-se-Sp-Ø-Xv- B¿-Sn-Iv- {]-
˛ tZ-th-{µ-\m-Y- Sm-tKm¿- *- a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn-se- tkm-{I-´o-kv- F-∂-dn- tZ-i-Øm-sW-∂- hm-Zw- ap-t∂m-´p-sh-®-Xv-
,,- b-s∏-´-Xm-cv-˛-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W- tKm-J-se- ˛- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c- Xn-e-I-≥
˛ tI-i-h- N-{µ- sk≥- * -a-lm-cm-Pm- c-Rv-Pn-Xv- knw-Kn-s‚- k-am-[n- *- B-cy-k-am-Pw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- Z-bm-\-µv- k-
˛ B-\-µ- tam-l≥- t_m-kv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-em-tlm¿ c-kz-Xn-
˛ Z-bm-\-µv- k-c-kz-Xn- * -an-{X-ta-f-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I-≥˛- hn- Un- k- *- bm-N-I-cp-sS- cm-P-Ip-am-c-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-
˛ tI-W¬- Hmƒ-t°m-´v,- am-Uw- ªm-hS- k
v- I
v- n- hm¿-°¿- ´-Xv-˛- a-Z-≥ tam-l-≥ am-f-hy-
*- an-t‚m- tam¿-en- `-c-W- ]-cn-jv-Im-cw- kw- *- bp-≤-Øn-\v- tdm-°-‰p-]-tbm-Kn-®- B-Zy-
˛ B-\n- _-k‚ v- _-‘n-®- N¿-®\ - S- Ø- m-≥ Cw-•≠ - n¬- t]m- sØ- C-¥y-≥ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛- Sn-∏p-
˛ hn-th-Im-\-µ- b-t\-Xm-hv-˛-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W- tKm-J-se- *- B-tcm-sSm-∏w- tN¿-∂m-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- Jn-
˛ Zm-Zm-`m-b-v \-hv-tdm-Pn- * -an-t‚m-˛-tam¿-en- `-c-W- ]-cn-jv-Im-cw- G-Xp- em-^Ø - v- {]-ÿm-\Ø - n-\p- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-
˛ B-\n- _k‚ v- h¿-j-Øn¬-˛- 1909 In-bX - v˛- - ap-lΩ - Z- e- n-bpw- ju-°Ø - e - n-bpw-
˛ Fw- Pn- dm-\-sU- *- A-P¥ - m-Kp-lI - s - f- ho-≠pw- I-s≠-Øn-b- *- B-Zy- I¿-Wm-Sn-Iv- bp-≤w- A-h-km-\n-∏n-
˛ sI- Sn- sX-e-m-Mv,- ^-n-tdm-kv- jm- ta-Ø, {_n-´o-jv- Hm-^o-k¿-˛- tPm-¨- kva - n-Øv- ®- k-\v-[n-˛- A-bn-Iv-kv-˛-em- Nm-t∏¬-
_-Z-dp-±o≥ -X-b-_vPn- * -ap-…n-߃-°v- H-cp- {]-tXy-I- {]-hn-iy- F- *- B-Zy- tIm-¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- ]-
˛ F.-H-.- lyqw- ∂- B-i-bw- B-Zy-am-bn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv- s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿- ˛-72
˛ B-Km- Jm≥- ˛- ap-l-Ω-Zv- C-Iv-_m¬- *- B-Zy-am-bn- C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂pw- th¿-]n-cn-
˛ sl≥-dn- hn-hn-b≥- sU-tdm-kn-tbm- * -ap-…nw- eo-Kv- ÿm-]n-Xa - m-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1906 °-s∏-´- `q-hn-`m-Kw-˛- _¿-a-
˛ tPym-Xn-_- ^p-se- * a- pw-ss_-bn¬- B-Zy- tIm-´¨ - a - n¬- ÿm- *- B-Zy-am-bn- t]m-ì- Ãm-ºv- ]p-d-Øn-d-
hn-eyw- tPm¨-kv- ]n-Xa - m-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1854 °n-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1840
* a- q-∂mw- ]m-\n-∏´- -v bp-≤Ø - n¬- a-dm-Ø- ssk- *- c-_o-{µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm¿- {]-ho-W\ - m-bn-cp-∂-
˛ hm-d≥- tl-kv-‰n-Mv-kv- \y-Øn-s‚- X-eh - ≥- ˛- k-Zm-in-hd - m-hp- ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X-ta-J-e-˛- tlm-an-tbm-∏-Xn-
˛ an¿-k- Kp-emw- A-l-Ω-Zv- * a- q-I\- m-bI - v- F-∂- {]-kn-≤o-Ic - W - Ø - n-s‚- *- C-¥y- `-cn-°m-≥ {_n-´o-jp-Im¿- kzo-I-cn-
W- tKm-J-se ÿm-]-I-≥˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿- ®- X-{¥w-˛- `n-∂n-∏n-®p- `-cn-°¬-
˛ em-em- l¿-Z-bm¬- *- au-em-\m- A-_pƒ- I-emw- B-km-Zn-s‚- *- C-¥y- C-¥y-°m¿-°v- F-∂- B-lzm-\w-
P-∑-tZ-iw-˛- sa-°- B-Zy-am-bn- ap-g-°n-b-Xv-˛- Z-bm-\-µv- k-c-kz-
˛ N-{µ-ti-J¿- B-km-Zv- *- au-em-\m- B-km-Zn-s‚- C-¥y- hn-≥kv- {^o- Xn-
˛ A-en- k-tlm-Z-c≥-am¿- Uw- Cw-•o-jn-te-°v- X¿-P-a- sN-bv-X-Xv-˛- *- C-¥y- hn-≥kv- {^o-Uw- (C-¥y- kzm-X{- ¥yw-
˛ tam-Øn-em¬- s\-lvd- p, Nn-Øc - R
- vP
- ≥- Zm-kv- lp-a-bq-¨- I-_o¿- t\-Sp-∂p-)F - ∂- - ]p-kvX - I- w- c-Nn-®X - v˛- - au-
˛ _n- B¿- Aw-t-_-Zv-I¿- * -au-em-\m- B-km-Zv- Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn- F-{X- em-\m- A-_pƒ- I-emw- B-km-Zv-
˛ a-Z≥- tam-l≥- am-f-hy- h¿-jw- tIm-¨-{K-kv- {]-kn-U-‚m-bn-cp-∂p- *- C-¥y- k-µ¿-in-®- B-Zy-sØ- {_n-´o-jv- cm-
˛ tUm.- sl-Uv-tK-hm¿- ˛- 6 Pm-hv-˛- tPm¿-Pv- A-©m-a-≥
*- A-Xn¿-Øn- Km-‘n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- Jm- *- C-¥y- kz-X-{¥-am-Ip-tºmƒ- {_n-´o-jv- {]-
˛ Jm≥- A-_v-Zpƒ- Km-^¿ Jm≥- ≥ A-_v-Zpƒ- Km-^¿- Jm-≥ [m-\-a-{¥n-˛- ¢-a-‚ v- B-‰v-en-
˛ Cu-iz-c-N-{µ- hn-Zym-km-K¿- *- a-Z-≥ tam-l-≥ am-f-hy-bp-sS-bpw- ap-l- *- C-¥y- kz-X-{¥-am-Ip-tºmƒ- {_n-´o-jv- cm-
ΩZen- Pn- ∂ - b p- s S- b pw- P- ∑ - Z n- \ w- ˛ - Pm-hm-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- tPm¿-Pv- B-dm-a-≥
˛ _-co-{µ- tLm-jv- Un-kw-_¿- 25 *- C-¥y- kz-X-{¥-am-Ip-tºmƒ- {_n-´-Wn¬-
˛ c-_o-{µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm¿- *- B-[p-\n-I- B-{‘-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂- A-[n-Im-cØ - n-em-bn-cp-∂X - v˛- - te-_¿- ]m¿-
˛ kn- cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn- dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- ho-tc-i-enw-Kw- ´n-
˛ B-Xv-am-dmw- ]m-Wv-Up-cw-Kv- *- B-[p-\n-I- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- a-\p- *- C-¥y- kz-X-{¥-am-Ip-tºmƒ- tIm-¨-{K-kv-
jy-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- cm-Pm-dmw- tam- {]-kn-U‚ - m-bn-cp-∂X - v˛- - sP.-_n.-Ir-]e - m-\n-
˛ in-h-\m-cm-b-¨- A-Kv-\n-tlm{Xn l-≥ tdm-bv- *- C-¥y-°m¿- ssk-a-¨- I-Ωn-j-s\- _-ln-
˛ F≥- Fw- tPm-jn- * -B-[p-\n-I- C-¥y-bn-se- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- jv-I-cn-°m-≥ Im-c-Ww-˛- Aw-K-ß-fn¬- C-
˛ Fw- Pn- dm-\-tU- I-fn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- ]-g-°-ap-≈-Xv- ¥y-°m¿- C-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬-
˛- I¬-°-´- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- *- C-¥y-°m-c-\-√m-Ø- B-Zy-sØ- tIm-¨-

4 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 BKkv‰- v- 15

 {K-kv- {]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- tPm¿-Pv- bqƒ- e-hn¬-h-∂- Xo-b-Xn-˛- 1947 Hm-K-Ãv- 15
*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-\v- B-
t]-cp- \n¿-t±-in-®-Xv-˛- Zm-Zm-`m-bv- \-h-tdm-
*- C-¥y-≥ H-∏n-\n-b-\n-s‚- B-Zy- ]-{Xm-[n-
]¿-˛- a-≥kp-Jv-em¬- \m-k¿-
C¥y≥ \mjW¬ tIm¨{Kkv
Pn- *- C-¥y-≥ hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚- am-·m-Im¿- tIm¨{Kkv {]knU‚pam¿
*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- A- ´- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- hp-Uv-kv- sU-kv-
skj≥ h¿jw ÿew {]knU‚ v
¥n-aa - m-b- e-£yw- C-¥y-bp-sS- ]q¿-Wk - zm- ]m-®v-
1. 1885 t_mws_ Uªyp.kn._m\¿Pn
X-{¥y-am-sW-∂v- {]-Jym-]n-®- 1929se- k- *- C-¥y-≥ in-£m-\n-b-aw- \-S-∏n-em-°n-b-
2. 1886 I¬°´ ZmZm`mbn \htdmPn
tΩ-f\ - Ø- n-\v- th-Zn-bm-b- \-Kc - w-˛e
- m-tlm¿- h¿-jw-˛- 1861
3. 1887 a{Zmkv _Zdp±o≥ Xbm_vPn
*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- A- *- C-¥y-≥ km-aq-ln-I- hn-π-h-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-
4. 1888 Aelm_mZv tPm¿Pv bqƒ
¥n-aa - m-b- e-£yw- C-¥y-bp-sS- ]q¿-Wk - zm- hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- cm-Pm-dmw- tam-
5. 1889 t_mws_ k¿ hneyw thU¿t_¨
X-{¥y-am-sW-∂v- k-tΩ-f-\w- {]-Jym-]n-®- l-≥ tdm-bv-
6. 1890 I¬°´ k¿ ^ntdmkvjm taØ
em-tlm¿- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- A-[y-£-X- h- *- C-¥y-≥ kzm-X-{¥y- k-a-c-Øn-s‚- \m-bn-
7. 1891 \mKv]q¿ ]n.B\µ Nm¿ep
ln-®-Xv- ˛- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- I- cm-[m-tZ-hn- B-cp-sS- `m-cy-bm-bn-cp-∂p-
8. 1892 Aelm_mZv Uªyp.kn._m\¿Pn
*- C-¥y-≥ \m-jW - ¬- tIm-¨{- K-kn-s‚- A- ˛- em-em- e-Pv-]-Xv-dm-bn-
9. 1893 emtlm¿ ZmZm`mbn \htdmPn
a-cm-hX - n- k-tΩ-f\ - Ø- n¬- A-[y-£X - - h- *- C-¥y-≥ s]m-fn-‰n-In-kn-s‚-bpw- C-°t- Wm-
-10. 1894 a{Zmkv B¬{^Uv sh_v
ln-®- a-eb - m-fn-˛- kn.-i¶- c- ≥
- \m-b¿- an-Iv-kn-s‚-bpw- ]n-Xm-hv-˛- Zm-Zm-`m-bv- \-h-
11. 1895 ]q\ kptc{µ\mYv _m\¿Pn
*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- B- tdm-Pn-
12. 1896 I¬°´ dlnaØp≈ kbm\n
Zy-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-s‚- th-Zn-˛- apw-s_-bn-se- *- C-¥y-≥ tZ-io-b- {]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-
13. 1897 AacmhXn k¿ kn.i¶c≥ \mb¿
tKm-Ip¬-Zm-kv- tX-Pv-]m¬- kw-kv-Ir-X- hv- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-sc-bm-Wv-
14. 1898 a{Zmkv B\µ taml≥ t_mkv
tIm-tf-Pv- ˛-kp-tc-{µ-\m-Yv- _m-\¿-Pn-
15. 1899 eIv\u B¿.kn.ZØv
*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- B- *- C-¥y-≥ tZ-io-b- {]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- B-
16. 1900 emtlm¿ F≥.Pn.N{µhm¿°¿
Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm-{]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- B-\n- _-k- flo-b- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-
17. 1901 I¬°´ Un.C.hmN
‚ v- Xv- ˛-kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-≥
18. 1902 AlΩZm_mZv kptc{µ\mYv _m\¿Pn
*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- B- *- C-¥y-≥ tZ-io-b-X-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-a-l-≥ F-
19. 1903 a{Zmkv F¬.Fw.tLmjv
Zy-sØ- P-\-d¬- sk-{I-´-dn-˛- F.-H.-lyqw- ∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂X - v- B-sc-bm-Wv˛- - cm-
20. 1904 t_mws_ sl≥dn tIm´¨
* -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- cq- Pv- \m-cm-b-¨- t_m-kv-
21. 1905 _\mdkv tKm]meIrjvW tKmJse
]-h¬-°-c-W-k-a-b-Øv- ssh-t{km-bn-bm- * -C-¥y-≥ X-]m¬- Ãm-ºn¬- Nn-{Xw- A-®-
22. 1906 I¬°´ ZmZm`mbn \htdmPn
bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- U-^-dn-≥ {]-`p- Sn-°-s∏-´- B-Zy- s\m-t_¬- tP-Xm-hv-˛- c-
* 1907 kqd‰v tUm.dmjv _nlmcn tLmjv
* - C - ¥ y- ≥ \m- j - W ¬- tIm- ¨ - { K- k n- s ‚- _o-{µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm¿-
23. 1908 a{Zmkv tUm.dmjv _nlmcn tLmjv
ÿm-]-I-≥˛- F.-H.-lyqw- *- C-¥y-bn¬- {^-©p-`-c-W-Øn-\v- A-¥yw-
24. 1909 emtlm¿ aZ≥taml≥ amfhy
*- C-¥y-≥ \m-jW - ¬- tIm-¨{- K-kpw- ap-…nw- Ip-dn-®- bp-≤w-˛- hm-≠n-hm-jv-
25. 1910 Aelm_mZv k¿ hneyw shU¿t_¨
eo-Kpw- e-Iv-\u- I-cm-dn¬- G¿-s∏-´- h¿- *- C-¥y-bn¬- {_n-´o-jv- `-c-W-Øn-\v- A-Sn-
26. 1911 I¬°´ _n.F≥.[m¿
jw-˛- 1916 Ø-d- ]m-In-b-Xv-˛- tdm-_¿-´v- Iv-ssf-hv-
27. 1912 _¶n∏q¿(]m‰v\) B¿.F≥. amt[m°¿
*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- \n- - * -C-¥y-bn¬- {_n-´o-jv- km-{am-Py-Øn-s‚-
28. 1913 Idm®n køZv aplΩZv _lmZq¿
l-I-c-W-{]-ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n-®- h¿-jw-˛- _m-_¿- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- tdm-_¿-´v-
29. 1914 a{Zmkv `qt]{µ\mYv _kp
1920 ss¢-hv-
30. 1915 t_mws_ k¿ Fkv.]n.kn≥l
*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- \n- - *- C-¥y-bn¬- {_n-´o-jv- ta-[m-hn-Xzw- D-d-∏n-
31. 1916 eIv\u F.kn.aPqwZm¿
l-I-c-W-{]-ÿm-\w- kw-_-‘n-®- {]-ta- ®- bp-≤w-˛- _-Iv-k¿- bp-≤w- (1764)-
32. 1917 I¬°´ B\n _k‚ v
bw- ]m-km-°n-b-Xv-˛- 1920 *- C-¥y-bn¬- 1946 sk-]v-Xw-_¿- c-≠n-\p-
33. 1918 U¬ln(B\z¬ skj≥)Fw.Fw.amfhy
*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- ]q¿-W- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°-s∏-´- C-S-°m-e- a-{¥n-k-`-
** 1918 t_mws_ lk≥ Camw
kz-cm-Pv- {]-ta-bw- ]m-km-°n-b- h¿-jw-˛- bp-sS- D-]m-[y-£- ]-Z-hn- h-ln-®-Xv-˛- P-
34. 1919 AarXvk¿ tam´nem¬ s\{lp
1929(em-tlm¿-)- hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-
** 1920 I¬°´ emem ePv]Xvdmbn
*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- {]-kn- *- C-¥y-bn¬- B-Zy-sØ- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-
35. 1920 \mKv]q¿ (B\z¬ skj≥) kn.hnPbcmLhmNmcy¿
U-‚ v- ÿm-\-tØ-°v- 1939˛¬- Xn-c-s™- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1857
36. 1921 AlΩZm_mZv l°nw APva¬ Jm≥
Sp-∏p- \-S-∂-t∏mƒ- t\-Xm-Pn- kp-`m-jv- N- *- C-¥y-bn¬- Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°-º-\n-bp-sS- `-
37. 1922 Kb kn.B¿.Zmkv
{µ-t_m-kn-s‚- F-Xn-cm-fn-bm-bn-cp-∂X - v˛- - ]- c-Ww- \n¿-Ø-em-°n-b- \n-b-aw-˛- 1858˛-se-
38. 1923 Im°n\U(B\z¬ skj≥) aplΩZv Aen
´m-`n- ko-Xm-cm-a-ø- \n-b-aw-
** 1923 U¬ln auem\m A_pƒ Iemw BkmZv
*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- B-Zy- *- C-¥y-bn¬- Cu-Ãn-¥ym-°-º-\n-bp-sS- `-
39. 1924 s_¬Kmw Fw.sI.Km‘n
am-bn- ]n-f¿-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1907 c-Ww- A-h-km-\n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1858
40. 1925 Im¨]q¿ ktcmPn\n \mbnUp
*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- cq-]-h- *- C-¥y-bn¬- Cw-•o-jv- hn-Zym-`ym-kØ - n-s‚-
41. 1926 Kzml´n Fkv.{io\nhmk Aø¶m¿
Xv-Ir-X-am-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1885 am-·m-Im¿-´- F-∂d - n-bs- ∏-´- in-]m¿-i- B-
42. 1927 a{Zmkv Fw.F.A≥kmcn
*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- F-∂- cp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-˛- sa-°m-sf- {]-`p-
43. 1928 I¬°´ tamØnem¬ s\{lp
t]-cv- \n¿-t±-in-®-Xm-cv-˛- Zm-Zm-`m-bv- \-h-tdm- *- C-¥y-bn¬- D-∂X - - hn-Zym-`ym-kØ - n-s‚- am-
44. 1929 emtlm¿ Phml¿em¬ s\{lp
Pn- [y-aw- Cw-•o-jv- B-°n-b- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-
45. 1931 Idm®n h√`v`mbn ]t´¬
*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ- d¬-˛- hn-eyw- s_-‚ n-Iv-
46. 1932 \yqU¬ln Fw.Fw.amfhy
f-\Ø - n-\p- th-Zn-bm-b- B-Zy- Z-£n-tW-¥y- *- C-¥y-bn¬- G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- `-c-
47. 1933 I¬°´ s\√n sk≥ Kp]vX
≥ \-K-cw-˛- sN-ss∂- Ww- \-S-Øn-b- bq-tdm-]y-≥ i-‡n-˛- t]m¿-
48. 1934 t_mws_ cmtP{µ{]kmZv
*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ- ®p-Ko-kp-Im¿-
49. 1936 eIv\u Phml¿em¬ s\{lp
f-\-Øn¬- h-tµ-am-X-cw- B-Zy-am-bn- B- * C- ¥ - y-bn¬- G-‰h - pw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- tIm-
50. 1937 s^bvkv]q¿ Phml¿em¬ s\{lp
e-]n-°-s∏-´- h¿-jw-˛- 1896 f-\n- `-c-W-Øn-\p- hn-t[-b-am-b- {]-tZ-iw-
51. 1938 lcn]pc kp`mjvN{µt_mkv
*- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- ÿm- ˛- tKm-h-
52. 1939 {Xn]pcn kp`mjvN{µt_mkv
]n-®-Xv-˛- F.-H.-lyqw- *- C-¥y-bn¬- G-Xp- h¿-j-am-Wv- k-Xn- \n-
53. 1940 cmwKVv auem\m A_pƒ Iemw BkmZv
*- C-¥y-≥ \-thm-∞m-\-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F- tcm-[n-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛- 1829
54. 1946 aod‰v sP._n.Ir]em\n
∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l-≥ tdm- *- C-¥y-bn¬- G-Xv- ÿ-e-Øp-\n-∂m-Wv- k-
* kkvs]‚Uv skj≥
bv- Xn- F-∂- B-Nm-cw- kw-_-‘n-®v- G-‰-hpw-
** kvs]jy¬ skj≥
* -C-¥y-≥ ]p-cm-h-kv-Xp-im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚- ]n- ]-g-°-ap-≈- sX-fn-hv- e-`n-®-Xv-˛- G-dm-≥
1946, 1947 \ntcm-[n-°-s∏´ ktΩ-f-\-߃
Xm-hv-˛- A-e-Iv-km-≠¿- I-Æn-Mv-lmw- * C- ¥- y-bn¬- h-∂v- A-Xym-Uw-_c - Ø - n¬- Z¿-
*- C-¥y-≥ `-cW - L - S- \- b
- p-sS- in¬-]n-˛- tUm.- _m¿- \-S-Øn-b- {_n-´o-jv- N-{I-h¿-Øn-˛-
_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿- tPm¿-Pv- A-©m-a-≥
en- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-cw- * -C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- \n-b-a-_n-cp-Zw- t\-Sn-
*- C-¥y-≥ A-cm-P-I-Xz-Øn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F- *- C-¥y-bn¬- hy-h-ÿm-]n-X-am-b- kn-hn¬-
*- C-¥y-bn¬- s]m-Xp-a-cm-a-Øv- h-Ip-∏v- G- b- h-\n-X-˛- tIm¿-tW-en-b- tkm-dm-_v-Pn-
∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛- _m-e-Kw-Km- k¿-ho-kv- Xp-Sß - n-bX - v- B-cp-sS- Im-eØ - m-
Xv- K-h¿-W¿- P-\d - e
- n-s‚- Im-eØ
- m-Wv- B- (1894)-
[-c-Xn-e-I-≥ Wv-˛- tIm-¨-hm-en-kv-
cw-`n-®-Xv-˛- U¬-lu-kn- *- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- en-^v-‰v- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-
*- C-¥y-≥ a-X˛- k - m-aq-ln-I- \-thm-∞m-\Ø - n- *- C-¥y-bn¬- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- H-
*- C-¥y-bn¬- sd-bn¬-th- sIm-≠p-h-∂- K- ´- \-K-cw-˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-
s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- cm-Pm- ∂mw- ]m¿-´n- tIm-¨-{K-kv- \-S-∂- ÿ-ew-
h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-˛- U¬-lu-kn- *- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- h-\n-Xm- ta-b¿- A-[n-
dmw- tam-l-≥ tdm-bv- ˛- apw-ss_-
*- C-¥y-bn¬- t]m-ì- kw-hn-[m-\w- \-S-∏m- Im-c-ta-‰- \-K-cw-˛- apw-ss_-
*- C-¥y-≥ C-≥Un-s]-≥U-≥kv- B-Iv-Sn¬- *- C-¥y-bn¬- K-h¿-W¿- P-\d - e
- m-bh - c - n¬- G-
°n-b- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-˛- U¬-lu-kn- *- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- kv-]o-°¿- ]-Z-hn-bn-
{_n-´o-jv- cm-Pm-hv- H-∏p-sh-®-Xv- F-t∏mƒ- ‰-hpw- {]m-bw- Ip-d-™-Xv-˛- U¬-lu-kn-
*- C-¥y-bn¬- Xn-tbm-k-^n-°¬- skm-ssk- se-Øn-b- A-\p-tZym-Kÿ - ≥
- ˛- hn-ج- `m-
˛- 1947 Pq-sse- 18 *- C-¥y-bn¬- km-ap-Zm-bn-I- kw-hc - W - w- sIm-
‰n-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- A-U- bv- ]-t´¬-
*- C-¥y-≥ C-≥Un-s]-≥U-≥kv- B-Iv-Sv- \n- ≠p-h-∂- \n-b-aw-˛- 1909se- an-t‚m- tam¿-
bm¿- *- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- s]-¨-in-ip-l-Xy-

2016 BKkv‰- v- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 5


s]m-Xp-P-\-{i-≤-bn¬- sIm-≠p-h-∂-Xv-˛-
tPm-\m-Y-≥ U-¶-≥
*- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- sS-en-t^m-¨- \n-e-
hn¬-h-∂- \-K-cw-˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-
*- C-¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn- tIm-´-¨- an¬- ÿm-
]n-X-am-b- ÿ-ew-˛- sIm¬-°-Ø- (1818)-
*- C-¥y-bn-se- {_n-´o-jv- `-c-Ww- F-{X- h¿-
jw- \o-≠p-\n-∂p-˛- 190
*- C-¥y-bn-se- {_n-´o-jv- A-[n-Im-cw- \n-e-
\n¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n- C-¥ym- Un-^-
≥kv- eo-Kv- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛-k¿- hn-≥Ã-¨-
N¿-®n¬-
*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- B-[p-\n-I- k¿-hI - e- m-
im-e- ÿm-]n-°s - ∏-´X
- ˛v- - sIm¬-°Ø - -
*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- kn-a‚ - v- ^m-IvS- d- n- ÿm-
]n-X-am-b- ÿ-ew-˛-a-{Zm-kv-
*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- t]-∏¿- an¬- ÿm-]n-
°-s∏-´- ÿ-ew-˛- sk-lv-dmw-]q¿-
*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- [-\-X-Øz-im-kv-
{X-Nn-¥-I-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- ˛- Zm-Zm-
`m-bv- \-h-tdm-Pn-
*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- {_n-´o-jv- K-h¿-
W¿- P-\-d¬-˛- hm-d-≥ tl-kv-‰n-Mv-kv-
* C
- ¥- y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- {I-ah - X
- vI
- r-X- sk-
≥k-kv- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1881
*- C- ¥ y- b n- s e- B- Z y- s Ø- ayq- k n- b w- ˛ -
sIm¬-°-Ø-
*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- B¿-´v- Km-e-dn-
ÿm-]n-Xa - m-bX- v- F-hn-sS-˛- sIm¬-°Ø
*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- F-©n-\o-b-dn-Mv-
tIm-tf-Pv-˛- dq¿-°n- (1847)-
* -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- F-Æ-°n-W¿-˛-
A-k-an-se- Zn-Kv-t_m-bn-
* -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- _n-cp-Z-
[m-cn-Iƒ-˛- N-{µ-a-Xn- _-kp,- Im-Zw-_n-\n-
Kmw-Kp-en-
* -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- k¿-h-
I-em-im-e-bm-b- ]q-s\-bn-se- F-kv.-F-≥.-
Un.-‰n.- k¿-hI - e- m-im-e- ÿm-]n-®X - v˛- - Un.-
sI.-Im¿-sh-
* -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- h-\n-Xm- tIm-tf-
Pm-b- t_-Xq-¨- tIm-tf-Pv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-
\n-e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv-˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-
* -kmw-_m-Pn-bp-sS- ]n-≥Km-an-˛- cm-Pm-dmw-
*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- I¬-°-cn-J-\n-˛-
dm-Wn-K-Rv-Pv-
*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kn-a-‚ v- ^m-Iv-S-
dn- ÿm-]n-X-am-b- \-K-cw-˛- sN-ss∂-
* -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sa-Un-°¬- tIm-
tf-Pn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥˛- hn-eyw- s_-‚ n-Iv-
*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- t\-{X-_m-¶v- ÿm-
]n-X-am-b- \-K-cw-˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-
*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- t{S-Uv- bq-Wn-b-
\m-b- a-{Zm-kv- te-_¿- bq-Wn-b-≥ ÿm-
]n-®-Xv-˛- in-¶m-c- th-ep- sN-´n-bm¿-
*- C-¥y-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- h-en-b- ar-K-im-e-˛-
kp-thm-f-Pn-°¬- Km¿-U-≥kv,- sIm¬-°-
Ø-
* -C-¥y-bn-se- hn-Zym-`ym-k- am-[y-aw- Cw-Kv-
fo-jv- B-°m-\p-≈- in-]m¿-i- sN-bv-X-Xv-
˛- sa-°m-sf- {]-`p-
*- C-¥y-bn-se- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-am-cn¬- G-
‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew- ]-Z-hn- h-ln-®-Xv-˛-
hm-d-≥ tl-Ãn-Mv-kv-
*- C-¥y-bn-se- ssh-t{km-bn-am-cn¬- G-‰-hpw-
Iq-Sp-X¬-Im-ew- ]-Z-hn- h-ln-®-Xv-˛- en-≥en-
Xv-tKm- {]-`p-
*- C-¥y-bn-se- X-t±-i-kz-bw-`-c-W-Øn-s≥d-
]n-Xm-hv-˛- dn-∏-¨- {]-`p-
*- C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-bv-°v- cq-]w-
\-In-b-Xv-˛- ]nw-K-en- sh-¶-ø-
*- C-¥y-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-a-l-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-
Xv- ˛- Z-bm-\-µv- k-c-kz-Xn-
*- C-¥y-bp-sS- A-[n-Im-c-ssI-am-‰-hpw- hn-`-
P-\-hpw- F-{X- Zn-h-kw-sIm-≠m-Wv- ]q¿-
Øn-bm-°n-b-Xv-˛- 72
*- C-¥y-bp-sS- h-µy-h-tbm-[n-I-≥ F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-´-Xv-˛- Zm-Zm-`m-bv- \-h-tdm-Pn-
*- C-¥y-bp-sS- H-∂mw- kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-cw- {]-
6 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥
Jym-]n-°-s∏-´- h¿-jw-˛- 1857
*- C-¥y-bp-sS- hm-\-ºm-Sn- F-∂p- hn-fn-®-Xm-
sc-˛- k-tcm-Pn-\n- \m-bn-Up-
*- C-¥y-bp-sS- sPm-hm-≥ Hm-^v- B¿-°v- F-
∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-sc-˛- Qm-≥kn-
dm-Wn-
*- C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I- cq-]-I¬-]-
\- sN-bv-X- ]nw-K-en- sh-¶-ø- G-Xv- kw-
ÿm-\-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p-˛-B-{‘-{]-tZ-iv-
* -C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- h-cp-am-\w- B-Zy-am-
bn- I-W-°m-°n-b-Xv-˛- Zm-Zm-`m-bv- \-hv-tdm-
Pn-
*- C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b-Ko-X-am-b- h-tµ-am-X-
cw- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- _-¶nw- N-{µ- Nm-‰¿-Pn-
*- C-¥y-bp-sS-bpw- ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚-bpw- A-
Xn¿-Øn- \n¿-Wb - n-®- {_n-´o-jv- \n-ba - ⁄-
≥˛- kn-dn¬- dm-Uv-¢n-^v-
*- C-¥y-bp-tS-Xm-b- H-cp- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I- P¿-
a-\n-bn-se- Ã-UvK - ¿-´n¬- D-b¿-Øn-bX - v˛- - am-
Uw- `n-°m-Pn- Im-a-
*- C-¥y-bv° - p-th-≠n- {_n-´o-jv- ]m¿-es - a-‚ v-
]m-km-°n-b- A-hk - m-\s - Ø- \n-ba - w-˛- C-
¥y-≥ C-≥Un-s]-≥U-≥kv- B-IvS- v-
*- C-¥y-bv° - pw- ssN-\b - v°
- p-an-Sb - v°
- p-≈- A-
Xn¿-Øn-tc-J- \n-›-bn-®-Xv-˛- k¿- sl-≥dn-
a-tlm-≥
*- C-¥y-bv-°v- H-cp- `-c-W-L-S-\- F-∂- B-
i-bw- B-Zy-am-bn- ap-t∂m-´p-h-®-Xv- ˛-Fw.-
- - F-≥.-tdm-bv-
*- C-¥y-bv-°v- kzm-X-{¥yw- In-´p-tºmƒ- lu-
kv- Hm-^v- tIm-a-¨-kn-se- {]-Xn-]-£- t\-
Xm-hv-˛-k¿- hn-≥Ã-¨- N¿-®n¬-
*- C-¥y-bv-°v- s^-U-d¬- kw-hn-[m-\w- hn-
`m-h-\w- sN-bv-X- B-Zy- \n-b-aw-˛- 1935se-
K-h.- Hm-^v- C-¥y- B-Iv-Sv-
*- C-¥ym- Sp-tU- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-Iw- c-Nn-®-Xv-
˛- B¿.-]n.-Z-Øv-
*- C-¥ym- tK-‰n-s‚- ]-gb - t- ]-cv˛- - Bƒ- C-¥ym-
hm¿- sa-tΩm-dn-b¬-
*- C-¥ym- Un-ssh-U-Uv- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- tUm.- cm-
tP-{µ-{]-km-Zv-
*- C-¥ym-tK-‰v- cq-]-I-ev-]-\- sN-bv-X-Xv- ˛-F-
Uzn-≥ ep-Sy-≥kv-
*- C-¥y-sb- I-s≠-ج-(1946),-H-c-—-≥ a-
Iƒ-°-b-®- I-Øp-Iƒ- F-∂n-h- c-Nn-®-Xv-
˛- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-
*- C-≥ sk¿-®v - Hm-^v- Km-‘n- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- dn-
®m¿-Uv- A-‰-≥_-tdm-
*- C-≥Izn-em-_v- kn-µm-_m-Zv- F-∂- {]-tbm-
K-Øn-s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv-˛- ap-l-Ω-Zv- C-
Iv-_m¬-
*- C-≥Izn-em-_v- kn-µm-_m-Zv- F-∂-Xv- B-Zy-
am-bn- ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv-˛-
`-K-Xv- kn-Mv-
*- C- ≥ tUm¿- `- c n- ® n- c p- ∂ - cm- P - h w- i w- ˛ -
tlmƒ-°¿-
*- C-≥Un-s]-≥U-‚ v- te-_¿- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS-
ÿm-]-I-≥˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-
*- C-cp-≠- ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn-se- {]-Im-i-am-\-
am-b- _n-µp- F-∂v- Qm-≥kn- dm-Wn-sb-
hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-
*- cm-jv-{S-]-Xn- `-h-s‚- ]-g-b- t]-cv-˛- ssh-kv-
do-K¬- ]m-e-kv-
* -cm-jv-{S-Kp-cp- F-∂v- B-sc-bm-Wv- hn-fn-°p-
∂-Xv-˛- kp-tc-{µ-\m-Yv- _m-\¿-Pn-
*- cm-jv-So-b- kzm-X-{¥y-am-Wv- H-cp- cm-Py-Øn-
s‚- Po-h-izm-kw- F-∂p- ]-d-™-Xv-˛- A-c-
hn-µ-tLm-jv-
*- cm-Py-kv-t\-ln-I-fp-sS- cm-P-Ip-am-c-≥ F-
∂v- B-sc-bm-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-
Xv- ˛- kp-`m-jv-N-{µ-t_m-kv-
*- c-Rv-Pn-Xv- kn-Mn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\w-˛- em-
tlm¿-
* -Cw-]o-®v-sa-‚ n-\v- hn-t[-b-\m-b- K-h¿-W¿-
P-\-d¬-˛- hm-d-≥ tl-Ãn-Mv-kv-
* -Cw-•-≠n¬- Km-‘n-Pn- \n-b-a-]-T-\w- \-S-
Øn-b- hn-Zym-e-bw-˛- C-∂¿- sS-ºnƒ-
*- Cw-•-≠n¬-\n-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- t\-Sn-b- _n-
cp-Zw-˛- _m-cn-ÿ- A-‰v- em-
Confusing Facts
* temIv\m-b-Iv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- P-b-{]-Im-iv- \m-cm-b-¨- B-Wv.- tZ-iv-\m-b-Iv-
F-∂- _-lp-a-Xn- kp-`m-jv- N-{µ-t_m-kn-\p- \¬-In-b-Xv- Sm-tKm¿- B-Wv.-
*- -C-¥y-bp-sS- h-µy-h-tbm-[n-I-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- Zm-Zm-`m-bv- \-h-tdm-Pn-bm-Wv.- C-
¥y-≥ tZ-io-b-X-bp-sS- h-µy-h-tbm-[n-I- B-\n- _-k-‚ v- B-Wv- .-C-¥y-≥ hn-π-h-
Øn-s‚- am-Xm-hv- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv- am-Uw- `n-°m-Pn- Im-a- B-Wv.-
*- -cm-jv-{S-Kp-cp- ˛-kp-tc-{µ-\m-Yv- _m-\¿-Pn.- cm-jv-{S-I-hn-˛-ssa-Y-en- i-c-¨- Kp-]v-X.-
*- -sk¿-h-‚ v-kv- Hm-^v- C-¥y- F-∂- kw-L-S-\- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W-tKm-J-
se- B-Wv.- sk¿-h-‚ v-kv- Hm-^v- tKm-Uv- (Jp-Zm-bv- Jn-fl-Xv-Km¿-)- F-∂- kw-L-S-\-
ÿm-]n-®-Xv- Jm-≥ A-_v-Zpƒ- Km-^¿- Jm-≥ B-Wv.-
*- -Pm-en-b-≥hm-em-_m-Kv- Iq-´-s°m-e-bv-°v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-Xv- P-\-d¬- sd-Pn-\mƒ-
Uv- U-b-dm-Wv.- A-Xn-\p- {]-Xn-Im-c-am-bn- B- k-a-b-Øv- ]-©m-_v- K-h¿-W-dm-bn-cp-
∂- ssa-°¬- H-U-b-dn-s\- 1940 am¿-®v- 13˛-\v- e-≠-\n¬-h-®v- D-±w-kn-Mv- F-∂- kn-
- °p-bp-hm-hv- sh-Sn-h-®p-sIm-∂p.-
*- -sam-t≠-Kp-˛-sNw-kv-t^m¿-Uv- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v- ]-Tn-®v- \n¿-t±-i-߃-
k-a¿-∏n-°m-≥ {_n-´o-jv- k¿-°m¿- ssk-a-¨- I-Ωn-j-≥ cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®- h¿-jw-
1927 B-Wv.- I-Ωn-j-≥ C-¥y-bn¬- h-∂-Xv- 1928˛¬.- dn-t∏m¿-´v- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv-
1930˛¬.-
*- -1923˛¬- {]-h¿-Ø-\w- B-cw-`n-®- kz-cm-Pv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I¿- kn.-B¿.-Zm-kpw-
tam-Øn-em¬- s\-lv-dp-hpw.- 1934˛¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- tkm-jy-en-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- ÿm-]n-
°m-≥ ap-≥ssI-sb-Sp-Ø-Xv- B-Nm-cy- \-tc-{µ-tZ-hpw- P-b-{]-Im-iv- \m-cm-b-Wpw.-
*- -1912˛¬- au-em-\m- A-_pƒ- I-emw- B-km-Zv- Xp-S-ßn-b- D-dp-Zp- hm-cn-I-bm-Wv- A¬-
ln-em¬. 1914˛¬- ]-{X-am-c-W-\n-b-a-{]-Im-cw- {_n-´o-j-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ- A¬- ln-em¬-
]n-Sn-s®-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ- B-km-Zv- Xp-S-ßn-b-Xm-Wv- A¬- _-em-Lv.-
*- -Xo-{h-hm-Zn-I-sf-bpw- hn-π-h-Im-cn-I-sf-bpw- G-tIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn- 1924˛¬- Im-
¨-]q-cn¬- cq-]w-sIm-≠- kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv- ln-µp-ÿm-≥ dn-∏-ªn-°-≥ A-tkm-kn-
tb-j-≥.- 1928˛-ap-X¬- kw-L-S-\- ln-µp-ÿm-≥ tkm-jy-en-Ãv- dn-∏-ªn-°-≥ A-
tkm-kn-tb-j-≥ F-∂- t]-cn¬- {]-h¿-Øn-®p-Xp-S-ßn.-
*- -`m-c-X- tI-k-cn- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv- a-∂-Øp- ]-Zv-a-\m-`-\m-Wv.- a-dm-Ø-
tI-k-cn- F-∂p- hn-fn-°-s∏-´- t\-Xm-hv- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c- Xn-e-I-\m-Wv.- \m-\m- ^-Uv-
\m-hn-kv- B-Wv- a-dm-Ø- am-Iy-sh-√n.- C-¥y-≥ am-Iy-sh-√n- F-∂p- hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv-
Nm-W-Iy-s\-bm-Wv.-
*- th-Z-k-am-Pw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- {io-[-c-ep- \m-bn-Up.- tZ-h-k-am-P-Øn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥
in-h-\m-cm-b-¨- A-·n-tlm-{Xn.-
*- -1923˛¬- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂- kz-cm-Pv- ]m¿-´n-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I-≥ tam-´n-em¬- s\-{lp-hpw-
Nn-Ø-c-Rv-P-≥ Zm-kp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- kn.-cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-bm-Wv- 1959˛¬- kz-X{¥-
]m¿-´n- ÿm-]n-®-Xv.-
*- -ap-…n-߃-°v- H-cp- {]-tXy-I- {]-hn-iy- F-∂- B-i-bw- B-Zy-am-bn- ap-t∂m-´p-sh-®-
Xv- ap-l-Ω-Zv- C-Iv-_m¬- B-Wv.- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ F-∂- hm-°v- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®-Xv- d-lv-
a-Øv- A-en-bm-Wv.-
*- -cm-a-Ir-jv-W- an-j-≥ ÿm-]n-®-Xv- kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-\m-Wv.- \-tc-{µ-\m-Yv-Z-Ø-
F-∂- _m-ey-Im-e-\m-a-ap-≈- kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-s‚- B-Zy- t]-cv- ho-tc-iz¿- Z-Ø-
F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p.-
*- -B-K-kv-Xv- 15\v- P-\n-®- kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c- tk-\m-\n-bm-Wv- A-c-hn-µ- tLm-jv-(1872˛-
1950).- F-∂m¬- kzm-X-{¥y-Zn-\-Øn¬-(1947 B-K-kv-Xv- 15)- A-¥-cn-®- t\-Xm-hm-Wv-
`m-c-Xv- am-Xm- skm-ssk-‰n- F-∂- hn-π-h- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I-\m-b- A-Pn-Xv-
kn-Mv.-
*- -sX-°p-\n-∂p-≈- tbm-≤m-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- kn.-cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-bm-Wv.- sX-
t°- C-¥y-bp-sS- Zo-]-in-Jm- hm-l-I-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´- t\-Xm-hv- F-kv.-k-Xy-aq¿-
Øn-bm-Wv.-
*- -ap-l-Ω-Z-≥ en-‰-d-dn- skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I-≥ \-hm-_v- A-_v-Zpƒ- e-Øo-^v.-
ap-l-Ω-Z-≥ Bw-t•m- Hm-dn-b-‚¬- tIm-tf-Pv- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- k¿- k-ø-Zv- A-l-Ω-Zv- Jm-
≥.- C-Xv- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- A-en-K-Vv- ap-…nw- bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n-bm-bn.-
*- -tem-I-am-\y- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c- Xn-e-I-≥(1856˛-1920)- B-bn-cp-∂p.-
a-lm-am-\y- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- ]-Wv-Un-‰v- a-Z-≥ tam-l-≥ am-f-hy- (1861˛-1946)-B-bn-cp-
∂p.-
*- -j-lo-Zv-˛-C-˛-A-kw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- `-K-Xv- kn-Mv- B-Wv.- Izm-bn-Zv-˛-C-˛-A-kw- F-
∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- ap-l-Ω-Zv- A-en- Pn-∂-bm-Wv.-
*- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I-s‚- ]-{X-am-b- tI-k-cn,- a-dm-Tn- `m-j-bn-epw- a-dm-Ø- Cw-•o-
jn-ep-am-Wv- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.-
*- -Kp-cp-tZ-hv- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- c-ho-{µ-\m-Y- Sm-tKm-dpw- Kp-cp-Pn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- Fw.-
F-kv.- tKm¬-h¬-°-dpw- B-bn-cp-∂p.-
*- -sj-bv-Jv- A-_v-Zp-≈- (1906˛-82)-bm-Wv- I-iv-ao¿- knw-lw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv.- em-
em- e-Pv-]-Xv- dm-bn- (1865˛-1928)-bm-Wv- ]-©m-_v- knw-lw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv.-
*- - ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ tZ-io-b-X-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-a-l-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- d-lv-a-Øv- A-en-
bm-Wv.- C-¥y-≥ tZ-io-b-X-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-a-l-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv- cm-Pv- \m-cm-b-
¨- t_m-kv- B-Wv.
*- Cw-•-≠n-se-Øn-b- B-Zy-sØ- {_m-“-W- Æw-˛-78
≥˛- cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l-≥ tdm-bv- *- D-∏p- k-Xym-{K-lw- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1930
*- D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-in-se- ap-Kƒ-k-cm-bn-bn¬- *- D-∏p-\n-b-a-sØ- B-{I-an-®- B-Zy-sØ- tZ-
1904 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- c-≠n-\p- P-\n-®- C-¥y- io-b- t\-Xm-hv-˛- tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W- tKm-
≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- em¬- _-lm-Zq¿-im-kv- J-se-
{Xn- * -dm-jv- _n-lm-cn- t_m-kv- C-¥y-≥ C-≥Un-
*- D-∏p- k-Xym-{K-l-Øn-\v- Km-‘n-Pn-sb- A- -s]-≥U-≥kv- eo-Kv- ÿm-]n-®-sX-hn-sS-˛-
d-Ãp- sN-ø-s∏-´-t∏mƒ- A-S-bv-°-s∏-´- P- P∏m-≥
bn¬-˛- sb¿-hm-Z- *- du-e-‰v- \n-b-aw- G-Xp-h¿-j-am-Wv- ˛- 1919
*- D-∏p- k-Xym-{K-l-Øn¬- Km-‘n-Pn-bv-s°m- *- e-≠-\n¬- C-¥ym- lu-kv- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛-
∏w- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- k-∂-≤-`-S-≥am-cp-sS- F- iymw-Pn- Ir-jv-W-h¿-a-
2016 BKkv‰- v- 15
*- e-≠-\n¬-h-®p-I-≠- G-Xv- C-¥y-°m-c-s‚-
in-jy-Xz-am-Wv- am¿-K-c-‰v- t\m-_¬- kzo-
I-cn-®-Xv-˛- hn-th-Im-\-µ-≥
*- em-e- e-Pv-]-Xv- dm-bn-bp-sS- a-c-Øn-\p- Im-
c-W-°m-c-\m-b- km-≥tU-gv-kv- F-∂- t]m-
eo-kp-tZym-K-ÿ-s\- h-[n-®-Xv-˛- `-K-Xv- kn-
Mv-
* -em-tlm¿- Ãp-U-‚ v-kv- bq-Wn-b-≥ cq-]-h-
Xv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛- `-K-Xv- knw-Kv-
*- em-tlm¿- Kq-Vm-tem-N\ - t- °-kn-se- ap-Jy-
{]-Xn-?- `-K-Xv- kn-Mv-
*- F- t\-j-≥ C-≥ ta-°n-Mv- c-Nn-®-Xv- ˛- kp-
tc-{µ-\m-Yv-_m-\¿-Pn-
*- F.-_n.-hm-Pv-t]-bn- P-\n-®- ÿ-ew-˛- Kzm-
fn-tbm¿-
*- F.-sF.-Sn.-bp.-kn-bp-sS- B-Zy- k-tΩ-f-\w-
\-S-∂- ÿ-ew-˛-apw-ss_-
*- F-{X- h¿-ja - m-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- Z-£n-Wm-{^n-
°n-bn¬- Xm-a-kn-®-Xv-˛- 21 (1893˛-1914)-
*- F-√m- Po-h-Pm-e-ß-tfm-Spw- B-Z-cw- ]p-e¿-
Øp-I-bpw- H-∂n-t\-bpw- ap-dn-th¬-∏n-°m-
Xn-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- `m-c-Xo-b- B-Nm-
c-Øn-s‚- t]-cv-˛- A-lnw-k-
* -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- B-
Zy-sØ- {]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- U-ªyp.-kn.-_m-\¿-
Pn-
*- F-h-d-Ãn-\v- B- t]-cp- e-`n-°m-≥ Im-c-W-
°m-c-\m-b- tPm¿-Pv- F-h-d-Ãv- B-cm-bn-cp-
∂p-˛- C-¥y-bp-sS- k¿-th-b¿- P-\-d¬-
*- F-h-d-Ãn-s‚- D-b-cw- I-W-°m-°n-b-Xv-˛-
tPm¿-Pv- F-h-d-Ãv-
*- F-h-d-Ãv- sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-°v- B- t]-cp- \¬-
In-b-Xv- ˛- tI-W¬- B-≥{Up-hm-Kv-
*- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ]-©m-b-Øo-cm-Pn-\p- Xp-
S-°w- Ip-dn-®-Xv-˛- \m-Kq¿- (cm-P-ÿm-≥)-
*- F-Uzn-≥ ep-Sy-≥kv- cq-]-I¬-]-\- sN-bv-
X- C-¥y-≥ \-K-cw-˛- \yq-U¬-ln-
*- h-´-ta-i-k-tΩ-f-\-Im-e-Øv- {_n-´o-jv- {]-
[m-\-a-{¥n-˛- dw-tk- a-Iv-sUm-Wmƒ-Uv-
*- Fw-U-≥ F-∂- ap-ßn-°-∏¬- G-Xv- cm-Py-
Øn-s‚-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-˛- P¿-a-\n-
*- G-‰-hp-sam-Sp-hn¬- Km-‘n-Pn-sb- k-µ¿-in-
®- {]-ap-J-t\-Xm-hv-˛- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´¬-
*- G-‰-hpw- {]-_-e-\m-b- kn-Jv- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-
cn-˛- c-Rv-Pn-Øv- kn-Mv-
*- G-jy-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- ]-g-°-ap-≈- F-©n-
\o-b-dn-Mv- tIm-tf-Pv- ˛- dq¿-°n-
*- G-jym-‰n-Iv- skm-ssk-‰n- Hm-^v- _w-Kmƒ-
ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- hn-eyw- tPm-¨-kv-
*- G-Xp- bp-≤-Øn-em-Wv- Sn-∏p- sIm-√-s∏-´-
Xv-˛- \m-emw- ssa-kq¿- bp-≤w-(1799)-
*- H-∂mw- tem-Ia - l
- m-bp-≤Ø - n¬- ho-ca
- r-Xyp-
h-cn-®- C-¥y-≥ P-hm-≥am-cp-sS- Hm¿-a-bv-
°m-bn- D-≠m-°n-b- kv-am-c-Iw-˛- C-¥ym-tK-
‰v-
* -h-√-`v-`m-bn- ]-t´-en-\v- k¿-Zm¿- ]-Z-hn- \¬-
In-b-Xv-˛- Km-‘n-Pn-
*- G-Xp- cm-Py-sØ- C-¥y-≥hw-i-P-cp-sS- {]-
iv-\-ß-fp-am-bn- k-l-I-cn-®-Xn-\m-em-Wv-
kn.-F-^v.-B-≥{Uq-kn-\v- Zo-\-_-‘p- F-
∂- t]-cp- e-`n-®-Xv-˛- ^n-Pn-
* -G-Xp- h¿-j-sØ- tIm-¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-f-
\-Øn-em-Wv- P-\-K-W-a-\- B-Zy-am-bn- B-
e-]n-®-Xv-˛- 1911
* -Hm-K-kv-Xv- 15 P-∑-Zn-\-am-b- kzm-X-{¥y-k-
a-c-tk-\m-\n-˛- A-c-hn-µ-tLm-jv-
*- Hm-Sn-hn-f-bm-Sp-]m-∏- F-∂- tZ-i-`-‡n-Km-
\w- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- kp-{_-a-Wy-`m-c-Xn-
*- G-Xp- k-a-c-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´m-Wv- Km-
‘n-Pn,-- {]-h¿-Øn-°p-I- A-s√-¶n¬- a-cn-
°p-I- F-∂v- B-lzm-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv-˛- Izn-
‰n-¥ym-k-a-cw-
*- G-Xp- kw-`-h-Øn¬- {]-Xn-tj-[n-°m-\m-
Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- ssI-k¿-˛-C-˛-ln-µv- Xn-cn-®p-
\¬-In-b-Xv-˛- Pm-en-b-≥hm-em-_m-Kv- Iq-´-
s°m-e-
*- G-Xp- t\-Xm-hn-s‚- a-I-W-ti-j-am-Wv- Km-
‘n-Pn- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- A-\n-tj-[y- t\-
Xm-hm-bn- D-b¿-∂-Xv-˛- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-
2016 BKkv‰- v- 15
e-I-≥
*- G-Xp- t]-cn-em-Wv- kp-`m-jv- N-{µ-t_m-kv-
th-j-{]-—-∂-\m-bn- C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂p- I-
S-∂-Xv-˛- au-e-hn- kn-bm-hp-±o-≥
*- G-Xp-h¿-j-am-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- c-£m-[n-Im-
cn-bm-bn- A-Jn-te-¥ym- {Km-ao-W- hy-hk - m-
b- kw-L-S-\- B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛-1934
*- G-Xv- t\-Xm-hp-am-bn-´m-Wv- tIm-¨-{K-kv- ,-
]q-\m- k-‘n-bn¬- G¿-s∏-´-Xv- ˛-_n.-B¿.-
Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-
*- G-Xv- tIm-¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\-am-Wv- t\-
Xr-Xzw- bp-h-X-e-ap-d-bv-°v- ssI-am-dn-b-Xv-
˛- em-tlm¿-
*- h-[n-°-s∏-´- G-I- {_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bn-se-
ssh-t{km-bn-˛- ta-tbm- {]-`p-
*- h-´-ta-i- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-te-°v- C-¥y-≥ h-
\n-X-I-fp-sS- {]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn- £-Wn-°-
s∏-´-Xv-˛- k-tcm-Pn-\n- \m-bn-Up-
*- h-´-ta-i- k-tΩ-f-\-ß-fn¬- Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-
G-Xv- hn-`m-K-sØ-bm-Wv- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w-
sN-bv-X-Xv-˛- A-[x-ÿn-X¿-
*- H-∂mw- h-´t- a-i- k-tΩ-f\ - w- \-S° - p-tºmƒ-
ssh-t{km-bn-˛- C¿-hn-≥ {]-`p-
* -H-∂mw- kzm-X-{¥y- k-a-cw- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-
˛- 1857
* -H-∂mw- kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-Im-e-sØ- K-h¿-
W¿- P-\-d¬-˛- Im-\n-Mv- {]-`p-
* -H-∂mw- ssa-kq¿- bp-≤w- A-h-km-\n-°m-
≥ Im-c-W-am-b- k-‘n- F-hn-sS-h-®m-Wv-
H-∏n-´-Xv-˛- sN-ss∂-
*- H-∂mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn¬- H-cp- I-Æp-
\-jv-S-s∏-´-ti-jw- C-¥y-bp-sS- ssh-t{km-
bn-bm-b-Xv- ˛-th-h¬- {]-`p-
*- H-Iv-tSm-_¿- c-≠n-\p- P-\n-®- t\-Xm-°ƒ-
˛- Km-‘n-Pn-bpw- em¬- _-lm-Zq¿- im-kv-
{Xn-bpw-
*- Hmƒ- C-¥ym- In-km-≥ k-`-bp-sS- B-Zy-
sØ- {]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- k-l-Pm-\-µv- k-c-kz-
Xn-
*- Hm-K-Ãv- hn-π-hw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv-˛- Izn-
‰n-¥ym- k-a-cw-
*- hn-π-h-{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃- A-h-km-\n-∏n-®v-
A-ch - n-µt- Lm-jv- k-∂ym-kP - o-hn-Xw- \-bn-
®-Xv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛-]p-Xp-t®-cn-
* h- n-πh - N- n-¥I - ƒ- ]p-e¿-Øn-bX - n-\v- 1831˛¬-
ln-µp- tIm-tf-Pn¬- \n-∂p- ]p-d-Øm-°-s∏-
´- Bw-t•m- C-¥y-≥ I-hn-˛- sl-≥dn- sU-
tdm-kn-tbm-
* -hn-iz-`m-cX - n- k¿-hI- e- m-im-eb - ° -v p-≈n¬- Sm-
tKm-dn-s‚- ho-Sn-s‚- t]-c˛v- - D-Øc - m-b≥-
*- hn-th-Im-\-µ- km-ln-Xy- k¿-h-kz-Øn-\v-
A-h-Xm-cn-I- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv-˛- kn-ÿ- \n-th-
Zn-X-
*- hn-Zy-t\-Sq,- kw-LS- n-°q,- k-ac - w- sN-øq- F-
∂v- B-lzm-\w- sN-bv-X- t\-Xm-hv- ˛-_n.-
B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-
*- h-tµ-am-X-c-Øn-s‚- Cw-Kv-fo-jv- ]-cn-`m-j-
\n¿-h-ln-®-Xv-˛- A-c-hn-µ-tLm-jv-
* -hy-‡n- k-Xym-{K-l-Øn-\p- Xp-S-°w- Ip-
dn-®v- B-Zy-am-bn- A-d-Ãn-em-b-Xv-˛- hn-t\m-
_m-`m-sh-
*- I-∏-tem-´n-b- X-an-g-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛-
hn.-H.-Nn-Zw-_-cw- ]n-≈-
*- I¬-°-´- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- N-S-ßn¬- B-
[y-£yw- h-ln-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂- k¿- Ãm-
≥en- Pm-Iv-k-s\- sh-Sn-h-®- C-¥y-≥ kzm-
X-¥y- k-a-c-\m-bn-I-˛- _o-Wm-Zm-kv-
* -I-kvX - q¿-_m- Km-‘n- A-¥c - n-®- sIm-´m-cw-
˛- ]q-s\-bn-se- B-Km-Jm-≥ sIm-´m-cw-
* -I-kv-Xq¿-_m- Km-‘n- A-¥-cn-®-Xv-˛- 1944
(s^-{_p-h-cn- 22)-
*- Im-_qƒ- B-ÿm-\-am-°n- ÿm-]n-®- kz-
X-{¥- `m-c-X- k¿-°m-cn¬- hn-tZ-i-Im-cy-
h-Ip-∏p-a{- ¥n-bm-bn- tk-h\ - a- \ - p-jvT - n-®- Xn-
cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øp-Im-c-≥˛- sN-º-I-cm-a-≥
]n-≈-
*- Im-e-Øn-s‚- I-t]m-e-Øn-se- I-Æp-\o¿-
Øp-≈n- F-∂v- Xm-Pv-a-l-en-s\- hn-ti-jn-
∏n-®-Xv- c-_o-{µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm¿-
]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥
* -in-]m-bn- e-l-f- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1857
* -In-Mv-kv- t^m¿-Uv- F-∂- Pn-√m- a-Pn-kv-t{S-
‰n-s\- sIm-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- tI-kn¬- Xq-°n-
te-‰-s∏-´-Xv-˛- Jp-Zn-dmw- t_m-kv-
* -Ip-°- {]-ÿm-\w- cq-]w-sIm-≠- kw-ÿm-
\w-˛- ]-©m-_v-
*- ip-≤n- {]-ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛- Z-bm-\-
µv- k-c-kz-Xn-
*- Iym-_n-\-‰v- an-j-≥ \-bn-®-Xv-˛- s]-Øn-Iv-
tem-d-≥kv-
* -Izn-‰n-¥y- k-a-c-Øn-s‚- \m-bn-I- F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- A-cp-W- A-k-^v- A-en-
*- Izn-‰n-¥ym- {]-ÿm-\w- \-S∂ - - h¿-jw-˛- 1942
*- kp-`m-jv- N-{µ-t_m-kv- P-\n-®- ÿ-ew-˛- I-
´-°v-
*- kn-ÿ- \n-th-Zn-X-bp-sS- b-Ym¿-Y- t]-cv-˛-
am¿-K-c-‰v- F-en-k-_-Øv- t\m-_nƒ-
*- Ko-Xm-c-l-kyw- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-
c-Xn-e-I-≥
*- Izn-‰n-¥ym- {]-ta-bw- (1942)- ]m-km-°n-b-
tIm-¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\w-˛- t_mw-s_-
*- h-tµ-am-X-cw- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®- h¿-jw- ˛-
1882
*- hw-i-hn-th-N-\-Øn-s‚- t]-cn¬- C-¥y-≥
kn-hn¬- k¿-ho-kn¬-\n-∂v- ]p-dØ - m-°s - ∏-
´- kzm-X{- ¥y-ka - c
- t- k-\m-\n- ˛-kp-tc-{µ-\m-
Yv- _m-\¿-Pn-
*- Izn-‰n-¥ym-k-a-c-Im-e-sØ- tIm-¨-{K-kv-
{]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- au-em-\m- A-_pƒ- I-emw-
B-km-Zv-
*- j-lo-Zv-˛-C-˛-A-kw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- ˛-`-
K-Xv- kn-Mv-
*- k-tcm-Pn-\n- \m-bn-Up-hn-s\- C-¥y-bp-sS-
hm-\-ºm-Sn- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛- c-_o-
{µ-\m-Yv- Sm-Kq¿-
* -Jn-em-^-Øv- {]-ÿm-\-Øn-\v- t\-Xr-Xzw-
\¬-In-b-Xv-˛- A-en- k-tlm-Z-c-≥am¿-
* -Jp-Zm-bv- Jn-Xv-a-Xv-K¿- F-∂- kw-L-S-\-
ÿm-]n-®- kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-tk-\m-\n-˛- A-
_v-Zpƒ- Km-^¿- Jm-≥
* -k¿- k-ø-Zv- A-l-Ω-Zv-Jm-≥ ap-l-Ω-Z-≥
Bw-t•m- Hm-dn-b-‚¬- tIm-tf-Pv- kv-Ym-]n-
®- h¿-jw-˛- 1875
*- I¬-°-´,- t_mw-s_- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-Iƒ-
\n-e-hn¬- h-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1862
*- i-‡n-tb-dn-b- t{_-°p-≈-Xpw- F-≥Pn-≥
C-√m-Ø-Xp-am-b- b-{¥w- F-∂v- F-¥n-s\-
°p-dn-®m-Wv- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- ]-d-
™-Xv-˛- 1935 se- K-h.-Hm-^v- C-¥ym- B-
Iv-Sv-
*- k-h¿-Æ- ln-µp-°ƒ-s°-Xn-cm-b- k-a-c-
Øn-s≥d- `m-K-am-bn- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn- I-Øn-
®- t\-Xm-hv-˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-
*- km-sc- P-lmw- tk- A-—m- F-∂p- Xp-S-
ßp-∂- Km-\w- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- ap-l-Ω-Zv- C-Iv-
_m¬-
*- kn-°p-Im-cp-sS- ]-Øm-as - Ø-bpw- A-hk - m-
\-sØ-bpw- Kp-cp-˛- tKm-hn-µv-kn-Mv-
*- I-kv-Xq¿-_m- Km-‘n- F-hn-sS-h-®m-Wv- A-
¥-cn-®-Xv-˛- B-K-Jm-≥ ]m-e-kv- P-bn¬-
*- Im-\n-Mv- {]-`p-hn-s‚- Im-e-Øv- 1860˛¬- C-
¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- _-P-‰v- A-h-X-cn-∏n-
®-Xv-˛- k¿- sP-bnw-kv- hn¬-k-¨-
*- Iym-_n-\-‰v- an-j-≥ C-¥y-bn¬- h-∂- h¿-
jw-˛- 1946
*- kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-≥ Nn-°m-tKm-bn-se-
tem-I- a-X- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-Øp-
{]-kw-Kn-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1893
*- Izm-bn-Zv-˛-C-˛-A-kw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- ˛-ap-
l-Ω-Zv- A-en- Pn-∂-
* -kn-dm-Pv- D-Zv- Zu-f-bp-sS- X-e-ÿm-\w-˛- ap¿-
jn-Zm-_m-Zv-
* k- n-hn¬- B-⁄m-ew-L\ - - {]-ÿm-\w- B-
cw-`n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1930
*- kn-hn¬- k¿-ho-kv- ]-co-£- ]m-km-b- c-
≠m-a-sØ- C-¥ym-°m-c-≥˛- kp-tc-{µ-\m-
Yv- _m-\¿-Pn-
*- kn-ÿ- \n-th-Zn-X- B-cp-sS- {]-kn-≤i - n-jy-
bm-Wv-˛- kzm-an- hn-th-Im-µ-≥
* -kp-`m-jv- N-{µ-t_m-kn-s‚- cm-jv-{So-b-Kp-
cp-˛- kn.-B¿.-Zm-kv-
*- Izn-‰n-¥ym-k-a-c-Øn-\v- Km-‘n-Pn-sb- A-d-
Ãp- sN-ø-s∏-´-t∏mƒ- A-S-bv-°-s∏-´- P-
bn¬-˛- B-Km-Jm-≥ sIm-´m-cw-
*- kp-`m-jv- N-{µ-t_m-kv- kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bp-
sS- Xm-Xv-Im-en-I- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- ÿm-]n-®-
ÿ-ew-˛- knw-K-∏q¿-
*- kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-≥ P-\n-®- h¿-jw-˛-
1863 (P-\p-h-cn- 12)-
*- Izn-‰n-¥ym-k-a-c-hn-fw-_-cw- \-S-∂- ssa-Xm-
\w-˛- t_mw-s_-bn-se- tKm-hm-en-b- Sm-¶v-
( C-t∏mƒ- Hm-K-kv-Xv- {Im-¥n- ssa-Xm-\w)-
*- kp-`m-jv- N-{µ-t_m-kv- tIm-¨-{K-kv- {]-
kn-U-‚m-bn-cn-s°- (1938)- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®-
tZ-io-bm-kq-{X-W-k-an-Xn-bp-sS- A-[y-£-
≥˛- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-
*- Kp-cp-Pn- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- Fw.-F-kv.-
tKm¬-hm¬-°¿-
*- kp-X-¥n-c- s]-cp-ssa- F-∂- I-hn-Xm- k-
am-lm-cw- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- kp-{_-a-Wy- `m-c-Xn-
*- k-tcm-Pn-\n- \m-bn-Up- P-\n-®- ÿ-ew-˛-
ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv-
*- K-W-]-Xn- D¬-k-h-sØ- P-\-Io-b-am-°n-
b- kzm-X-¥y-k-a-c- \m-b-I-≥˛- _m-e-Kw-
Km-[-c- Xn-e-I-≥
*- kw-hm-Zv- Iu-ap-Zn- F-∂- ]-{Xw- ÿm-]n-®-
Xv-˛- cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l-≥ tdm-bv-
* -Kw-K-tbm-Sv- Km-‘n-Pn- Xm-c-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-
b- t\-Xm-hv-˛-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W- tKm-J-se-
*- k-Xn- \n¿-Ø-em-°n-b- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-
˛- hn-eyw- s_-≥dn-Iv-
*- k-Xym-{K-l-Øn-s‚- P-∑-`q-an- ˛-Z-£n-Wm-
{^n-°-
*- k-Xym¿-Y{- ]-Im-iw- c-Nn-®X - v˛- - Z-bm-\µ - v- k-
c-kz-Xn-
*- kz-cm-Pv- ]m¿-´n- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- tam-´n-em¬-
s\-{lp-hpw- kn.-B¿- Zm-kpw-
*- K-Zm-[¿- N-tXm-]m-[ym-b- G-Xp- t]-cn-em-
Wv- C-¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn¬- {]-kn-≤-≥˛- {io-
cm-a-Ir-jv-W- ]-c-a-lw-k-≥
*- k-Xy-tim-[-Iv- k-am-Pw- cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®-
Xv-˛- tPym-Xn-_- ^q-se-
* -kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-µ-≥ cm-a-Ir-jv-W-an-j-
≥ ÿm-]n-®- h¿-jw- ˛- 1897
*- Pm-en-b-≥ hm-em- _m-Kv- Iq-´-s°m-e- k-a-
b-sØ- ssh-t{km-bn-˛- sNw-kv-t^m¿-Uv-
{]-`p-
*- kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\p-ap-ºp-≈- C-¥y-bn¬- Zm-
cn-Zy-tc-J-sb-°p-dn-®v- N¿-®- sN-bv-X- B-
Zy- t\-Xm-hv-˛- Zm-Zm-`m-bv- \-h-tdm-Pn-
*- kzm-X-{¥y-e-_v-[n-h-sc- cm-P-ÿm-≥ A-
dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂- t]-cv-˛- c-P-]p-Øm-\-
*- kp-`m-jv- N-{µ-t_m-kv- knw-K-∏q-cn¬- cq-
]w- \¬-In-b- B-km-Zv- ln-µv- K-h-¨-sa-
‚n¬- Aw-K-am-bn-cp-∂- h-\n-X-˛- Iym-]v-‰-
≥ e-£v-an-
* -kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-N-cn-{X-Øn-se- t_m-kv-
k-tlm-Z-c-≥am¿- B-sc-√mw-˛- i-c-Xv-N-{µ-
t_m-kpw- kp-`m-jv- N-{µ-t_m-kpw-
*- kzm-X-¥y-Øn-\p-ap-ºv- Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn- G-
‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- Im-ew- tIm-¨-{K-kv- {]-
kn-U‚ - m-bX - v- ˛- au-em-\m- A-_pƒ- I-emw-
B-km-Zv-
*- ln-µp-aX - Ø
- n-se- Im¬-hn-≥ F-∂d - n-bs- ∏-
´-Xv- ˛-Z-bm-\-µv- k-c-kz-Xn-
*- ln-µp-ÿm-≥ tkm-jy-en-Ãv- dn-∏-ªn-°-≥
A-tkm-kn-tb-j-\v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b-
Xv- ˛-`-K-Xv- kn-Mv-
* -ln-µp-˛-ap-…nw- ssa-{Xn-bp-sS- {]-Xn-]p-cp-j-
≥ F-∂v- Pn-∂-sb- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛- k-
tcm-Pn-\n- \m-bn-Up-
*- ln-µv- kz-cm-Pv- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- Km-‘n-Pn-
*- lu-kv- Hm-^v- tem¿-Uk v- n¬- Aw-Ka - m-b- B-
Zy- C-¥y-°m-c≥ - ˛-Fk - v.]
- n.-kn-≥l-
*- P-∏m-\n¬- C-¥y-≥ C-≥Un-s]-≥U-≥kv-
eo-Kn-\p- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-bX - v˛- - dm-jv- _n-
lm-cn- t_m-kv-
*- P-am-_¥ - n- ]-cn-jvI - m-cß - ƒ- sIm-≠p-h∂ - -
7
 Xv-˛- Sn-∏p- kp¬-Øm-≥
*- P-bn-en¬- H-≥]-Xv- B-gv-N- \n-cm-lm-c-a-\p-
jv-Tn-®v- a-c-Ww-h-cn-®- kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-tk-
\m-\n-˛- P-Xn-≥Zm-kv-
*- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- \n-b-a-]-co-£- P-
bn-®v- _m-cn-Ã-dm-bn- C-¥y-bn¬- Xn-cn-
s®-Øn-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1912
*- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- 1923¬- sN-b¿-am-
\m-b- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-˛- A-el - _- m-Zv-
*- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- e-Iv-\u- tIm-¨-
{K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬-h-®v- Km-‘n-Pn-sb-
B-Zy-am-bn- I-≠- h¿-jw-˛- 1916
*- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- I-a-em-Iu-fn-s\-
hn-hm-lw- sN-bv-X-Xv-˛- 1916 s^-{_p-h-cn-
16\v- (U¬-ln-bn¬-h-®v-).-
*- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- P-\n-®- h¿-jw-˛-
1889
* -C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- X-]m¬- Ãm-ºv-
(kn-‘v- [m-°v-)- ]p-d-Øn-d-°-s∏-´- \-K-cw-
˛- I-dm-®n-
*- C-¥y-bn¬- td-Un-tbm- {]-t£-]-Ww- B-
cw-`n-®- h¿-jw-˛- 1927
*- Pm-en-b-≥ hm-em- _m-Kv- Iq-´-s°m-e- A-
t\z-jn-®- I-Ωn-j-≥˛- l-≠¿- I-Ωn-j-≥
*- Pm-en-b-≥hm-em-_m-Kv- G-Xp- kw-ÿm-\-
Øm-Wv-˛- ]-©m-_v-
*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- sS-e-{Km-^v- sse-
≥˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-˛- U-b-a-≠v- lm¿-_¿-
*- P-hm-l¿-em¬-s\-{lp-hn-s‚- B-fl-I-Y-
B¿-°m-Wv- k-a¿-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v˛- - I-ae - m-
s\-{lp-
*- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- t]m-tÃm-^o-kv-
B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn¬-
* -Pm-en-b-≥hm-em-_m-Kv- Iq-´-s°m-e- \-S-∂-
\-K-cw-˛- A-ar-Xv-k¿-
* -Pm-en-b-≥hm-em-_m-Kv- Iq-´-s°m-e- \-S-∂-
Xo-b-Xn- ˛- 1919 G-{]n¬- 13
*- Pm-en-b-≥hm-em-_m-Kv- Iq-´-s°m-e-bv-°p-
{]-Xn-Im-c-am-bn- ssa-°¬- H- U-b-dn-s\- h-
[n-®-Xv-˛- D-±w- kn-Mv-
* -Pn-∂m-lu-kv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- apw-ss_-
bn¬-
* -P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-hn-s\- E-Xp-cm-P-≥
F-∂p-hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv- ˛- Sm-tKm¿-
* -Po-hn-X-Øn¬- k-Xy-k-‘-\m-bn-cn-°-Ww-
F-∂- Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-≥ Km-‘n-Pn- Xo-
cp-am-\n-®-Xv- G-Xv- ]p-cm-W- I-Ym-]m-{X-Øn-
s‚- kzm-[o-\-Øm-em-Wv-˛- l-cn-›-{µ-≥
* -Rm-s\m-cp- Ip-‰-hm-fn-b-√- cm-Py- kv-t\-ln-
bm-Wv- F-∂v- {]-Jym-]n-®-Xv-?- `-K-Xv- kn-Mv-
* -s\-{lp- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- B-Zy- tIm-¨-{K-kv-
k-tΩ-f-\w-˛- _-¶n-∏q¿-(1912)-
* -s\-t∏m-fn-b-\n-Iv- bp-≤-Øn¬- H-cp- ssI-
\-jv-S-am-b-ti-jw- C-¥y-bn-se- K-h¿-W¿-
P-\-d-em-b-Xv- ˛-lm¿-Un-©v- H-∂m-a-≥
* s- ]-cn-tbm¿- F-∂- A-]c - \
- m-aØ
- n-ed - n-bs- ∏-
´n-cp-∂-Xv-˛-C.-hn.-cm-a-kzm-an-\m-bv-°¿-
*- s]m-Xp-a-cm-a-Øv- h-Ip-∏v- \-S-∏m-°n-b- K-
h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-˛- U¬-lu-kn-
*- sam-t≠-Kp- sNw-kv-t^m¿-Uv- `-c-W-]-cn-jv-
Im-cw- \n-e-hn¬- h-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1919
*- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- A-[y-£-X- h-ln-
®- B-Zy- tIm-¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\w- (1929)-
\-S-∂-sX-hn-sS-bm-Wv- ˛-em-tlm¿-
*- sF.-F≥ - .-F.-bp-sS- h-\n-Xm- sd-Pn-sa-‚ n-s\-
\-bn-®-Xv-˛- Iym-]v-‰-≥ e-£v-an-
*- sh-√-kv-en- {]-`p-hn-s≥d- ssk-\n-I-k-lm-
b- hy-h-kv-Y-bn¬- H-∏p-sh-®- B-Zy-sØ-
\m-´p-cm-Pyw-˛- ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv-
*- shm-U-bm¿- cm-P-hw-i-Øn-s‚- X-e-ÿm-
\-am-bn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- ssa-kq¿-
* -sIm¬-°-Ø- ]-´-W-Øn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥˛-
tPm-_v- Nm¿-t\m-°v-
* s- k-≥{S¬- ln-µp- tIm-tf-Pv- ÿm-]n-°s - ∏-
´- ÿ-ew-˛- hm-cm-W-kn-
*- sk-≥dv- tPm¿-Pv- tIm-´- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-?-˛-
sN-ss∂-bn¬-
8 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥
*- sk¿-h-‚ v-kv- Hm-^v- C-¥y- F-∂- kw-L-
S-\- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W- tKm-
J-se-
*- sk¿-h-‚ v-kv- Hm-^v- tKm-Uv- F-∂- kw-L-
S-\- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- Jm-≥ A-_v-Zpƒ- Km-
^¿- Jm-≥
*- Sm-tKm¿- P-\n-®-Xv-˛- 1861
*- Sm-tKm¿,- {]-`p-ÿm-\w- D-t]-£n-®-Xn-\p-
Im-c-Ww-˛- Pm-en-b-≥ hm-em-_m-Kv- Iq-´-
s°m-e-
* -Sm-tKm-dn-s\- Km-‘n-Pn- kw-t_m-[-\- sN-
bv-Xn-cp-∂-Xv-˛- Kp-cp-tZ-hv-
* -Sm-tKm-dn-s\- t{K-‰v- sk-‚ n-\¬- F-∂p- hn-
ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-˛- Km-‘n-Pn-
*- Sn-∏p- kp¬-Øm-≥ A-Sp-Ø- _-‘w- ]p-
e¿-Øn-bn-cp-∂- {^-©v- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛-
s\-t∏m-fn-b-≥
*- Sn-∏p- kp¬-Øm-≥ h-[n-°-s∏-´- h¿-jw-˛-
1799
*- Sn-∏p- kp¬-Øm-s‚- X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp-∂-
Xv-˛- {io-cw-K-]-´-Ww-
*- Sn-∏p-hn-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv-˛- ssl-Z-c-en-
*- Sn-∏p-kp¬-Øm-≥ h-[n-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ- K-
h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-˛- sh-√-…n- {]-`p-
* -ssa- ssSw-kv- B-cp-sS- B-fl-I-Y-bm-Wv-˛-
sP.-_n.-Ir-]-em-\n-
*- ssa-kq¿- sIm-´m-cw- cq-]-I¬-]-\- sN-bv-
X-Xv-˛- sl-≥dn- C-≥hn-≥
*- sse-^v- Hm-^v- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n- c-Nn-®-Xv-
˛- eq-bn- ^n-j¿-
*- sse-^v- Un-ssh-≥ c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- A-c-hn-µ-
tLm-jv-
* -ssh-°w- ho-c¿- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- C.-hn.-
cm-a-kzm-an- \m-bv-°¿-
* -ssh-kv- Nm-≥k-e¿- ]-Zw- h-ln-®- B-Zy-
C-¥ym-°m-c-≥˛- Kp-cp-Zm-kv- _m-\¿-Pn-
(1890˛-I¬-°-´-)-
*- ssh-kv-do-K¬- tem-Uv-Pv- F-hn-sS-bm-bn-cp-
∂p-˛-jnw-e-
*- ssh-Zyp-Xo-I-cn-°-s∏-´- B-Zy-sØ- Z-£n-
tW-¥y-≥ \-K-cw- ˛-_mw-•q¿-
*- ssk-\n-Ik - l - m-b- hy-hÿ - - B-hn-jvI - c
- n-
®- K-h¿-W¿- P-\d - ¬-˛- sh-√… - n- {]-`p-
* s- sk-a¨ - - I-Ωn-j≥ - cq-]w-sIm-≠- h¿-jw-
˛- 1927
*- ssk-a-¨- I-Ωn-j-≥ C-¥y-bn¬-h-∂- h¿-
jw-˛- 1928
* -ssk-a-¨- I-Ωn-j-s\-Xn-sc-bp-≈- {]-Xn-
tj-[-k-a-c-Øn-\n-S-bn-te-‰- em-Øn-b-Sn-
Iƒ- G-Xp-t\-Xm-hn-\m-Wv- a-c-W-Im-c-W-
am-b-Xv-˛- em-em- e-Pv-]-Xv-dm-bn-
*- ssk-a-¨- I-Ωn-j-s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I-\m-aw-
˛- C-¥y-≥ Ãm-‰yq-´-dn- I-Ωn-j-≥
* -ssZ-h-Øn-s‚- A-h-Xm-c-sa-∂pw- tem-I-
≠n-s‚- ]n-Xm-sh-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-
tKm-{X-h¿-K-t\-Xm-hv-˛- _n¿-km- ap-≠-
* -t\-Xm-Pn- kp-`m-jv-N-{µ-t_m-kn-s≥d- cm-
jv-{So-b-Kp-cp-˛- Nn-Ø-c-Rv-P-≥Zm-kv-
*- t]¿-jy-\p-]-I-cw- Cw-•o-jv- C-¥y-bp-sS-
Hu-tZym-Kn-I- `m-j-bm-bn- kzo-I-cn-®- `-c-
Wm-[n-Im-cn-˛- hn-eyw- s_-‚ n-Iv-
*- t]m-≠n-t®-cn- ÿm-]n-®-Xv-˛- {^m-≥kn-kv-
am¿-´n-≥
*- t^m¿-th-Uv- _v-tfm-°v- cq-]-h¬-°-cn-®-Xv-
˛- kp-`m-jv- N-{µ-t_m-kv-
*- t^m¿-th-Uv- t]m-fn-kn- sIm-≠p-h-∂- K-
h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-˛- en-´-¨- {]-`p-
*- t_m-h¿- bp-≤-Øn¬- {_n-´o-jp-Im-sc- k-
lm-bn-°m-≥ Km-‘n-Pn- B-cw-`n-®(- 1899)- {]-
ÿm-\w-˛- C-¥y-≥ Bw-_p-e-≥kv- tIm¿-
]v-kv-
*- t_m-h¿- bp-≤-Øn¬- Km-‘n-Pn- {_n-´o-jp-
Im¿-°p- \¬-In-b- tk-h\ - ß
- s - f- am-\n-®v-
\¬-Is - ∏-´- _-lp-aX - n-˛- ssI-k¿-˛C - ˛- l
- n-µv-
* t- _mw-s_-bv° - p-ap-ºv- ]-›n-aX - o-cØ- v- {_n-
´o-jp-Im-cp-sS- {]-[m-\- Xm-h-f-am-bn-cp-∂-
\-K-cw- ˛-kq-d-Øv-
* -t{_m-°-¨- hn-Mv-kv- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- k-tcm-Pn-
\n- \m-bn-Up-
*- ta-tbm- {]-`p- B-Zy- sk-≥k-kv- X-øm-dm-
°n-b- h¿-jw-˛- 1872
*- tdm-_¿-´v- ss¢-hn-s‚- Ip-dp-°-≥ F-∂-dn-
b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- an¿- Pm-^¿-
*- tdm-b¬- G-jym-‰n-I-v skm-ssk-‰n- Hm-^-v _w-
Kmƒ- ÿm-]n-®X - ˛v- - hm-d≥- tl-Ãn-Mk v- v-
* -td-Un-tbm-bn-eq-sS- P-\-ß-sf- A-`n-kw-
t_m-[-\- sN-bv-X- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ t\-Xm-
hv-˛- t\-Xm-Pn- kp-`m-jv- N-{µ- t_m-kv-
*- tem-Ia - m-\y- F-∂d - n-bs
- ∏-´- t\-Xm-hv˛- - _m-
ew-Kw-Km-[-c- Xn-e-I-≥
* -tem-I-ln-X-hm-Zn- F-∂- t]-cn-e-dn-b-s∏-´-
t\-Xm-hv-˛- tKm-]m¬- l-cn- tZ-iv-ap-Jv-
*- th-j-{]-—-∂m-b- cm-Py-t{Zm-ln- F-∂v- {_n-
´o-jp-Im¿- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xm-sc-˛-tKm-]m-e-
Ir-jv-W- tKm-J-se-
*- thm-bv-kv- Hm-^v- C-¥y- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv-
˛- Zm-Zm-`m-bv- \-h-tdm-Pn-
*- th-Z-ß-fn-te-°p- a-S-ßp-I- F-∂v- B-lzm-
\w- sN-bv-X-Xv-˛- Z-bm-\-µv- k-c-kz-Xn-
* -th-Z-k-am-Pw- ÿm-]n-®-Xv- ˛-{io-[-c-ep-
\m-bn-Up-
* -th-Zm-¥- tIm-tf-Pv- ÿm-]n-®-Xm-cv-˛- cm-Pm-
dmw- tam-l-≥ tdm-bv-
*- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- {]-Y-a- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬-
B-Zy-am-bn- {]-kw-Kn-®-Xv-˛- F.-H.- lyqw-
*- tIm-¨-{K-kp-am-bn- ]q-s\- D-S-º-Sn-bn¬-
G¿-s∏-´- t\-Xm-hv- ˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-ZvI - ¿-
* -tIm-¨-{K-kv- {]-kn-U-‚m-b- c-≠m-a-sØ-
hn-tZ-in- ˛-hn-eyw- sh-U¿-t_-¨-
*- tIm-¨-{K-kv- A-[y-£- ÿm-\-sØ-Øn-
b- c-≠m-as - Ø- hn-tZ-ih - \- n-X˛- - s\-√n- sk-
≥Kp-]v-X- (1933)-
*- tIm-¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\w- \-S-∂- B-Zy- Z-
£n-tW-¥y-≥ \-K-cw-˛- a-{Zm-kv-
*- tk-^v-‰n- hm¬-hv- kn-≤m-¥-Øn-s‚- D-]-
⁄m-Xm-hm-b- ssh-t{km-bn-˛- U-^-dn-≥
{]-`p-
*- tK-‰v- th- Hm-^v- C-¥y- cq-]-I¬-]-\- sN-
bv-X-Xv-˛- tPm¿-Pv- hn-‰-‰v-
*- tk-hm-{Kmw- ]-≤-Xn- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛- a-
lm-flm-Km-‘n-
*- tk-hm-{Kmw- B-{i-aw- G-Xp- kw-ÿm-\-
Øm-Wv-˛- a-lm-cm-jv-{S-
*- tk-hm-Zƒ- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-®v- km-aq-ln-I- {]-
h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-te¿-∏-´-Xv-˛- P-hm-l¿-em¬-
s\-{lp-
* -tKmƒ-U-≥ s{X-tjmƒ-Uv- B-cp-sS- c-N-
\-bm-Wv-˛- k-tcm-Pn-\n- \m-bn-Up-
* -tKm-hm-en-b- Sm-¶v- C-t∏mƒ- F-¥p-t]-cn¬-
A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-˛- Hm-K-kv-‰v- {Im-¥n- ssa-
Xm-\w-
*- tKm-J-se- bp-sS- cm-jv-{So-b-Kp-cp-˛-Fw.-Pn.-
dm-\-tU-
* -tlmw- dqƒ- {]-ÿm-\w- B-cw-`n-®-Xv-˛- B-
\n- _-k-‚ v-
* -tlmw-dqƒ- {]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- {]-[m-\-e-
£yw-˛- {_n-´o-jv- km-{am-Py-Øn-\p-≈n¬-
kz-bw-`-c-Ww- t\-Sp-I-
* -tNm¿-®m- kn-≤m-¥w- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xm-cv-
˛- Zm-Zm-`m-bv- \-h-tdm-Pn-
* -tPm-[v-]q¿- sIm-´m-c-Øn¬-h-®v- `-£y-hn-
j-_m-[-tb-‰v- A-¥-cn-®-Xv-˛- Z-bm-\-µv- k-
c-kz-Xn-
* -tPm¿-Pv- A-©m-a-≥ cm-Pm-hn-s≥d- k-µ¿-
i-\-Øn-s≥d- (1911)- kv-a-c-W-bv-°v- \n¿-an-
°-s∏-´-Xv-˛- tK-‰v-th- Hm-^v- C-¥y-
* -tPm¿-Pv- A-©m-a-≥ cm-Pm-hn-s‚- C-¥y-≥
k-µ¿-i-\-k-a-b-Øv- ssh-t{km-bn-˛- lm¿-
Un-©v- {]-`p-
*- tPym-Xn-_- ^p-se-bp-sS- cm-jv{- So-b- in-jy-
≥˛-_n.-B¿.-Aw-t_-Zv-I¿-
*- tZ-h-k-am-P-Øn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥ ˛-in-h-\m-
cm-b-¨- A-·n-tlm-{Xn-
*- tZ-i-_-‘p- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-˛- kn.-B¿.-
Zm-kv-
*- tZ-iv-\m-b-Iv- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-
hy-‡n-˛- kp-`m-jv- N-{µ-t_m-kv-
*- tZ-io-b] - X- m-Ib- p-sS- C-∂s - Ø- cq-]w- Aw-
Ko-I-cn-®- Xo-b-Xn-˛- 1947 Pq-sse- 22
* -U¬-ln- U¿-_m¿- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1911
* -⁄m-\- {]-Im-iw- F-∂- ]-{Xw- \-S-Øn-
b- t\-Xm-hv-˛-tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W- tKm-J-se-
* U- n-≠n-Ke - n-se- Km-\v[- n-{Kmw- dq-d¬- C-≥kv-
‰n-‰yq-´n-s≥d- kv-Ym-]-I-\m-b- Km-\v-[n-b-≥˛-
Pn- cm-a-N-{µ-≥
*- X-§p-I-sf- A-a¿-®- sN-bv-X- K-h¿-W¿- P-
\-d¬- ˛- hn-eyw- s_-‚ n-Iv- {]-`p-
* -X-an-gv-\m-´n¬- D-∏p- k-Xym-{K-l-Øn-s‚-
(1930)- th-Zn-˛-th-Zm-c-Wyw- I-S-∏p-dw-
*- X-an-g\v- m-´n¬- kn.-cm-Pt- Km-]m-em-Nm-cn-bp-sS-
t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- \-S∂ - - D-∏p- k-Xym-{K-l-
Øn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- a-eb - m-fn-˛P - n.-cm-aN
- {- µ-≥
*- Xm-¥n-bm- tXm-∏n-sb- Xq-°n-te-‰n-b- h¿-
jw- ˛-1859
*- Xm-¥n-b-tXm-∏n-bp-sS- b-Ym¿-Y-t]-cv-˛- cm-
a-N-{µ-]m-Wv-Up-cw-K-
*- Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn- B-dp-h¿-jw- C-¥y-≥ \m-
j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- {]-kn-U-‚m-bn-
cp-∂-Xv-˛- A-_pƒ- I-emw- B-km-Zv-
*- Z- C-¥y-≥ kv-{S-Knƒ- B-cp-sS- B-fl-I-Y-
bm-Wv-˛- t\-Xm-Pn- kp-`m-jv- t_m-kv-
*- Z-Ø-h-Im-i- \n-tcm-[-\- \n-b-a-{]-Im-cw-
{_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-tbm-Sp- tN¿-Ø- B-Zy- \m-
´p-cm-Pyw-˛- k-Øm-d-
*- Z-Ø-h-Im-i- \n-tcm-[-\- \n-b-aw- B-hn-jv-
I-cn-®- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d¬-˛- U¬-lu-kn-
*- Z-£n-tW-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy- B-[p-\n-I- k¿-
h-I-em-im-e-˛-a-{Zm-kv- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-
* -Z-bm-\-µv- k-c-kz-Xn- B-Zy- k-am-Pw- ÿm-
]n-®- h¿-jw-˛-1875
* -Z-bm-\-µv- k-c-kz-Xn-bp-sS- ]-g-b- t]-cv-˛-
ap¬- i-¶¿-
*- Zn- _w-Km-fn- F-∂- ]-{Xw- 1879˛¬- B-cw-
`n-®-Xm-cv- ˛-kp-tc-{µ-\m-Yv- _m-\¿-Pn-
*- Zo-\-_-‘p- F-∂- A-]-c-\m-a-Øn-e-dn-b-
s∏-´-Xv-˛- kn.-F-^v.-B-≥{Uq-kv-
* -Z-Wv-Un-bm-{X- \-S-∂- h¿-jw-˛- 1930
* -Z-Wv-Un-bm-{X-bn¬- k-∂-≤-`-S-≥am¿-°v-
B-th-iw- ]-I¿-∂- Km-\w-˛- c-Lp-]-Xn- cm-
L-h- cm-Pm-dmw-
*- Zzn-cm-jv-{S- kn-≤m-¥w- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv-˛-
ap-l-Ω-Z-en- Pn-∂-
*- B-flo-b- k-`- ÿm-]n-®X - v˛- - cm-Pm-dmw- tam-
l-≥ tdm-bv-
*- C-¥y-≥ a-Æn¬-h-®v- 1925¬- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv-
]m¿-´n- cq-]w-sIm-≠- ÿ-ew-˛- Im-¨-]q¿-
*- H-∂mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv- P¿-a-
\n- B-{I-an-®- G-I- C-¥y-≥ \-K-cw-˛- sN-
ss∂-
*- Pm-en-b-≥hm-em-_m-Kv- Iq-´-s°m-e-bv-°v-
t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-b- D-tZym-K-ÿ-≥˛- P-
\-d¬- U-b¿-
* -km-≥{^m-≥kn-kv-tIm-bn¬- K-±¿- ]m¿-´n-
°p- cq-]w- \¬-In-b-Xv-˛- em-em- l¿-Z-bm¬-
* -km-hn-{Xn- c-Nn-®-Xv-˛- A-c-hn-µ-tLm-jv-
2016 BKkv‰- v- 15
 B[p-\nI `mc-X-Ønse alm-c-Y≥am¿
cm[mIm¥v tZhv (1784˛1867)
* I¬°-´- ln-µp- skm-ssk-‰n-°v- t\-Xr-
Xzw- \¬-In-b- bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-I- t\-Xm-hm-
bn-cp-∂p- cm-[m-Im-¥v- tZ-hv.- _-lp-`m-jm-
hn-Z-Kv-[-\pw- Xn-I-™- ]-Wv-Un-X-\p-am-bn-
cp-∂- A-t±-lw- 1822˛-\pw- 1856˛-\pw- C-S-
bv-°v- F-´p- hm-ey-ß-fm-bn- {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-
Øn-b- i-_v-Z- I-ev-]-{Zp-a- F-∂- kw-kv-Ir-
X- \n-L-≠p-hn-s‚- I¿-Øm-hp-am-Wv.- tdm-
b¬- G-jym-‰n-Iv- skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS- {]-
iw-k-bv-°v- ]m-{X-am-b- Cu- \n-L-≠p- X-
øm-dm-°p-∂-Xn¬- Sm-tKm¿- Ip-Spw-_mw-K-
am-b- l-c- Ip-am¿- Sm-tKm¿- F-∂- ]-Wv-
Un-X-\pw- k-lm-bn-®n-cp-∂p.-
*- -hn-Zym-`ym-kw- t{]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬-
cm-[m-Im-¥v- tZ-hv- A-Xo-h- Xm¬-]c - yw- Im-
Wn-®n-cp-∂p,- {]-tXy-In-®v- Cw-•n-jv- hn-Zym-
`ym-kw- ln-µp-°ƒ-°v- \¬-Ip-∂-Xn¬.-
1817˛¬- I¬-°-´- ln-µp- tIm-tf-Pv- ÿm-
]n-°p-∂-Xn¬- A-t±-lw- ap-Jy-am-b- H-cp-
]-¶v- h-ln-°p-I-bpw- A-Xn-s‚- U-b-d-Iv-
S¿- F-∂- \n-e-bn¬- 30 h¿-j-°m-ew- {]-
h¿-Øn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
*- k
- v{- Xo-hn-Zym-`ym-kw- t{]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-
Xn-epw- cm-[m-Im-¥v- tZ-hv- {i-≤- ]p-e¿-Øn.-
1818˛¬- A-{Kn-Iƒ-®-d¬- B-≥Uv- tlm¿-
´n-Iƒ-®-d¬- skm-ssk-‰n- Hm-^v- C-¥y-bp-
sS- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬- Xp-S-°w-ap-X¬-X-
s∂- ]-¶m-fn-bm-bn.- 1851˛¬- ÿm-]n-°s - ∏-
´- {_n-´n-jv- C-¥y-≥ A-tkm-kn-tb-j-s‚-
{]-kn-U-‚m-b- cm-[m-Im-¥v- tZ-hv- a-c-Ww-
h-sc- B- ]-Z-hn- h-ln-®p.-
*- h
- n-Zym-`ym-k] - p-tcm-KX
- n-b° v- m-bn- A-{im-¥-
]-cn-{i-aw- \-SØ - n-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw- cm-[m-Im-
¥v- tZ-hv- km-aq-ln-I- bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-I-Xz-
ß-fp-sS- Im-cy-Øn¬- A-h-sb- t{]m-’m-
ln-∏n-°p-I- F-∂- ssh-cp-[ym-fl-I- k-ao-
]-\-am-Wv- kzo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- ]p-tcm-K-a-\-
Nn-¥m-K-Xn-°m-cm-b- cm-Pm- dmw- tam-l-≥
tdm-bn-sb-t∏m-ep-≈h - c
- p-sS- B-ib - ß - s - f-
A-t±-lw- F-Xn¿-Øp.- {_n-´o-jv- `-cW - s - Ø-
]n-¥p-W-®n-cp-∂- cm-[m-Im-¥v- tZ-hv,- A-
h¿- P-\-ß-fp-sS- km-aq-ln-I-hpw- a-X-]-c-
hp-am-b- Im-cy-ß-fn¬- C-S-s]-Sp-∂-Xn-s\-
A-\p-Iq-en-®n-√.-
*- -kz-¥w- Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬- k-Xn- A-\p-jv-Tn-
°p-∂- k-{º-Zm-bw- C-√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬-
t]m-epw,- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- k-Xn- \n-tcm-[n-®-
t∏mƒ- cm-[m-Im-¥v- tZ-hv- B- \o-°-sØ-
{]-Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\m-Wv- {i-an-®-Xv.- C-Xp-am-
bn- _-‘-s∏-´v- Nn-e- bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-I- kp-
lr-Øp-°ƒ-s°m-∏w,- cm-[m-Im-¥v- tZ-hv-
X-s‚- ]n-Xm-hv- tKm-]n- tam-l≥ - tZ-hv- ÿm-
]n-®- [¿-a-k-`- F-∂- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-
`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬- bm-Ym-ÿn-Xn-I- ssl-µ-h-
k-aq-l-Øn-s‚- Xm-Xv-]-cy-kw-c-£-Wm¿-
Yw- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d-en-\v- \n-th-Z-\w- k-
2016 BKkv‰- v- 15
a¿-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.-
*- -1867˛¬- cm-[m-Im-¥v- tZ-hv- A-¥cn®p.
sl≥dn hnhnb≥
sUtdmkntbm (1809˛1831)
* P\ßfp-sS- km-aq-ln-I- t_m-[-sØ- h-
f¿-Øn-sb-Sp-Øv- B-[p-\n-I- C-¥y-bp-sS-
km-aq-ln-I- am-‰Ø- n-\v- ]-cym-]vX
- a- m-b- km-
l-N-cyw- H-cp-°p-∂-Xn-\v- h-en-b- ]-¶p-h-
ln-®- {]-Xn-`m-im-en-bm-Wv- sl-≥dn- hn-hn-
b-≥ sU-tdm-kn-tbm.-
*- -Bw-t•m-˛-C-¥y-≥ k-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬- {^m-
≥kn-kv- sU-tdm-kn-tbm-bp-sS- a-I-\m-bn-
1809 G-{]n¬- 18˛-\v- sIm¬-°-Øn-bn-em-
Wv- sl-≥dn- hn-hn-b-≥ sU-tdm-kn-tbm- P-
\n-®-Xv.-
*- -_p-≤n-Po-hn-bpw- kz-X{- ¥- Nn-¥I - \- p-am-bn-
cp-∂- A-t±-lw- 1826 ˛-1831 Im-eØ- v- sIm¬-
°-Øb - n-se- ln-µp- tIm-tf-Pn¬- Cw-•o-jv-
A-[ym-]I - \
- m-bn- tPm-en- t\m-°n.-
*- -km-aq-ln-I- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-°v- X-S- -am-bn-cp-
∂- ]-g-©-≥ B-i-b-߃-s°-Xn-sc- A-
t±-lw- bp-h-X-e-ap-d-sb- t_m-[-h-Xv-I-cn-
°m-≥ {i-an-®p.- sU-tdm-kn-tbm-bp-sS- A-
\p-bm-bn-Iƒ- sU-tdm-kn-b-≥am¿- F-∂pw-
A-h-cp-sS- {]-ÿm-\w- b-Mv- _w-Kmƒ- aq-
hv-sa-‚ v- F-∂pw- A-dn-b-s∏-´p.-
*- -kv-{Xo-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\pw- kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS-
A-hI - m-iß- ƒ-°pw- th-≠n- A-h¿- k-Po-
h- {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß- f - n-te¿-s∏-´p.- C-Xv- _w-
Km-fn¬- _u-≤n-Ia - m-b- ap-t∂-‰w- kr-jvS- n-
®p.- sU-tdm-kn-tbm-b° v- v- hn-Zym¿-Yn-If
- p-sS-
ta-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂- kzm-[o-\w- tIm-tf-P[ - n-
Ir-X¿- B-i¶ - t- bm-sS-bm-Wv- ho-£n-®X - v- .-
*- 1- 831˛¬- A-t±-ls - Ø- tPm-en-bn¬-\n-∂v- ]n-
cn-®p-hn-´p.- A-[n-Iw- Xm-a-kn-bm-sX- sl-
≥dn- hn-hn-b-≥ sU-tdm-kn-tbm- tIm-f-d-
_m-[n-®v- a-c-W-s∏-´p.- sU-tdm-kn-tbm-bp-
sS- {]-ÿm-\w- km-[m-c-W-°m-sc- Dƒ-s∏-
Sp-Øn- _-lp-P-\-{]-ÿm-\-am-bn- h-f-cp-∂-
Xn¬- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.
tZth{µ\mYv SmtKm¿
(1817˛1905)
* ]sØmºXmw- \q-‰m-≠n-se- km-aq-ln-I-
]-cn-jI v- ¿-Øm-°f - n¬- {]m-Xk - a v- c
- W
- o-ba- m-
b- \m-a-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv- tZ-th-{µ-\m-Yv- Sm-
tKm¿.- _w-Km-fn- hy-h-km-bn-bm-b- Zzm-c-
Im-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm-dn-s‚- a-I-\m-b- A-t±-lw-
kn-hn¬- k¿-ho-kn¬- {]-th-in-®- B-Zy- C-
¥y-°m-c\ - m-b- k-tXy-{µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm-dn-s‚-
bpw- (1842˛-1923)- a-lm-I-hn- c-_o-{µ-\m-Yv-
Sm-tKm-dn-s‚-bpw- (1861˛-1941)-]n-Xm-hm-Wv.-
*- - 1 817 sa- b v - 17˛- \ v - h- S - ° p- ] - S n- ™ m- d - ≥
sIm¬-°-Ø-bn¬- tPm-cm-km-t¶m- Xm-
°p¿- _m-cn-bn¬- tZ-th-{µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm¿-
P-\n-®p.- Cu- `-h-\-am-Wv- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv-
c-_o-{µ- `m-c-Xn- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bm-b-Xv.-
hn-hn-[- ta-J-e-I-fn¬- I-\-Ø- kw-`m-h-\-
]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥
Iƒ- A¿-∏n-®- \n-c-h-[n- hy-‡n-Iƒ- ]n-d- \v- th-≠{- X- {]-ik
- vX
- n- In-´m-sX- t]m-bn.-
∂- Sm-tKm¿- Ip-Spw-_w- _w-Kmƒ- \-thm- *- -B-Zy- _w-Km-fn- t\m-h-em-b- Zp¿-tK-i-\-
∞m-\Ø - n¬- A-Xn-{]-[m-\a - m-b- H-cp- ]-¶p- µn-\n- F-gp-Xn-b-ti-jw- t_m-kv- I-]m¬-
h-ln-®n-´p-≠v.-
Ip-Wv-U-e,- ar-Wm-fn-\n,- N-{µ-ti-J¿,- tZ-
*- -cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l-≥ tdm-bn-bp-sS- A-Sp-Ø- hn- Nu-[p-dm-Wn,- cm-P-knw-l,- B-\-µ-a-
kp-lr-Øm-bn-cp-∂p- Zzm-cI - m-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm¿.- Tw- F-∂o- {]-i-kv-X- Ir-Xn-Iƒ- c-Nn-®p.-
A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂- tZ-th-{µ-\m-Yv- Sm- *- -_w-K-Z¿-i-≥ F-∂- am-kn-I-bn¬- J-Wv-U-
tKm¿- sN-dp-∏-Øn-te-X-s∂- {_-“-k-am- »- {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b B-\-µ-a-Tw- k-
P-Øn-s‚- kzm-[o-\-Øn¬-h-∂p.- D-]-\n-j-
Øp-Iƒ- Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈- X-Øz-Nn-¥m-]-
c-am-b- Ir-Xn-If - p-am-bp-≈- k-º¿-°w-aq-ew-
A-t±-lw- B-flo-b-am-bn- D-b¿-∂p.-
*- -X-s‚- A-\p-`-h-]-cn-N-b-hpw- A-dn-hpw- {]-
N-cn-∏n-°p-∂X - n-\v- 1839˛¬- A-t±-lw- X-Øz-
t_m-[n-\n-k-`- ÿm-]n-®p.- 1843˛¬- A-Xn-
s‚- Pn-lz- F-∂- \n-e-bn¬- X-Øz-t_m-
[n-\n- ]-{Xn-I- B-cw-`n-®p- (C-Xv- 1883h-sc-
{]-kn-≤o-Ic - W
- w- Xp-S¿-∂p-).- A-tX-h¿-jw-
X-s∂,- cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l-≥ tdm-bn-bp-sS-
\n-cym-Wt- Øm-sS- (1833)- Zp¿-_e - a - m-b- {_-
“-k-`-sb- k-Po-h-am-°m-\p-≈- D-Zy-a-ß-
fn¬- A-t±-lw- G¿-s∏-´p.- {_-“-k-`,- X-
Øz-t_m-[n-\n-k-`-bp-am-bn- kw-tbm-Pn-∏n- ∂ym-kn- hn-πh- Ø
- n-s‚- ]-›m-Øe - Ø
- n¬-
®v- I¬-°-´- {_-“-k-am-Pw- ÿm-]n-®p.- c-Nn-®- t\m-h-em-Wv.- C-Xn-s‚- `m-K-am-Wv-
*- -]n¬-°m-e-Øv,- tZ-th-{µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm-dp-am- h-tµ-am-X-cw- F-∂- Km-\w.- 1872˛¬- Nm-
bn- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ap-≠m-b-Xn-\m¬- ‰¿-Pn- B-cw-`n-®-Xm-Wv- _w-K-Z¿-i-≥ (h-
H-cp- hn-`m-Kw- tI-i-h-N-{µ-sk-∂n-s‚- t\- tµ-am-X-cw- F-∂- t]-cn¬- _n-]n-≥ N-{µ-
Xr-Xz-Øn¬- kw-L-Sn-°p-I-bpw- `m-c-Xo-b- ]m-epw- em-em- e-Pv-]-Xv-dm-bn-bpw- {]-tXy-
{_-“-k-am-Pw- (Brahma Samaj of India-)- Iw- {]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv-
ÿm-]n-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- tZ-th-{µ-\m- B-cw-`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn-).-
Y- Sm-tKm-dn-s‚- hn-`m-Kw- B-Zn- {_-“-k- *- 1- 894 G-{]n¬- F-´n-\v- sIm¬-°Ø - b - n¬-
am-Pw- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´p.- _-¶nw- N-{µ- Nm-‰¿-Pn- I-Ym-ht- i-j\ - m-bn.
*- -1850˛¬- tZ-th-{µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm¿- {_-“-
k-am-P-Øn-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\- X-Øz-߃- inin¿Ipam¿ tLmjv
{]-Xn-]m-Zn-®p-sIm-≠v- {_-“[ - ¿-a- F-∂- ]p- (1840˛1911)
kv-X-Iw- {]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.- * ]{X{]-h¿-Ø-I-\pw- _w-Km-fn- ]-{X-am-b-
A-ar-X- _-km¿- ]-{Xn-I-bp-sS- ÿm-]-I-
\pw- kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-t\-Xm-hp-am-b- in-
in¿-Ip-am¿- tLm-jv- 1840˛¬- P-\n-®p.- C-
¥ym-eo-Kn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-cn-sem-cm-fm-Wv-
A-t±-lw.-
*- 1- 857˛¬- I¬-°´- - k¿-hI - e
- m-im-eb- p-sS- F-
≥{S-≥kv- ]-co-£- ]m-km-b- B-Zy- _m-®v-
hn-Zym¿-Yn-If - n-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp-∂p- A-t±-lw.-
*- -Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚- an-°-`m-K-hpw- in-in¿-Ip-
am¿- tLm-jv- im-¥n-\n-tI-X-\n-em-Wv- sN-
e-h-gn-®-Xv.- Cw-Kv-fo-jv- s{]m-^-k-dm-bn-cp-
∂- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- c-_o-{µ-\m-Yv- Sm-tKm-
dn-s‚- c-N-\-I-sf-°p-dn-®v- B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-
b- A-dn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- tbm-Km-fl-I-X-
*- -_w-Km-fn- \-thm-∞m-\-Øn-\pw- k-\m-X-\-
[¿-a-Øn-s‚- ]p-\-cp-÷o-h-\-Øn-\pw- I-\-
Ø- kw-`m-h-\-Iƒ- \¬-In-b- tZ-th-{µ-\m-
Yv- Sm-tKm¿- 1905 P-\p-h-cn- 19˛-\v- A-¥-cn-
®p.- A-t±-lw- a-l¿-jn- F-∂- A-]-c-\m-a-
Øn-e-dn-b-s∏Sp∂p.
_¶nw N{µ Nm‰¿Pn (1838˛1894)
* _wKmfn- km-ln-Xy- \-thm-∞m-\-Øn-s‚-
am¿-K-Z¿-in-I-fn¬- {]-ap-J-\pw- tZ-io-b-Ko-
X-am-b- h-tµ-am-X-c-Øn-s‚- I¿-Øm-hp-am-
b- _-¶nw- N-{µ- Nm-‰¿-Pn- 1838 Pq-¨- 27˛-\v-
_w-Km-fn-se- \-bl -v Ø - n-bn¬- P-\n-®p.- {_n-
´o-j-v k¿-°m-cn¬- U-]yq-´n- I-fI - S-v ¿,- U-]yq-
´n- a-Pn-ktv- {S-‰v- Xp-Sß - n-b- D-∂X - ] - Z- h- n-Iƒ-
bn¬- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- ]m-Wv-Un-Xyw- tem-
h-ln-®- A-t±-lw- 1891˛¬- hn-ca - n-®p.- I- {]-kn-≤-am-bn-cp-∂p.-
*- I
- ¬-°´- - k¿-hI - e - m-im-eb- n-se- B-Zy- _n-
*- 1- 911˛¬- in-in¿-Ip-am¿- tLm-jv- A-¥c
- n-®p.
cp-Z[
- m-cn-If - n-sem-cm-fm-W-v _-¶nw-N{- µ-≥ (b-
Zp-\m-Yv- t_m-km-Wv- a-t‰-bmƒ-).- cm-Pvt- am- dmjv _nlmcn tLmjv
l-≥kv- ssh-^v- F-∂- Cw-Kvf - o-jv- t\m-h- (1845˛1921)
em-Wv- A-t±-lØ - n-s‚- B-Zy- c-N\ - .- C-Xn- * 1845 Un-kw-_¿- 23˛-\v- _w-Km-fn-se- _¿-
9
 Zzm-\n-em-Wv- dm-jv_- n-lm-cn- tLm-jn-s‚- P- 1878˛¬- B-\-µv- tam-l-≥ t_m-kv- a-‰p-Nn- *- -B¿.-kn.-Z-Øn-s‚- \n-cym-Ww- 1909 \-hw- tPm-en-bn¬- tN¿-∂p.-
\-\w.- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-se- {]-kn-U-≥kn- e-cp-am-bn-t®¿-∂v- km-[m-c-W- {_-“-k-am- _¿- 30˛-\v- B-bn-cp∂p. *- -A-·n-tlm-{Xn-bpw- `m-cy-bpw- {_-“-k-am-
tIm-tf-Pn¬-\n-∂v- Cw-Kvf - n-jn¬- Fw.-F.-]m- Pw- ÿm-]n-°p-I-bpw- A-Xn-s‚- B-Zy- {]- P-Øn-s‚- k-Po-h- {]-h¿-Ø-I-cm-bn-cp-∂p.-
km-b- A-t±-lw- Xp-S¿-∂v- \n-b-a-]-T-\-Øn- kn-U-‚m-Ip-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- sI.Sn.sXemMv (1850˛1893) A-`n-{]m-b-`n-∂-X-aq-ew- 1886˛¬- B- {]-
te¿-s∏-´p.- 1884˛¬- \n-b-a-Øn¬- tUm-Iv- *- -1879˛¬- km-[m-c-W-{_-“-k-am-P-Øn-s‚- * t_mw-s_- ssl-t°m-SX - n- P-UPv- n,- C-t¥m- ÿm-\Ø - n¬-\n-∂v- ]n-cn-™v- 1887 s^-{_p-
S-td-‰v- t\-Sn.- I¬-°´- - ssl-t°m-SX - n-bn¬- hn-Zym¿-Yn-hn-`m-K-am-bn- Om-{X-k-am-Pw- f-Pn-Ãv- F-∂o- \n-e-I-fn¬- {]-kn-≤-\m-b- h-cn- 16˛-\v- tZ-h-k-am-Pw- ÿm-]n-®p.- em-
A-`n-`m-j-I-\m-bn- {]-i-kv-Xn- t\-Sn.- ÿm-]n-®p.- 1879˛¬- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-se- Im-in-\m-Yv- {X-bw-_-Iv- sX-em-Mv- A-`n-`m- tlm-dm-bn-cp-∂p- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- B-ÿm-
*- -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn¬- Aw- kn-‰n- tIm-tf-Pv- ÿm-]n-®p.- I¬-°-´- k¿- j-I-\m-bpw- hn-Zym-`ym-k- hn-Z-Kv-[-\m-bpw- \w.- B-flm-hn-s‚- \n-Xy-X,- Kp-cp-hn-s‚- {]-
K-am-b- tLm-jv- A-Xn-s‚- an-X-hm-Zn- hn-`m- h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬- ]- {]m-K-ev-`yw- sX-fn-bn-®n-´p-≠v.- ^n-tdm-kv- k-‡n,- k-Zv-{]-hr-Øn-I-fp-sS- B-h-iy-I-
K-tØm-Sm-Wv- B-`n-ap-Jyw- ]p-e¿-Øn-b-Xv.- ¶m-fn-bm-b- A-t±-lw- hn-Zym-`ym-k- I-Ωn- jm- ta-Ø,- sI.-Sn.-sX-em-Mv,- _-Z-dp-±o-≥ X- Xp-S-ßn-b- aq-ey-ß-fn-eq-∂n-bm-bn-cp-∂p-
tIm-¨-{K-kn-se- an-X-hm-Zn-Iƒ- Xo-{h-tZ- j-\n-se- H-cp- Aw-K-am-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°- Cu- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-\w.-
io-b-hm-Zn-I-fp-am-bn- sX-‰n-∏n-cn-™- 1907˛- s∏-´p.- in-in¿-Ip-am¿- tLm-jv- ÿm-]n-®- *- k
- w-LS- \ - b - p-sS- {]-t_m-[\ - ß
- ƒ- t{Im-Uo-
se- kq-d-Øv- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-epw- A-Xn-\- C-¥y-≥ eo-Kn-epw- A-t±-lw- {]-h¿-Øn-®p.- I-cn-®v- X-øm-dm-°n-b- ]p-kv-X-I-am-Wv- tZ-
*- -1884˛-h-sc- C-¥y-≥ A-tkm-kn-tb-j-s‚- h-im-kv-{X.- kv-{Xo-[-\w,- ]¿-Z- Xp-S-ßn-b-
sk-{I-´-dn-bm-b- A-t±-lw- a-c-Ww-h-sc- A- km-aq-ln-I- A-\m-Nm-c-ß-sf- F-Xn¿-Ø-
Xn-s‚- A-[y-£\ - p-am-bn-cp-∂p.- \m-´p-`m-jm- tZ-h-k-am-PØ - n-s‚- B-`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬- hn-
]-{X-\n-b-a-Øn-\pw- kn-hn¬- k¿-ho-kv- ]- Zym-`ym-k- ÿm-]\ - ß
- f - pw- B-cw-`n-®p.- B-
co-£- F-gp-Xp-∂-Xn-\p-≈- D-b¿-∂- {]m-b- cy-ka - m-Pw- 1888˛-89˛¬- kn-Jp-Im-cp-sS- t\¿-
]-cn-[n- Xm-gv-Øn-b-Xn-\pw- F-Xn-cm-bn- A- °v- \-SØ - n-b- B-{I-aW - ß - s - f- {]-Xn-tcm-
t±-lw- cw-K-sØ-Øn.- [n-°p-∂X - n-\pw- A-·n-tlm-{Xn- cw-Ks - Ø-
*- -_w-Kmƒ- hn-`-P-\-Øn-s\-Xn-sc- {]-Xn-tj- Øn.- hn-[h - m-hn-hm-ls - Ø- t{]m-’m-ln-∏n-
[n-°m-≥ s^-U-td-j-≥ lm-fn¬- tN¿-∂- ®- A-t±-lw- B-Zy-`m-cy-bp-sS- a-cW - t- i-jw-
{]-Xn-tj-[t- bm-KØ - n¬- t_m-kv- A-[y-£- H-cp- hn-[h - s - b-bm-Wv- hn-hm-lw- I-gn-®X - v.-
X- h-ln-®p.- A-t±-lØ - n-s‚- A-\m-tcm-Kyw- *- -in-h-\m-cm-b-¨- A-·n-tlm-{Xn- A-¥-cn-®-
aq-ew- A-[y-£-{]-kw-Kw- c-_o-{µ-\m-Yv- Sm- X-ø-_v-Pn- F-∂n-h-¿ Bombay Triumvi- Xv- 1923˛-em-Wv.- A-tXm-sS- {]-ÿm-\w- Zp¿-
tKm¿- hm-bn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.- rate F∂- A-]-c-\m-a-Øn-em-Wv- A-dn-b- _-e-a-mbn.
*- -1906 Hm-K-Ãv- 20˛-\v- B-\-µv- tam-l-≥ t_m- s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv.-
kv- A-¥-c-n®p. *- -t_mw-s_-bn¬- 1850 Hm-K-kv-‰v- 20˛-\v- sI.- A∫mkv Xø_v P n (1854˛1936)
Sp-Ø-h¿-jw- a-{Zm-kn¬- \-S-∂- k-tΩ-f-\- Sn.-sX-em-Mv- P-\n-®p.- Fw.-F.,- F¬.-F¬.- * KpPdmØn-s‚- h-µy- h-tbm-[n-I-≥ F-∂-
Øn-epw- A-t±-lw- A-[y-£-X- h-ln-®p.-
B¿.kn.ZØv _n.- F-∂o- _n-cp-Z-߃- t\-Sn-b-ti-jw- B-Z-c-]q¿-hw- Km-‘n-Pn-bpw- a-‰p-≈-h-cpw-
*- -1891˛-94,- 1906˛-09 Im-e-b-f-hn¬- _w-Kmƒ- * knhn¬- sk¿-h‚ - v,- F-gp-Øp-Im-c≥ - ,- tIm- 1872˛¬- A-t±-lw- A-`n-`m-j-I-\m-bn- F- hn-fn-®n-cp-∂- A-∫m-kv- X-b-_v-Pn-bm-Wv- D-
\n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-k-`-bn¬- Aw-K-am-bn-cp-∂- ¨-{K-kv- km-c-Yn- F-∂o- \n-e-I-fn¬- {]- ≥tdmƒ- sN-bv-Xp.- Cw-Kv-fo-jn-ep-≈- ]m-S-
A-t±-lw- Iu-¨k - n¬- Hm-^v- C-¥y-bn-epw- kn-≤-\m-b- c-ta-jv- N-{µ- Z-Øv- H-cp- _w- hpw- kw-kI v- r-Xh - p-am-bp-≈- A-Sp-∏h - pw- Im-
Aw-K-am-bn-cp-∂p.- 1915˛¬- ss\-‰v-lp-Uv- e- Km-fn- Im-b-kv-X- Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬- 1848 Hm- c-Ww- ssl-µ-h- \n-b-a-kw-ln-X-Iƒ- A-
`n-®p.- Cw-•-≠n¬- t]m-bn- k¿-°m-cn-\p-ap- K-Ãv- 13˛-\v- P-\n-®p.- \m-bm-kw- ]-Tn-°m-\pw- D-≤c - n-°m-\pw- km-
ºm-sI- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- B-h-iy-߃- D- *- 1- 864˛¬- sIm¬-°Ø - b - n-se- {]-kn-U≥ - kn- [n-°p-∂-Xp-Im-c-Ww- bq-tdm-]y-≥ A-`n-`m-
∂-bn-°m-≥ tIm-¨-{K-kv- \n-tbm-Kn-®- k- tIm-tf-Pn¬- tN¿-∂p.- 1866˛¬- F-^v.-F.- j-I-sc- A-°m-cy-Øn¬- ]n-∂n-em-°m-≥
an-Xn-sb- dm-jv-_n-lm-cn- tLm-jv- \-bn-°p- ]-co-£- ]m-km-bn.- A-t±-l-Øn-\p- I-gn-™p.- 1889˛¬- t_mw-
I-bp-≠m-bn.- *- -1868˛¬- Ip-Spw-_Ø - n-s‚- A-\p-aX - n- Iq-Sm- s_- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn¬- P-Uv-Pn-bm-bn.-
*- -1921˛¬- dm-j_ v- n-lm-cn- tLm-jv- A-¥c- n-®p- . sX- _n-lm-dn- em¬- Kp-]vX - ,- kp-tc-{µ-\m- \ym-bm-[n-]s - \-∂- \n-eb - n¬- ssl-µh - - \n-
Yv- _m-\¿-Pn- F-∂n-h¿-s°m-∏w- Cw-•≠ - n¬- b-aw- A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈- {i-t≤-b-am-
B\µv taml≥ t_mkv t]m-bn.- kn-hn¬- k¿-ho-kv- ]-co-£- P-bn- b- \n-ch - [ - n- hn-[n-\ym-bß - ƒ- A-t±-lw- ]p-
(1847˛1906) ®- B-Zy- C-¥y-°m-c\ - m-b- k-tXy-{µ-\m-Yv- d-s∏-Sp-hn-®p.-
* C¥y≥ \m-j-W¬- A-tkm-kn-tb-j-s‚- Sm-tKm-dn-s\-t∏m-se- kn-hn¬- k¿-ho-kn¬- *- 1- 884˛¬- t_mw-s_- \n-ba - \
- n¿-am-Wk - ` - b- n-
ÿm-]-I-cn-sem-cm-fm-b- B-\-µv- tam-l-≥ {]-th-in-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p- e-£yw.- te-°v- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-b-s∏-´- sX-em-
t_m-kv- `m-c-X-Øn-se- B-Zy-Im-e- cm-jv- *- 1- 869˛¬- kn-hn¬- k¿-ho-kv- ]-co-£- aq-∂mw- Mv- 1892˛¬- t_mw-s_- k¿-hI - e - m-im-eb - n¬-
{So-b- {]-h¿-ØI - c- n¬- H-cm-fpw- C-¥y-≥ \m- dm-¶n¬- hn-P-bn-®- A-t±-lw- A-en-∏q-cn-se- ssh-k-v Nm-≥k-ed- m-bn.- A-tX-h¿-jw-Xs - ∂- ∏p-k-Xym-{K-l-k-a-b-Øv- Km-‘n-Pn- A-d-
j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- {]m-Y-an-I- L-´- A-kn-Ã-‚ v- a-Pn-kv-t{S-‰m-bn- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- tdm-b¬- G-jym-‰n-I-v skm-ssk-‰n-bp-sS- {]m- Ãn-em-b-t∏mƒ- Xp-S¿-∂v- {]-t£m-`- ]-cn-
Øn-se- H-cp- ap-Xn¿-∂- t\-Xm-hp-am-Wv.- tZ-in-I- im-Jb - p-sS- A-[y-£\ - m-bpw- A-t±- ]m-Sn-Iƒ-°v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-In-bX - v.- _-tdm-
*- -1847 sk-]v-Xw-_¿- 23˛-\m-Wv- B-\-µv- tam- lw- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-°s - ∏-´p.- U- ssl-t°m-S-Xn- No-^v- P-Ãn-km-bpw- A-
l-≥ t_m-kv- P-\n-®-Xv.- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn- *- `- K
- h
- X
- K -v o-Xb - pw- ap-{Zm-cm-£k - h - pw- A-t±-lw- t±-lw- tk-h-\-a-\p-jv-Tn-®n-´p-≠v.-
se- {]-kn-U-≥kn- tIm-tf-Pn¬-\n-∂v- _n.- kw-kI v- r-XØ - n¬-\n-∂v- Cw-•o-jn-te-°v- ]- *- -H-cp- kp-sse-am-\n- t_m-lv-d- ap-…nw- Ip-
F.-]m-km-bn.- 1870˛¬- t{]w-N-µv- tdm-bv-N- cn-`m-js - ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠.v - 1893 sk-]X -v w-_¿- Spw-_-Øn¬- 1854 s^-{_p-h-cn- H-∂n-\v-
µv- kv-tIm-f¿-jn-∏n-\¿-l-\m-bn.- 1878˛¬- H-∂n-\v- apw-ss_-bn¬- A-¥c - n-®p. t_mw-s_- {]-kn-U≥ - kn-°v- Io-gn-ep-≈- _-
tI-i-hv- N-{µ- sk-∂n-s\m-∏w- D-]-cn- ]-T-\- tdm-U- tÃ-‰n-em-Wv- A-∫m-kv- X-b-_v-Pn-
inh\mcmb¨ A·ntlm{Xn P-\n-®-Xv.-
Øn-\v- Cw-•-≠n¬- t]m-bn.-
*- -hn-Zym-`ym-k-Im-e-Øp-X-s∂- B-\-µv- tam-
(1850˛1923) *- -]-Xn-s\m-∂p-h¿-j-°m-ew- Cw-•-≠n¬- hn-
l-≥ t_m-kv- {_-“[ - ¿-aØ - n-s‚- A-\p-bm- * tZhkam-Pw- F-∂- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- ÿm- Zym-`ym-kw- \-S-Øn-b- A-t±-lw- H-cp- ]p-
bn- B-bn-cp-∂p.- t_m-kn-s‚- `m-cy- kz¿- ]-I\ - m-Wv- in-h\
- m-cm-b¨
- - A-·n-tlm-{Xn.- tcm-K-a-\- hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS-
W-{]-`m-tZ-hn-bv-s°m-∏w- (P-K-Zo-jv- N-{µ- 1850˛¬- B-Wv- A-t±-lw- P-\n-®-Xv.- A-h-Im-i-߃,- hn-Zym-`ym-kw- F-∂n-h-bv-
t_m-kn-s‚- k-tlm-Zc - n-)- A-t±-ls - Ø- tI- *- -dq¿-°n-bn-se- tXmw-k-¨- F-©n-\n-b-dn-Mv- °m-bn- i-_v-Z-ap-b¿-Øn-b- B-Zy-Im-e- t\-
i-h-N-{µ-sk-≥ {_-“-a-X-Øn-te-°v- ]-cn- tIm-tf-Pn¬- tN¿-∂- in-h-\m-cm-b-¨- A- Xm-°-fn-sem-cm-fm-Wv- A-t±-lw.-
h¿-Ø-\w- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p.- Po-hn-Xw- B-cw-`n-®p- (1871).- Un-hn-j-W¬- ·n-tlm-{Xn- 1873˛¬- em-tlm-dn-se- k¿- *- P
- m-en-b≥- hm-em-_m-Kv- Iq-´s - °m-es - b-Øp-
*- -ssi-i-h-hn-hm-lw- Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈- Im-cy- I-Ωn-j-W¿- dm-¶n¬- \n-b-an-X-\m-b- B- °m¿- kv-Iq-fn¬- t{Um-bn-Mv- am-Ã-dm-bn- S¿-∂- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv-
ß-fn¬- tI-ih - N - {- µ-sk-∂p-am-bn- A-`n-{]m- Zy- C-¥y-°m-c-\m-Wv- Z-Øv- (1895).- A-t±- \n-tbm-Kn-®- kz-X-{¥- I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS- A-[y-
b- ` n- ∂ - X - cq- £ - a m- b - X n- s \- Ø p- S ¿- ∂ v - l-Øn-\v- 1892˛¬- Companionship of the £-≥ X-ø-_v-Pn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- Zp-c-¥-Øn-\v-
Indian Empire- F-∂- _-lp-a-Xn- \¬-Ip- Zr-Ivk- m-£n-If - m-bh - c- p-am-bn- \-SØ - n-b- Iq-
I-bp-≠m-bn.- 1897˛¬- Z-Øv- k¿-ho-kn¬- Sn-°m-gv-N-Iƒ- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- Po-hn-X-ho-
\n-∂v- hn-c-an-®p.- £-Ww- X-s∂- am-‰n-a-dn-®p.-
*- -1898˛¬- Cw-•-≠n-te-°-v t]m-b- B¿.-kn.-Z- *- ]
- m-›m-Xy-hk - {v- X-[m-cW - s - si-en- D-t]-£n-
Øv- e-≠\ - n-se- bq-Wn-th-gk -v n-‰n- tIm-tf- ®v- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- hn-iz-kv-X- A-\p-bm-bn-
Pn¬- C-¥ym-Nc - n-{X-Øn¬- e-IN -v d- d- m-bn.- B- B-Ip-∂-Xn-\pw- tIm-¨-{K-kn-\v- i-‡-am-
dp-h¿-jw- A-hn-sS- sN-eh - g- n-®- Z-Ø-v _-tdm- b- ]n-¥p-W- \¬-Ip-∂X - n-\pw- A-t±-lw- Xo-
U-bn-se- Zn-hm-\m-bn- \n-ba- n-X\ - m-bX - n-s\-Øp- cp-am-\n-®p.-
S¿-∂-v C-¥y-bn-te-°-v a-Sß - n.- 1907˛¬- C-¥y- *- -aq-∂mw- ¢m-kv- Xo-h-≠n-bn¬- cm-Py-sam-´m-
bn-se- hn-tI-{µo-Ic - W
- w- kw-_‘ - n-®- tdm- sI- k-©c - n-®v- A-t±-lw- A-{I-ac - l- n-X- k-
b¬- I-Ωn-j\ - n¬- Aw-Ka - m-bn.- a-c-Øn-s‚- B-i-b-߃- {]-N-cn-∏n-®p.-
*- -1899˛-se- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K- 1928˛¬- _¿-tZm-fn- k-Xym-{K-lØ - n-\v- k¿-
kv- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-s‚- A-[y-£-≥ B¿.- Zm¿- ]-t´-en-\v- ]n-¥p-W- \¬-In.-
kn.-Z-Øv- B-bn-cp-∂p.- *- -D-∏p-k-Xym-{K-l-k-a-b-Øv- 1930 sa-bv- \m-

10 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ tZ-h-k-am-Pw-??????? 2016 BKkv‰- v- 15

tk-h-k-am-Pw-
 en-\v- Km-‘n-Pn- A-d-Ãn-em-b-t∏mƒ- D-∏p-
k-Xym-{K-l-Øn-s‚- A-Sp-Ø-L-´-am-b- [-
cm-k-\-bn-se- D-∏p-im-e- ]n-°-‰v- \-S-Øp-
∂-Xn-\v- t\-Xr-Xzw- \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-bn- \n-
tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´-Xv- X-ø-_v-Pn-bm-Wv.-
*- [- c- m-k\- b
- n-se-Øp-∂X - n-\p-ap-ºv- sa-bv- 12˛-
\v- X-ø-_v-Pn-bpw- 58 A-\p-bm-bn-I-fpw- A-
d-Ãp-sN-øs - ∏-´X- n-\m¬- k-tcm-Pn-\n- \m-bn-
Up-hm-Wv- Xp-S¿-∂v- {]-t£m-`w- \-bn-®-Xv.-
*- 1- 936 Pq-¨- H-ºX - n-\v- D-Øc - m-JW - Uv- n-se- a-
 q-dn-bn¬- A-∫m-kv- X-ø_ - Pv- n- A-¥c
*- A- ∫ - m-kv- X-ø_ - vP- n-bp-sS- a-If - p-sS- a-I\ - m-
Wv- {]-i-kv-X- N-cn-{X-Im-c-≥ C¿-^m-≥ l-
_-o_v.
Pn.kp{_aWy Aø¿
(1855˛1916)
* Zn ln-µp- ]-{X-Øn-s‚- ÿm-]-I-≥,- C-¥y-
≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- {]-Y-a- k-
tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- B-Zy- {]-ta-b-Øn-s‚- A-
h-Xm-c-I-≥,- km-aq-ln-I- Xn-∑-Iƒ-s°-Xn-
sc- \n-c¥ - c - w- t]m-cm-Sp-Ib - pw- A-hs - b- \n¿-
`-bw- sh-√p-hn-fn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X- s]m-
Xp-{]-h¿-Ø-I-≥ F-∂o- \n-e-I-fn¬- B-
[p-\n-I- C-¥y- kv-a-cn-°p-∂- kzm-X-{¥y-k-
a-c-\m-b-I-\m-Wv- Pn.-kp-{_-a-Wy- A-ø¿.-
*- 1- 855 P-\p-hc - n- 19˛-\v- A-∂s - Ø- X-©m-hq¿-
Pn-√-bn-se- Xn-cp-h-Sn-bn-em-Wv- Pn.-kp-{_-a-
Wy- A-ø¿- P-\n-®-Xv.- X-©m-hq-cn-se- sk-
‚ v- ]o-t‰-gv-kv- tIm-tf-Pn¬-\n-∂v- 1871˛¬-
a-{Sn-°p-te-j-≥ P-bn-®p.- 1874˛-75 Im-e-b-
f-hn¬- a-{Zm-kn¬- A-[ym-]I - - ]-cn-io-e\- w-
t\-Sn.- Ip-d® - p-Im-ew- A-[ym-]I - \
- m-bn- tPm-
en- t\m-°n.- ]n-∂o-Sv- _n.-F.-]m-km-bn.-
*- C- c- p-]Ø- n-aq-∂mw- h-b  - n¬- 1878˛¬- Zn- ln-
µp- ]-{Xw- B-cw-`n-®p.- 1878 ap-X¬- 1898 h-
sc- A-t±-lw- ln-µp-hn-s‚- ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-
bn-cp-∂p.- C-¥y-≥ tZ-io-b- {]-ÿm-\-Øn-
\v- ]-{Xw- i-‡-am-b- ]n-¥p-W- \¬-In.- C-
¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚- {]-Y-
a- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-se- 72 sU-en-tK-‰p-I-fn¬-
H-cmƒ- A-ø-cm-bn-cp-∂p.-
*- -1898˛¬- A-t±-lw- ln-µp-hn-s‚- ]-{Xm-[n-
]-ÿm-\-sam-gn-™p.- Xp-S¿-∂v- Xm-≥ t\-
c-sØ- 1882˛¬- B-cw-`n-®- kz-tZ-in-an-{Xw-
F-∂- X-an-gv- {]-kn-≤o-Ic - W
- Ø - n-em-Wv- {i-
≤- tI-{µo-I-cn-®-Xv.- 1905˛¬- ln-µp-hn-s‚-
D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-iw- I-kv-Xq-cn- cw-K- A-ø-
¶m¿- kz-¥-am-°n.-
*- h- n-[h - m-hn-hm-lw- t{]m-’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂X
\pw- A-bn-Øm-N-c-W-hpw- _m-e-hn-hm-l-
hpw- C-√m-bv-a- sN-øp-∂-Xn-\pw- A-t±-lw-
]-cn-{i-an-®p.- ]-Xn-aq-∂mw- h-b- n¬- hn-[-
h-bm-b- a-I-fp-sS- ]p-\¿-hn-hm-lw- \-S-Øn-
s°m-Sp-Øp- F-∂- Im-c-W-Øm¬- A-t±-
l-Øn-\v- kz-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-s‚- _-ln-jv-I-
c-Ww- t\-cn-tS-≠n-h-∂p.- B-\n- _-k-‚ n-
s‚- tlmw-dqƒ- {]-ÿm-\-sØ-bpw- A-t±-
lw- ]n-¥p-W-®p.-
*- -X-an-gv- `m-j-bp-sS- i-‡-\m-b- h-‡m-hm-
bn-cp-∂- A-t±-lw- hn-{ip-X- X-an-gv- I-hn- kp-
{_-a-Wy-`m-c-Xn-sb- t{]m-’m-ln-∏n-®n-cp-
∂p.- Xp-S¿-®-bm-b- \n-b-a-hy-h-lm-c-\-S-]-
Sn-I-fpw- X-S-h-d-bn-se- Po-hn-X-hpw- A-t±-
2016 BKkv‰- v- 15
l-Øn-s‚- B-tcm-Kyw- £-bn-∏n-®p.- am-c- °m-¨- F-Uyp-t°-j-≥ skm-ssk-‰n,-
I-tcm-K-Øn-\-Sn-s∏-´- A-t±-lw- 1916 G- s^¿-Kp-k-≥ tIm-tf-Pv- F-∂o- a-l-Øm-
{]n¬- 18˛-\v- 61˛mw- h-b- n¬- A-¥-cn®p. b- hn-Zym-`ym-k- ÿm-]-\-߃- ]-Sp-Øp-
b¿-Øp-∂X - n¬- \n¿-Wm-bI - - ]-¶p-hl - n-®p.-
Aizn\nIpam¿ ZØ B-Z¿-i\ - n-jT v- b - n-eq-∂n-bp-≈- B- am-Xr-Im-
(1856˛1923) Po-hn-X-Øn-\v- 39˛mw- h-b- n¬- Xn-c-»o-e-
* tZ-ik
- tv- \-ln,- hn-Zym-`ym-k- hn-ZK
- [
v- ≥
- ,- km- ho-gp-tºm-tg-°pw- X-s‚- X-´-I-am-b- a-lm-
aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I¿-Øm-hv- F-∂o- \n-e-I- cm-jv-{S-bp-sS- km-aq-ln-I-˛-hn-Zym-`ym-k-cw-
fn¬- kv-a-c-Wo-b-\m-b- A-izn-\n-Ip-am¿- Z- K-Øv- I-\-Ø- kw-`m-h-\-Iƒ- A-t±-lw-
Ø- H-cp- _w-Km-fn- Im-b-kv-X- Ip-Spw-_- A¿-∏n-®p-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p.-
- n-®p.- Øn¬- 1856 P-\p-h-cn- 25˛-\v- P-\n-®p.- A- *- -a-lm-cm-j{v- S-bn-se- k-Øm-d- Pn-√b - n¬- 1856
t±-l-Øn-s‚- P-∑-ÿ-e-am-b- _-cn-i¬- C- Pq-sse- 14˛-\-v H-cp- {_m-“W - - Ip-Spw-_Ø - n¬-
t∏mƒ- _w-•m-tZ-in-em-Wv.- A-Km¿-°¿- P-\n-®p.- km-ºØ - n-Ia - m-b- ]n-
∂m-°m-hÿ - s - b- A-Xn-Po-hn-®-v hn-Zym-`ym-k-
Øn-eq-sS- ap-t∂-dm-≥ {i-an-®- A-t±-lw-
1880˛¬- _n-cp-Zm-¥c - - _n-cp-Zw- t\-Sn.- k-aI - m- ÿm-\s - Ø-bpw- I-kvX
- q-cn- ]n-¥p-W®
- p.-
en-I\ - m-b- _m-e- Kw-Km-[c - X- n-eI - ≥ - B-cw- *- -H-∂mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv- ln-µp-
`n-®- tI-kc - n- F-∂- a-dm-Øn- hm-cn-Ib - p-sS- {_n-´-sW- A-\p-Iq-en-s®-¶n-epw- du-e-‰v-
B-Zy- ]-{Xm-[n-]¿- A-Km¿-°d - m-bn-cp-∂p.- \n-b-a-hpw- Pm-en-b-≥hm-em-_m-Kv- Iq-´-
*- F
- ∂- m¬,- Xn-eI - \- p-am-bp-≈- A-`n-{]m-bh - y- s°m-e-bpw- ln-µp-hn-s\- {_n-´o-jp-Im¿-
Xym-kw- Im-cW - w- A-t±-lw- tI-kc - n- hn-Sp- s°-Xn-sc- Xn-cn-®p.-
I-bpw- kp-[m-cI - -v F-∂- {]-kn-≤o-Ic - W - w- *- -1923 Un-kw-_-dn¬- I-kv-Xq-cn-cw-K- A-ø-
B-cw-`n-®-v A-Xn-s‚- ]-{Xm-[n-]- ÿm-\w- h- ¶m¿- A-¥-cn-®p.-
ln-°p-Ib - pw- sN-bX -v p.-
*- s
- Xm-´p-Iq-Sm-bva - ,- Pm-Xn-hy-hÿ - - Xp-Sß - n-b- l- ° nw- A- P v - a ¬- Jm- ≥
A-\o-Xn-Iƒ-s°-Xn-sc- X-s‚- {]-kn-≤o-I- (1868˛- 1 927)-
c-WØ - n-eq-sS- {]-Nm-cW - w- \-SØ - n-b- A-t±- *- -C-¥y-≥ \m-jW - ¬- tIm-¨{- K-kn-s‚- A-
lw- `q-XI - m-es - Ø-bpw- ]-cº - c - m-KX - - B- [y-£ÿ - m-\w- h-ln-®- ap-…nw- t\-Xm-°f - n¬-
*- -Ir-jv-W-\-K¿- tIm-tf-Pn-em-Wv- \n-b-a-]-T- Nm-cß - s- f-bpw- A-‘a - m-bn- a-lX - z-hX - I v- c - n- A-©m-a\ - m-W-v l-°nw- A-Pa -v ¬- Jm-≥.-
\w- \-SØ- n-bX - v.- A-[ym-]I - \
- m-bn- Hu-tZym- °p-∂- {]-h-W-X-I-sf- \n-cp-’m-l-s∏-Sp- *- -l-°nw- A-Pv-a¬- Jm-≥ 1868 s^-{_p-h-
Kn-I- Po-hn-Xw- B-cw-`n-®p.- ]n-∂o-Sv- _-cn- Øn.- ]-t£,- km-aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jI v- c- W - Ø - n- cn- 11˛-\v- P-\n-®p.- ap-Kƒ- N-{I-h¿-Øn- _m-
i-en¬- A-`n-`m-j-I-hr-Øn- B-cw-`n-®p.- \m-bn- i-‡a - m-bn- \n-es - Im-≈p-tºm-gpw- ]- _-dn-s‚-Im-eØ - v- C-¥y-bn-te-°v- h-∂- bp-
*- -sIm¬-°-Ø-bn¬- 1885˛¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn- g-b- ssl-µh - m-Nm-cß - f - n¬- hn-iz-kn-°p-I- \m-\n- ssh-Zy-≥am-cm-bn-cp-∂p- A-t±-l-
s‚- c-≠mw- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- {]-Xn-\n-[n- bpw- A-h- ]m-en-°p-Ib - pw- sN-øp-∂- X-s‚- Øn-s‚- ]q¿-hn-I¿.- A-Pv-a¬- Jm-\pw- bp-
bm-bn- ]-s¶-Sp-Øp.- Bakarganj Hitaishini Sa- ]-X\ -v n-bp-sS- Im-cy-Øn¬- A-t±-lw- H-cn-°- \m-bn- ]-Tn-®v- ssh-Zy-hr-Øn-bn-te¿-s∏-´p.-
bha F-∂- kw-LS- \ - - 1887˛¬- ÿm-]n-®p.- epw- C-Ss - ]-´n-√.- 1892˛¬- A-t±-lw- dmw-]q¿- \-hm-_n-s‚-
A-tX-h¿-jw-Xs - ∂- sN-ss∂-bn¬- aq-∂mw- {]-[m-\- `n-j-Kz-c-\m-bn- \n-b-an-X-\m-bn.-
tIm-¨{- K-k-v k-tΩ-f\ - Ø - n¬- t]m-Ip-Ib - pw- *- -1906˛¬- ssh-t{km-bn-sb-°-≠v- \n-th-Z-
se-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- Iu-¨k - n¬- ]-cn-jI v- c
- n-°p- \w- k-a¿-∏n-°m-≥t]m-b- ap-…nw-t\-Xm-°-
∂-Xn-s‚- B-hi - y-IX - s - b-°p-dn-®v- kw-km- fp-sS- kw-L-Øn¬- Aw-K-am-bn-cp-∂- Jm-
cn-°p-Ib - pw- sN-bX v- p.- ≥ [m-°-bn¬- 1906 Un-kw-_¿- 30\v- \-S-
*- -1888˛¬- _-≥i¬- ap-\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n- ssh- ∂- ap-…nw- eo-Kn-s‚- ÿm-]-\- k-tΩ-f-\-
kv- sN-b¿-am-\m-bn.- ]n-Xm-hn-s‚- kv-a-c-W- Øn-epw- ]-s¶-Sp-Øp.- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- A-
bv-°v- 1889˛¬- {_-tPm-tam-l-≥ tIm-tf-Pv- t±-lw- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n,- au-em-\m- B-km-
ÿm-]n-®p.- A-hn-sS- Hm-W-d-dn- e-Iv-N-d-dm- Zv,- au-em-\m- ap-l-Ω-Zv- A-en,- au-em-\m-
bn- 25 h¿-jw- {]-h¿-Øn-®p.- 1898˛¬- tIm- ju-°-Øv- A-en- F-∂n-h-cp-am-bn- A-Sp-
¨-{K-kn-s‚- `-c-W-L-S-\- X-øm-dm-°p-∂- Ø- _-‘w- ]p-e¿-Øn.-
Xn-\p-≈- I-Ωn-‰n-bn¬- Aw-K-am-bn.- *- -C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv,- ap-…nw-
*- -_w-Kmƒ- hn-`-P-\-Im-e-Øv- kz-tZ-in- {]- eo-Kv,- Hmƒ- C-¥y- Jn-em-^-Øv- I-Ωn-‰n-
- n- ÿm-\Ø - n¬- k-Po-ha - m-b- A-izn-\n-Ip-am¿- F-∂n-h-bp-sS- A-[y-£-ÿm-\-tØ-°v-
Z-Ø- X-t±-io-b- D-ev-]-∂-߃- t{]m-’m- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´- G-I- hy-‡n-bm-Wv-
ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw- hn-tZ-i-\n¿-an-X- h-kv- *- ]
- q-s\-bn¬- 1885 ˛¬- sU-°m-¨- F-Uyp- l-°nw- A-Pv-a¬- Jm-≥.-
Xp-°ƒ- _-ln-jv-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw-th-≠n- t°-j-≥ skm-ssk-‰n- B-cw-`n-®- C-¥y- *- -A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn¬- 1921˛¬- \-S-∂- tIm-
ÿm-]n-®- kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv- kz-tZ-iv- _m- bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- kz-Im-cy- tIm-tf-Pm-b-
‘-hv- k-an-Xn.- s^¿-Kp-k≥ - tIm-tf-Pn-s‚- B-Zy- {]n-≥kn-
*- -1907˛-se- kq-d-Øv- k-tΩ-f-Øn¬- tIm-¨- ∏-em-bn-cp-∂- s{]m-^.-hm-a-≥ in-h-dmw- B-
{K-kv- ]n-f¿-t∏mƒ- C-cp-hn-`m-K-߃-°p-an- ]v-sX- 1892˛¬- hn-c-an-®-t∏mƒ- A-Km¿-°¿-
S-bn¬- k-a-hm-b-Øn-\v- A-t±-lw- {i-an-®p.- A-Sp-Ø- {]n-≥kn-∏-em-bn.- B-kv-X-a- tcm-
1908˛¬- In-g-°-≥ _w-Kmƒ- k¿-°m¿- A- K-_m-[-Im-c-Ww- 1895˛- Pq-¨- 17˛-\v- A-
izn-\n-Ip-am¿- Z-Ø-sb- bp-ssW-‰-Uv- s{]m- Km¿-°¿- A-Im-e-Øn¬- hn-S-hm-ßn.- A-
hn-≥kn-te-°v- \m-Sp-I-S-Øn- e-Iv-\u- P-bn- e-¶m-c- an-amw-k- F-s∂m-cp- ]p-kv-X-Iw- A-
en¬- A-S-®p.- t±-lw- c-Nn-®n-´p-≠v.
*- -1910˛¬- tam-Nn-X-\m-b- A-t±-lw- Xp-S¿-∂v-
hn-Zym-`ym-k-cw-K-Øv- {i-≤- tI-{µo-I-cn-®p.- Ikv X qcncwK Aø¶m¿
\n- -l-I-c-W-{]-ÿm-\-Øn-\pw- Z-Ø- ]n- (1859˛1923)
¥p-W- \¬-In.- Cu- h-en-b- t\-Xm-hn-t\m- * ]{X{]-h¿-Ø-I-\pw- cm-jv-{So-b- t\-Xm-hp-
Sp-≈- B-Z-c-kq-N-I-sa-t∂m-Ww- Km-‘n-Pn- am-bn-cp-∂- I-kv-Xq-cn-cw-K- A-ø-¶m¿- 1859
_-cn-i¬- k-µ¿-in-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.- a-Xw,- Un-kw-_¿- 15˛-\v- X-©m-hq-cn¬- P-\n-®p.-
X-Øz-Nn-¥- F-∂n-h-bn¬- \n-c-h-[n- Ir-Xn- Ip-d-®p-Im-ew- k-_v- c-Pn-kv-{Sm-dm-bn- tPm-
I-fpw- A-t±-lw- c-Nn-®n-´p-≠v.- en-sN-bv-X-ti-jw- A-t±-lw- A-`n-`m-j-I- ¨-{K-kv- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- l-°nw- A-Pv-
*- -1923 \-hw-_¿- G-gn-\-v A¥cn®p. \m-bn.- A-hn-sS-\n-∂v- ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø\ - Ø
- n- a¬- Jm-≥ A-[y-£-X- h-ln-®p.-
te-°pw- k-Po-h- cm-jv-{So-b-Øn-te-°pw- *- -Pm-an-b- an-en-b- C-…m-an-b- k¿-h-I-em-im-
tKm]m¬ KtWjv AKm¿°¿ A-t±-lw- F-Øn-t®¿-∂p.- e-bp-sS- ÿm-]I - c- n-sem-cm-fm-b- A-t±-lw-
(1856˛1895) *- -1905˛¬- A-t±-lw- ln-µp- ]-{X-Øn-s‚- A- B-Zy- Nm-≥k-e¿-]-Zw- a-c-Ww-h-sc- h-ln-
* Nn-¥I - \
- m-bpw- hn-Zym-`ym-kh
- n-N£
- W - \ - m- h-Im-iw- hn-e-bv-°p-hm-ßn.- A-Xn-s\- kp- ®p- (1920˛-27).- C-°m-e-Øv- k¿-h-I-em-im-
bpw- {]-kn-≤-\m-b- km-aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I¿- ÿn-c- A-Sn-Ø-d-bp-≈- H-cp- tZ-io-b- ]- e-bp-sS- B-ÿm-\w- A-en-K-Vn¬-\n-∂v-
Øm-hm-Wv- Pn.-Pn.-AK - m¿-°¿.- tem-Ia - m-\y- {X-am-bn- D-b¿-Øn.- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c- Xn-e- U¬-ln-bn-te-°v- am-‰n.-
Xn-e-I-≥,- hn-jv-Wp-im-kv-{Xn- Nn-]v-ep-¶m¿- I-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- Xo-{h-tZ-io-b- hn- *- l
- r-Zb- k
- w-_‘ - a - m-b- A-kp-Jß - s- f-Øp-
F-∂n-h¿-s°m-∏w- k-l-I-cn-®v- {]-h¿-Øn- `m-Ks- Ø- ln-µp-hpw- I-kvX - q-cn-bpw- ]n-¥m- S¿-∂v- 1927 Un-kw-_¿- 27˛-\v- l-°nw- A-
®- A-t±-lw- \yq- Cw-•o-jv- kv-Iqƒ,- sU- ßn.- B-\n- _-k‚ - n-s‚- tlmw- dqƒ- {]- Pv-a¬- Jm≥ A¥cn®p.
]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 11
 alm-flmKm‘n
*- -k-Xym-{K-lw- F-∂- hm-°v- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv- Km-‘n-Pn-
bm-Wv.-
*- -k-Xym-{K-lw- _-e-hm-≥am-cp-sS- D-]-I-c-W-am-Wv- F-∂p-
]-d-™-Xv- Km-‘n-Pn-bm-Wv.-
*- -kzm-X-{¥y- k-a-c-Im-e-Øv- C-¥y-≥ k-Xym-{K-ln-°p-th-
≠- G-gp- I-Tn-\- {h-X-߃- Km-‘n-Pn- \n-jv-I¿-jn-®n-cp-
∂p.-
*- -k-Xym-{K-l-sØ- I-ev-]-hr-£-tØm-Sm-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- Xm-
c-X-ayw- sN-bv-X-Xv.-
*- -tk-hm-{Kmw- ]-≤-Xn- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®-Xv- Km-‘n-Pn-bm-Wv.-
*- -tk-hm-{Kmw- B-{i-aw- a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn-em-Wv.- 1936˛-em-Wv-
C-Xv- ÿm-]n-®-Xv.-
*- -A[ - :- ÿ
- n-X¿-°v- Km-‘n-Pn- \¬-In-b- t]-cm-Wv- l-cn-P≥- .-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn- hn-`m-h-\w- sN-bv-X- am-Xr-Im- cm-Py-am-Wv- cm-a-
cm-Pyw.-
*- -{Km-a-kz-cm-Pv- F-∂- B-i-b-Øn-s‚- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv- a-
lm-flm-Km-‘n-bm-Wv.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®- hn-Zym-`ym-k- ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv- \-
bn- Xm-eow.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn- B-Zy-am-bn- k-am-[m-\- s\m-t_-en-\v- \m-a-\n¿-
t±-iw- sN-ø-s∏-´- h¿-j-am-Wv- 1937.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn- B-kq-{X-Ww- sN-bv-X- A-Sn-ÿm-\- hn-Zym-`ym-
k- ]-≤-Xn- tIm-¨-{K-kv- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®-Xv- l-cn-]p-c- k-
tΩ-f-\-Øn-em-Wv- (1938).-
*- 1- 939˛¬- tIm-¨{- K-kv- A-[y-£ÿ - m-\t- Ø-°v- Xn-cs
- ™-
Sp-∏v- \-S-∂-t∏mƒ- Km-‘n-Pn- ]n-¥p-W-®- ÿm-\m¿-Yn-
]-´m-`n- ko-Xm-cm-a-ø-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn- [-cn-°m-≥ Ip-d-®p- h-kv-{Xw- am-{Xw- kzo-I-cn-
°m-≥ Im-c-Ww- ]m-h-ß-tfm-Sv- sF-Iy-Zm¿-Vyw- ]p-e¿-
Øp-I- F-∂- e-£y-am-Wv.-
*- -tk-hm-{Kmw- B-{i-a-Øn¬-h-®v- Km-‘n-Pn- ]-cn-N-cn-®n-cp-
∂- Ip-jv-T-tcm-K- _m-[n-X-\m-b- ]-Wv-Un-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p-
]m¿-®p-td- im-kv-{Xn.-
*- -X-s‚- c-≠p- izm-k-tIm-i-߃- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- hn-ti-
jn-∏n-®-Xv- k-Xy-sØ-bpw- A-lnw-k-sb-bp-am-Wv.-
*- -kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚- Aw-K-h-kv-{Xw- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- hn-
ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv- Jm-Zn-sb-bm-Wv.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn- hn-izm-k-a¿-∏n-®n-cp-∂- Nn-In-’m- k-{º-Zm-b-
am-Wv- \m-®p-tdm-∏-Xn.-
*- -1929˛¬- Km-‘n-Pn- ÿm-]n-®- \-h-Po-h-≥ {S-Ãn-s‚- B-
ÿm-\w- A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zm-Wv.-
*- -Rm-≥ ap-´p-Ip-Øn-\n-∂p-sIm-≠v- A-ß-tbm-Sv- A-∏w- tNm-
Zn-®p.- F-∂m¬,- I-√m-Wv- A-ßv- F-dn-™p-X-∂-Xv- F-∂v-
Km-‘n-Pn- ssh-t{km-bn- C¿-hn-≥ {]-`p-hn-\v- I-sØ-gp-
Xn-b-Xv- kn-hn¬- B-Rv-Pm-ew-L-\- {]-ÿm-\-Øn-\p- ap-
ºm-Wv.-
*- -cm-Py-kv-t\-ln-I-fp-sS- cm-P-Ip-am-c-≥ F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- hn-
ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv- kp-`m-jv- N-{µ- t_m-kn-s\-bm-Wv.- k-Xym-
{K-ln-I-fn¬- cm-P-Ip-am-c-≥ F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- hn-ti-jn-
∏n-®-Xv- tb-ip-{In-kv-Xp-hn-s\-bm-Wv.-
*- -1940˛-em-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- hy-‡n- k-Xym-{K-lw- B-cw-`n-®-
Xv.- C-Xn-\m-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-Ø- B-Zy-sØ- k-Xym-{K-ln-
P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-hm-bn-cp-∂p.-
*- h- y-‡n- k-Xym-{K-lØ - n-\m-bn- Xn-cs
- ™-Sp-°s - ∏-´- c-≠m-
a-sØ- Bƒ- hn-t\m-_m- `m-sh- B-bn-cp-∂p.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- B-flo-b- ]n-≥Km-an- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- hn-
t\m-_m- `m-sh-bm-Wv.-
*- -t{K-‰v- sk-‚ n-\¬- (a-lm-\m-b- Im-h¬-°m-c-≥)- F-∂v- Km-
‘n-Pn- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv- a-lm-I-hn- Sm-tKm-dn-s\-bm-Wv.-
*- -1940˛¬- Km-‘n-Pn- I-kv-Xp¿-_-bp-sam-Øv- im-¥n-\n-tI-
X-≥ k-µ¿-in-®p.- Sm-tKm-dpw- Km-‘n-Pn-bpw- A-h-km-\-
am-bn- I-≠- k-µ¿-`-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-Xv.- 1941˛¬- Sm-tKm¿-
A-¥-cn-®p.- 1945˛¬- B-bn-cp-∂p- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- A-h-
km-\-sØ- im-¥n-\n-tI-X-≥ k-µ¿-i-\w.-
*- -]p-cp-tjm-Øw-Zm-kv- T-¨-U-s\- cm-P¿-jn- F-∂p- hn-fn-
®-Xv- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bm-Wv.-
*- -Rm-≥ t]m-bm¬- A-t±-lw- F-s‚- `m-j- kw-km-cn-°pw-
F-∂v- F-\n-°v- A-dn-bmw- F-∂v- 1941 P-\p-h-cn- 15˛-\v- F.-
sF.-kn.-kn.- ap-ºm-sI- {]-kw-Kn-°p-tºmƒ- Km-‘n-Pn- ]-
d-™-Xv- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lv-dp-hn-s\- D-t±-in-®m-Wv.-
*- -Im-e-l-c-W-s∏-´- sN-°v- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- hn-ti-jn-∏n-
12
1948 P\phcn 30 sshIp-t∂cw 5.17. c≠mw kl-
{km-_m-ZvØnse G‰hpw alm-\mb `mcX]p-
{Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øn\v ]q¿W-hn-cm-a-am-bn. C¥y
IÆo-cn-em-gv∂p. temIw \Sp-°Øn-ea- ¿∂p. cmPy-
Øns‚ HutZym- K nI ]Z- h n- I - s fm∂pw hln-
°mØ Hcp t\Xm-hns‚ tZl-hn-tbm-K-Øn¬
A\p-tim-Nn-°m≥ sFIy-cm-jv{S-k` AXns‚
Ncn-{X-Øn-em-Zy-ambn ]XmI XmgvØn-s°-´n.
temI-t\-Xm-°f - psS A\p-tim-N\ ktµ-iß - ƒ
{]h-ln-®p. {]Imiw am™p-t]m-bn-cn-°p-∂p....-F-
hn-sSbpw Ccp-´mWv ........s\{lp lrZ-b-th-Z-\-
tbmsS hne-]n-®p. C¥y-bpsS Bflmhv De-™
B thfbneqsS \ap°v H∂p IS-∂p-t]m-Imw.
aq∂mw `mKtØmsS Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Poh-Nc - n-{Xw
ChnsS ]q¿W-am-Ip-∂p.
B¿.-kn.-kp-tc-jvIp-am¿
rcsk1234@gmail.com
®-Xv- {In-]v-kv- an-j-s\-bm-Wv.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- ss{]-h-‰v- sk-{I-´-dn-bm-bn-cp-∂- a-lm-tZ-
hv- tZ-im-bn- A-¥-cn-®-Xv- 1942˛-em-Wv.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- B-fl-I-Y- Kp-P-dm-Øn- `m-j-bn¬-\n-∂v-
Cw-Kv-fn-jn-te-°v- ]-cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv- a-lm-tZ-hv- tZ-
im-bn-bm-Wv.-
*- -1942 Hm-K-Ãv- 15˛-\m-Wv- a-lm-tZ-hv- tZ-im-bn- A-¥-cn-®-Xv.-
*- -a-lm-tZ-hv- tZ-im-bn-bp-sS- \n-cym-W-ti-jw- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-
sS- ss{]-h-‰v- sk-{I-´-dn-bm-b-Xv- ]ym-tc-em¬- \-øm-dm-Wv.-
*- -]ym-tc-em¬- \-øm-dp-sS- k-tlm-Z-cn- kp-io-em- \-øm-dm-
bn-cp-∂p- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- t]-gv-k-W¬- ^n-kn-jy-≥.-
*- -{]-h¿-Øn-°p-I- A-s√-¶n¬- a-cn-°p-I- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn-
B-lzm-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv- Izn-‰n-¥ym- k-a-c-Im-e-Øm-Wv.-
*- -Izn-‰n-¥ym- k-a-c-Øn-\v- A-d-Ãn-em-b-t∏mƒ- Km-‘n-Pn- X-
S-h-\p-`-hn-®-Xv- ]q-sW-bn-se- B-Km-Jm-≥
sIm-´m-c-Øn-em-Wv.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn- A-h-km-\-am-bn- X-S-h-\p-`-hn-®-
Xv- B-Km-Jm-≥ sIm-´m-c-Øn-em-Wv.- c-≠p-
h¿-js - Ø- Po-hn-XØ- n-\n-sS- Po-hn-XØ
- n-se-
Xm-ßm-\m-hm-Ø- c-≠p- Zp-c-¥-߃- A-t±-
lw- t\-cn-´p.- P-bn-en¬- A-S-bv-°-s∏-´v- B-
dmw-Zn-h-kw- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- ss{]-h-‰v- sk-
{I-´-dn- a-lm-tZ-hv- tZ-im-bn- A-¥-cn-®p.- ]-
Xn-s\-´p-am-k-Øn-\p-ti-jw- 1944 s^-{_p-
h-cn- 22˛-\v- I-kv-Xq¿-_m- Km-‘n-bpw- X-S-h-
d-bn¬-h-®p-X-s∂- A-¥-cn-®p.-
*- -Xp-S¿-∂v- _m-∏p-hn-\v- I-Sp-Ø- a-te-dn-b- ]n-
Sn-s]-´p.- Km-‘n-Pn- X-S-h-d-bn¬- A-¥-cn-°p-
∂-Xv- `-b-∂- {_n-´o-jv- k¿-°m¿- 1944 sa-bv-
B-dn-\v- A-t±-l-sØ- hn-´-b-®p.-
*- -C-¥ym-hn-`-P-\-sØ- Km-‘n-Pn- F-Xn¿-Øp.- H-Sp-hn¬,- a-
\- n-√m-a-\-t m-sS- A-t±-lw- A-Xn-\p- k-Ω-Xn-®p.- Km-
‘n-Pn-bp-sS- hn-iz-kv-X-\m-b- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´-em-Wv- hn-`-P-
\-Øn-\v- h-g-ßp-I-bm-Wv- cm-Py-Øv- \-S-am-Sp-∂- A-{I-aw-
A-h-km-\n-∏n-°m-\p-≈- t]mw-h-gn-sb-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn-tbm-
Sv- ]-d-™-Xv.-
*- -F-s‚- H-‰-bmƒ- ]-´m-fw- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn-sb- hn-ti-jn-
∏n-®-Xv- au-≠v- _m-‰-¨- {]-`p-hm-Wv.-
*- -C-¥ym-hn-`-P-\w- H-gn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-\v- Pn-∂-sb- {]-[m-\-a-
{¥n-bm-°m-≥ \n¿-t±-in-®-Xv- Km-‘n-Pn-bm-Wv.-
*- -1947 Hm-K-kv-Xv- 15˛-\v- cm-Pyw- kzm-X-{¥y-Zn-\w- B-tLm-
jn-°p-tºmƒ- Km-‘n-Pn- a-X-ku-lm¿-±-Øn-\p-≈- ]-cn-
{i-a-ß-fn¬-ap-gp-In- I¬-°-´-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.-
*- -kzm-X-{¥y-Zn-\- k-tµ-iw- B-h-iy-s∏-´- ln-µp-ÿm-≥
ssSw-kn-s‚- dn-t∏m¿-´-tdm-Sv- X-s‚- t{km-X- p-Iƒ- h-‰n-
t∏m-bn- F-∂m-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- ]-d-™-Xv.-
*- -C-¥ym-hn-`-P-\-sØ- B-[ym-fln-I- Zp-c-¥-sa-∂v- hn-ti-jn-
]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 BKkv‰- v- 15
 ∏n-®-Xv- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bm-Wv.-
*- -kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\p-ti-jw- 1948˛¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s\- tem-
Iv- tk-hm- kw-Lv- B-°n- am-‰-W-sa-∂m-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn-
\n¿-t±-in-®-Xv.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn- A-h-km-\-sØ- k-Xym-{K-lw- A-\p-jv-Tn-®-Xv-
]m-In-kv-Xm-\v- C-¥y- \¬-Im-\p-≈- 55 tIm-Sn- cq-]- \¬-
Im-≥ B-h-iy-s∏-´p-sIm-≠pw- ln-µp-˛-ap-…nw- kw-L-´-
\-Øn¬- a-\- p-th-Z-\n-®p-sIm-≠p-am-Wv.- Km-‘n-Pn-sb-
h-[n-°m-≥ tKm-Uv-sk-sb- t{]-cn-∏n-®- Im-c-W-ß-fn-sem-
∂v- Cu- k-Xym-{K-l-am-bn-cp-∂p- ( Km-‘n- h-[-t°-kn-
s‚- hn-Nm-c-W-k-a-b-Øv- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv-).-
*- -1948 P-\p-h-cn- 12˛-\v- U¬-ln-bn¬- B-cw-`n-®-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-
Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- A-h-km-\-sØ- k-Xym-{K-lw.-
*- -1948 P-\p-h-cn- 20˛-\v- \yq-U¬-ln-bn¬-h-®v- Km-‘n-Pn-sb-
h-[n-°m-≥ {i-an-®-bm-fm-Wv- a-Z-≥em¬- ]-lz.- Km-‘n-
h-[-t°-kn¬- Kq-Vm-tem-N-\-°p-‰-Øn-\v- a-Z-≥em¬- Po-
h-]-cy-¥w- X-S-hn-\v- in-£n-°-s∏-´p.-
*- -1948 P-\p-h-cn- 30 \v- ssh-Ip-t∂-cw- 5.-17˛-\v- \yq-U¬-ln-
bn¬- _n¿-fm- lu-kn-\p-k-ao-]-Øp-h-®m-Wv- t]m-bn-‚ v-
ªm-¶v- td-©n¬- \m-Yp-dmw- tKm-Uv-sk-bp-sS- tXm-°n¬-
\n-∂p-≈- aq-∂v- sh-Sn-tb-‰v- Km-‘n-Pn- h-[n-°-s∏-´-Xv.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn-sb- h-[n-®-ti-jw- Hm-Sn-b- tKm-Uv-sk-sb- ]n-
¥p-S¿-∂v- Io-gv-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv- H-Un-j- kz-tZ-in-bm-b- c-
Lp- \m-b-Iv- B-Wv.-
*- -1944 sa-bv- am-k-Øn¬- Km-‘n-Pn-sb- A-]m-b-s∏-Sp-Øm-
≥ tKm-Uv-sk-bpw- H-cp- Iq-´w- Bƒ-°m-cpw- {i-aw- \-S-
Øn-b- ÿ-e-am-Wv- ]-©v-K-\n.-
*- -a-c-W-Zn-h-kw- Km-‘n-Pn-sb- G-‰-hp-sam-Sp-hn¬- k-µ¿-in-
®- {]-ap-J- t\-Xm-hv- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´-em-bn-cp-∂p.-
*- -Km-‘n-h-[-t°-kn¬- F-^v.-sF.-B-dn¬- sam-gn-\¬-In-b-
Xv- N-µv-em¬- ta-Ø-bm-Wv.-
*- -F-gp-]-Øn-sbm-≥]-Xmw- h-b- n-em-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- h-[n-
°-s∏-´-Xv.-
*- -a-c-W-k-a-b-Øv- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- H-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv- a-
\p-hpw- B-`-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- Lm-X-I-\m-b- \m-Yp-dmw- hn-\m-b-Iv- tKm-
Uv-sk- ln-µp- cm-jv-{S- F-∂- ]-{X-Øn-s‚- F-Un-‰-dm-bn-
cp-∂p.-
*- -1930 tam-U¬- bp-F-kv-F-^v- 73 F-∂- \-º-cp-≈- Ãp-Uv-
t_-°¿- Im-dn-em-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn-sb- h-[n-°m-≥ tKm-Uv-
sk- h-∂-Xv.-
*- -tKm-Uv-sk- c-Nn-®- ]p-kv-X-I-am-Wv- May It Please Your
Honour.
*- -C-‰m-en-b-≥ _-do-‰- Fw- 1934 sk-an- Hm-t´m-am-‰n-Iv- ]n-
Ã- D-]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn-sb- h-[n-®-Xv.- tem-I-
N-cn-{X-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- Ip-{]-kn-≤-am-b- tXm-°m-bn- C-
Xv- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.-
*- -tl- dmw- F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- Km-‘n-Pn- A-h-km-\-am-bn- ]-
d-™-Xv.-
*- -sh-≈n-bm-gv-N-bm-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- h-[n-°-s∏-´-Xv.- A-t±-lw-
P-\n-®-Xv- i-\n-bm-gv-N-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-
*- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bn¬- 168 Zn-h-k-am-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- Po-hn-
®n-cp-∂-Xv.-
*- K
- m-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- a-cW - Ø- n¬- A-\p-tim-Nn-°m-\m-Wv- sF-
Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`- A-Xn-s‚- N-cn-{X-Øn-em-Zy-am-bn- Hu-tZym-
Kn-I- ]-Xm-I- ]-Ip-Xn- Xm-gv-Øn-s°-´n-b-Xv.-
*- -Cu- ]p-cm-X-\- cm-jv-{S-sØ- kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-te-°v- \-bn-
®- B- Zo-]w- \-sΩ- sX-‰p-I-fn¬-\n-∂v- ]n-¥n-cn-∏n-°p-I-
bpw- i-cn-bm-b- ]m-X- Im-´n-Ø-cn-I-bpw- sN-øp-∂- im-iz-
X- k-Xy-ß-sf-bm-Wv- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-øp-∂-Xv- F-∂v-
Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- \n-cym-W-th-f-bn¬- ]-d-™-Xv- P-hm-l¿-
em¬- s\-{lp-hm-Wv.-
*- -a-l-Øm-b- H-cp- {]-Xn-⁄-bp-sS- A-·n- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚-
D-≈n-ep-≠v- F-∂p- ]-d-™-Xv- s\-{lp-hm-Wv.-
*- -a-lm-flm-Km-‘n- A-¥-cn-®- hm¿-Ø-b-dn-™v,- Iq-Sp-X¬-
\-√-Xm-hp-∂-Xv- \-√-X-√- F-∂- A-\p-tim-N-\- k-tµ-i-
a-b-®-Xv- tPm¿-Pv- s_¿-Wm-Uv- jm-bm-Wv.-
*- -F-s∂- kw-_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw- Cu-iz-c-\pw- Km-‘n-Pn-
bpw- c-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- C-t∏m-g-h¿- H-∂m-bn-cn-°p-∂p-˛-Km-
‘n-Pn-bp-sS- \n-cym-W-th-f-bn¬- C-{]-Im-cw- ]-d-™-Xv-
ao-cm- s_-≥.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- N-c-a-hr-Øm-¥w- A-dn-™-t∏mƒ- c-≠m-
a-sØ- {In-kv-Xp-hpw- Ip-cn-»n¬- X-d-bv-°-s∏-´p- F-∂p-
]-d-™- A-ta-cn-°-≥ F-gp-Øp-Im-cn-bm-Wv- t]ƒ- F-kv-
_-°v.-
*- -b-ap-\m-Xo-c-Øp-≈,- \yq-U¬-ln-bn-se- cm-Pv-L-´m-Wv- Km-
‘n-Pn-bp-sS- k-am-[n-ÿm-\w.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- i-h-a-©w-h-ln-®p-sIm-≠p-≈- hn-em-]-
bm-{X-bp-sS- (^yp-W-d¬- s{]m-k-j-≥)- ssZ¿-Lyw- F-
2016 BKkv‰- v- 15
´p- In-tem-ao-‰-dm-bn-cp-∂p.-
*- -C-¥y- k-µ¿-in-°p-∂- a-‰p-
cm-jv{- S-Øe - h
- ≥
- am-cpw- hn-in-
jv-Sm-Xn-Yn-I-fpw- \-´- a-c-ß-
fp-≈- H-cp- ]m¿-°v- cm-Pv-L-
´v- ]-cn-k-c-Øp-≠v.-
*- -cm-Pv-L-´n-\p- k-ao-]-am-Wv- C-
¥y-bn-se- {]-ap-J- `-c-Wm-[n-
Im-cn-I-fp-sS- k-am-[n- ÿ-e-
߃.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn- h-[n-°-s∏-´- k-a-
b-Øv- [-cn-®n-cp-∂- h-kv-{X-
߃- kq-£n-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v- a-
[p-c-bn-se- Km-‘n- ayq-kn-b-
Øn-em-Wv.-
*- -Km-‘n-h-[-tØm-sS- \n-tcm-
[n-°-s∏-´- kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv-
B¿.-F-kv.-F-kv- (cm-{„o-b-
kz- b w- tk- h - I v - kw- L v - ) .-
1949˛¬- \n-tcm-[-\w- ]n-≥h-
en-®p.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- kv-a-c-Wm¿-
Yw- \m-a-I-c-Ww- sN-ø-s∏-´n-
cn- ° p- ∂ - kw- ÿ m- \ - X- e -
ÿm-\-am-Wv- Km-‘n-\-K¿-
(Kp-P-dm-Øv-).- Ø-em-Wv- A-h-bn¬- {]-[m-\w.- tI-Sv-I¿- A-d-Ãp-sN-ø-
*- -c-‡-amw-k-ß-fn¬- C-ß-s\-sbm-cp- a-\p-jy-≥ `q-an-bn¬- s∏-´p.- Km-‘n- h-[-sØ-°p-dn-®v- A-t\z-j-Ww- \-S-Øm-
Po-hn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂v- h-cpw-X-e-ap-d- hn-iz-kn-s®-∂p- h-cn- ≥ K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- \n¿-_-‘n-X-am-bn.-
√- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn-sb-°p-dn-®v- ]-d-™-Xv- B¬-_¿-´v- *- -Km-‘n-h-[-Øn-\p-]n-∂n-se- Kq-Vm-tem-N-\-sb-°p-dn-®-
sF-≥Ão-\m-Wv- (1944).- t\z-jn-°m-≥ K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- B-Zyw- \n-tbm-Kn-®-Xv- kp-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn-sb- A-h-km-\-am-bn- k-am-[m-\- s\m-t_-en-\v- {]ow- tIm-S-Xn- A-`n-`m-j-I-\m-bn-cp-∂- tKm-]m¬- kz-cq-
\m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-bv-X-Xv- 1948˛-em-Wv.- ]v- ]-Y-In-s\-bm-Wv.- A-t±-lw- tI-{µ-a-{¥n-bm-bn-´pw- Xp-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn- A-¥-cn-®- 1948˛¬- B¿-°pw- k-am-[m-\- s\m- S¿-∂v- ssa-kq¿- K-h¿-W-dm-bpw- \n-b-an-X-\m-b-Xn-s\-Øp-
t_¬- \¬-In-bn-√.- S¿-∂m-Wv- I-]q¿- I-Ωn-j-s\- \n-b-an-®-Xv- (1966).-
*- -1948 Pq-¨- 18˛-\v- apw-ss_-bn-se- H-cp- B-ip-]-{Xn-bn¬- *- -I-]q¿- I-Ωn-j-≥ K-h-¨-sa-‚ n-\v- dn-t∏m¿-´v- k-a¿-∏n-®-
I-c-fn-s\- _m-[n-®-tcm-Kw- aq-ew- \n-cym-X-\m-b- Km-‘n- Xv- 1969˛-em-Wv.-
Pn-bp-sS- a-I-\m-Wv- l-cn-em¬- Km-‘n.- *- -kp-{]ow- tIm-S-Xn- P-Uv-Pn-bm-bn-cp-∂- Po-h-≥em¬- I-]q-
*- -jnw-e-bn¬- ]-©m-_v- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-bn-em-Wv- Km-‘n- dm-bn-cp-∂p- Cu- G-Imw-K- I-Ωn-j-\n-se- Aw-Kw.-
h-[-t°-kn-s‚- hn-Nm-c-W- \-S-∂-Xv.- *- -I-]q¿- I-Ωn-j-≥ hn-kv-X-cn-®- B-Zy- km-£n- tI-Sv-I¿-
*- -Km-\v-[n- h-[-t°-kn¬- hn-[n- {]-kv-Xm-hn-®- \ym-bm-[n-]- B-bn-cp-∂p.- A-∂-sØ- t_mw-s_- ap-Jy-a-{¥n- sam-dm¿-
≥ B-flm-N-c-¨- A-K¿-hm-fm-Wv- (1949 \-hw-_¿- 8).- Pn- tZ-im-bn,- Km-‘n- h-[w- A-t\z-jn-®- sU-]yp-´n- I-Ωn-
*- -Km-\v-[n- h-[-t°-kn¬- \m-Yp-dmw- hn-\m-b-Iv- tKm-Uv-sk- j-W¿- sP.-Un.-\-K¿-hm-e- F-∂n-h-cn¬-\n-∂pw- I-Ωn-j-
bv-s°m-∏w- Xq-°n-te-‰-s∏-´-Xv- \m-cm-b-¨- Z-Øm-t{X-b- ≥ sam-gn-sb-Sp-Øp.-
B-]v-sX-bm-Wv.- *- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- P-∑-i-Xm-_v-Zn- h¿-j-Øn¬- B-cw-`n-®-
*- -a-lm-fl-Pn-bp-sS- Lm-X-I-\m-b- tKm-Uv-sk,- ln-µp-cm-jv- kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv- \m-j-W¬- k¿-ho-kv- kv-Iow- (1969).-
{S- F-∂- ]-{X-Øn-s‚- F-Un-‰-dm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-{Km-Wn- F- *- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- N-c-a-Zn-\w- (P-\p-h-cn- 30)- C-¥y-bn¬- c-
∂- t]-cn-em-Wv- ln-µp- a-lm-k-`-bv-°p-th-≠n- tKm-Uv-sk- ‡-km-£n-Zn-\-am-bn- B-N-cn-°p-∂p.-
Cu- {]-kn-≤o-I-c-Ww- B-cw-`n-®-Xv.- *- -Km-‘n-Pn- A-¥-cn-®- A-tX- h¿-jw- X-s∂- A-¥-cn-®-
*- l- n-µp-al - m-k`- b- p-sS- k-Po-h- {]-h¿-ØI - \- m-bn-cp-∂p- tKm- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- cm-jv-{So-b- {]-Xn-tbm-Kn-bm-Wv- ap-l-Ω-Z-
Uv-sk.- en- Pn-∂.-
*- -Km-‘n- h-[t- °-kn¬- h-[i - n-£b - °
-v -v hn-[n-°s- ∏-´h- s
- c- in- *- -kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bn-se- Ãm-ºn¬- Nn-{Xw- A-®-Sn-°-s∏-´-
£n-®X - v- Aw-_m-e- P-bn-en¬-h® - m-Wv- (1949 \-hw-_¿- 15).- B-Zy- `m-c-Xo-b-\m-Wv- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n.-
*- -ssh- sF- In¬-Uv- Km-\v-[n- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-s‚- D- *- -G-‰-hpw- Iq-Sp-X¬- cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- Ãm-ºn¬- Nn-{Xw- A-
≈-S-°w- hn-Nm-c-W- th-f-bn-se- tKm-Uv-sk-bp-sS- sh-fn- ®-Sn-°-s∏-´- `m-c-Xo-b-≥ a-lm-flm-Km-‘n-bm-Wv.-
s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-I-fm-Wv.- *- -Km-‘n-Pn- B-sI- 2338 Zn-h-kw- P-bn¬-hm-kw- A-\p-`-
*- -Xq-°n-te-‰n-b-t∏mƒ- tKm-Uv-sk-bp-sS- kz-¥w- ÿ-e-am- hn-®n-´p-≠v.-
b- ]q-s\-bn¬- A-{I-a- kw-`-h-ß-fp-≠m-bn.- C-¥y-bp-sS- *- -Km-‘n-Pn- C-¥y-bn¬- 2089 Zn-h-k-am-Wv- X-S-h-\p-`-hn-®n-
a-‰p- Nn-e- `m-K-ß-fn-epw- A-{I-a- kw-`-h-ß-fp-≠m-bn- ´p-≈-Xv.-
*- -tKm-Uv-sk-bpw- B-]v-sX-bpw- Dƒ-s∏-sS- Km-‘n- h-[-t°- *- -G-gp- Xn-∑-I-sf- C-√m-Xm-°m-\m-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- \n-c-¥-
kn¬- F-´p-t]-cm-Wv- in-£n-°-s∏-´-Xv.- tKm-Uv-sk-bp-sS- cw- ]-cn-{i-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-Xv.- A-h- C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv- 1.-
k-tlm-Z-c-≥ tKm-]m¬- tKm-Uv-sk- Dƒ-s∏-sS- 6 t]¿- X-Øz-t_m-[-an-√m-Ø- cm-jv-{So-bw- 2.- tPm-en- sN-øm-sX-
°v- Po-h-]-cy-¥w- X-S-hp-in-£- e-`n-®p.- t\-Sp-∂- kz-Øv- 3.-\ym-b-Zo-£-bn-√m-Ø- I-®-h-Sw- 4.- kz-
*- -Km-‘n- h-[-t°-kn¬- B-Zyw- in-£n-°-s∏-s´-¶n-epw- ]n- `m-h-ip-≤n- {]-Zm-\w- sN-øm-Ø- hn-Zym-`ym-kw- 5.- a-\- m-
∂o-Sv- A-∏o-en¬- Ip-‰-hn-ap-‡-\m-°-s∏-´- hy-‡n-bm-Wv- £n-bn-√m-Ø- kp-J-tem-ep-]-X- 6.- am-\p-jn-I- ap-J-an-√m-
Z-Øm-t{X-b- ]m¿-®p-td.- Ø- im-kv-{Xw- 7.- Xym-K-Nn-¥-bn-√m-Ø- B-cm-[-\.-
*- -Km-‘n- h-[-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´v- A-d-kv-‰n-em-sb-¶n-epw- *- -Km-‘n-b-≥ B-Z¿-i-߃- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂- `-c-W-L-S-\m-
sX-fn-hp-I-fp-sS- A-`m-h-Øn¬- B-tcm-]-W- hn-ap-‡-\m- `m-Kw- \n¿-t±-i-I- X-Øz-ß-fm-Wv.-
b- t\-Xm-hm-Wv- hn.-Un.-k-hm¿-°¿.- *- -ssa- en-‰n¬- Un-Iv-tS-‰¿- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-
*- -in-£- I-gn-™v- tKm-]m¬- tKm-Uv-sk-bpw- Iq-´-cpw- tam- Xv- A-t±-lw- D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂- Cw-K¿-tkmƒ- hm-®m-Wv.-
Nn-X-cm-b-Xv- 1964˛¬- B-Wv.- C-h-cp-sS- tam-N-\-tØm-S- *- -1963˛¬- dn-eo-km-b- ss\-≥ A-th-gv-kv- Sp- cm-a- F-∂-
\p-_‘ - n-®v- ]q-s\-bn¬- kw-LS- n-∏n-®- H-cp- ]-cn-]m-Sn-bn¬- {_n-´n-jv- N-e-®n-{X-Øn-s‚- {]-ta-bw- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- A-
A-[y-£-X- h-ln-®-Xv- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c- Xn-e-I-s‚- sN-dp- h-km-\s - Ø- H-≥]-Xv- a-Wn-°q-dp-If
- m-Wv.- Ãm-≥en- thmƒ-
a-I-\pw- tI-k-cn-bp-sS- ap-≥ ]-{Xm-[n-]-cp-am-bn-cp-∂- tUm.- s]¿-´n-s‚- C-tX- t]-cn-ep-≈- t\m-h-em-Wv- kn-\n-a-bv-°v-
Pn.-hn.-tI-Sv-I¿- B-Wv- (1964 \-hw-_¿- 12).- tI-Sv-I-dp-sS- A-h-ew-_w.-
Nn-e- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ- a-lm-cm-jv-{S- A-kw-ªn-bn- *- -Km-‘n- F-∂- Cw-•n-jv- kn-\n-a-bv-°v- 1982se- F-´v- Hm-kv-
epw- C-¥y-≥ ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-epw- tIm-em-l-e-߃-°n-S-bm- I¿- A-hm¿-Up-Iƒ- e-`n-®p.- ]-Xn-s\m-∂v- t\m-an-t\-j-
°n.- t_mw-s_- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂- _n.-Pn.-tJ¿- Km- \p-I-fm-Wv- B-sI- Cu- kn-\n-a-bv-°v- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.-
‘n-Pn- h-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp- kw-_-‘n-®- ap-∂-dn-bn-∏n-s\- *- -55˛mw- Hm-kv-I¿- A-hm¿-Um-Wv- Km-‘n- kn-\n-a-bv-°v- e-
th-≠- Ku-c-h-tØm-sS- I-≠n-√- F-∂p-≈- sh-fn-s∏-Sp- `n-®-Xv.-
]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 13
*- -Km-‘n- kn-\n-a- C-¥y-bn¬- 1982 \-hw-_¿- 30˛-\pw- bp-
ssW-‰-Uv- In-Mv-U-Øn¬- Un-kw-_¿- aq-∂n-\p-am-Wv- dn-
eo-kv- sN-bvX - X- v.- 188 an-\n-´m-Wv- kn-\n-ab - p-sS- ssZ¿-Lyw.-
*- -dn-®m¿-Uv- A-‰-≥_-tdm-bm-Wv- Km-‘n- kn-\n-a- kw-hn-[m-
\w- sN-bv-X-Xv.-
*- -Km-‘n- kn-\n-a-bp-sS- \n¿-am-Xm-hpw- A-‰-≥_-tdm-bm-Wv.-
*- -tPm¿-Pv- s^-‚m-Wn-s\m-∏w- ]-Wv-Un-‰- c-hn-i-¶-dpw- kw-
Ko-Xw- \¬-In.-
*- -Km-‘n- kn-\n-a-bn¬- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- th-jw- A-`n-\-bn-
®-Xv- s_-≥ In-Mv-kv-en-bm-Wv.- Ir-jv-W- `m-≥Pn- F-∂m-
Wv- s_-≥ In-Mv-kv-en-bp-sS- b-Ym¿-Y- t]-cv.-
*- -tcm-ln-Wn- l-Øw-K-Un-bm-Wv- I-kv-Xq¿-_m- Km-‘n-bm-
bn- th-j-an-´-Xv.-
*- P
- h- m-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-hm-bn- A-`n-\b - n-®X - v- tdm-j≥ - tk-
Øm-Wv.-
*- -k-ø-Zv- P-{^n- A-`n-\-bn-®-Xv- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´-en-s‚- tdm-fm-
Wv.-
*- -ap-l-Ω-Z-en- Pn-∂-bp-sS- tdm-fn-e-`n-\-bn-®-Xv- A-en-Iv- ]-
Zw-kn-bm-Wv.-
*- -au-em-\m- B-km-Zn-s‚- th-j-Øn¬- ho-tc-{µ- d-kv-Zm-≥
A-`n-\-bn-®p.-
*- -kp-{]n-b- ]-Y-Iv,- \o-\- Kp-]v-X- F-∂n-h¿- b-Ym-{I-aw- a-
\p-hn-s‚-bpw- B-`-bp-sS-bpw- th-j-ß-fn-e-`n-\-bn-®p.-
*- -tKm-Uv-sk-bp-sS- tdm-fn¬- l¿-jv- \-øm-dm-Wv- A-`n-\-bn-
®-Xv.-
*- -Km-‘n- kn-\n-a-bp-sS- h-kv-{Xm-e-¶m-c-Øn-\v- Hm-kv-I¿- e-
`n-®- `m-\p- A-Ø-ø-bm-Wv- B- ]p-c-kv-Im-c-Øn-\¿-l-X-
t\-Sn-b- B-Zy- C-¥y-≥.-
*- -ta-°n-Mv- Hm-^v- a-lm-flm- F-∂- Nn-{Xw- kw-hn-[m-\w- sN-
bv-X-Xv- iymw- s_-\-K¬- B-Wv.-
*- -ta-°n-Mv- Hm-^v- a-lm-flm- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-Iw- c-Nn-®- Z-
£n-Wm-{^n-°-≥ F-gp-Øp-Im-cn-bm-Wv- ^m-Øn-a- an¿.-
*- -a-lm-flm- F-∂- tUm-Iyp-sa-‚-dn- kw-hn-[m-\w- sN-bv-X-
Xv- hn-X¬-`m-bv- Pm-th-cn-bm-Wv.-
*- -Km-‘n-h-[w- {]-ta-b-am-b- I-a-e-lm-k-≥ Nn-{X-am-Wv- tl-
dmw- (2000).-
*- -sF- t^m-tfm- Z- a-lm-fl- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-I-sa-gp-Xn-b-Xv-
sI.-Fw.-ap-≥jn-bm-Wv.-
*- -eq-bn- ^n-j¿- F-gp-Xn-b- ]p-kv-X-I-am-Wv- sse-^v- Hm-^v-
a-lm-flm-Km-‘n.-
*- -Km-‘n-˛-Po-hn-X-hpw- Nn-¥-bpw- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-I-sa-gp-Xn-
b-Xv- sP.-_n.-Ir-]-em-\n-bm-Wv.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- Po-h-N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Xn-b- {^-©v- t\m-h-en-
Ãm-Wv- sdm-a-bv-≥ tdm-f-≠v.-
*- -Km-‘n- B-≥Uv- Z- A-¨-kv-]o-°-_nƒ-:- ln-kv- ss^-
\¬- F-Iv-kv-s]-cn-sa-‚ v- hn-Øv- {Sq-Øv- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-Iw-
c-Nn-®-Xv- sP-bnw-kv- U-•-kv- B-Wv.-
*- -C-≥ sk¿-®v- Hm-^v- Km-‘n- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-I-sa-gp-Xn-b-Xv-
dn-®m¿-Uv- A-‰-≥_-tdm-bm-Wv.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn-sb- tam-l-≥ F-∂pw- Km-‘n-Pn- Nm¿-fn- F-∂pw-
hn-fn-®n-cp-∂-Xv- kn.-F-^v.-B-≥{Uq-kv.-
*- -Ãm-≥en- thmƒ-s]¿-´v- c-Nn-®- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- Po-h-N-cn-
{X-am-Wv- Gandhi's Passion : The Life and the Legacy
of Mahatma Gandhi (2001). Ct±- l - Ø ns‚ a‰v
{]ikvX cN-\-IfmWv Jinnah of Pakistan (1984),
Nehru : A Tryst With Destiny (1996) F∂n-h.
* B¿.sI.-\m-cm-b-¨- B-Wv- sh-bv-‰n-Mv- t^m¿- Zv- a-lm-
fl- c-Nn-®-Xv.-
*- -A-gp-°p-Nm¬- ]-cn-tim-[-I-bp-sS- dn-t∏m¿-´v- F-∂v- Km-
‘n-Pn- ]-cm-a¿-in-®- ]p-kv-X-I-am-Wv- Im-X-dn-≥ ta-tbm-
bp-sS- a-Z¿- C-¥y.
* The Death And Afterlife of Mahathma Gandhi
cNn®Xv Makarand R.Paranjpe.
* The Murder of the Mahathma and Other Cases From
a Judge’s Note Book cNn®Xv G.D.Khosla .
* Great Soul - Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle with
India cNn®Xv Joseph Lelyveld.
* ao \m-Yp-dmw- tKm-Uv-sk- t_m¬-tØm-bv- F-∂- hn-hm-Z-
a-dm-Øn- \m-S-Iw- c-Nn-®-Xv- {]-Zo-]v- Zm¬-hn-bm-Wv- .-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bpw- aq-Øa - I
- ≥- l-cn-em-epw- {]-[m-\- I-Ym-]m-{X-
ß-fm-b- a-dm-Øn- \m-SI - a- m-Wv- Km-‘n- th-gk v- k- v- Km-‘n.-
*- -ta- C-‰v- πo-kv- bp-h¿- Hm-W¿- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-Iw- c-Nn-®-Xv-
tKm-Uv-sk- B-Wv.-
*- -C-¥y-bn-se- I-d-≥kn- t\m-´p-I-fn¬- Im-Wp-∂-Xv- a-lm-
flm-Km-‘n-bp-sS- Nn-{X-am-Wv.- 1996 ˛-ap-X-em-Wv- a-lm-flm-
Km-‘n- ko-co-kv- t\m-´p-Iƒ- ]p-d-Øn-d-°n-Øp-S-ßn-b-Xv.-
*- -B-Zy-sØ- Km-‘n- ]o-kv- ss{]-kn-\v- A¿-l-\m-b-Xv- Xm-
≥km-\n-bb - p-sS- kzm-X{- ¥y-ka - c
- \
- m-bI- ≥ - Pq-en-bk - v- s\-
tc-c-bm-Wv- (1995).-
14
*- -Km-‘n- ]o-kv- ss{]-kn-\v- A¿-l-am-b- B-Zy-sØ- kw-
L-S-\- cm-a-Ir-jv-W- an-j-\m-Wv- (1998).-
*- -Km-‘n- ]o-kv- ss{]-kn-\v- A¿-l-\m-b- B-Zy- `m-c-Xo-b-
≥ _m-_m- Bw-sX-bm-Wv.-
*- -B-[p-\n-I- Km-‘n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- _mw-_m- Bw-sX-
bm-Wv.-
*- -A-Xn¿-Øn- Km-‘n- F-∂p- hn-fn-®-Xv- Jm-≥ A-_v-Zpƒ-
Km-^¿-Jm-s\-bm-Wv.- A-Xn¿-Øn- {]-hn-iy-bn¬- Km-‘n-
b-≥ k-a-c-ap-d-Iƒ- kzo-I-cn-®- kzm-X-{¥y- k-a-c-tk-\m-
\n-bm-b-Xn-\m-em-Wv- A-t±-l-sØ- A-{]-Im-cw- hn-fn-®-Xv.-
*- -ap-c-fo-[¿- tZ-hn-Zm-kv- Bw-sX- F-∂m-Wv- _mw-_m- Bw-
sX-bp-sS- b-Ym¿-Y- t]-cv.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn- B-sI- A-©p- {]m-h-iyw- k-am-[m-\- t\m-t_-
en-\v- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-ø-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.-
*- -P-∏m-≥ Km-‘n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´- km-aq-ln-I- ]-cn-jv-I¿-
Øm-hv- tSm-tbm-ln-t°m- I-K-h-bm-Wv.-
*- -sI-∂-Xv- Iu-≠-sb-bm-Wv- B-{^n-°-≥ Km-‘n- F-∂p-
hn-fn-®-Xv.-
*- -A-ta-cn-°-≥ Km-‘n- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv- am¿-
´n-≥ eq-X¿- In-Mm-Wv.-
*- -sIm-tkm-hb - p-sS- tZ-io-b- {]-ÿm-\w- \-bn-®- C-{_m-lnw-
dp-tKm-hb - m-Wv- _mƒ-°≥ - Km-‘n- F-∂d - n-bs- ∏-´X - v.-
*- -{io-e-¶-≥ Km-‘n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- F.-Sn.-A-cn-b- c-Xv-
s\-bm-Wv.-
*- -Km-‘n-b-≥ C-°-tWm-an-Iv-kv- F-∂- ]-Zw- B-Zy-am-bn- D-
]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv- {]-i-kv-X- km-º-Øn-I- im-kv-{X-⁄-\m-
b- sP.-kn.-Ip-a-c-∏-bm-Wv.-
*- K
- m-‘n- ]o-kv- ^u-t≠-j≥ - ÿm-]n-Xa - m-bX - v- 1958˛-em-
Wv.-
*- K
- m-‘n- kva - m-cI
- - \n-[n-bp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß- s - f-°p-dn-®v- A-
t\z-jW - w- \-SØ - n-b- I-Ωn-j\ - m-Wv- Iq-S¬- I-Ωn-j≥ - .-
*- -Km-‘n- in-£-¨- `-h-≥ apw-ss_-bn-em-Wv.-
*- -Km-‘n- {Km-aw- a-[p-c-bn-em-Wv.-
*- -\m-j-W¬- Km-‘n- ayq-kn-bw- \yq-U¬-ln-bn-em-Wv.-
*- -C-¥y- I-gn-™m¬- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- Nn-{Xw- Ãm-ºn¬- A-
®-Sn-®- B-Zy- cm-Pyw- bp.-F-kv.-F.-B-Wv- (1961).- A-Xp-I-
gn-™m¬- tImw-tKm- (1967).-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- 80˛mw- P-∑-Zn-\-Øn¬- ]p-d-Øn-d-°m-≥
\m-ep- co-Xn-bn-ep-≈- Ãm-ºp-Iƒ- cq-]-I-ev-]-\- sN-bv-Xn-
cp-∂p.- {]-[m-\a- {- ¥n- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-ld-v p- C-°m-cy-Øn¬-
{]-tXy-I- Xm¬-]c - yw- F-Sp-Øp.- F-∂m¬- P-∑Z- n-\Ø - n-\v-
F-´p-am-kw- ap-ºv- Km-‘n-Pn- h-[n-°s - ∏-´X- n-\m¬- 1948˛-se-
kzm-X{- ¥y-Zn-\Ø - n-em-Wv- Ãm-ºv- ]p-dØ - n-d° - n-bX - v.-
*- -Km-‘n- kv-a-c-W-bv-°v- t]m-Ãv- Im¿-Un-d-°n-b- B-Zy- cm-
Pyw- t]m-f-≠m-Wv.-
*- -1869˛¬- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- P-∑-i-Xm-_v-Zn- {]-am-Wn-®v- 40
cm-Py-߃- t]m-ì- Ãm-ºn-d-°n.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn-sb- B-Z-cn-°m-≥ t]m-Ãv- am¿-°v- X-øm-dm-°n-
b- B-Zy- cm-Pyw- aym-≥a-dm-Wv.- sN-t°m-t…m-hm-Iy-bpw-
e-Iv-kw-_¿-Kp-am-Wv- C-{]-Im-cw- sN-bv-X- a-‰p- cm-Py-߃.-
*- -C-¥y- I-gn-™m¬- Km-‘n- kv-a-c-W-bv-°v- F-≥h-e-]v- C-
d-°n-b- B-Zy- cm-Pyw- sdm-ta-\n-b- B-Wv.-
*- -Po-hn-®n-cn-s°- e-≠-\n-se- am-Uw- Xp-tkm-Zv-kv- ayq-kn-b-
Øn¬- sa-gp-Ip- {]-Xn-a- ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´- B-Zy-sØ- `m-c-
Xo-b-≥ a-lm-flm- Km-‘n-bm-Wv- (1939).-
*- -C-¥y-bp-sS- am-{X-a-√,- tem-I-Øn-s‚- ap-gp-h-≥ \m-b-I-
\m-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- Xm-a-kn-®n-cp-∂- a-Wn-
`-h-≥ k-µ¿-in-®-t∏mƒ- k-µ¿-i-\- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬- tc-
J-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv- _-cm-Iv- H-_m-a-bm-Wv.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn- N¿-°- Xn-cn-°p-∂- hn-Jym-X- t^m-t´m- F-Sp-
Ø-Xv- {]-kn-≤- A-ta-cn-°-≥ h-\n-Xm- t^m-t´m-{Km-^-dm-
b- am¿-K-c-‰v- _p¿-s°- ssh-‰m-Wv- (1946).-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn-sb- B-cm-[n-°p-∂- t£-{X-ß-fp-≈- ÿ-e-ß-
fm-Wv- H-Un-j-bn-se- kmw-_¬-∏q-cpw- I¿-Wm-S-I-Øn-se-
Nn-Iv-a-K-eq-cpw.-
*- -a-lm-flm-Km-‘n- X-s‚- B-fl-I-Y-bn¬- ]-cm-a¿-in-°p-
∂- a-e-bm-fn-bm-Wv- Pn.-]n.-]n-≈.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn- P-bn-en-em-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ- b-Mv- C-¥y-bp-sS- ]-
{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn- {]-h¿-Øn-®- a-e-bm-fn-bm-Wv- tPm¿-Pv- tPm-
k-^v.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn- B-Zy-am-bn- tI-c-fw- k-µ¿-in-®- h¿-j-am-Wv-
1920.-
*- -Jn-em-^-Øv- {]-ÿm-\-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´m-bn-cp-∂p- Km-
‘n-Pn-bp-sS- B-Zy- tI-c-f- k-µ¿-i-\w.-
*- -tIm-gn-t°m-Sm-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- {]-kw-Kn-®- tI-c-f-Øn-se-
B-Zy- ÿ-ew.- tIm-gn-t°m-´v- Km-‘n-Pn- \-S-Øn-b- {]-
kw-Kw- ]-cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv- sI.-am-[-h-≥ \m-b-cm-Wv.-
*- -B-Zy- tI-c-f- k-µ¿-i-\-Øn¬- Km-‘n-Pn-°v- H-∏-ap-≠m-
bn-cp-∂- t\-Xm-hm-Wv- ju-°-Øv- A-en.-
]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥
*- -Km-‘n-Pn- C-S-s]-´- tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-Ø- k-Xym-{K-
l-am-Wv- ssh-°w- k-Xym-{K-lw- (1924˛-1925).-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- c-≠mw- tI-c-f- k-µ¿-i-\w- ssh-°w- k-
Xym-{K-l-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´m-bn-cp-∂p.-
*- -ssh-°w- k-Xym-{K-l-Im-e-Øv- Km-‘n-Pn- tI-c-fw- k-µ¿-
in-®-t∏mƒ- (1925)-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn- do-
P-‚ v- dm-Wn- tk-Xp-e-£v-ao-`m-bn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn- {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn-s\- k-µ¿-in-®- h¿-j-
am-Wv- 1925.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- D-]-tZ-i-a-\p-k-cn-®v- Kp-cp-hm-bq¿- k-Xym-
{K-l-Im-e-Øv- \n-cm-lm-cw- A-h-km-\n-∏n-®- t\-Xm-hm-Wv-
sI.-tI-f-∏-≥.-
*- -1934˛¬- Km-‘n-Pn- tI-c-fw- k-µ¿-in-®-t∏mƒ- Iu-ap-Zn-
F-∂- s]-¨I - p-´n- X-s‚- B-`c - W
- ß
- ƒ- Km-‘n-Pn-°v- kw-
`m-h\ - - sN-bvX - X- v- h-SI - c
- - h-®m-Wv.- l-cn-P≥ - ^-≠v- ]n-cn-
°m-\m-Wv- A-{]m-hi - yw- Km-‘n-Pn- tI-cf - Ø
- n¬- h-∂X - v.-
*- -H-cp- Xo¿-Ym-S-\w- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®- A-t±-
l-Øn-s‚- A-h-km-\-sØ- tI-c-f- k-µ¿-i-\w- 1937˛-em-
bn-cp-∂p.-
*- -Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-se- t£-{X-{]-th-i-\-hn-fw-_-cw- \-S-∂v-
A-[n-I-Im-ew- I-gn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºm-bn-cp-∂p- a-lm-flm-
hn-s‚- A-h-km-\-sØ- tI-c-f- k-µ¿-i-\w.-
*- -P-\-ß-fp-sS- B-[ym-fln-I- hn-tam-N-\-Øn-s‚- A-[n-Im-
c-tc-J-bm-b- kv-ar-Xn- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv-
t£-{X-{]-th-i-\-hn-fw-_-c-sØ-bm-Wv.-
*- -B-[p-\n-I- Im-e-sØ- A-¤p-Xw- F-∂v- Km-‘n-Pn- hn-
ti-jn-∏n-®-Xpw- t£-{X-{]-th-i-\-hn-fw-_-c-sØ-bm-Wv.-
*- -tI-c-f- k-µ¿-i-\-Øn-\n-sS- sh-ßm-\q-cn¬- kw-L-Sn-∏n-
®- tbm-K-Øn¬- Km-‘n-Pn- ]p-e-b- cm-P- F-∂p- hn-ti-
jn-∏n-®-Xv- A-ø-≥Im-fn-sb-bm-Wv.-
*- -B-sI- A-©p-{]m-h-iy-am-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn- tI-c-fw- k-µ¿-
in-®-Xv- (1920,-1925,-1927,-1934,-1937).-
*- -tI-c-f- Km-‘n- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv- sI.-tI-f-∏-\m-Wv.-
*- -U¬-ln- Km-‘n- F-∂- A-]-c-\m-a-Øn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv-
kn.-Ir-jv-W-≥ \m-b-cm-Wv.-
*- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- a-lm-flm-Km-‘n- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bp-sS- B-
ÿm-\w- tIm-´-bw- Pn-√-bn-se- A-Xn-c-ºp-g-bn-em-Wv.-
*- -a-lm-fl-Pn-sb-°p-dn-®v- a-e-bm-f-Øn¬- B-Zy-am-bn- ]p-kv-
X-Iw- c-Nn-®-Xv- kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n- sI.-cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-≈.-
{]m-tZ-in-I-`m-j-bn¬- c-Nn-°-s∏-´- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- B-
Zy- Po-h-N-cn-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-Xv.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- B-fl-I-Y- a-e-bm-f-Øn-te-°v- ]-cn-`m-j-
s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv- tPm¿-Pv- C-cp-º-b-am-Wv.-
*- -a-lm-flm-Km-‘n- b-Mv- C-¥y-bn¬- tI-c-f-Øn-se- \m-bm-
Sn-Iƒ- F-∂- B-Zn-hm-kn- hn-`m-K-sØ-°p-dn-®v- te-J-\w-
F-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn-sb-°p-dn-®v- F-s‚- Kp-cp-\m-Y-≥ F-∂- I-hn-X-
c-Nn-®-Xv- h-≈-tØm-fm-Wv.-
*- -"-tem-I-ta- X-d-hm-Sv- X-\n-°o- ]p¬-s®-Sn-I-fpw....-'- F-∂p-
Xp-S-ßp-∂- ]-Zy-am-Wv- F-s‚- Kp-cp-\m-Y-≥.- {In-kv-Xp-hn-
s‚- ]-cn-Xym-K-io-e-hpw- Ir-jv-W-s‚- [¿-a-c-t£m-]m-b-
hpw- _p-≤-s‚- A-lnw-k-bpw- i-¶-cm-Nm-cy-cp-sS- _p-≤n-
i-‡n-bpw- c-¥n-tZ-h-s‚- Z-bm-hm-bv-]pw- l-cn-›-{µ-s‚-
k-Xy-hpw- {]-hm-N-I-≥ ap-l-Ω-Zn-s‚- ssÿ-cy-hpw- kw-
K-an-°p-∂- hy-‡n-Xz-am-bn-´m-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn-sb- h-≈-
tØmƒ- Im-Wp-∂-Xv.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn- A-¥-cn-®-t∏mƒ- h-≈-tØmƒ- a-\w-s\m-¥v- c-
Nn-®- Im-hy-am-Wv- _m-∏p-Pn.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bpw- tKm-Uv-sk-bpw- F-∂- I-hn-X- F-gp-Xn-b-
Xv- F-≥.-hn.-Ir-jv-W-hm-cy-cm-Wv.-
*- -Km-‘n-Pn-bpw- A-cm-P-I-Xz-hpw- F-∂- Ir-Xn- c-Nn-®-Xv- kn.-
i-¶-c-≥ \m-b-cm-Wv.-
*- -a-lm-flm-hn-s‚- am¿-Kw- c-Nn-®-Xv- kp-Ip-am¿- A-go-t°m-
Sv.- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- A-h-km-\-\m-fp-Iƒ- c-Nn-®-Xv- sI.-
F-≥.-Zm-tam-Z-c-≥ \m-b-cm-Wv.-
*- -Xn-cp-˛-sIm-®n- k¿-°m¿- Km-‘n- sa-tΩm-dn-b¬- ]-Wn-I-
gn-∏n-®-Xv- I-\ym-Ip-am-cn-bn-em-Wv.-
*- -tI-c-f-Øn¬- Km-‘n-Pn-bp-sS- Nn-Xm-`-kv-a-Øn-s‚- H-cp- `m-
Kw- \n-a-÷-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv- Xn-cp-\m-hm-b-bn-em-Wv.-
*- -C-¥y-bn-se- \n-Xy-l-cn-X- \-K-cw- F-∂m-Wv- Km-‘n-Pn-
Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-c-sØ- hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv.-
*- X- n-cp-h\- ¥ - ]
- p-cØ - v- In-gt- °-t°m-´b - n-em-Wv- Km-‘n- ]m¿-
°v.-
*- -H-cp- hy-‡n-bp-sS- t]-cn¬- \m-a-I-c-Ww- sN-ø-s∏-´- tI-c-
f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- k¿-h-I-em-im-e-bm-Wv- a-lm-flm-
Km-‘n- k¿-h-I-em-im-e- (]-g-b- t]-cv- Km-‘n-Pn- k¿-h-
I-em-im-e-).-
*- K- m-‘n-Pn- C-Ss - ]-´X - n-s\-Øp-S¿-∂v- h-[i - n-£- d-±v- sN-øs
- ∏-
´- tI-cf - Ø
- n-se- t\-Xm-hm-Wv- sI.-]n.-B¿.-tK-m] - m-e≥.
2016 BKkv‰- v- 15
 26 B[p-\nI C¥y
C¥y kzmX-{¥amIp∂p......
kn.B¿.t^m¿ape (1943)
tIm¨{Kkv˛- a- p-…nw-eo-Kv- k-lI- c- W
- Ø
- n-\m-bn- tIm-¨-
{K-kv- t\-Xm-hpw- Km-‘n-Pn-tbm-Sv- h-f-sc- A-Sp-Ø- _-‘w-
]p-e¿-Øn-bn-cp-∂- hy-‡n-bp-am-b- kn.-cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-
H-cp- hy-h-ÿ- (cm-Pm-Pn- t^m¿-ap-e-)- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®p.- Km-
‘n-Pn- C-Xn-\v- Aw-Ko-Im-cw- \¬-In.- C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv- cm-
Pm-Pn- ap-t∂m-´p-h-®- h-yhÿIƒ.
1.- C-¥y-bp-sS- kzm-X-{¥yw- eo-Kv- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-I-bpw- tI-
{µ-Øn¬- C-S-°m-e-tØ-°v- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬- h-cp-∂- Xm-
ev-Im-en-I- k¿-°m-cn¬- eo-Kv- tIm-¨-{K-kp-am-bn- k-l-
I-cn-°p-I-bpw- th-Ww.-
2.- bp-≤-Øn-\p-ti-jw- {]-tXy-I- cm-Pyw- th-tWm- th-≠-
tbm- F-∂p- Xo-cp-am-\n-°m-≥ ap-…nw-`q-cn-]-£-{]-tZ-i-ß-
fn¬- ap-…n-ß-f-√m-Ø-h-sc-bpw- Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn- {]m-b-]q¿-
Øn-bS- n-ÿm-\Ø - n¬- P-\l - n-X- ]-cn-tim-[\ - - \-SØ- W - w.-
3.- F-√m- cm-jv-{So-b- I-£n-Iƒ-°pw- P-\-ln-X-]-cn-tim-[-\-
bn¬- A-`n-{]m-bw- ]-d-bm-≥ A-h-k-cw- \¬-I-Ww.-
4.- hn-`P
- \
- w- th-≠n-hc - n-Ib
- m-sW-¶n¬- {]-Xn-tcm-[w,- hm-Wn-
Pyw,-hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-a-bw,- a-‰v- A-h-iy- k¿-ho-kp-Iƒ- F-
∂n-h-bp-sS- Im-cy-Øn¬- C-cp-cm-Py-ß-fpw- ]-c-kv-]-c- [m-
c-W-bn-se-Ø-Ww.-
5.- P-\-ß-fp-sS- kz-¥w- C-jv-S-Øn-s‚- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-
bn-cn-°W- w- A-tßm-´p-an-tßm-´p-ap-≈- t]m-°p-hc
6.- Cw-•-≠v- C-¥y-°v- ]q¿-W- A-[n-Im-cw- ssI-am-dp-I-bm-
sW-¶n¬-am-{X-ta- ta¬-∏-d-™- hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ- km-[p-hm-
Ip-I-bp-≈q.-
ap-l-Ω-Z-en- Pn-∂- kn.-B¿.- t^m¿-ap-e- ]q¿-W-am-bpw-
\n-cm-I-cn-®p.-
]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ A-\p-h-Zn-°-W-sa-∂v- cm-Pm-Pn-bp-sS- \n-
e-]m-Sv- tIm-¨-{K-kv- h¿-°n-Mv- I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS-bpw- F.-sF.-
kn.-kn.-bp-sS-bpw- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- \n-e-]m-Sn-s\-Xn-cm-I-bm¬-
A-t±-lw- tIm-¨{- K-kv- hn-´p-t]m-hp-Ib - pw- se-Pn-t…-‰o-hv- Aw-
K-Xzw- cm-Pn-hb - °
v- p-Ib
- pw- sN-bX v- p.- (ho-≠pw- tIm-¨{- K-kn¬-
tN¿-∂- cm-Pm-Pn,- s\-{lp-hn-s‚- C-S-°m-e- a-{¥n-k-`-bn¬-
Aw-K-am-bn-).-
1943-˛se _wKmƒ £maw
1943˛¬ _w-Kmƒ- A-Xn-s‚- k-ao-]-Im-e-N-cn-{X-Øn-se- G-
‰-hpw- cq-£-am-b- H-cp- £m-a-sØ- t\-cn-´p.- G-Xm-\pw- am-k-
߃-°p-≈n¬- 30 e-£w- B-fp-Iƒ- ]-´n-Wn-Im-c-Ww- a-c-
W-a-S-™p.- K-h-¨-sa-‚ n-s‚- `m-K-Øp-\n-∂v- £m-aw- t\-cn-
Sm-≥ ^-e-{]-Z-am-b- \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ- D-≠m-Im-Ø-Xp-Im-c-W-am-
Wv- a-c-W-s∏-´-h-cp-sS- kw-Jy- D-b-cm-\n-S-bm-b-sX-∂v- hn-e-
bn-cp-Ø-s∏-´p.- C-Xv- P-\-߃-°n-S-bn¬- B-g-Øn¬- tcm-
jw- kr-jv-Sn-®p.- tZ-io-b- {]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚- {]-_-e-t\-Xm-
°ƒ- Cu- L-´-Øn¬- Izn-‰n-¥ym-k-a-c-hp-am-bn- _-‘-s∏-´v-
P-bn-en-em-bn-cp-∂p.- £m-aw- H-cp- cm-jv-{So-b- hn-j-b-am-bn- D-
b¿-Ø-s∏-´-n√.
sN-dp-hn-`m-K-hpw- A-Xn-\v- t\-Xr-Xzw-\¬-In-b- Iym-]v-‰-≥ tam-
l-≥kn-Mpw- Ip-td- Zn-h-k-߃-Iq-Sn- h-\m-¥-c-ß-fn¬- Np-‰n-
a-’-c-∏-co-£-Iƒ-°m-bp-≈- kw-£n-]v-X- k-©-cn-®-ti-jw- P-∏m-s‚- ]-´m-f- D-tZym-K-ÿ¿-°v- Io-g-S-
ßn.- Pm-∏-\o-kv- D-tZym-K-ÿ¿- tam-l-≥kn-Mn-\v- ap-∂n¬- H-
B-[p-\n-I- C-¥ym- N-cn-{Xw- Cu- e-°t- Øm- cp- \n¿-t±-iw-h-®p.- C-¥y-°m-cm-b- bp-≤-Ø-S-hp-Im-sc- Dƒ-
sS- A- h - k m- \ n- ° p- ∂ p.- tIm- f - \ n- ` - c - W - s∏-Sp-Øn- tam-l-≥kn-Mv- H-cp- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- B¿-an-
Øn¬-\n-∂-v tam-N\ - w- {]m-]n-®p-sIm-≠-v P-\m- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°-Ww.- A-Xv- Pm-∏-\o-kv- ]-´m-f-hp-am-bn- k-l-
[n-]X
- y- C-¥y- ]n-d° - p-Ib - m-Wv.- F-¥p-sIm- I-cn-®v- C-¥y-bn-te-°v- am¿-®p-sN-bv-Xv- {_n-´o-jv- `-c-Ww- A-
≠v- B-Kk - vX
- v- 15 C-¥y-bp-sS- kzm-X{- ¥y-Zn-\- h-km-\n-∏n-°-Ww.- kn-Mv- C-Xv- k-Ω-Xn-®p.- A-ß-s\-B-km-
Zv- ln-µv- ^u-Pv- (C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- B¿-an-)- cq-]-h-Xv-Ir-X-
am-bn-?- F-{X- Zn-hk - w-sIm-≠m-Wv- A-[n-Im- am-bn-(1942).-Z£
- n-W] - q¿-th-jy-bn-se- Xm-ak
- °
- m-cm-b- C-¥y-
c-ss°-am-‰w- kw-_-‘-am-b- \-S-]-Sn-{I-a- °m-sc-bpw- a-e-b-bn-epw- knw-K-∏q-cn-epw- _¿-a-bn-epw- P-∏m-
߃- ssh-t{km-bn- au-≠v-_m-‰-¨- {]-`p- ≥ ssk-\yw- ]n-Sn-Iq-Sn-b- C-¥y-≥ ssk-\n-I-sc-bpw- Hm-^o-
]q¿-Øn-bm-°n-bX - ?v- - kzm-X{- ¥y-th-fb - n¬- k¿-am-sc-bpw- H-∂n-®p-tN¿-Øm-Wv- sF.-F-≥.-F.- cq-]-h-Xv-
I-cn-®-Xv.- Cu- tk-\m-hn-`m-K-sØ- \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂- `-c-W-k-
Km-‘n-Pn- F-hn-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p-?- ]m-In-kvX - m-
s‚- kzm-X{- ¥y-Zn-\m-tLm-jß - ƒ- kw-LS- n-∏n- an-Xn-bp-sS- {]-kn-U-‚m-bn- dm-jv- _n-lm-cn- t_m-kn-s\- \n-
b-an-®p.- ssk-\y-sØ- \-bn-°p-∂- Np-a-X-e- tam-l-≥kn-Mn-
®-Xv- F-hn-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p-?- A-hk - m-\s - Ø- \m-bn-cp-∂p.- F-∂m¬,- ]-e- Im-c-W-ß-fm¬- Cu- kw-L-S-\-
sk-{I-´d- n- Hm-^v- tÃ-‰v- t^m¿- C-¥y- B-cm- bp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-\w- kv-Xw-`-\m-h-ÿ-bn-em-bn- (1942 Un-kw-
bn-cp-∂p-?- s\-{lp-hn-\v- k-Xy-hm-NI - w- sNm- _¿-).- A-ß-s\- H-∂mw- sF.-F-≥.-F.-bp-sS- {]-h¿-Ø-\w-
√n-s°m-Sp-ØX - v- B-cm-Wv?- ˛- A - \ - h- [- n- ]-co- A-h-km-\n-®p.- 1943˛¬- t\-Xm-Pn- t_m-kv- h-∂v- t\-Xr-Xzw-
£-If - n¬- D-b¿-∂- dm-¶p-Im-sc- \n¿-Wb - n- G-s‰-Sp-Ø-ti-jw- c-≠mw- sF.-F-≥.-F.- {]-h¿-Ø-\w- \-S-
°m-\m-cw-`n-®p.- A-Xv- t\-Xm-Pn-bp-sS- Xm-Xv-Im-en-I- `m-c-X-
- h- p-Iƒ.- ®- B- tNm-Zy-ßf - p-sS- D-Øc - w- C-hn-sS- I- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- tk-\-bm-bn- {]-h¿-Øn-®p.- t_m-kn-s‚- t\-
s≠-Ømw.- hm-b\ - - Xp-Sc - p-I.- Xr-Xz-Øn¬- ap-≥X-S-hp-Im-sc-bpw- a-e-b-bn-se-bpw- _¿-a-bn-
se-bpw- k-∂≤ - - ]u-c≥
- am-s
- cbpw sF.-F≥.-F.bn¬ Dƒs∏-
SpØn. Cu tk\ P∏m-\okv Cw-]o-cn-b¬ B¿an-bp-ambn
tN¿∂v _¿a, sImln-a, Cw^m¬ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬
K- Xo-cp-am-\-{]-Im-c-ap-≈- £-Ww- kzo-I-cn-®m-Wv- kp-`m-jv- {_n´Wpw kJy-tk-\bv°pw FXnsc t]mcm-Sn.
t_m-kv- tSm-°n-tbm-bn¬- F-Øn- eo-Kn-s‚- A-[y-£-ÿm-
\w- dm-jv- _n-lm-cn- t_m-kn¬-\n-∂v- G-s‰-Sp-Ø-Xv. t\XmPnbpw C¥y≥ \mjW¬
taml≥knßpw B¿anbpw
C¥y≥ \mjW¬ B¿anbpw kp`mjv- N-{µ-t_m-kv- 1941 am¿-®n¬- C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂v-
c-£-s∏-´v- tkm-hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-\n-te-°v- t]m-bn-cp-∂p.- 1941
1941 Un-kw-_-dn¬- P-∏m-≥ ssk-\yw- a-e-bm-bn-te-°v- ap- Pq-Wn¬- B- cm-Pyw- k-Jy-I-£n-I-tfm-Sv- tN¿-∂-t∏mƒ- A-
t∂-dm-≥ Xp-S-ßn.- Cu- ap-t∂-‰-Øn¬- {_n-´o-jv- ]-´m-f-°m¿- t±-lw- P¿-a-\n-bn-te-°v- t]m-bn.- {_n-´o-jp-Im¿-s°-Xn-sc- H-
°v- Xn-cn-t™m-tS-≠n-h-∂p.- C-¥y-≥ ]-´m-f-°m¿- P-∏m-s‚- cp- km-bp-[- t]m-cm-´w- kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-I- F-∂- e-£y-tØm-
]-´m-f-Ø-S-hp-Im-cm-bn- ]n-Sn-°-s∏-´p.- ]n-Sn-°-s∏-Sm-Ø- H-cp- sS- 1943 s^-{_p-h-cn-bn¬- t_m-kv- P-∏m-\n-se-Øp-I-bpw-

dmjv _nlmcn t_mkpw

C¥y≥ C≥Uns]≥U≥kv eoKpw
H∂mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Im-e-Øp-X-s∂- C-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂v-
\m-Sp-hn-´v- P-∏m-\n-se-Øn-b- H-cp- hn-π-h-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- dm-
jv- _n-lm-cn- t_m-kv.- 1915˛¬- P-∏m-\n-se-Øn-b- A-t±-lw-
H-cp- Pm-∏-\o-kv- h-\n-X-sb- hn-hm-lw- sN-bv-Xv- P-∏m-\o-kv-
]u-c\ - m-bn- I-gn-bp-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-t±-lØ - n-s‚- {i-aØ- n¬-
1942 am¿-®v- 28 ap-X¬- 30h-sc- tSm-°n-tbm-bn¬-tN¿-∂- H-cp-
sN-dp-tbm-Kw- a-dp-\m-S-≥ C-¥y-°m-cp-sS- h-I-bm-bn- C-¥y-
≥ C-≥Un-s]-≥U-≥kv- eo-Kv- F-s∂m-cp- kw-L-S-\- ÿm-
]n-®p.- kw-L-S-\-bp-sS- hn-]p-e-am-b- H-cp- k-tΩ-f-\w- 1942
Pq-¨- 15 ap-X¬- 23 h-sc- _m-t¶m-°n¬- tN¿-∂p.- Cu- k-
tΩ-f\ - w- kw-LS- \ - b- p-sS- A-[y-£ÿ - m-\t- Ø-°v- dm-jv- _n-
lm-cn- t_m-kn-s\- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-I-bpw- C-¥y-°v- ]q¿-W-
kzm-X{- ¥yw- D-S\ - S- n- In-´m-\m-hi- y-am-b- {]-h¿-Ø\ - a- m-Wv- eo-
Kn-s‚- e-£y-sa-∂v- Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- Cu- tbm-

2016 BKkv‰- v- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 15

sX-°p-In-g-°-t\-jy-bn¬- C-¥y-≥ kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\m-bn- \-
S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂- {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS- km-c-Yyw- G-s‰-Sp-
°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
B-km-Zv- ln-µv- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- F-∂- t]-cn¬- knw-K-
∏q¿- B-ÿm-\-am-bn- H-cp- Xm-ev-Im-en-I- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- t_m-
kv- ÿm-]n-®p- (1943 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 21).- Cu- Xm¬-°m-en-I-
k¿-°m¿- {_n-´-Wpw- bp-F- n-\p-sa-Xn-sc- bp-≤w- {]-Jym-
]n-®p.- A-Xn-s\- A-®p-X-≠p-i-‡n-Iƒ- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p.-
t_m-kv- c-≠v- sF.-F-≥.-F.- B-ÿm-\-߃-˛-H-∂v- dw-Kq-
Wn-epw- a-s‰m-∂v- knw-K-∏q-cn-epw-˛-ÿm-]n-®p.- 1944 Pq-sse-
B-dn-\v- B-km-Zv- ln-µv- td-Un-tbm-bn-eq-sS- t_m-kv- Km-
‘n-Pn-sb- A-`n-kw-t_m-[-\- sN-bv-Xp.- "-C-¥y-bp-sS- A-
¥n-a- kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-cw- B-cw-`n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- \-Ωp-sS- cm-
jv-{S-]n-Xm-th- ...- C-¥y-bp-sS- tam-N-\-Øn-\m-bp-≈- Cu-
bp-≤-Øn¬- R-߃- A-ß-bp-sS- A-\p-{K-lm-»n- p-Iƒ-
tX-Sp-I-bm-Wv-'.-
B-km-Zv- ln-µv- K-h-¨-sa-‚ n¬- cm-jv-{S-Ø-e-h-≥,- {]-[m-
\-a-{¥n,- bp-≤-Im-cy-a-{¥n,- hn-tZ-i-Im-cy-a-{¥n- F-∂o- ]-Z-hn-
Iƒ- h-ln-®- t\-Xm-Pn- t_m-kv- C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- B¿-an-
bp-sS- kp-{]ow- I-am-≥U¿- F-∂- \n-e-bn-epw- {]-h¿-Øn-®p.-
kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS- hn-`m-K-Øn-s‚- ta-[m-hn- Iym-]v-‰-≥ e-£v-an-
bm-bn-cp-∂p.- dm-jv- _n-lm-cn- t_m-km-bn-cp-∂p- kp-{]ow- A-
ssUz-k¿.- \n-b-tam-]-tZ-jv-Sm-hv- F.-F-≥.-k¿-°m¿- B-bn-
cp-∂p.-
"-sF-Iyw,- hn-izm-kw,- Xym-Kw-'- F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- sF.-
F-≥.-F-bp-sS- {]-am-W-hm-Iyw.- ]-Wv-Un-‰v- hw-in-[¿- ip-¢- c-
Nn-®v- cmw-kn-Mv- Xm-°q¿- Nn-´-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- "-I-Zw- I-Zw- _-Zm-
sb-'- B-bn-cp-∂p- sF.-F-≥.-F-bp-sS- ]-S-b-Wn-Km-\w.- c-≠mw-
tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤m-¥-cw- Cu- Km-\w- cm-Py-t{Zm-l-]-c-sa-∂m-
tcm-]n-®v- C-¥y-bn¬- \n-tcm-[n-s®-¶n-epw- 1947 Hm-K-Ãn¬- \n-
tcm-[-\w- ]n-≥h-en-®p.- Nm-Sp-∂- I-Sp-h-bp-sS- Nn-{X-ap-≈- {Xn-
h¿-W-am-bn-cp-∂p- sF.-F-≥.-F-bp-sS- ]-Xm-I.- sF.-F-≥.-F-
bp-sS- Aw-K-_-ew- G-I-tZ-iw- 43000˛-\v- A-Sp-Øm-bn-cp-∂p.-
C-¥y-≥ \m-j-W¬- B¿-an-bp-sS- d-Pn-sa-‚p-Iƒ-°v- Km-
‘n- {_n-tK-Uv,- s\-{lp- {_n-tK-Uv,- k¿-Zm¿- {_n-tK-Uv- Xp-S-
ßn-b- t]-cp-I-fm-Wv- \¬-In-b-Xv.- sF.-F-≥.-F.-bv-°v- H-cp- h-
\n-Xm- d-Pn-sa-‚pw- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xn-\v- Qm-≥kn- dm-Wn-
bp-sS- t]-cm-Wv- \¬-In-bXv.
sF.F≥.F. C¥y≥ aÆn¬
_¿abn¬-\n-∂v- C-¥y-bn-te-°p-≈- P-∏m-≥ ssk-\y-Øn-
s‚- ap-t∂-‰-Øn¬- sF.-F-≥.-F.-bpw- ]-¶p-sIm-≠p.- 1944 P-
\p-h-cn-bn¬- sF.-F-≥.-F.-bp-sS- kp-`m-jv- {_n-tK-Uv- dw-Kq-
Wn¬- {]-th-in-®p.- Xp-S¿-∂v- t_m-kn-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-
≈- kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-≥ tk-\- 1944 am¿-®n¬- C-¥y-≥ A-
Xn¿-Øn- I-S-∂v- Cw-^m-en-s‚- A-Sp-Øp-h-sc- F-Øn.- P-∏m-
≥ \n-b-{¥-W-Øn-em-b- B-¥-am-≥ \n-t°m-_m¿- Zzo-]p-Iƒ-
sF.-F-≥.-F.-bv-°p- ssI-am-dn.- sF.-F-≥.-F.- A-Xn-s\- j-
lo-Zv- kz-cm-Pv- Zzo-]p-Iƒ- F-∂v- ]p-\¿- \m-a-I-c-Ww- sN-bv-
Xp.- 1944˛-45 se- bp-≤-Øn¬- P-∏m-s\- k-Jy-I-£n-Iƒ- X-
I¿-Ø-tXm-sS- sF.-F-≥.-F.-bpw- ]-cm-P-b-a-S-™p.- C-¥y-\-
Xn¿-Øn-bn¬- {]-th-in-®- kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-≥ tk-\-bv-°v- _¿-
a-bn-te-°pw- A-hn-sS-\n-∂v- Xm-bv-e-≥Un-te-°pw- ]n-≥am-td-
≠n-h-∂p.- 1945 Hm-K-Ãn¬- t_m-kv- H-cp- hn-am-\m-]-I-S-Øn¬-
a-c-W-a-S-™p.- 1992˛¬- cm-jv-{Sw- t_m-kn-\v- `m-c-X- c-Xv-\w- a-
c-Wm-\-¥-c- _-lp-a-Xn- {]-Jym-]n-s®-¶n-epw- t_m-kn-s‚- a-
c-Ww- kw-_-‘-am-b- X¿-°-߃- kr-jv-Sn-®- hn-hm-Zw- Im-c-
Ww- _-lp-a-Xn- ]n-≥h-en-t°-≠n-h-∂p.-
kzm-X-{¥yw- t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\v- ^m-kn-Ãv- i-‡n-I-sf- Iq-´p-
]n-Sn-®- t_m-kn-s‚- X-{¥w- A-°m-e-Øv- hn-a¿-i-\-ß-tf-‰p-
hm-tß-≠n-hs - ∂-¶n-epw- sF.-F≥ - .-F.-bp-sS- kw-Lm-S\ - Ø
- n-
eq-sS- C-¥y-°m¿-°v- ap-ºm-sI- tZ-i-kv-t\-l-Øn-s‚- B-
th-i-I-c-am-b- H-cp- am-Xr-I- H-cp-°p-∂-Xn-\v- A-t±-l-Øn-\v-
km-[n-®p.- "-Zn-√n- N-tem-',- "-P-bv- ln-µv-'- F-∂o- ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-
߃- sF.-F-≥.-F.-bv-°v- B-th-i-]q¿-hw- k-Ωm-\n-®- t_m-
kn-s\- sF.-F-≥.-F.- `-S-≥am¿- am-{X-a-√,- cm-jv-{S-sam-´m-sI-
t\-Xm-Pn- F-∂m-Wv- h-nfn®Xv.
bp≤m\¥c C¥y
1945 a[ytØmsS bqtdm∏n¬ bp≤Øn\v Xnc»oe
hoWpIgn™ncp∂p. 1945 HmKÃn¬ P∏m\n¬ Atacn°
t_mw_n´tXmsS B cmPyw \ncp]m[nIw IogSßn
bp≤w ]cyhkm\n®p. 1942˛se P\Iob apt∂‰ßfpw
sF.F≥.F.bpsS XymK\n¿`camb {]h¿Ø\ßfpw
[ocXbpsSbpw \n›b Zm¿VyØns‚bpw ]pXnb
]mT߃ C¥y°v ]I¿∂p \¬Inbncp∂p. Aßs\,
kzmX{¥yØn\pth≠nbp≈ C¥y≥ P\XbpsS
t]mcm´w ]pXnsbmcp L´Ønte°v IS∂p.
16
sF.F≥.F. hnNmcW (1945)
{_n´ojv knwlm-k-\-tØm-Sv- Iq-dv- Im-Wn-°p-sa-∂v- {]-
Xn-⁄- ew-Ln-®-Xn-\m¬- cm-Py-t{Zm-ln-I-fm-bn- am-dn- F-∂-
Ip-‰-am-tcm-]n-®v- {_n-´o-jv- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- sF.-F-≥.-F.-bn-se-
Aw-K-ß-sf- ssk-\n-I- A-®-S-°- ew-L-\-Øn-\v- hn-Nm-c-W-
sN-øm-≥ \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ- F-Sp-Øp.- t\-c-tØ- {_n-´o-jn-¥y-≥
B¿-an-bn¬- Hm-^o-k¿-am-cm-bn-cp-∂,- sF.-F-≥.-F.-bp-sS- Hm-
^o-k¿-am-cm-b- jm- \-hm-kv- Jm-≥,- Kp¿-Z-bm¬- kn-Mv- [n-√-
≥,- t{]w-Ip-am¿- sk-lv-Kmƒ- F-∂n-h-sc- U¬-ln-bn-se- sN-
t¶m-´-bn¬-h-®v- hn-Nm-c-W- sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v- k¿-°m¿- Xo-cp-
am-\n-®p.- P-\-߃- A-h-sc- tZ-io-b- \m-b-I-≥am-cm-bn- h-c-
th¬-°p-Ib - pw- A-hs
- c- tam-Nn-∏n-°W- s - a-∂m-hi
- y-s∏-´p-sIm-
≠v- cm-Py-sa-ºm-Spw- Iq-‰-≥ {]-I-S-\-߃- \-S-Øp-I-bpw- sN-
bv-Xp.- sF.-F-≥.-F.- hn-Nm-c-W-bn¬- {]-Xn-`m-K-Øn-\p-th-
≠n- lm-Pc - m-Ip-∂X- n-\v- tIm-¨{- K-kv- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp,-
tX-Pv- _-lm-Zq¿- k-{]p,- `p-em-`m-bv- tZ-im-bn- F-∂n-h-cpƒ-
s∏-Sp-∂- H-cp- {]-K-ev-`- A-`n-`m-j-I- k-an-Xn-sb- \n-tbm-Kn-
®p.- cm-Py-hym-]-I-am-bn- H-®-∏m-Sp-≠m-°n-b- Cu- hn-Nm-c-W-
s]m-Xp-P-\m-`n-{]m-bw-am-\n-®v- \n¿-Øn-h-bv-°m-≥ K-h-¨-sa-
‚ v- Xo-cp-am-\n-®p.- ssk-\n-I- tIm-S-Xn- sF.-F-≥.-F.-X-S-hp-
Im¿- Ip-‰-°m-cm-sW-∂v- hn-[n-s®-¶n-epw- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v- A-
h¿-°v- s]m-Xp-am-∏v- {]-Jym-]n-®p.- kzm-X-¥y- {]m-]v-Xn-°p-
ti-jw- sF.-F-≥.-F.-°m-sc- C-¥y-≥ P-\-X- tZ-io-b- kzm-
X-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn-se- ap-∂-Wn-t∏m-cm-fn-I-fm-bn- I-W-°m-°n-
B-Z-cm-hm¿-∂- ]-cnKW\ \¬Int∏m∂p.
Asadn˛thh¬ ]≤Xn (1945)
C¥ym ssh-t{km-bn-bm-bn- 1943˛¬- th-h¬- {]-`p- \n-b-
an-X-\m-bn.- ap-ºv- A-t±-lw- Ip-td-°m-ew- C-¥y-bp-sS- k¿-h-
ssk-\ym-[n-]-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- 1945 a-[y-tØm-sS- bq-tdm-∏n¬-
bp-≤w- A-h-km-\n-®-tXm-sS- C-¥y-bn-se- cm-jv-{So-b- kv-Xw-
`-\-Øn-\v- ]-cn-lm-c-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn,- sk-{I-´-dn- Hm-^v-
tÃ-‰v- B-bn-cp-∂- F¬.-F-kv.-A-sa-dn- Nn-e- \n¿-t±-i-߃-
ap-t∂m-´p-h-®p.- ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS-bpw- k-a-hm-bw- C-°m-cy-
Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬- A-Xv- A-sa-dn-˛-th-h¬- ]-≤-Xn-
F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´p.- C-¥y-bn-se- ap-Jy- cm-jv-{So-b-∏m¿-´n-Iƒ- k-
a¿-∏n-°p-∂- ]m-\e - p-If
- n¬-\n-∂v- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-°p-∂h - s
- c- Dƒ-
s∏-Sp-Øn- ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS- F-Iv-kn-Iyp-´o-hv- Iu-¨-kn¬-
]p-\-:-kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-I- F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- C-Xn-se- {]-[m-\-
\n¿-t±-iw.- C-ßs - \- ]p-\:- k
- w-LS- n-∏n-°p-tºmƒ- {]-[m-\- ]m¿-
´n-I-fm-b- tIm-¨-{K-kn-\pw- ap-…nw-eo-Kn-\pw- Xp-ey-F-Æw- {]-
Xn-\n-[n-I-sf- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-ømw- F-∂- hy-h-ÿ-bpw-
Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.- hn-tZ-i-Im-cy-h-Ip-∏v- C-¥y-°v- ssI-
am-dp-sa-¶n-epw- {]-Xn-tcm-[w- {_n-´-s‚- Np-a-X-e-bn¬-\n-e-\n¿-
Øn- H-cp- Cw-•o-jp-Im-c-≥ ssk-\y-Ø-e-h-\m-bn- Xp-S-cpw.-
]p-Xn-b- K-h-¨-sa-‚ n-\v- \m-´p-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS- ta¬- \n-b-{¥-
Ww- D-≠m-Ip-∂-X-√.- ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS- ho-t‰m- A-[n-Im-
cw- \n-e-\n¿-Øp-sa-¶n-epw- A-Xv- A-\m-h-iy-am-bn- {]-tbm-Kn-
°n-√˛- C
- h- b
- m-bn-cp-∂p- a-‰p- {]-[m-\- \n¿-t±-iß
- ƒ.- C-h- ssh-
t{km-bn- 1945 Pq-¨- 14˛-\v- td-Un-tbm-bn-eq-sS- {]-t£-]-Ww-
sN-bv-Xp.- C-tX- Xo-b-Xn-bn¬- A-sa-dn-bpw- C-Xp- kw-_-‘-
am-b- {]-kv-Xm-h-\- lu-kv- Hm-^v- tIm-a-¨-kn¬- \-S-Øn.
knwe ktΩf\w (1945)
Asadn˛th-h¬- ]-≤-Xn- {]-kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-b-Xn-s\-Øp-
S¿-∂v- 1945 Pq-Wn¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- h¿-°n-Mv- I-Ωn-‰n- Aw-K-
߃- P-bn¬- hn-ap-‡-cm-bn.- ]p-Xn-b- \n¿-t±-i-ß-fn-≥ ta¬-
N¿-®- \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\v- 1945 Pq-¨- 25˛-\v- knw-e-bn¬- ssh-
t{km-bn-bp-sS- A-[y-£-X-bn¬- F-√m- t\-Xm-°-≥am-cp-sS-
bpw- H-cp- tbm-Kw- \-S-∂p.- tIm-¨-{K-kv- kw-L-sØ- \-bn-®-
Xv- {]-kn-U-‚ v- au-em-\m- B-km-Zm-bn-cp-∂p.- Pn-∂- ]m-In-kv-
Xm-≥ hm-Z-Øn¬- I¿-i-\- \n-e-]m-Sn¬- D-d-®p-\n-∂p.- am-{X-a-
√,- ssh-t{km-bn-bp-sS- F-Iv-kn-Iyp-´o-hv- Iu-¨-kn-en-te-°v-
ap-…nw- Aw-K-ß-sf- \n¿-W-bn-°m-\p-≈- A-h-Im-iw- ap-…nw-
]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥
eo-Kn-s‚- Ip-ØI - b- m-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂pw- tIm-¨{- K-kn-\v- ap-…nw-
{]-Xn-\n-[n-I-sf- \n¿-W-bn-°m-≥ A-h-Im-i-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°p-
∂-X-s√-∂pw- Pn-∂- hm-in- ]n-Sn-®p.- Pn-∂-bp-sS- hm-Z-߃-
tIm-¨-{K-kv- X-≈n-°-f-bp-I-bpw- X-Xv-^-e-am-bn- tbm-Kw- A-
e-kn-∏n-cn-bp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- tbm-Kw- ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´-Xn-s‚-
D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Xzw- au-em-\m- B-km-Zv- ,- Pn-∂-bp-sS- Np-a-en-em-
°n.- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-s‚- D-t±-iy-e-£y-ß-sf- ho-t‰m- sN-øp-
∂-Xn-\p-≈- A-hk - c - w- eo-Kn-\v- \¬-Ip-∂- \n-e] - m-Sm-Wv- ssh-
t{km-bn- ssI-s°m-≠s - X-∂pw- hn-eb - n-cp-Øs - ∏-´p.- F-¥m-bm-
epw- knw-e- k-tΩ-f\ - w- eo-Kn-s‚-bpw- Pn-∂b - p-sS-bpw- \n-e- sa-
®-s∏-Sm-≥ k-lm-bI - a - m-bn.- 1945˛-46˛¬- \-S∂ - - Xn-c™ - S- p-∏n¬-
A-Xv- hy-‡a - m-bn- {]-Xn-^e - n-°p-Ib - pw- sN-bvX - p.-
{_n´Wnse 1945˛se
Xncs™Sp∏v
1945 Pq-sse- am-k-Øn¬- {_n-´o-jv- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-te-°v-
Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-∂p.- 1935˛-\p- ti-jw- lu-kv- Hm-^v- tIm-
a-¨-kn-te-°v- \-S-∂- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏m-bn-cp-∂p- C-Xv.- c-≠mw-
tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Im-e-Øv- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- k-kv-s]-≥Uv- sN-
bv-Xn-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- bp-≤-Im-e- Iym-_n-\-‰n-s‚- \-bn-
®v- P-\-{]n-b-\m-bn-am-dn-b- hn-≥Ã-¨- N¿-®n-en-s‚- I-¨-k¿-
th-‰o-hv- ]m¿-´n-sb- A-{]-Xo-£n-X-am-bn- A-´n-a-dn-®p-sIm-
≠v- bp-≤-Im-e- Iym-_n-\-‰n-se- D-]-{]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-bn-cp-∂-
¢-a-‚ v- B-‰v-en- \-bn-®- te-_¿- ]m¿-´n- `-c-Ww- ]n-Sn-s®-Sp-
Øp.- 640 Aw-K- lu-kv- Hm-^v- tIm-a-¨-kn¬- tI-h-e-`q-cn-]-
£-Øn-\v- 321 ko-‰v- a-Xn-sb-∂n-cn-s°- te-_¿- ]m¿-´n- 393
ko-‰p-t\-Sn.- I-gn-™-{]m-h-iyw- (1935)- 383 ko-‰p-t\-Sn-b- I-
¨-k¿-th-‰o-hv- ]m¿-´n-°v- C-°p-dn- 197 ko-‰p-I-fn-te- hn-P-bn-
°m-≥ I-gn-™p-≈p.- hy-‡-am-b- `q-cn-]-£-tØm-sS- A-[n-
Im-c-ta-‰v- B-Zy- te-_¿- ]m¿-´n- t\-Xm-hv- F-∂- hn-ti-j-
Ww- B-‰v-en-°v- kz-¥-am-bn.-
\m-hn-I- I-em-]w- (1946)-
tZ-i-kv-t\-l-Øn-s‚- B-i-b-߃- {_n-´o-jn-¥y-≥ K-h-
¨-sa-‚ n-s‚- {]-[m-\- D-]-I-c-W-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂- B¿-an-bn-epw-
s]m-eo-kn-epw- kn-hn¬- D-tZym-K-ß-fn-epw- tPm-en-sN-øp-∂-
C-¥y-°m-cp-sS- a-\  - p-If- n¬- hym-]n-°s - ∏-´p-Ig
- n-™n-cp-∂p.-
A-h-cp-sS- Np-h-Sp-am-‰-߃- C-¥y-bn¬- {_n-´o-jv- A-[n-Im-c-
Øn-s‚- A-Sn-Ø-d- D-e-bv-°p-hm-≥ ]-cym-]v-X-am-bn-cp-∂p.- A-
°q-´-Øn¬- {]-tXy-I- ]-cm-a¿-i-a¿-ln-°p-∂-Xm-Wv- 1946 s^-
{_p-h-cn-bn¬- \-S-∂- apw-ss_- \m-hn-I- I-em-]w.-
{_n-´o-jv- A-[n-Ir-Xt- cm-Sp-≈- {]-Xn-tj-[k - q-NI - a
- m-bn- cm-
P-Io-b- C-¥y-≥ tk-\-bn-se- (tdm-b¬- C-¥y-≥ t\-hn-)- \m-
hn-I¿- _m-c-°p-I-fp-sS- Np-a-cp-I-fn¬- "-Cw-•o-jp-Im¿- C-¥y-
hn-Sp-I-',- "-ln-µp-ÿm-≥ kn-µm-_m-Zv-'- Xp-S-ßn-b- ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-
߃- F-gp-Xn-h-®p.- ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-߃- F-gp-Xn-h-s®-∂- Ip-‰-
am-tcm-]n-®v- td-Un-tbm- Hm-∏-td-‰-sd- A-d-Ãp-sN-bv-X-tXm-sS-
F-®v.-Fw.-F-kv.-X¬-hm¿- F-∂- bp-≤-∏-en¬- 1946 s^-{_p-
h-cn- 18˛-\v- \m-hn-I-I-em-]-Øn-\p- Xp-S-°-am-bn.- X-ß-fp-sS-
B-h-iy-߃- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m-Ø-]-£w- H-∂-S-¶w-
cm-Pn-h-bv-°p-sa-∂v- A-h¿- Xm-°o-Xp-\¬-In.- Xp-S¿-∂v- aq-
∂p-e-£-tØm-fw- \m-hn-I¿- ]-Wn-ap-S-°n,- \-K-c-sØ-cp-hp-
I-fn-en-d-ßp-I-bpw- \m-´p-Im-cp-sS- ]n-¥p-W-tbm-sS- I-em-]-
ß-fn¬- G¿-s∏-Sp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
hn-a-X-\m-hn-I¿- B¿-an-tbm-Spw- t\-hn-tbm-Spw- G-gp-a-Wn-
°q¿- s]m-cp-Xn-\n-∂p.- a-‰v- ]-e- `m-K-ß-fn-se-bpw- \m-hn-I¿-
A-\p-`m-h-kq-N-I-am-bn- k-a-cw- Xp-S-ßn.- tdm-b¬- C-¥y-≥
F-b¿- t^m-gv-kn-epw- hym-]-I-am-b- k-a-c-ß-fp-≠m-bn.- 1946
s^-{_p-h-cn- 22˛-\v- \m-hn-I-tcm-Sp-≈- A-\p-`m-h-Øn¬- apw-
ss_-bn¬- H-cp- ]q¿-W- l¿-Øm-epw- Hm-^o-kp-I-fn-epw- ^m-
Iv-S-dn-I-fn-epw- Po-h-\-°m-cp-sS- s]m-Xp-k-a-c-hpw- kw-L-Sn-
∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.- I-dm-®n-ap-X¬- sIm¬-°-Ø-h-sc- \m-hn-
I-k-a-cw- A-e-sbm-en-Iƒ- kr-jv-Sn-®p.-
78 I-∏-ep-I-fpw- 20 Xo-c-tZ-i- ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw- 20000 \m-
hn-I-cpw- ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- I-em-]w- tdm-b¬- {_n-´o-jv- t\-hn-bp-
sS- I-cp-Øv- {]-tbm-Kn-®v- A-Sn-®-a¿-Øn.- 228 t]¿- a-c-W-a-S-
bp-I-bpw- 1048 t]¿-°v- ]-cn-t°¬-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- tIm-
¨-{K-tkm- ap-…nw- eo-tKm- ]n-¥p-W-bv-°m-Ø- I-em-]-sØ-
A-\p-Iq-en-®-Xv- I-ayp-Wn-Ãv- ]m¿-´n- am-{X-am-Wv.-
tIm-¨{- K-kv- \n-tbm-Kn-®X - p-{]-Im-cw- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´¬- apw-
ss_-bn-se-Øn.- A-t±-lw- t\-h¬- sk-≥{S¬- kv-ss{S-°v-
I-Ωn-‰n- {]-kn-U-‚ v- Fw.-F-kv.-Jm-\p-am-bn- \-S-Øn-b- N¿-®-
bp-sS- ^-e-am-bn- k-a-cw- ]n-≥h-en-°-s∏-´p.- I-em-]w- A-h-
km-\n-∏n-°-W-sa-∂v- B-lzm-\w- sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠v- ]-t´¬- H-
cp- {]-kv-Xm-h-\- \-S-Øn.- k-am-\-am-bn- eo-Kn-\p-th-≠n- Pn-∂-
sIm¬-°-Ø-bn-epw- {]-kv-Xm-h-\- ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-®p.- Xp-S¿-∂v-
]-Wn-ap-S-°n-b- \m-hn-I¿- s^-{_p-h-cn- 23˛-\v- Xn-cn-®v- tPm-en-
bn¬- {]-th-in-®p.-
2016 BKkv‰- v- 15
 I-em-]w- Xo¿-s∂-¶n-epw- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s‚-bpw- eo-Kn-s‚-
bpw- k-lm-bw- hn-kv-a-cn-®p-sIm-≠v- \m-hn-I-sc- hym-]-I-am-
bn- A-d-Ãp-sN-bv-Xp.- I-em-]-Im-cn-I-sf-∂p-ap-{Z-Ip-Øn- A-h-
sc- tIm¿-´va
- m¿-j¬- sN-øp-Ib - pw tPm-en-bn¬-\n-∂v- ]p-dØ
- m-
°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp. C-h-sc- kzm-X-{¥ym-\-¥-cw- C-¥y-tbm-
]m-In-kv-Xm-t\m- Xn-cn-sI- k¿-ho-kn¬- {]-th-in-∏n-®n-√.-
1946˛-se- {]-hn-iym- Xn-cs
- ™-Sp∏v
1946˛- P-\p-h-cn-bn¬- {]-hn-iym- A-kw-ªn-I-fn-te-°v- Xn-
c-s™-Sp-∏v- \-S-∂p.- {_n-´o-jn-¥y-bn¬- K-h.-Hm-^v- C-¥y- B-
IvS- v- \-S∏- m-°n-bt- i-ja- p-≈- c-≠m-as - Ø-Xpw- A-hk - m-\t- Ø-
Xp-am-b- Cu- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- C-Xv- kp-{]-[m-\- cm-jv-{So-b- kw-
`-hh - n-Im-kß - ƒ-°v- I-fs - am-cp-°n.- s]m-Xp-aW
- vU
- e- ß
- f - n¬-
tIm-¨-{K-kv- Kw-`o-c- hn-P-bw- t\-Sn.- ap-…n-߃-°m-bn- \o-
°n-h-®- a-Wv-U-e-ß-fn¬- ap-…nw-eo-Kn-\v- h-ºn-®- `q-cn-]-£w-
e-`n-®p.- F-√m- {]-hn-iy-I-fn-se-bpw- `q-cn-]-£w- ap-…ow- ko-
‰p-I-fpw- ap-…ow-eo-Kv- t\-Sn.- Nn-e- {]-hn-iy-I-fn¬- F-√m- ko-
‰p-I-fpw- eo-Kn-\p- In-´n.- B-sI-bp-≈- 1585 ko-‰p-I-fn¬- tIm-
¨-{K-kv- 923 F-Æ-Øn-epw- (58%- `q-cn-]-£w-)- eo-Kv- 425 F-
Æ-Øn-ep-am-Wv- hn-P-bn-®-Xv.-
B- mw,- _o-lm¿,-t_mw-s_,-sk-≥{S¬- s{]m-hn-≥kv,-
a-{Zm-kv,-t\m¿-Øv- sh-Ãv- t{^m-≠n-b¿- s{]m-hn-≥kv,- H-do-
 ,- bp-ssW-‰-Uv- s{]m-hn-≥kv- F-∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬- tIm-¨-
{K-kv- k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ- A-[n-Im-c-ta-‰p.- _w-Km-fn-epw- kn-‘n-
epw- eo-Kv- a-{¥n-k-`-Iƒ- `-c-W-ta-‰p.- tIm-¨-{K-kpw- bq-Wn-
b-\n-Ãv- ]m¿-´n-bpw- A-Im-en-I-fpw tN¿∂v ]©m_n¬
a{¥nk` cq]hXvIcn®p.
Nne {]hniym Kh¨sa‚pIƒ
B man¬ B-sI-bp-≈- 108 ko-‰p-I-fn¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv-
58 t\-Sp-I-bpw- tKm-]n-\m-Yv- t_m¿-Z-tem-bv-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-
Øn¬- k¿-°m¿- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.-
1939 ap-X¬- K-h¿-W¿- `-cW - Ø- n-≥ Io-gn-em-bn-cp-∂- a-{Zm-
kv- {]-kn-U≥ - kn-bn¬- tIm-¨{- K-kv- B-sI-bp-≈- 215 ko-‰p-
I-fn¬- 163 ko-‰p-If - n¬-hn-Pb - n-®X- n-s‚- ^-ea
- m-bn- Sn.-{]-Im-i-
Øn-s‚- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- k¿-°m¿- A-[n-Im-cØ - n¬-h∂ - p-
(1946 sa-bv- 1).- 1947 am¿-®v- 23 h-sc- A-t±-lw- `-cn-®p.- Xp-S¿-∂v-
ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bm-b-Xv- H.-]n.-cm-a-kzm-an- sd-Õym-cm-Wv.-
_w-Km-fn¬- eo-Kv- t\-Xm-hv- F-®v.-F-kv.-kp-{l-h¿-Zn-bp-
sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈- K-h-¨-sa-‚ v A[nImcta‰p.
Iym_n\‰v anj≥
tdmb¬- C-¥y-≥ t\-hn-bn-se- I-em-]-hpw- A-\p-_-‘-
kw-`h - ß
- f - pw- {_n-´o-jv- A-[n-Im-cn-If
- n-se- ]p-\¿-Nn-¥\
- Ø
- n-
te-°v- \-bn-®p.- C-¥ym- k-ap-{Z-ta-J-e-bn¬- \n-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-
´n-cp-∂- {_n-´o-jv- \m-hn-I-cpw- C-hn-sS- Xp-S-cp-∂-Xn-\v- Xm-ev-
]-cy-°p-d-hv- {]-I-Sn-∏n-®p-Xp-S-ßn.- C-¥y-bn¬- A-[n-Im-cw-
\n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-Xv- `m-hn-bn¬- Iq-Sp-X¬- Zp-jv-I-c-am-bn-cn-°pw-
F-∂- \n-K-a-\-Øn-em-Wv- {_n-´o-jv- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- F-Øn-t®¿-
∂-Xv.- C-¥y-bn-se- ÿn-Xn-K-Xn-Iƒ- hn-e-bn-cp-Øn-b-ti-jw-
A-[n-Im-cw- C-¥y-°m¿-°v- ssI-am-dp-∂-Xn-\p-≈- hn-i-Zmw-
i-߃- X-øm-dm-°m-≥ {_n-´o-jv- k¿-°m¿- H-cp- D-∂-X-X-e-
k-an-Xn-sb- \n-tbm-Kn-°m-≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-®p.- Cu- k-an-Xn- Iym-
_n-\-‰v- an-j-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´p.- C-¥ym- sk-{I-´-dn-bm-bn-cp-
∂- s]-Øn-Iv- tem-d-≥kv,- ssk-\y-`-c-W-k-an-Xn-bn-se- H-∂m-
a-sØ- {]-`p-hm-bn-cp-∂- F.-hn.-A-e-Iv-km-≠¿,- hym-]m-c-
t_m¿-Un-s‚- {]-kn-U-‚m-b- kv-‰m-t^m¿-Uv- {In-]v-kv- F-∂n-
h-cm-bn-cp-∂p- Iym-_n-\-‰v- an-j-\n-se- Aw-K-ß-ƒ.
Iym_n\‰v anj≥ ip]m¿iIƒ
1946 am¿-®v- 23˛-\v- C-¥y-bn-se-Øn-b- Iym-_n-\-‰v- an-j-
≥ C-¥y-≥ t\-Xm-°-fp-am-bn kp-Zo¿-L-am-b- N¿-®-Iƒ- \-S-
Øn-b-ti-jw- A-[n-Im-c-ss°-am-‰w- kw-_-‘n-®v- H-cp- cq-]-
tc-J- X-øm-dm-°n.- 1946 sa-bv- 16˛-\v- {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- A-
Xn-s‚- hn-i-Zmw-i-߃- C-{]-Im-c-am-bncp∂p.
1.- tZ-io-b- X-e-Øn¬- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°p-∂- H-cp- bq-Wn-b-≥
K-h-¨-sa-‚ n-\m-bn-cn-°pw- hn-tZ-i-Im-cyw,- {]-Xn-tcm-[w,-
hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-a-bw- Xp-S-ßn-b- A-[n-Im-c-߃.-
2.- C-X-c- A-[n-Im-c-߃- tÃ-‰p-Iƒ-°m-bn-cn-°pw.-
3.- `-c-W-L-S-\- X-øm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-\v- H-cp- tIm-¨-Ãn-‰yp-h-‚ v-
A-kw-ªn- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°pw.- C-Xn-se- Aw-K-ß-sf- Xn-c-
s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fpw- \m-´p-cm-Py-ß-fpw-
tN¿-∂m-bn-cn-°pw.-
4.- tI-{µw,- {Kq-∏p-Iƒ,- kw-ÿm-\-߃- F-∂n-ß-s\- aq-∂p-
X-´p-I-fn-em-hpw- `-c-W-L-S-\- \n-e-hn¬- h-cn-I.-
5.- {Kq-∏p-I-fp-sS- A-[n-Im-cw,- {]-tXy-I- `-c-W-L-S-\- F-∂o-
Im-cy-߃- ]n-∂o-Sv- Xo-cp-am-\n-°pw.-
6.- {Kq-∏n¬-\n-∂v- hn-´p-\n¬-°m-≥ `-c-W-L-S-I-߃-°v- kzm-
2016 BKkv‰- v- 15
X-{¥y-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.-
7.- A-¥m-cm-fL- ´- Ø
- n¬- `-cn-°p-∂X - n-\v- H-cp- C-S°
- m-e- k¿-
°m¿- cq-]-h-Xv-I-cn-°pw.- C-Xn¬- F-√m- {]-[m-\- cm-jv-{So-
b-I-£n-Iƒ-°pw- {]m-Xn-\n-[yw- D-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.-
Iym_n\‰v anj\pw C¥y≥
cmjv{Sob∏m¿´nIfpw
Iym_n-\-‰v- an-j-s‚- \n¿-t±-i-߃- tIm-¨-{K-kn-\v- kzo-
Im-cy-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.- C-S-°m-e- K-h-¨-sa-‚ n¬- tIm-¨-{K-kn-
\pw- eo-Kn-\pw- Xp-ey-]-cn-K-W-\- e-`n-°pw- F-∂- Xo-cp-am-\-
am-Wv- {]-Xn-Iq-e- \n-e-]m-sS-Sp-°m-≥ tIm-¨-{K-kn-s\- t{]-
cn-∏n-®-Xv.- ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- ÿm-]-\-Øn-\v- h-gn-sX-fn-t®-°p-
sa-∂- {]-Xo-£-bn¬- Pn-∂- Iym-_n-\-‰v- an-j-\v- A-\p-Iq-e-
k-ao-]-\w- ssI-s°m-s≠-¶n-epw- tIm-¨-{K-kv- A-[y-£-
\m-b- s\-{lp,- {Kq-∏n-Mn-t\m-Sp-≈- \n-tj-[m-fl-I- \n-e-]m-Sv-
sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tXm-sS- Pn-∂- ap-≥Xo-cp-am-\w- ]n-≥h-en-®p.-
1946 Hm-K-kv-‰v- 16 {]-Xy-£-k-a-c-Zn-\-am-bn- B-N-cn-°m-≥ eo-
Kv- C-¥y-≥ ap-…n-ß-sf- D-Zv-t_m-[n-∏-n®p.
{]Xy£kacZn\w
(UbdIvSv B£≥ tU)
{_n´o-jv- C-¥y-bp-sS- N-cn-{X-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- c-‡-cq-
£n-X-am-b- h¿-Ko-b- I-em-]w- eo-Kv- `-c-W-Øn-≥ Io-gn-em-bn-
cp-∂- _w-Km-fn¬- A-c-tß-dn.- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ F-∂- {]-tXy-
I- cm-Pyw- A-\p-h-Zn-°p-I- F-∂- B-h-iyw- H-∂p-Iq-Sn- D-d-∏n-
°-em-bn-cp-∂p- {]-Xy-£- k-a-c-Zn-\m-N-c-W-Øn-s‚- e-£yw.-
_w-Km-fn-s‚- ]-e` - m-KØ
- pw- Zm-cp-Wa
- m-b- A-{I-ak
- w-`h
- ß
- ƒ-
\-S-∂p.- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn¬- 72 a-Wn-°q-dn-\p-≈n¬- 4000 ˛¬-
A-[n-Iw- t]¿-°v- Po-h-lm-\n- kw-`-hn-°p-I-bpw- H-cp- e-£-
tØm-fw-t]¿- ho-Sp-t]-£n-®v- ]-em-b-\w- sN-øp-I-bpw- sN-
bv-Xp.- In-g-°-≥ _w-Km-fn-se- \-h-Jm-en-bn¬- h¿-Ko-b- I-
em-]w- A-Xn-cq-£-am-bn.- C-hn-sS- c-‡-s®m-cn-®n¬- A-h-km-
\n-∏n-°m-≥ Km-‘n-Pn- t\-cn-s´-Øn.- {I-ta-W- A-t±-lw- k-
am-[m-\m-¥-co-£w- ho-s≠-Sp-Øp.- _o-lm¿,- bp-ssW-‰-Uv-
s{]m-hn-≥kv,- ]-©m-_v,- A-Xn¿-Øn- kw-ÿm-\w- F-∂n-hn-S-
ß-fpw- h¿-Ko-b- kw-L-´-\-߃-°p- km-£yw- h-ln-®p.- im-
¥n-kt- µ-ih - p-am-bn- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- _o-lm-dn-se-Øn.
`c-WL- S- \m \n¿ΩmW
k`-bn-te°p≈ Xnc-s™-Sp∏v
Iym-_n-\-‰v- an-j-≥ ]-≤-Xn- {]-Im-cw- `-c-W-L-S-\m- \n¿-
Ωm-W- k-`-bn-te-°v- \-S-∂- ]-tcm-£- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- {]-
hn-iym- A-kw-ªn-I-fp-sS- k-¶o¿-Æ-X- {]-Xn-^-en-®p.- {_n-
´o-jn-¥y-bn¬-\n-∂v- 296 Aw-K-ß-fpw- \m-´p-cm-Py-ß-fn¬-\n-
∂v- 93 Aw-K-ß-fpw- Dƒ-s∏-sS- B-sI- 389 Aw-K-ß-fm-Wv- `-
c-W-L-S-\m- \n¿-Ωm-W- k-`-bn¬- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.- 1946 Pq-
sse-bn¬- \-S-∂- Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- G-sg-Æw- H-gn-sI- ap-…o-
߃-°m-bn- \o-°n-h-®- F-√m- ko-‰p-I-fn-epw- hn-P-bn-®- eo-
Kn-\v- 73 ko-‰p-Iƒ- e-`n-®p.- {]-hn-iy-I-fn-se- B-sI- 296 ko-
‰p-I-fn¬- ({]-hn-iy-I-fn¬-\n-∂v- 292,- No-^v- I-Ωn-j-tW-gv-kv-
s{]m-hn-≥kp-I-fn¬-\n-∂v- \m-ev-)- 212 P-\-d¬- ko-‰p-I-fn¬-
203 F-Æ-Øn-epw- tIm-¨-{K-kv- ÿm-\m¿-∞n-Iƒ- P-bn-®p.-
tIm-¨-{K-kv- ÿm-\m¿-∞n-Iƒ- Nn-e- ap-…ow,-kn-Jv- ko-‰p-I-
fn¬-Iq-Sn- hn-P-bn-®-tXm-sS- tIm-¨-{K- n-\v- B-sI- ko-‰p-I-
fp-sS- F-Æw- 208 B-bn- _m-°n- 15 ko-‰p-Iƒ- sN-dn-b- A-
©p- {Kq-∏p-Iƒ-°v- e-`n-®p.- A-ß-s\- k-`-bp-sS- 69%- tIm-
¨-{K-kv- `q-cn-]-£-am-bn.- hn-`-P-\m-\-¥-cw- ap-…ow- eo-Kn-s‚-
Aw-K-_-ew- 28 B-bn- Ip-d-™-t∏mƒ- tIm-¨-{K- ns‚
`qcn]£w 82 iX-am-\-ambn Db¿∂p.
s\{lp ho≠pw tIm¨{Kkv {]knU‚v
1949˛-46 Im-e-b-f-hn¬- tIm-¨-{K-kv- {]-kn-U-‚m-bn-cp-∂-
au-em-\m- B-km-Zv- X-\n-°v- ho-≠pw- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sm-
]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥
≥ B-{K-l-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p- F-∂v- A-t±-lw- c-Nn-®- C-≥Uy-
hn-≥kv- {^o-Uw- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-
´p-≠v.- F-∂m¬,- Km-‘n-Pn- A-Xn-\v- A-\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cp-∂n-
√.- Km-‘n-Pn- A-Sp-Ø- tIm-¨{- K-kv- {]-kn-U‚ - m-bn- a-\ - n¬-
I-≠n-cp-∂-Xv- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-hn-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- N-´-
a-\p-k-cn-®v- tIm-¨-{K-kv- {]-kn-U-‚ n-s\- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°p-
∂-Xn-\p-≈- A-[n-Im-cw- {]-tZ-iv- tIm-¨-{K-kv- I-Ωn-‰n-Iƒ-
°m-Wv.- A-∂v- \n-e-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂- 15 tIm-¨-{K-kv- I-Ωn-
‰n-I-fn¬- 12˛-Dw- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´-en-s\-bm-Wv- A-Sp-Ø- tIm-¨-
{K-kv- A-[y-£-\m-bn- \m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-bv-X-Xv.- s\-{lp-hn-
s\- H-cp- ]n.-kn.-kn.-t]m-epw- ]n-¥p-W-®n-√.- Xp-S¿-∂v- {]-h¿-
Ø-I- k-an-Xn- Aw-K-ß-fn¬- Nn-e-sc-s°m-≠v- s\-{lp-hn-s\-
\m-a-\n¿-t±-iw- sN-øn-∏n-°m-≥ sP.-_n.-Ir-]-em-\n- {i-aw- Xp-
S-ßn.- A-Xv- hn-P-bn-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- Km-‘n-Pn- C-S-s]-´v-
k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´-en-s\-s°m-≠v- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- ÿm-\m¿-Yn-
Xzw- ]n-≥h-en-∏n-®p.- A-tXm-sS- A-Sp-Ø- tIm-¨-{K-kv- A-
[y-£\ - m-bn- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-lp-hn-\v- ]m-Xs - bm-cp-ßn.- 1946
G-{]n¬- 26˛-\v- A-Sp-Ø- tIm-¨{- K-kv- A-[y-£≥ - s\-{lp-
hm-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂v- sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠v- au-em-\m- B-km-
Zv- {]-kvX
- m-h\- - ]p-ds
- ∏-Sp-hn-®p.- X-s‚- hn-iz-kvX - - A-\p-bm-bn-
sb- s\-{lp-hn-\p-th-≠n- Km-‘n-Pn- H-cn-°¬-Iq-Sn- _-en-Ig - n-
®p-sh-∂v- tUm.-cm-tP-{µ-{]-km-Zv- hn-eb - n-cp-ج- \-SØ - n-bX - v-
Cu- k-µ¿-`s - Ø-bm-Wv.- A-ß-s\- 71 Im-c-\m-b- k¿-Zm¿- ]-
t´-en-s\- a-dn-I-S-∂v- 57 Im-c-\m-b- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-
tIm-¨-{K-kv- A-[y-£-]-Z-Øn-epw- A-Xp-h-gn- C-S-°m-e- a-
{¥n-k-`-bp-sS- t\-Xr-ÿm-\-Øpw- A-h-tcm-[n-X-\m-bn.
CS°me k¿°m¿
1946 Pq-¨- 15˛-\v- C-S-°m-e- a-{¥n-k-`-bn¬- tN-cm-≥ tIm-
¨-{K-kpw- eo-Kpw- Dƒ-s∏-sS- 14 t]-sc- ssh-t{km-bn- £-
Wn-®p.- F-∂m¬,- eo-Kv- a-{¥n-k-`-bn¬- tN-cp-∂n-s√-∂v- Pn-
∂- Pq-sse- 29˛-\v- {]-Jym-]n-®p.- Xp-S¿-∂v- 12 Aw-K-ß-fp-≈-
C-S-°m-e- k¿-°m¿- 1946 sk-]v-Xw-_¿- c-≠n-\v- A-[n-Im-c-
ta-‰p.- ssh-t{km-bn- th-h¬- {]-`p-hm-bn-cp-∂p- F-Iv-kn-Iyq-
´o-hv- Iu-¨-kn-en-s‚- A-[y-£-≥.- C-S-°m-e- k¿-°m-cn-
s‚- ssh-kv- {]-kn-U-‚ v- ]-Zw- h-ln-®n-cp-∂- P-hm-l¿-em¬-
s\-{lp- hn-tZ-i-Im-cy-Øn-s‚-bpw- tIm-a-¨-sh¬-Øv- _-‘-
ß-fp-sS-bpw- Np-a-X-e-bm-bn-cp-∂p- h-ln-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- {]-[m-\-a-
{¥n-bp-tS-Xn-\p- k-am-\-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚- ]-Z-hn.-
B-`y-¥-cw,- C-≥^¿-ta-j-≥ B-‚ v- t{_m-Uv-Im-Ãn-Mv- h-Ip-
∏p-Iƒ- k¿-Zm¿- ]-t´-en-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- cm-tP-{µ-{]-km-Zv- Ir-
jn,- `-£y- h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ- ssI-Im-cyw- sN-bv-X-t∏mƒ- hn-Zym-
`ym-kw,- B-tcm-Kyw- h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ- jm-^m-Øv- A-l-Ω-Zv- Jm-
s‚- Np-a-X-e-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.- hm-Wn-Pyw- kn.-F-®v.-`m-`-bpw- {]-
Xn-tcm-[w- _¬-tZ-hv- kn-Mpw- ssI-Im-cyw- sN-bv-Xp.- tPm-¨-
a-Øm-bn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- [-\-a-{¥n.- kn.-cm-P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-°v-
hy-h-km-b- h-Ip-∏n-s‚-bpw- P-K-Po-h-≥ dm-an-\v- sXm-gn¬-h-
Ip-∏n-s‚-bpw- Np-a-X-e-bm-bn-cp-∂p.- \n-b-a-h-Ip-∏v- a-{¥n- k-
ø-Zv- A-en- k-lo¿- B-bn-cp-∂p.- sd-bn¬-sh,- I-ayp-Wn-t°-
j-≥kv,- X-]m¬,- thym-a-bm-\w- F-∂n-h-bp-sS- Np-a-X-e- A-
k-^v- A-en-°m-bn-cp-∂p.- a-cm-a-Øv,- J-\n,- Du¿-Pw- F-∂o- h-
Ip-∏p-Iƒ- i-c-Xv- N-{µ-t_m-kn-\v- e-`n-®p.- _¬-tZ-hv- kn-Mv-
kn-Jv- k-ap-Zm-b-sØ-bpw- P-Kv-Po-h-≥ dmw- ]-´n-I-Pm-Xn- hn-`m-
K-sØ-bpw- tPm-¨- a-Øm-bn- {In-kv-Xy-≥ hn-`m-K-sØ-bp-am-
Wv- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂-Xv.-
ap-…nw- eo-Kv- a-{¥n-k-`-bn¬- tN-cm-≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-®-Xn-s‚-
^-e-am-bn- 1946 H-Iv-tSm-_¿- 15˛-\v- a-{¥n-k-`- ]p-\-:-kw-L-Sn-
∏n-®p.- tIm-¨-{K-kv- Aw-K-ß-fm-b- i-c-Xv-N-{µ-t_m-kv,- jm-
^m-Øv- A-l-Ω-Zv- Jm-≥,- k-ø-Zv- A-en- k-lo¿- F-∂n-h¿- H-
gn-hm-°-s∏-´p.- A-©v- ap-…nw- eo-Kv- Aw-Kß - ƒ- ]p-Xp-Xm-bn- a-
{¥n-k`- b - n¬- tN¿-∂p.- C-{_m-lnw- C-ka v- b- n¬- Np-{µn-K¿- hym-
]m-ca - {- ¥n-bm-bn.- en-bm-JØ - v- A-en- Jm-≥ [-\a - {- ¥n-bm-bn.-
L-k≥ - ^¿- A-en- Jm-\v- B-tcm-Ky-hI - p-∏v- e-`n-®p.- sP.-F≥ - .-
a-WvU - ¬- \n-ba - a
- {- ¥n-bm-bn.- A-_vZ- p¿- d-∫v- \n-jvX - m-dn-\v- X-
]m¬,- thym-ab - m-\w- F-∂o- h-Ip-∏p-If - m-Wv- e-`n-®X - v.- kn.-cm-
P-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- ]p-Xn-b- hn-Zym-`ym-k- a-{¥n.- a-
cm-aØ- v,- J-\n,- Du¿-Pw- F-∂o- h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ- kn.-F® - v.`- m-`b
- p-
sS- Np-aX - e- b
- n¬-h∂ - p.- A-tXm-sS- C-S° - m-e- a-{¥n-k`- b - p-sS-
AwK_ew ]{¥≠n¬\n∂v ]Xn\membn Db¿∂p.
B‰venbpsS {]Jym]\w
sF.F-≥.-F.- {S-b¬- kr-jvS- n-®- D-’m-lh - pw- C-¥y-bn¬-
cq-£-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂- h¿-Ko-b- kw-L¿-j-hpw- kr-
jv-Sn-®- A-\n-›n-Xm-h-ÿ-bp-sS- ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-Wv- A-
[n-Im-c-ss°-am-‰w- kw-_-‘n-®- H-cp- {]-Jym-]-\w- 1947 s^-
{_p-h-cn- 20˛-\v- ¢-a-‚ v- B-‰v-en- lu-kv- Hm-^v- tIm-a-¨-kn¬-
\-S-Øn-b-Xv.- A-Xp-{]-Im-cw- 1948 Pq-Wn-\-∏p-dw- t]m-Im-Ø-
H-cp- Xo-b-Xn-bv-°p-≈n¬- D-Ø-c-hm-Z-s∏-´- C-¥y-≥ I-c-ß-fn-
17
te-°v- ssI-am-dp-∂-Xn-\p-≈- \-S-]-Sn-bp-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v- B-‰v-
en- hy-‡-am-°n.- "-B-‰v-en-bp-sS- {]-Jym-]-\w-'- F-∂m-Wv- C-
Xv- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- Cu- {]-Jym-]-\-sØ- "-[o-c-am-b- H-cp-
Im¬-sh-bv-]v-'- F-∂m-Wv- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- hn-ti-jn-
∏n-®-Xv.- C-¥y-bp-sS- ]p-Xn-b- ssh-t{km-bn-bm-bn- dn-b¿- A-
Uv-an-d¬- au-≠v-_m-‰-¨- {]-`p- A-[n-Im-c-ta¬-°p-sa-∂pw- C-
sXm-sSm∏w {]Jym]n°s∏´p.
Ahkm\sØ ssht{kmbn
C¥ybn-se- C-cp-]-Xm-a-sØ-bpw- A-h-km-\-sØ-bpw-
ssh-t{km-bn-bm-bn- \n-b-an-X\ - m-b- au-≠_ v- m-‰¨- - {]-`p- 1947
am¿-®v- 22˛-\v- U¬-ln-bn-se-Øn- (1773 ap-Xe - p-≈- K-h¿-W¿-
P-\d- ¬-am-sc-bpw- I-W° - n-se-Sp-Øm¬- A-t±-lw- 34˛m-as - Ø-
K-h¿-W¿- P-\d - e
- m-Wv)- .- c-≠p-Zn-hk - Ø- n-\p-ti-jw- A-t±-lw-
A-[n-Im-ct- a-‰p.- A-[n-Im-cs - s°-am-‰Ø - n-s‚- hn-iZ- mw-iß - s - f-
°p-dn-®v- C-¥y-≥ t\-Xm-°≥ - am-cp-am-bn- N¿-®I - ƒ- \-SØ
- p-∂-
Xn-\pw- Xo-cp-am-\ß - s- f-Sp-°p-∂X - n-\p-ap-≈- ]q¿-Wm-[n-Im-cß - -
fp-am-bn- C-¥ym- ssh-t{km-bn-bm-b- A-t±-lØ - n-\v- {_n-´o-jv-
cm-PI- p-Spw-_h - p-am-bn- A-Sp-Ø- _-‘a - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.-
{_n-´o-jv- \m-hn-I- tk-\-bn¬- H-cp- Hm-^o-k¿- tI-U-‰m-
bn- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- Po-hn-Xw- B-cw-`n-®- au-≠v-_m-‰-¨- I-Tn-
\m-[zm-\-Øn-eq-sS-bpw- A¿-∏-W-t_m-[-Øn-eq-sS-bpw- \m-hn-
I- tk-\-bn-se- G-‰-hpw- D-∂-X-]-Z-hn-bm-b- A-Uv-an-d¬- Hm-
^v- Z- ^v-fo-‰v- h-sc- D-b¿-∂- hy-‡n-bm-Wv.- A-t±-l-Øn-s‚-
]n-Xm-hpw- {_n-´o-jv- \m-hn-I- tk-\-bn¬- A-Xyp-∂-X- ]-Z-hn-
h-ln-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- hn-Iv-tSm-dn-b- a-lm-dm-Wn-bp-sS- {]-
]u-{X-\m-bn-cp-∂- au-≠_ v- m-‰¨- - ap-ºv- C-¥y-bn¬- ssh-t{km-
bn-]-Zw- A-e-¶-cn-®n-cp-∂- G-sXm-cm-fn-s\-°m-fpw- Iq-Sp-X¬-
A-[n-Im-c-ß-tfm-sS-bm-Wv- B- ]-Z-hn-bn¬- A-h-tcm-[n-X-\m-
b-Xv.- F-Uzn-\- B-jv-en-sb-bm-Wv- A-t±-lw- hn-hm-lw- I-gn-
®-Xv.- ]-{So-jy-bpw- ]-ao-e-bpw- ]p-{Xn-am-cm-bn-cp-∂p.- Un-°n-
F-∂m-bn-cp-∂p- au-≠v-_m-‰-s‚- Hm-a-\-t∏-cv.-
t\Xm°fpambn N¿®
Iym_n-\-‰v- an-j-≥ ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬- H-
cp- G-Io-Ir-X- C-¥y-bv-°p-th-≠n-bp-≈- ]-cn-lm-c- am¿-K-ß-
fm-Wv- ]p-Xn-b- ssh-t{km-bn- B-Zy-am-bn- tX-Sn-b-Xv.-
1947 Pq-¨- c-≠n-\v- au-≠v-_m-‰-¨- {]-`p- G-gv- C-¥y-≥
t\-Xm-°-fp-sS- tbm-Kw- hn-fn-®p-tN¿-Øp.- tIm-¨-{K-kn-s\-
s\-{lp-hpw- ]-t´-epw- tIm-¨-{K-kv- {]-kn-U-‚ v- Ir-]-em-\n-
bpw- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sN-bv-Xp.- tbm-K-Øn¬- eo-Kv- t\-Xm-°-
fm-b- Pn-∂-bpw- en-bm-J-Øv- A-en-Jm-\pw- A-_v-Zp¿- d-∫v- \n-
jv-Xm-dpw- kn-Jv- t\-Xm-hm-b- _¬-tZ-hv- kn-Mpw- ]-s¶-Sp-Øp.-
tbm-K-Øn¬- au-≠v-_m-‰-¨- {]-`p- cm-Py-sØ- cm-jv-{So-b- A-
\n-›n-Xm-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈- X-s‚- Im-gv-N-∏m-Sv- A-h-X-cn-
∏n-®p.- Iym-_n-\-‰v- an-j-≥ ]-≤-Xn- \-S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-ep-≈- A-
\n-›n-Xm-h-ÿ-bpw- A-t±-lw- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®p.- Iym-_n-\-‰v- an-
j-≥ \n¿-t±-iw- X-≈n-°-f-™p-sIm-≠p-≈- \n-e-]m-Sn¬- am-
‰w- h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v- Pn-∂-bv-°pw- eo-Kn-\p-ap-≈- hn-tbm-Pn-∏n-
s\-°p-dn-®v- A-t±-lw- {_n-´o-jv- k¿-°m-cn-s\- A-dn-bn-®n-´p-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- hn-hn-[- cm-jv-{So-b- I-£n-I-fp-am-bn- ssh-t{km-
bn- \-S-Øn-b- N¿-®-I-fn¬- tIm-¨-{K-kpw- eo-Kpw- H-gn-sI-bp-
≈- I-£n-Iƒ-°v- Iym-_n-\-‰v- an-j-≥ ]-≤-Xn- kzo-Im-cy-am-
bn-cp-∂p.- tIm-¨-{K-kv- G-Io-Ir-X- C-¥y-°p-th-≠n- \n-e-
sIm-≠-t∏mƒ- eo-Kv- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ hm-Z-Øn¬- D-d-®p-\n-∂p.-
e-≠-≥ k-µ¿-i-\-Øn-\n-sS- ssh-t{km-bn- Iym-_n-\-‰v-
an-j-s\-°p-dn-®pw- hn-`-P-\-sØ-°p-dn-®pw- N¿-®- \-S-Øn.- kn-
Jp-Im-cp-sS- Ip-g-∏w-\n-d-™- A-h-ÿ-sb-∏-‰n-bp-≈- X-s‚-
Im-gv-N-∏m-Spw- A-t±-lw- hy-‡-am-°n.- kn-Jp-Im¿-°v- hn-`-P-
\-tØm-Sv- A-\p-Iq-e- \n-e-]m-Sm-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.- F-∂m¬,-
hn-`-P-\w- A-h-cp-sS- Xm-ev-]-cy-߃- kw-c-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\v- H-
cp- X-c-Øn-ep-≈- ]-cn-lm-c-hp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.-
cm-jv-{So-b-am-b- k-Ω¿-±m-h-ÿ- Ip-d-bv-°p-∂-Xn-\v- ssh-
t{km-bn- a-‰p- t]mw-h-gn-Iƒ- tX-Sn.- \n¿-±n-jv-S- Xo-b-Xn-bv-°-
Iw- A-[n-Im-cw- kp-c-£n-X-am-b- co-Xn-bn¬- C-¥y-≥ ssI-I-
fn-te-°v- am-dp-∂-Xn-\v- A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b- H-cp- ]-≤-Xn- A-t±-
lw- B-hn-jv-I-cn-®p.- A-Xv- au-≠v-_m-‰-≥ ]-≤-Xn- F-∂-dn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂p.
au≠v_m‰¨ ]≤Xn
Pq-¨- tX-Uv- ]v-fm-≥ F-∂p-a-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- au-≠v- _m-‰-
¨- ]-≤-Xn- {]-Im-c-am-Wv- C-¥y-sb- c-≠v- hy-Xy-kv-X- cm-Py-
ß-fm-bn- hn-`-Pn-®-Xv.- ]p-Xp-Xm-bn- cq-]w-sIm-≈p-∂- cm-Py-
߃- sUm-an-\n-b-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Spw.- ]-≤-Xn- {]-Im-cw- ]-
©m-_pw- _w-Km-fpw- C-cp-cm-Py-߃-°p-am-bn- hn-`-Pn-®p- \¬-
Ipw.- {_n-´o-jv- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- {]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn- Hm-tcm- K-h¿-
W¿- P-\-d¬-am¿- C-cp- cm-Py-Øpw- \n-b-an-X-cm-Ipw.- C-¥y-
kz-X-{¥-am-Ip-∂-tXm-sS- \m-´p-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS-ta¬- {_n-´-Wp-
18
≠m-bn-cp-∂- ]-ca - m-[n-Im-cw- A-hk- m-\n-°pw.- \m-´p-cm-Py-߃-
°v- G-sX-¶n-ep-sam-cp- sUm-an-\n-b-\n¬- tN-cm-\p-≈- A-h-
Im-i-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.- C-¥y-bp-sS- N-{I-h¿-Øn- F-∂- ]-Z-
hn- {_n-´o-jv- sam-Wm¿-°n-\v- C-√m-Xm-hpw.- ssk-\yw- Dƒ-
s∏-sS,- kz-Øp-h-I-Iƒ- C-cp-cm-Py-߃-°p-am-bn- ]-¶n-Spw.-
C-hb- m-bn-cp-∂p- au-≠_ v- m-‰¨
- - ]-≤X
- n- hn-`m-h\
- w- sNbvXXv.
C¥y≥ C≥Uns]≥U≥kv BIvSv
{][m-\-a-{¥n- ¢-a-‚ v- B-‰v-en- 1947 Pq-sse- \m-en-\v- lu-
kv- Hm-^v- tIm-a¨
- k - n¬- C-¥y-≥ C-≥Un-s]-≥U-≥kv- _n¬-
A-h-X-cn-∏n-®p.- {_n-´o-jv- C-¥y-bp-sS- `-c-W-kw-_-‘-am-bn-
{_n-´o-jv- ]m¿-es- a-‚ n¬- A-hX- c- n-∏n-°s
- ∏-´- A-hk
- m-\s - Ø-
\n-b-a-\n¿-am-W-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-Xv.- 1947 Pq-sse- 15˛-\v- lu-
kv- Hm-^v- tIm-a-¨-kpw- sXm-´-Sp-Ø-Zn-h-kw- (Pq-sse- 16)-
lu-kv- Hm-^v- tem¿-Uv-kpw- _n¬- ]m-km-°n.- Pq-sse- 18˛-
\v- cm-P-Io-bm-\p-a-Xn- \¬-In-s°m-≠v- tPm¿-Pv- B-dm-a-≥ cm-
Pm-hv- _n-√n¬- H-∏n-´-tXm-sS- A-Xv- \n-b-a-am-Ip-I-bpw- A-∂p-
ap-X¬- \n-e-hn¬- h-cn-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- 20 h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ- am-{X-
ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂- C-¥y-≥ C-≥Un-s]-≥U-≥kv- B-Iv-Sv- {_n-´o-
jv- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ v- C-¥y-bv-°p-th-≠n- ]m-km-°n-b- G-‰-hpw-
sN-dn-b- \n-b-a-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- 1947 B-K-kv-Xv- 15˛-\v- C-¥y-
kz-X-{¥-am-Ip-sa-∂pw- A-Xv- C-¥y-sb-∂pw- ]m-In-kv-Xm-
s\-∂pw- c-≠m-bn- hn-`-Pn-°-s∏-Sp-sa-∂pw- B-Iv-Sv- hy-h-kv-Y-
sN-bv-Xp.- 1858˛¬- kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏-´- sk-{I-´-dn- Hm-^v- tÃ-‰n-
s‚- X-kv-Xn-I-bpw- \n¿-Ø-em-°-s∏´p (William Francis
Hare AYhm- tem¿-Uv- en-tÃm-h¬- B-bn-cp-∂p- A-h-km-
\-sØ- sk-{I´dn Hm^v tÉv t^m¿ C¥y).
hn`P\w
kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚- k-a-b-Øv- {_n-´o-jn-¥y-bn¬- No-^v-
I-Ωn-j-W¿-am¿- `-c-Ww- \-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂- 11 ap--Jy- {]-hn-iy-
I-fpw- ssa-\¿- {]-hn-iy-I-fpw- Dƒ-s∏-sS- 17 {]-hn-iy-I-fm-Wv-
D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.- h-S-°p- ]-Sn-™m-d-≥ A-Xn¿-Øn- {]-hn-iy,-
{_n-´o-jv- _-eq-Nn-ÿm-≥,- Iq¿-Kv,- A-Pv-ao¿,- sa¿-hm-d,- B-
¥-am-≥ \n-t°m-_m¿- F-∂n-h-bm-Wv- No-^v- I-Ωn-j-W¿-am¿-
`-c-Ww- \-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-h.- hn-`-P-\-k-a-b-Øv- A-kw,- A-Pv-
ao¿- sa¿-hm-d,- sI-{In,- t_mw-s_,- B-¥-am-≥ \n-t°m-_m¿,-
_o-lm¿,- sk-≥{S¬- s{]m-hn-≥kv- B-‚ v- t_-cm¿,- ]-¥v- ]n-
]v-tem-U,- Iq¿-Kv,- H-do-k,- sU¬-ln,- a-{Zm-kv- F-∂o- 12 {]-
hn-iy-Iƒ- C-¥y-bp-sS- `m-K-am-bn.- kn-‘v,- h-S-°p- ]-Sn-™m-
d-≥ A-Xn¿-Øn- {]-hn-iy,- _-eq-Nn-ÿm-≥ F-∂o- aq-∂v- {]-
hn-iy-Iƒ- ]m-In-kv-Xm-\v- e-`n-®p.- ]-©m-_pw- _w-Km-fpw- C-
cp- cm-Py-߃-°p-am-bn- hn-`-Pn-®p.- ]-Sn-™m-d-≥ ]-©m-_v-
]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- `m-K-am-b-t∏mƒ- In-g-°-≥ ]-©m-_v- C-¥y-
≥ kw-ÿm-\-am-bn.- _w-Km-fn-s‚- ]-›n-a-`m-Kw- C-¥y-°p-
e-`n-®-t∏mƒ- In-g-°-≥ _w-Kmƒ- ]m-In-ÿm-s‚- `m-K-am-bn-
(C-Xv- ]n¬-°m-e-Øv- 1971˛¬- _w-•m-tZ-iv- F-∂- t]-cn¬-
kz-X-{¥- cm-Py-am-bn-).- B-km-an-se- kn¬-l-‰v- Pn-√-bn¬- ln-
X-]-cn-tim-[-\- \-S-Øn-b-Xn-s‚- `m-K-am-bn- A-Xv- ]m-In-kv-
Xm-\v- e-`n-®p.- C-¥y-bp-sS-bpw- ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚-bpw- A-Xn¿-
Øn- \n¿-W-bn-°p-∂- k-an-Xn-bp-sS- A-[y-£-\m-bn- {_n-´o-
jv- \n-b-a-⁄-\m-b- kn-dn¬- dm-Uv-Iv-fn-^n-s\- \n-b-an-®p.- 72
Zn-h-kw-sIm-≠m-Wv- A-[n-Im-c-ss°-am-‰w- kw-_-‘-am-b- \-
S-]-Sn-{I-a-߃- ssh-t{km-bn- ]q¿-Øn-bm-°n-bXv.
HmKkv‰v 15 kzmX{¥yZn\w
C¥ybp-sS- kzm-X-{¥y-Zn-\-am-bn- Hm-K-Ãv- 15 Xn-c-s™-
Sp-Ø-Xv- ssh-t{km-bn- au-≠v-_m-‰-¨- {]-`p-hm-Wv.- hn-Iv-S-dn-
Hm-h¿- P-∏m-≥ tU-bp-sS- c-≠mw- hm¿-jn-I-am-bn-cp-∂p- 1947
Hm-K-Ãv- 15.- c-≠mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-°m-e-Øv- sX-°p-In-g-
t°-t\-jy-bn¬- k-Jy-ssk-\y-Øn-s‚- ]-c-tam-∂-X- ta-[m-
hn-bm-bn-cp-∂p- au-≠v-_m-‰-¨- {]-`p.- P-∏m-s‚- Io-g-S-ß-tem-
sS- c-≠mw- tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn-\v- Xn-c-»o-e- ho-W,- X-s‚-
Po-hn-X-Øn-se- A-hn-kv-a-c-Wo-b- Zn-\-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv- A-
h-km-\- ssh-t{km-bn- P-\m-[n-]-Xy- C-¥y-bp-sS- ]n-d-hn-bv-
°m-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-Ø-Xv.- C-¥y-≥ t\-Xm-°-fp-sS- £-W-
{]-Im-cw- ]p-Xn-b- cm-Py-Øn-s‚- B-Zy-sØ- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-
d¬- ]-Z-hn- h-ln-°m-\pw- A-t±-lw- X-ø-mdmbn.
A[nImc ssIam‰w
]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- kzm-X-{¥y-Zn-\m-tLm-j-߃- kw-L-Sn-
∏n-®-Xv- I-dm-®n-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.- au-≠v-_m-‰-¨- {]-`p-hn-\v- C-
cp- cm-Py-ß-fp-sS-bpw- D-Zv-Lm-S-\-®-S-ßn¬- ]-s¶-Sp-t°-≠n-
bn-cp-∂p.- Hm-K-Ãv- 14 ˛-\v- ]m-In-kv-Xm-≥ \n-e-hn¬-h-∂p.- ap-
l-Ω-Z-en- Pn-∂- ]m-In-kv-Xm-s‚- {]-Y-a- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d-em-
bn- k-Xy-{]-Xn-⁄- sN-bv-Xp.-
C-¥y-bp-sS- kzm-X-{¥y-Zn-\m-tLm-j-߃- B-cw-`n-®-Xv-
A-∂v- A¿-[c - m-{Xn-bn-em-Wv.- \yq-U¬-ln-bn-se-tIm-¨Ã - n-‰yp-
]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥
h-‚ v- A-kw-ªn-lm-fn¬- cm-{Xn- ]-Xn-s\m-∂v- a-Wn-°v- B-cw-
`n-®- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬- A-[y-£-X- h-ln-®-Xv- tUm.-cm-tP-{µ-
{]-km-Zm-Wv.- "-Cu- \n-an-jw- ap-X¬- C-¥y-bp-sS- N-{I-h¿-Øn-
A-√m-Xm-bn-Øo¿-∂n-cn-°p-∂-'- {_n-´o-jv- cm-Pm-hn-s‚- B-iw-
km- k-tµ-iw- A-h-km-\-sØ- ssh-t{km-bn- au-≠v-_m-‰-
¨- {]-`p- hm-bn-®p.- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-
{]-ta-b-sØ- Jm-en- Iyp- -a-≥ ]n-¥m-ßn.- {]-i-kv-X-am-b- "-
hn-[n-bp-am-bn- D-S-º-Sn-'- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- {]-kw-Kw- s\-{lp-
\-SØ- n-bX - v- Cu- A-hk - c- Ø
- n-em-Wv- ˛-"C
- u- A¿-[c - m-{Xn-bn¬-
tem-Iw- D-dß - n-°n-S° - p-tºmƒ- C-¥y- kzm-X{- ¥y-Øn-te-°pw-
]p-Xp-Po-hn-X-Øn-te-°pw- D-W-cp-I-bm-Wv.- N-cn-{X-Øn¬- A-
]q¿-h-am-bn-am-{Xw- h-∂p-tN-cp-∂- Nn-e- \n-an-j-ß-fp-≠v.- A-
ß-s\-sbm-∂m-Wn-Xv.- ]-g-b-Xn¬-\n-∂v- ]p-Xn-b-Xn-te-°v- Im-
eq-∂p-∂- \n-an-jw.- H-cp- Im-e-L-´w- A-h-km-\n-®v- a-s‰m-∂n-
\v- B-cw-`w- Ip-dn-°p-∂- \n-an-jw.- A-Sn-®-a¿-Ø-s∏-´- cm-jv-{S-
Øn-s‚- aq-I-am-b- B-flm-hn-\v- `m-j-W-ti-jn- e-`n-°p-∂-
\n-an-jw.....- '- (“At the stroke of the midnight hour, when
the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A
moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when
we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends,
and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds
utterance.”).
Akw_vfn {]-kn-U-‚ v- tUm.-cm-tP-{µ-{]-km-Zv- kz-X-{¥-
C-¥y-bp-sS- B-Zy-Ø- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d-em-bn- au-≠v-_m-‰-
¨- {]-`p-hn-s\- Xn-c-s™-Sp-Øp.- cm-hn-se- F-´-c-a-Wn-°v- A-
t±-lw- ÿm-\-ta-‰p.-
A-kw-ªn- Aw-K-߃- cm-Py-sØ- tk-hn-°p-sa-∂v- {]-
Xn-⁄-sb-Sp-Ø-ti-jw- H-cp- kw-Lw- h-\n-X-Iƒ- l-≥k-
ta-Ø-bp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬- C-¥y-bp-sS- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I-
A-kw-ªn- A-[y-£-≥ tUm.-cm-tP-{µ-{]-km-Zn-\v- k-a¿-∏n-
®p.- s\-{lp- kz-X-{¥- C-¥y-bp-sS- {]-Y-a- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-
bn- k-Xy-{]-Xn-⁄- sN-bv-Xp.- K-h¿-W¿- P-\-d-em-Wv- k-Xy-
hm-N-Iw- sNm-√n-s°m-Sp-Ø-Xv.-
]n-t‰-Zn-h-kw,- Hm-K-Ãv- 15\v- cm-hn-se- 10:-30 \v- tIm-¨-Ãn-
‰yp-h-‚ v- A-kw-ªn-bn¬- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- tZ-io-b- ]-
Xm-I- D-b¿-Øn.- A-t∂-Zn-h-kw- D-®-bv-°p-ti-jw- B-Zy-sØ-
]-ªn-Iv- ^v-fm-Kv- k-eyp-t´-j-≥ N-S-ßv- C-¥ym-tK-‰n-\v- k-ao-
]w- {]n-≥kv- ]m¿-°n-se- hm¿- sa-tΩm-dn-be - n¬- \-S∂- p.- U¬-
ln-bn-se- sd-Uv- t^m¿-´n-s‚- em-tlm¿- tK-‰n¬- B-K-kv-Xv-
16˛-\v- P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp- tZ-io-b- ]-Xm-I- D-b¿-Øp-I-
bp-≠m-bn.- Xp-S¿-∂v- F-√m- kzm-X{- ¥y-Zn-\Ø - n-epw- {]-[m-\a- -
{¥n- sd-Uv- t^m¿-´n¬- ]-Xm-I- D-b¿-Øn-bt- i-jw- cm-j{v- S-sØ-
A-`n-kw-t_m-[\ - - sN-øp-Is - b-∂X- v- ]-Xn-hp- N-Sß
- m-bn.-
U¬-ln-bn¬- kzm-X-{¥y-Zn-\m-tLm-j-߃- \-S-°p-
tºmƒ- Km-‘n-Pn- sIm¬-°-Ø-bn¬- a-X-ku-lm¿-±w- sI-
´n-∏-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈- Xo-{h-{i-a-Øn-embncp∂p.
am\hNcn-{X-Ønse
G‰hpw henb ]em-b\w
{_n´n-jn-¥y-bn¬ Ah-km-\-ambn sk≥kkv \S-∂Xv
1941-˛-em-Wv. {_n´n-jn-¥y, \m´p-cm-Py-߃, GP≥knIƒ
F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-embn 383,643,745 t]cmWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
P\-kwJy 294,171,961 Bbn-cp-∂ {_n´n-jn-¥y-bn¬ ]Øp-
i-X-am\w t]¿°p-am-{X-amWv thm´-h-Imiw D≠m-bn-cp-∂-
Xv. C¥ym-hn-`P - \
- Ø
- ns‚ ^e-ambn 18 iX-am\w `qhn-kvXr-
Xnbpw 23 iX-am\w P\-kw-Jy-bpw ]mIn-kvXm-\n-em-bn.
ÿmhc PwKa kzØp-°fpw ssk\yhpw JP-\mhpw Ccp-
cm-Py-߃°p-ambn ]¶n-s´-Sp-°m\pw hyh-ÿ-I-fp-≠m-bn-
cp-∂p. 1951-˛se sk≥kkv {]Imcw C¥ybn-te°v h∂-
h-cpsS FÆw 7,295,870 BWv.
hn`-P\
- s- Ø-Øp-S¿∂v Ccp cmPy-ßf - n-te-°pw P\-߃
]c-kv]cw ]em-b\w sNbvXp.]mIn-kvXm-\n¬\n∂v lnµp-
°fpw knJp-Imcpw C¥y-bn-te°pw C¥y-bn-¬\n∂v ap…n-
߃ ]mIn-kvXm-\n-te°pw {]h-ln-®p. sImebpw sIm≈n-
hbv]pw ]nSn-®p-]-dnbpw hym]-I-ambn Ac-tß-dn. Xe-ap-d-
I-fmbn Xma-kn-°p∂ aÆns\ Dt]-£n®v ]mIn-kvXm-\n-
te°v t]mtI≠ F∂p Xocp-am-\n® ap…n-߃ C¥y-
bnepw C¥y-bn-te°v t]mtI≠ F∂p Xocp-am-\n® lnµp-
°fpw knJp- I mcpw ]mIn- k v X m- \ n- e p- a p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p.
F∂m¬, hºn® kzØv Dt]-£n®v cmPyw-hn´ Bfp-Ifpw
Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂n-√. c≠-ce - £w apX¬ A©p-e£ - w-hsc
Bfp-Iƒ lnµp-˛a - p-…nw-˛k
- nJv kwL¿j-ßs - f-Øp-S¿∂v
AXn¿ØnbpsS Ccp-`m-K-Øp-ambn ac-W-a-S-™-Xm-bn-
IW°m°-s∏-Sp-∂p. a‰p-Nne IW-°p-Iƒ {]Imcw CXv
15 e£w-hscbmWv. knJvIm¿ G‰hpw IpSq-Xe - mbn D≠m-
bn- c p∂ ]©m_ns\ c≠mbn hn`- P n- ® Xv AhnsS
kwL¿jw cq£-am-°n. G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ t]¿ sIm√-s∏-
´Xv ]©m-_n-em-W.v Km‘n-Pn-bpsS km∂n[yw _olm-dnepw
_wKm-fnepw ac-Wk - wJy Ipd-bm≥ klm-bI - a - m-bn.
2016 BKkv‰- v- 15
 ]co-£m- Ie≠¿- ˛
- 2016 HIv-tSm-_¿-
* Examination Time includes half an hour as preparation time for the verification of Admission Tickets and original ID of the Candidates appearing for the examination.
Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration Profile in the Website from the date shown in the respective column

{Ia Xo-bXn- Xkv-Xn-Ibpw- Im-‰Kdn- \ºdpw- hIp-∏v/- kn-e_kv- lmƒ-Sn°‰v- e`y-am-bn-

\w- kabw- kvY
- m-]\w- Øp-Sßp-∂ Xo-bXn-
1 01/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 17/09/2016
Saturday (SOCIAL STUDIES) prescribed for the post.
01.30 PM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &
to 03.15 PM 660/12 Current Affairs Part III : Methodology of Teaching Part IV : Questions based
TVPM, KLM, PTA, ALP, KTM, IDK,EKM, on Core Subject
TSR, PKD, MPM, KKD,WYND, KNR, KSGD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
Medium of Questions Part I,II,III English & Part IV – Malayalam
2 01/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 17/09/2016
Saturday (SOCIAL STUDIES) prescribed for the post.
01.30 PM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &
to 03.15 PM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III : Methodology of Teaching Part IV : Questions based
565/12 on Core Subject
ST - KNR (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
Medium of Questions Part I,II,III English & Part IV – Malayalam
3 01/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 17/09/2016
Saturday (SOCIAL STUDIES) prescribed for the post.
01.30 PM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &
to 03.15 PM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III : Methodology of Teaching Part IV : Questions based
084/14 on Core Subject
HN - KKD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
Medium of Questions Part I,II,III English & Part IV – Malayalam
4 01/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 17/09/2016
Saturday (SOCIAL STUDIES) prescribed for the post.
01.30 PM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &
to 03.15 PM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III : Methodology of Teaching Part IV : Questions based
085/14 on Core Subject
SC- KNR (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
Medium of Questions Part I,II,III English & Part IV – Malayalam
5 01/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 17/09/2016
Saturday (SOCIAL STUDIES) prescribed for the post.
01.30 PM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &
to 03.15 PM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III : Methodology of Teaching Part IV : Questions based
325/15 on Core Subject
HN - PKD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
Medium of Questions Part I,II,III English & Part IV – Malayalam
COMMON TEST FOR SL.No.1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 ABOVE
6 04/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 20/09/2016
Tuesday (SOCIAL STUDIES) prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* TAMIL MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge
to 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) & Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching
638/12 Part IV: Questions based on Core Subject
E/T/B - IDK (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions: Part I,II & III English Part IV Tamil)
7 04/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 20/09/2016
Tuesday (SOCIAL STUDIES) prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* TAMIL MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge
to 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) & Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching
639/12 Part IV: Questions based on Core Subject
MUSLIM - IDK (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions: Part I,II & III English Part IV Tamil)
COMMON TEST FOR SL.No.6 & 7 ABOVE
8 05/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 22/09/2016
Wednesday (SOCIAL STUDIES) prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* KANNADA MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : Proficiency in Kannada
to 09.15 AM 345/14 Part III: Questions based on Core Subject
KGD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions: Part I English Part II & III Kannada)
9 05/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 22/09/2016
Wednesday (SOCIAL STUDIES) prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* KANNADA MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : Proficiency in Kannada
to 09.15 AM 324/15 Part III: Questions based on Core Subject
LC/AI - KGD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions: Part I English Part II & III Kannada)
COMMON TEST FOR SL.No. 8 & 9 ABOVE
10 06/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 23/09/2016
Thursday (MATHEMATICS) prescribed for the post.
07.30AM* TAMIL MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &
to 09.15AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based
593/13 on Core Subject
Ezhava - IDK (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

2016 BKkv‰- v- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 19

 {Ia Xo-bXn- Xkv-Xn-Ibpw- Im-‰Kdn- \ºdpw- hIp-∏v/- kn-e_kv- lmƒ-Sn°‰v- e`y-am-bn-
\w- kabw- kvY
- m-]\w- Øp-Sßp-∂ Xo-bXn-
(Medium of Questions: Part I,II & III English Part IV Tamil)
11 06/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 23/09/2016
Thursday (MATHEMATICS) prescribed for the post.
07.30AM* TAMIL MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &
to 09.15AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based
594/13 on Core Subject
MUSLIM - IDK, PKD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions: Part I,II & III English Part IV Tamil)
12 06/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 23/09/2016
Thursday (MATHEMATICS) prescribed for the post.
07.30AM* TAMIL MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &
to 09.15AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based
595/13 on Core Subject
OBC - IDK (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions: Part I,II & III English Part IV Tamil)
13 06/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 23/09/2016
Thursday (MATHEMATICS) prescribed for the post.
07.30AM* TAMIL MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &
to 09.15AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based
596/13 on Core Subject
ST - IDK (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions: Part I,II & III English Part IV Tamil)
14 06/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 23/09/2016
Thursday (MATHEMATICS) prescribed for the post.
07.30AM* TAMIL MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &
to 09.15AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based
597/13 on Core Subject
SC - PKD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions: Part I,II & III English Part IV Tamil)
COMMON TEST FOR SL.No.10, 11, 12, 13 & 14 ABOVE
15 07/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 24/09/2016
Friday (MATHEMATICS) prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* KANNADA MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : Proficiency in Kannada
to 09.15 AM 266/13 Part III: Questions based on Core Subject
KGD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions: Part I English Part II & III Kannada)
16 14/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 01/10/2016
Friday (NATURAL SCIENCE) prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* TAMIL MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge
to 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) & Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based
438/13 on Core Subject
E/B/T - IDK (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions: Part I, II & III English Part IV Tamil)
17 14/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 01/10/2016
Friday (NATURAL SCIENCE) prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* TAMIL MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge
to 09.15 AM 12/2014 & Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based
IDK, PKD on Core Subject
(Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions: Part I, II & III English Part IV Tamil)
COMMON TEST FOR SL No.16 & 17 ABOVE
18 15/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 01/10/2016
Saturday (MATHEMATICS) prescribed for the post.
01.30 PM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge
to 03.15 PM 661/12 & Current Affairs Part III : Methodology of Teaching Part IV : Questions
TVPM, KLM, PTA, ALP, KTM,IDK, EKM based on Core Subject
TSR, PKD, MPM, KKD, WYD, KNR, KGD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions: Part I, II & III English & Part IV Malayalam)
19 15/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 01/10/2016
Saturday (MATHEMATICS) prescribed for the post.
01.30 PM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge
to 03.15 PM (NCA NOTIFICATION) & Current Affairs Part III : Methodology of Teaching Part IV : Questions
79/14 based on Core Subject
SC - PKD, KGD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions: Part I, II & III English & Part IV Malayalam)
20 15/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 01/10/2016
Saturday (MATHEMATICS) prescribed for the post.
01.30 PM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge
to 03.15 PM (NCA NOTIFICATION) & Current Affairs Part III : Methodology of Teaching Part IV : Questions
81/14 based on Core Subject
Muslim - KGD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions: Part I, II & III English & Part IV Malayalam)
21 15/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 01/10/2016
Saturday (MATHEMATICS) prescribed for the post.
01.30 PM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge
to 03.15 PM (NCA NOTIFICATION) & Current Affairs Part III : Methodology of Teaching Part IV : Questions
82/14 based on Core Subject

20 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 BKkv‰- v- 15

 {Ia Xo-bXn- Xkv-Xn-Ibpw- Im-‰Kdn- \ºdpw- hIp-∏v/- kn-e_kv- lmƒ-Sn°‰v- e`y-am-bn-
\w- kabw- kvY
- m-]\w- Øp-Sßp-∂ Xo-bXn-
LC/AI - KKD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions: Part I, II & III English & Part IV Malayalam)
22 15/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 01/10/2016
Saturday (MATHEMATICS) prescribed for the post.
01.30 PM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge
to 03.15 PM (NCA NOTIFICATION) & Current Affairs Part III : Methodology of Teaching Part IV : Questions
124/15 based on Core Subject
MUSLIM - PKD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions: Part I, II & III English & Part IV Malayalam)
23 15/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 01/10/2016
Saturday (MATHEMATICS) prescribed for the post.
01.30 PM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge
to 03.15 PM (NCA NOTIFICATION) & Current Affairs Part III : Methodology of Teaching Part IV : Questions
384/15 based on Core Subject
LC/AI - KNR (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions: Part I, II & III English & Part IV Malayalam)
COMMON TEST FOR Sl.No.18, 19, 20, 21, 22 & 23 ABOVE
24 18/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the 05/10/2016
Tuesday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) qualification prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &
to 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based
485/14 on Core Subject
KGD -LC/AI (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
Medium of Questions: Part I, II, III English & Part IV Malayalam
25 18/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the 05/10/2016
Tuesday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) qualification prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &
to 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based
46/14 on Core Subject
SC - PKD, KGD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
Medium of Questions: Part I, II, III English & Part IV Malayalam
26 18/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the 05/10/2016
Tuesday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) qualification prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &
to 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based
48/14 on Core Subject
LC/AI -PKD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
Medium of Questions: Part I, II, III English & Part IV Malayalam
27 18/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the 05/10/2016
Tuesday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) qualification prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &
to 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based
49/14 on Core Subject
SIUC N - IDK (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
Medium of Questions: Part I, II, III English & Part IV Malayalam
28 18/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the 05/10/2016
Tuesday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) qualification prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &
to 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based
150/16 on Core Subject
SC - MPM (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
Medium of Questions: Part I, II, III English & Part IV Malayalam
29 18/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the 05/10/2016
Tuesday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) qualification prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge &
to 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based
151/16 on Core Subject
OX -KKD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
Medium of Questions: Part I, II, III English & Part IV Malayalam
COMMON TEST FOR SL No.24, 25, 26, 27, 28 & 29 ABOVE
30 19/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 06/10/2016
Wednesday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* KANNADA MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : Proficiency in Kannada
to 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Part III: Questions based on Core Subject
422/12 (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
SC - KGD (Medium of Questions: Part I English Part II&III Kannada)
31 19/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 06/10/2016
Wednesday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* KANNADA MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : Proficiency in Kannada
to 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Part III: Questions based on Core Subject
423/12 (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
MUSLIM - KGD (Medium of Questions: Part I English Part II&III Kannada)
32 19/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 06/10/2016
Wednesday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* KANNADA MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : Proficiency in Kannada
to 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Part III: Questions based on Core Subject
424/12 (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)

2016 BKkv‰- v- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 21

 {Ia Xo-bXn- Xkv-Xn-Ibpw- Im-‰Kdn- \ºdpw- hIp-∏v/- kn-e_kv- lmƒ-Sn°‰v- e`y-am-bn-
\w- kabw- kvY
- m-]\w- Øp-Sßp-∂ Xo-bXn-

SIUC N - KGD (Medium of Questions: Part I English Part II & III Kannada)
33 19/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 06/10/2016
Wednesday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* KANNADA MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : Proficiency in Kannada
to 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Part III: Questions based on Core Subject
321/15 (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
OX - KGD (Medium of Questions: Part I English Part II & III Kannada)
34 19/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 06/10/2016
Wednesday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* KANNADA MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : Proficiency in Kannada
to 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) Part III: Questions based on Core Subject
322/15 (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
DHEEVARA - KGD (Medium of Questions: Part I English Part II & III Kannada)
COMMON TEST FOR SL No.30, 31, 32, 33 & 34 ABOVE
35 20/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 07/10/2016
Thursday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* TAMIL MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge
to 09.15 AM (DIRECT RECRUITMENT) & Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based
166/13 on Core Subject
TVM - IDK (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions: Part I,II&III English Part IV Tamil
36 20/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 07/10/2016
Thursday (PHYSICAL SCIENCE) prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* TAMIL MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge
to 09.15 AM 050/16 & Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based
KLM - WYD on Core Subject
(Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions: Part I,II&III English Part IV Tamil
COMMON TEST FOR SL No. 35 & 36 ABOVE
37 21/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 07/10/2016
Friday (NATURAL SCIENCE) prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge
to 09.15 AM 659/12 & Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based
TVPM, KLM, PTA, ALP, KTM, IDK, EKM on Core Subject
TSR, PKD, MPM, KKD, WYD, KNR, KGD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions: Part I,II,III in English & Part IV Malayalam)
38 21/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 07/10/2016
Friday (NATURAL SCIENCE) prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* MALAYALAM MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : General Knowledge
to 09.15 AM (NCA NOTIFICATION) & Current Affairs Part III: Methodology of Teaching Part IV: Questions based
323/15 on Core Subject
SIUC N/AI - TSR (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions: Part I,II,III in English & Part IV Malayalam )
COMMON TEST FOR SL No. 37 & 38 ABOVE
39 22/10/2016 LOWER DIVISION CLERK KERALA STATE BEVERAGES Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 07/10/2016
Saturday 561/14 (MANUFACTURING & MAR prescribed for the post.
01.30 PM* KETING ) CORPORATION Part I: General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala
to 03.15 PM LIMITED Part II: General English Part III: Mental Ability & Simple Arithmetic
Part IV: Regional Language (Malayalam/Tamil/Kannada)
(Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions (Malayalam/Tamil/Kannada )
40 22/10/2016 LOWER DIVISION CLERK KERALA STATE BEVERAGES Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 07/10/2016
Saturday (BY TRANSFER) (MANUFACTURING & MAR prescribed for the post.
01.30 PM* (By Transfer from among Lower Grade KETING) CORPORATION Part I: General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala
to 03.15 PM Employees working in Kerala State LIMITED Part II: General English Part III: Mental Ability & Simple Arithmetic
Beverages (Manufacturing and Marketing) Part IV: Regional Language (Malayalam/Tamil/Kannada)
Corporation Limited) (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
416/15 (Medium of Questions (Malayalam/Tamil/Kannada )
COMMON TEST FOR SL.No.39 &4 0 ABOVE
41 25/10/2016 HIGH SCHOOL ASSISTANT EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 07/10/2016
Tuesday (NATURAL SCIENCE) prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* KANNADA MEDIUM Part I : Renaissance &Freedom Movement Part II : Proficiency in Kannada
to 09.15 AM 356/12 Part III: Questions based on Core Subject
KGD (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions: Part I English Part II & III Kannada)
42 26/10/2016 STAFF NURSE GRADE II HEALTH SERVICES Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 13/10/2016
Wednesday (NCA NOTIFICATION) prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* 442/15 Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala
to 09.15 AM SIUC N - KNR Part II (a): Physics (b): Chemistry (c): Botany (d): Zoology Part III: Questions
based on General Nursing
(Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions: English)
43 26/10/2016 STAFF NURSE GRADE II MEDICAL EDUCATION Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 13/10/2016
Wednesday (SR for SC/ST) prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* 35/16 Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala
to 09.15 AM Part II (a): Physics (b): Chemistry (c): Botany (d): Zoology Part III: Questions

22 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2016 BKkv‰- v- 15

 {Ia Xo-bXn- Xkv-Xn-Ibpw- Im-‰Kdn- \ºdpw- hIp-∏v/- kn-e_kv- lmƒ-Sn°‰v- e`y-am-bn-
\w- kabw- kvY
- m-]\w- Øp-Sßp-∂ Xo-bXn-
based on General Nursing
(Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)
(Medium of Questions: English)
COMMON TEST FOR SL.No. 42 & 43 ABOVE
44 27/10/2016 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR TECHNICAL EDUCATION Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 14/10/2016
Thursday CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* 543/14 (ENGINEERING COLLEGES) Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala
to 09.15 AM Part II (a): Engineering Mathematics (b): Basic Civil Engineering (c): Basic
Mechanical Engineering Part III(a): Basic Electrical Engineering
(b): Basic Electronics Engineering (c): Basic Computer Science
Part IV: Questions based on core subject
(Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)(Medium of Questions: English)
45 27/10/2016 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR TECHNICAL EDUCATION Syllabus:An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 14/10/2016
Thursday INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* 545/14 (ENGINEERING COLLEGES) Part I : General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala
to 09.15 AM Part II (a): Engineering Mathematics (b): Basic Civil Engineering
(c): Basic Mechanical Engineering Part III(a): Basic Electrical Engineering
(b): Basic Electronics Engineering (c): Basic Computer Science
Part IV: Questions based on core subject
(Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)(Medium of Questions: English)
46 28/10/2016 THIRD GRADE OVERSEER/THIRD LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENT Syllabus: An Objective Type Test (OMR Valuation) based on the qualification 15/10/2016
Friday GRADE DRAFTSMAN DEPARTMENT prescribed for the post.
07.30 AM* 198/14 Part I: Question based on Technical Qualification Part II: General Knowledge,
to 09.15 AM Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala
(Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 hour 15 minutes)(Medium of Questions: English)

Hm¨-sse≥- ]co-£m- Ie≠¿- ˛

- 2016 HIv-tSm-_¿-
* Examination Time includes one hour as preparation time for the verification of Admission Tickets and original ID of the candidates appearing for the examination.
Candidates can download the Admission Tickets through their One Time Registration Profile in the Website from the date shown in the respective column

{Ia Xo-bXn- Xkv-Xn-Ibpw- Im-‰Kdn- \ºdpw- hIp-∏v/- kn-e_kv- lmƒ-Sn°‰v- e`y-am-bn-

\w- kabw- kvY
- m-]\w- Øp-Sßp-∂ Xo-bXn-
1 03/10//2016 HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL HIGHER SECONDARY Syllabus: An Objective Type Test based on the qualification prescribed for the post. 24/09/2016
Monday TEACHER (PHYSICS) EDUCATION Main Topics:- Part I: General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala
10.00 AM* (SR FOR SC/ST) ONLINE EXAMINATION Part II: Research Methodology Part III: Indian Constitution &Social Welfare
to 12.15 PM 33/2016 Legislations Part IV: Question based on Core Subject
(Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 Hour 15 Minutes)(Medium of Questions: English)
2 17/10/2016 ARCHITECTURAL HEAD DRAFTSMAN KERALA STATE HOUSING Syllabus: An Objective Type Test based on the qualification prescribed for the post. 07/10/2016
Monday (NCA NOTIFICATION) BOARD Main Topics:- Part I: Questions based on Degree in Architecture Part II: General
10.00 AM* 590/15 ONLINE EXAMINATION Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala
to 12.15 PM EZHAVA (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 Hour 15 Minutes)(Medium of Questions: English)
3 24/10/2016 MEDICAL RECORDS LIBRARIAN HEALTH SERVICES Syllabus: An Objective Type Test based on the qualification prescribed for the post. 15/10//2016
Monday GRADE II (NCA NOTIFICATION) ONLINE EXAMINATION Main Topics:- Questions based on Technical Qualification
10.00 AM* 104/16 (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 Hour 15 Minutes)
to 12.15 PM MUSLIM (Medium of Questions: English)
4 24/10/2016 MEDICAL RECORDS LIBRARIAN HEALTH SERVICES Syllabus: An Objective Type Test based on the qualification prescribed for the post. 15/10//2016
Monday GRADE II (NCA NOTIFICATION) ONLINE EXAMINATION Main Topics:- Questions based on Technical Qualification
10.00 AM* 105/16 (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 Hour 15 Minutes)
to 12.15 PM LC/AI ( Medium of Questions: English)
COMMON TEST FOR SL.No.3&4 ABOVE
5 31/10/2016 VETERINARY SURGEON KERALA MUNICIPAL Syllabus: An Objective Type Test based on the qualification prescribed for the post. 21/10/2016
Monday 113/14 COMMON SERVICES Main Topics:- Part I: General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala
10.00 AM* ONLINE EXAMINATION Part II: Questions based on Veterinary Science Degree
to 12.15 PM (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 Hour 15 Minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)
6 31/10/2016 VETERINARY SURGEON GRADE II ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Syllabus: An Objective Type Test based on the qualification prescribed for the post. 21/10/2016
Monday (NCA NOTIFICATION) ONLINE EXAMINATION Main Topics:- Part I: General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala
10.00 AM* 30/13 Part II: Questions based on Veterinary Science Degree
to 12.15 PM SC (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 Hour 15 Minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)
7 31/10/2016 VETERINARY SURGEON GRADE II ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Syllabus: An Objective Type Test based on the qualification prescribed for the post. 21/10/2016
Monday (NCA NOTIFICATION) ONLINE EXAMINATION Main Topics:- Part I: General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala
10.00 AM* 31/13 Part II: Questions based on Veterinary Science Degree
to 12.15 PM ST (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 Hour 15 Minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)
8 31/10/2016 VETERINARY SURGEON GRADE II ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Syllabus: An Objective Type Test based on the qualification prescribed for the post. 21/10/2016
Monday (NCA NOTIFICATION) ONLINE EXAMINATION Main Topics:- Part I: General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala
10.00 AM* 223/14 Part II: Questions based on Veterinary Science Degree
to 12.15 PM LC/AI (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 Hour 15 Minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)
9 31/10/2016 VETERINARY SURGEON GRADE II ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Syllabus: An Objective Type Test based on the qualification prescribed for the post. 21/10/2016
Monday (NCA NOTIFICATION) ONLINE EXAMINATION Main Topics:- Part I: General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala
10.00 AM* 317/13 Part II: Questions based on Veterinary Science Degree
to 12.15 PM OBC (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 Hour 15 Minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)
10 31/10/2016 VETERINARY SURGEON GRADE II ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Syllabus: An Objective Type Test based on the qualification prescribed for the post. 21/10/2016
Monday (NCA NOTIFICATION) ONLINE EXAMINATION Main Topics:- Part I: General Knowledge, Current Affairs & Renaissance in Kerala
10.00 AM* 318/13 Part II: Questions based on Veterinary Science Degree
to 12.15 PM E/B/T (Maximum Marks : 100) (Duration: 1 Hour 15 Minutes) (Medium of Questions: English)
COMMON TEST FOR 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 & 10 ABOVE

2016 BKkv‰- v- 15 ]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 23

1. R.N. 44588/86 Reg. No. KL/TV (N)34/2015-17 PSC BULLETIN Rupees 10
2. Licence No. for posting without pre payment - KL/TV(N)/WPP/165/2015-17 Fortnightly August 15, 2016

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cm-aI - r-jvW - ≥ - sl¿-°p-eo-kv- F-∂- A-]c - \
- m-aØ - n¬- A- \¬Ip∂ ]pc-kvIm-c-Øn\v A¿l-bmb *- {- ^-©v- Hm-∏¨ - - (2016)- an-Ivk - U - v- Io-co-S- tP-
*- t- I-cf - - \n-ba - k - `- b - p-sS- sU-]yq-´n- kv] - o-°¿- dn-bs - ∏-´- C-t±-lØ - n-s‚- t]-c?v- - ˛ a-t\m-l¿- BZy h\n-X˛ cm[nIm tat\m≥ (a¿®‚ v Xm-°ƒ-˛- en-bm-≠¿-]b -   - pw- am¿-´n-\- lnw-
˛- hn.-i-in- sF-°v- t\hn) Kn-kpw-
*- G - X - v- a-WvU - e - s - Ø-bm-Wv- hn.-ii - n- {]-Xn-\n- *- -C-¥y-≥ sd-bn¬-th- ]-co-£-W- Hm-´w- \-S- * tI{µ k¿°m-cns‚ kz]v\ ]≤-Xn-bmb *- -I-cn-b¿- {Km-≥Uv- …mw- t\-Sn-b- (H-tc- k-a-
[m-\w- sN-øp-∂-Xv-˛- Nn-d-bn-≥Io-gv- Øn-b- A¿-[- A-Xn-th-K- s{S-bn-\m-b- Sm¬- tJtem C¥y-bpsS \n¿hm-lI kan--Xn- bw- \m-ev- In-co-Sß - ƒ-˛H - m-ktv- {S-en-b≥ - ,- {^-
*- -B-sc-bm-Wv- hn.-i-in- sU-]yq-´n- kv-]o-°¿- tKm- \n¿-an-°p-∂X - v- G-Xv- cm-Py-Øm-W˛v- - kv- bn¬ AwK- a mb- ae- b m- f n˛ ARv P p ©v,- hnw-_nƒ-U¨ - ˛- b
- p-Fk - -v Hm-∏¨ - )- - aq-∂m-
Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏n¬- tXm¬]n-®-Xv-˛-sF.-kn.- s]-bn-≥ t_m_n- tPm¿-Pv- a-sØ- Xm-cw-˛- s\m-hm-Iv- tZym-t°m-hn-®v-
_m-e-Ir-jvW≥ (tIm¨{K-kv) *- -tI-{µ- B-tcm-Ky- k¿-ho-kn¬- tUm-Iv-S¿- *- C
- u-bn-sS- A-¥c - n-®- C-¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- *- -tI-c-f- kv-t]m¿-Sv-kv- Iu-¨-kn¬- {]-kn-U-
2016-˛se anÿ thƒUv IncoSw t\Sn-b- am-cp-sS- hn-c-an-°¬- {]m-bw- F-{X- h-b- m- s{]m-^j - W- ¬- ^p-Stv- _mƒ- ]-cn-io-eI
- ≥
- ˛- ‚ v- ÿm-\w- cm-Pn-h-®-Xv-˛- A-Rv-Pp- t_m-
Xv˛ Rohit Khandelwal bn-´m-Wv- D-b¿-Øn-b-Xv-˛- 65 A-a¬-ZØ - - _n- tPm¿-Pv-
* 2016 Pqsse-bn¬ Hmkvt{S-en-b≥ {][m-\- *- -\-ho-I-cn-®- ]m-\-a- I-\m¬- Xp-d-∂-Xv-˛- 2016 *- -I-Sp-h- kw-c-£-W- t_m-[-h-Xv-I-c-Ww- e- *- -tIm-∏- A-ta-cn-°- I-∏-v (2016)- tP-Xm-h˛-v - Nn-en-
a-{¥n-bm-b-Xv˛ Malcolm Turnbull Pq-¨- 26 £y-an-´v- sd-bn¬-th- B-cw-`n-®- ]p-Xn-b- B- *- -2016 Pq-sse-bn¬- dn-k¿-hv- _m-¶n-s‚- F-
* C¥y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- C-˛-tIm¿-´v- ÿm- *- -k-t¥m-j- h-Ip-∏v- B-cw-`n-®- B-Zy- C-¥y- Uw-_-c- hn-t\m-Z- k-©m-c- s{S-bn-≥˛- ssS- Iv-kn-Iyq-´o-hv- U-b-d-Iv-S-dm-bn- \n-b-an-X-\m-
]n-X-am-b-Xv-˛- ssl-Z-cm-_m-Zv- ≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛- a-[y-{]-tZ-iv- K¿- F-Iv-kv-{]-kv- b-Xv-˛-kp-Z¿-i-≥ sk-≥
*- k - k - vs - ]-≥j-\n-em-b- {_-ko¬- {]-kn-U‚ - v- *- C - ˛- a
- m-en-\yw- kr-jS-v n-°p-∂X - n¬- C-¥y- tem- *- -2016 Pq-¨- \m-en-\v- A-¥-cn-®- A-ta-cn-°m- *- ] - ›- n-a- _w-Kmƒ- ap-Jy-a{- ¥n-bm-bn- ho-≠pw-
˛- Zn¬-a- dp-k-^v- I-Øv- F-{Xm-a-Xm-Wv-˛- 5 Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛- a-a-X- _m-\¿-Pn-
*- -dn-tbm- H-fn-ºn-Iv-kn¬- C-¥y-≥ kw-L-Øn- *- -A-Wp-t_mw-_n-´-Xn-\p- ti-jw- P-∏m-≥ k- *- -tI-c-f-Øn-se- B-Zy-sØ- A-ar-Xv- \-K-cw-˛-
s‚- Hu-tZym-Kn-I- kv-t]m-¨-k¿-˛- A-ap¬- µ¿-in-®- B-Zy- A-ta-cn-°-≥ {]-kn-U-‚ v-˛- ]m-e° - m-Sv-
*- t- I-cf - - N-cn-{X-Øn-se- G-‰h - pw- ssZ¿-Ly-ta- _-cm-Iv- H-_m-a- *- -2016 Pq-sse-bn¬- c-≠m-a-Xv- {_n-Iv-kv- bq-
dn-b- _-P‰ - v- A-hX - c - n-∏n-®X - v˛- - tXm-ak - v- sF- *- -^n-en-ss∏-≥kn-s‚- ]p-Xn-b- {]-kn-U-≥dv-˛- Øv- D-®t- Im-Sn-°v- th-Zn-bm-bX - ˛v- - Kp-hl - Ø - n-
k-Iv- (2016).- tdm-{Uo-tKm- Uyp-s´¿-´v- *- t- I-cf - Ø
- n-s‚- ]p-Xn-b- U-bd - I - vS- ¿- P-\d - ¬-
*- -Ia- p-Id- - A-hm¿-Un-\¿-lb - m-bX - ˛-v - ]n.-kp-io-e- *- -tI-c-f-Øn-s‚- C-cp-]-Xm-a-sØ- {]-Xn-]-£- Hm-^v- t{]m-kn-Iyq-j-≥˛- {io-[-c-≥ \m-b¿-
*- -s\¬-k-¨- a-t≠-e- A-¥m-cm-jv-{S- Zn-\w-˛- t\-Xm-hv-˛- c-ta-iv- sN-Øn-Ø-e- *- -]p-Xp-t®-cn-bp-sS- ]p-Xn-b- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛- hn.-
Pq-sse- 18 *- {- _n-´n-jv- {]-[m-\a - {- ¥n-bm-b- c-≠m-as - Ø- h- \m-cm-b-W- kzm-an- (tIm-¨-{K-kv-)-
*- 2- 016 Pq-sse-bn¬- A-cp-Wm-Ne - n-s‚- ap-Jy-a- \n-X-˛-sX-tc-k- ta- *- -{]-W-_v- ap-J¿-Pn-°v- ]-c-tam-∂-X- _-lp-a-
{¥n-bm-bn- Np-a-X-e-tb-‰-Xv-˛- t]-a- J-≥Up- *- -sX-tc-k- ta-bp-sS- ]m¿-´n-˛- I-¨-k¿-th-‰o- Xn- \¬-In-b- ]-›n-am-{^n-°≥ - cm-Pyw-˛- sF-
*- -X-an-gv-\m-´n-se- G-sXm-s°- a-Wv-U-e-ß-fn- hv- ]m¿-´n- h-dn- tIm-Ãv-
se- Xn-cs - ™-Sp-∏v- hn-⁄m-]\ - a - m-Wv- cm-Py- *- k- w-ÿm-\- s]m-eo-kv- ta-[m-hn-˛- tem-Iv\ - m- *- -C-¥y- X-t±-io-b-am-bn- hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø-
Øn-s‚- N-cn-{X-Øn-em-Zy-am-bn- {I-at- °-Sv- B- Yv- s_-lv-d- B-Zy- ]-cn-io-e-\- hn-am-\w-˛- ln-µp-ÿm-≥
tcm-]-W-ß-sf-Øp-S¿-∂v- d-±m-°n-b-Xv-˛- X- *- -tem-IØ - n-se- G-‰h - pw- \o-fw- Iq-Sn-b- `q-K¿- c-\m-b- t_m-Iv-kn-Mv- C-Xn-lm-kw-˛- ap-l-Ω- S¿-t_m- s{S-bn-\¿-
©m-hq¿,- A-cp-hm-°p-dn-®n- `- Xp-c¶ - w- \n¿-an-®X - v- G-Xv- ]¿-hX - Ø
- n-s‚- Zv- A-en- *- ] - p-Xn-b- \m-hn-I- tk-\m- ta-[m-hn-˛- kp-\n¬-
*- -2016˛-se- bq-tdm- I-∏v- ^p-Sv-t_mƒ- In-co-Sw- A-Sn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv˛- - B¬-]vk - v- (bq-tdm-∏v)- - *- c - m-j{v- S-]X - n- `-cW - w- ]n-≥h-en-®X - n-s\-Øp-S¿- emw-_-
{^m-≥kn-s\- tXm¬-]n-®v- t\-Sn-bX - v˛- - t]m¿- *- -Sn-_-‰-≥ {]-hm-kn- k¿-°m-cn-s‚- {]-[m-\-a- ∂v- D-Øc - m-J¨ - U- n¬- ho-≠pw- ap-Jy-a{- ¥n- *- -sF-Iy-cm-jv-{S-k-`-bp-sS- s]m-Xp-k-`-bp-sS-
®p-K¬- {¥n-bm-bn- ho-≠pw- Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-Xv-˛- bm-bX - v˛- - l-co-jv- dm-hØ - v- (tIm-¨{- K-kv)- - \n-b-a-Im-cy- k-an-Xn-bp-sS- A-[y-£-\m-bn-
*- -Cu-bn-sS- C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv- kn-K-c-‰v- \n-tcm- tem-_v-km-Mv- km-t¶- *- -thƒ-Uv- _m-¶n-s‚- 2016˛-se- tem-Pn-Ãn-Iv- \n-b-an-X-\m-b- C-{k-tb¬- Aw-_m-k-U¿-
[n-®- Z-£n-tW-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛- tI-cf - w- *- t- I-cf - Ø
- n-s‚- ]p-Xn-b- A-Uz-t°-‰v- P-\d - ¬- s]¿-t^m-a≥ - kv- C-≥U-Ik v- n¬- C-¥y-bp-sS- ˛- Um-\n- Um-t\m-¨-
*- -tem-I-Øn-se- G-‰-hpw- th-Kw- Iq-Sn-b- Iw- ˛- kp-[m-I-c- {]-km-Zv- dm-¶v-˛-35 *- -Cu-bn-sS- hn-c-an-®- A¿-P-≥do-\n-b-≥ ^p-
]yp-´¿-˛- ssN-\-bn-se- k-¨-th- Xm-bv-lp- *- -sF-F-≥F-kv- I¿-W- I-Ωn-j-≥ sN-bv-X- *- -a-{Zm-kv,- t_mw-s_- ssl-t°m-S-Xn-I-fp-sS- Sv-t_mƒ- C-Xn-lm-kw-˛- e-b-W¬- sa- n-
sse-‰v- Xv- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv-˛- `o-ap-\n-]-´-Ww- (hn-im- ]p-Xn-b- t]-cp-Iƒ-˛- sN-ss∂- ssl-t°m-S- *- -C-¥y-≥ {In-°-‰v- So-an-s‚- tIm-®m-bn- \n-b-
*- -F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- kv-am¿-´v- kn- Xn-,- apw-ss_- ssl-t°m-S-X-n- an-X-\m-b-Xv-˛- A-\n¬- Ipw-sª-
‰n- ]-≤-Xn- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv-˛- ]q-s\- *- k - m¿-°n-s‚- 2016˛-17 h¿-js - Ø- kmw-kvI - m- *- -2016˛-se- a-Kv-k-sk- A-hm¿-Un-\¿-l-cm-b-
*- -bp-s\-kv-tIm-bp-sS- tem-I-ss]-Xr-I-∏-´n-I- cn-I- X-e-ÿm-\-am-bn- Xn-c-s™-Sp-Ø- _w- C-¥y-°m¿-˛- s_-kv-hm-U- hn¬-k-¨,- Sn-
bn¬- ÿm-\w-]n-Sn-®- \-f-µ- a-lm-hn-lm-cw- •m-tZ-in-se- \-K-cw-˛-a-l-kv-X-≥K-Uv- Fw- Ir-jv-W-
G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-Øm-Wv-˛- _o-lm¿- *- a
- n-ssk¬- sS-Ivt- \m-fP - n- I-¨t- {Smƒ- sd-jn- *- G - X - v- kw-ÿm-\Ø - m-Wv- ln-ab - Ø - v- ]-≤X - n-
*- I - p-t^m-kn-s‚- ]p-Xn-b- ssh-kv- Nm-≥k-e¿- an¬- Aw-Ka - m-b- F-{X-as - Ø- cm-Py-am-Wv- C- \-S∏ - m-°m-≥ t]m-Ip-∂X - v˛- - P-Ωp- I-iva - o¿-
˛- tUm.-F.-cm-a-N-{µ-≥ ¥y-˛- 35 *- L- S- w-]q¿- sX¿-a¬- ]-h¿- t{]m-PI - vS- v- ÿm-
*- -2016˛-se- hnw-_nƒ-U¨ - - h-\n-Xm- knw-Knƒ- *- 2- 016˛-se- bp-th-^- ^p-Stv- _mƒ- Nm-ºy-≥am¿- ]n-°m-\p-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv- G-Xv- kw-ÿm-\-
kv- tP-Xm-hv˛- s - k-do-\- hn-eyw-kv- (P¿-a\ - n-bp- ˛- t]m¿-®p-K¬- Øm-Wv-˛- D-Ø¿- {]-tZ-iv-
sS- A-RvP - e - n-Iv- sI¿-_s - d- tXm¬-]n-®p-)- *- ^- m-‰v- Sm-Ivk - v- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- B-Zy- C-¥y- *- -tem-I- sl-∏-ss‰-‰n-kv- Zn-\w-˛- Pq-sse- 28
*- -2016˛-se- hnw-_nƒ-U-¨- ]p-cp-j- knw-Knƒ- ≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛-_o-lm¿- (2016 P-\p-h-cn-)- *- -2016˛-se- kw-Ko-X- I-em-\n-[n- ]p-c-kv-Im-
kv- tP-Xm-hv-˛- B-≥Un- a-sd- (I-\-U-bp-sS- *- -^m-‰v- Sm-Iv-kv- G¿-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- c-≠m-a-sØ- c-Øn-\¿-l-bm-b- h-b-en-\n-Ãv-˛- I-\ym-Ip-
an-tem-kv- dm-thm-Wn-®n-s\-bm-Wv- Cu- {_n- C-¥y-≥ kw-ÿm-\w-˛-tI-c-fw- am-cn-
´n-jv- Xm-cw- tXm¬-]n-®-Xv-)- *- b - p-Wn-Iv- sF-U‚ - n-^n-t°-j≥ - A-tXm-cn-‰n- *- -tem-Im-tcm-Ky- kw-L-S-\- ao-kn¬-kv- hn-ap-
*- -Pq-¨- H-∂p-ap-X¬- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂- Ir-jn- I- J-]´- W - w-)- Hm-^v- C-¥y-bp-sS- kn-C-H- B-bn- \n-b-an-X- ‡-am-bn- 2016˛¬- {]-Jym-]n-®- sX-t°- A-
eym-¨- sk-kv- F-{X- i-X-am-\-am-Wv-˛- 0.-5%- *- -l-em-e- C-S-]m-Sp-I-fpw- `o-I-c¿-°p-≈- [-\- \m-b-Xv-˛- A-P-bv- `q-j-¨- ]m-¨-sU- ta-cn-°-≥ cm-Pyw-˛- {_-ko¬-
*- t- I-cf - Ø - n¬- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- \m-jW - ¬- {Ko- k-lm-bh - pw- \n-b{- ¥n-°p-∂X- S- °
- a- p-≈- G- *- -tI-c-f-Øn-em-Zy-am-bn- G-Xv- k¿-°m¿- B- *- -{_-Iv-kn-‰v- ln-X- ]-cn-tim-[-\-bn¬- F-{X-
≥ ss{S-_yp-W-en-s‚- k¿-Iyq-´v- _-©v- \n- gv- I-cm-dp-I-fn¬- C-¥y- G-Xv- Kƒ-^v- cm-Py- ip-]{- Xn-bn-em-Wv- I-cƒ-am-‰n-hb - v°
- ¬- i-kv- t]-cm-Wv- {_n-´-¨- bq-tdm-]y-≥ bq-Wn-b-
e-hn¬-h-∂-Xv-˛- sIm-®n- hp-am-bn-´m-Wv- Cu-bn-sS- I-cm-dn¬- G¿-s∏- {X-{In-b- hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn- \-S-Øn-b-Xv-˛- Xn- \n¬-\n-∂v- ]p-d-Øp-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-s\- A-\p-
*- -I-fn-b-—-≥ ]p-c-kv-Im-c-Øn-\v- (25000 cq-]-)- ´-Xv˛- J
- Ø
- ¿- cp-h\ - ¥- ] - p-cw- Iq-en-®-Xv- ˛-52
A¿-l\ - m-bX - v˛- F - w.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h≥ - \m-b¿- *- -2016 Pq-sse-bn¬- sIm-¶-¨- sd-bn¬-th- *- -A-k-an-s‚- ]p-Xn-b- ap-Jy-a-{¥n-˛- k¿-_m- *- -ku-tcm¿-Pw- D-]-tbm-Kn-®v- `q-an-sb- h-ew-h-
*- -Cu-bn-sS- A-¥-cn-®- A-∫m-kv- In-tcm-kv-X- tIm¿-∏-td-j-s‚- kn-Fw-Un- B-bn- \n-b-an- \-µ- sk-t\m-hmƒ- ®- B-Zy-sØ- F-b¿-{Im-^‰ v- ˛v- - tkm-fm¿- Cw-
an- G-Xv- cm-Py-sØ- N-e-®n-{X-Im-c-\m-Wv-˛- X-\m-b-Xv-˛-k-Rv-P-bv- Kp-]v-X- *- C - ¥ - y- G-X-v cm-Py-hp-am-bn-´m-W-v 2016 G-{]n¬- ]¬-kv˛- 2-
C-dm-≥ *- 2- 016˛-se- tem-I- P-\k - w-Jy-Zn-\Ø - n-s‚- {]- H-∂n-\v- \n-e-hn¬-h-cp-∂- tkm-jy¬- sk- *- -F-¥n-s‚- Np-cp-°-cq-]-am-Wv- {_-Iv-kn-‰v-?-
*- -\m-j-W¬- C-≥sh-Ãv-sa-‚ v- B-≥Uv- C- ta-bw˛ “Investing in teenage girls” Iyp-cn-‰n- F-{Kn-sa-‚ v- H-∏n-´-Xv-˛-P-∏m-≥ {_n-´-¨- F-Iv-kn-‰v-
≥{^m-kv{- S-IvN - ¿- ^-≠n-s‚- {]-Ya - - kn-CH - - * t\∏m-fnse BZy h\nXm No^v PÃn-kv˛ *- -Cu-bn-sS- A-¥-cn-®- sI.-Pn.-kp-{_-a-Wy-≥ *- C - ¥ - y-bn-se- B-Zy-sØ- {Ko-≥ sd-bn¬- tIm-
B-bn- \n-ba - n-X\ - m-bX - v˛- - kp-tPm-bv- t_m-kv- kpioe I¿°n G-Xv- ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv- {]-i-kv-Xn- t\-Sn-b-Xv- dn-tUm¿- F-hn-sS-bm-Wv- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w- sN-
*- -\m-fn-tI-c- hn-I-k-\- t_m¿-Un-s‚- ]p-Xn-b- * e≠≥ tab-dmb BZy ap…nw˛ kmZnJv ˛- Nn-{X-I-e- bv-X-Xv-˛- X-an-gv-\m-Sv-
sN-b¿-am-≥˛- B-\-µv-Ip-am¿- kn-Mv- Jm≥ *- -kw-ÿm-\- B-kq-{X-W- t_m¿-Uv- D-]m-[y- *- C - ¥ - y-°v- sh-fn-bn¬- U-_nƒ- sk-©z-dn- kv-
*- -1952˛¬- an-ÿ- bq-Wn-th-gv-kv- B-b- C-¥y- * kap{Z tkh- \ - Ø n¬ [ocX Im´p- ∂ - £-\m-bn- \n-b-an-°m-≥ Xo-cp-am-\-am-b-Xv-˛- tIm¿- sN-bvX - - B-Zy- C-¥y-≥ {In-°‰ - v- Iym-
°m-c-≥ Cu-bn-sS- A-¥-cn-®p.- t]m-°-‰v- h¿°v A¥m-cmjv{S kap{Z kwL-S\ hn.-sI.-cm-aN - {- µ-≥ ]v-‰-≥˛-hn-cm-S-v tImlven

Views and ideas expressed in the articles published in PSC Bulletin are not, necessarily, those of the Commission. Edited and Published by Saju George, Secretary
Kerala Public Service Commission on behalf of Kerala Public Service Commission and Printed by him at P. Krishna Pillai Memorial Printing & Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, Thiruvananthapuram.