Republic of the Philippines

Naval State University

GRADUATE SCHOOL
Naval, Biliran

Ed.M. 502 Legal Aspects in School Administration & Supervision

Joseph M. Bermillo Dr. Francisco M. Ebio, Jr.

Med Student Professor

CASE DIGEST

Ebralinag, et al vs. Div. Supt. of Schools of Cebu

G.R. No. 95770, March 1, 1993

Facts:

            In 1989, DECS Regional Office in Cebu received complaints about teachers and pupils
belonging to the Jehovah’s Witness, and enrolled in various public and private schools, which
refused to sing the Phil. National Anthem, salute the flag and recite the patriotic pledge.
            Division Superintendent of schools, Susana B. Cabahug of the Cebu Division of DECS
and her Assistant issued Division Memorandum No. 108, dated Nov. 17, 1989, directing District
Supervisors, High School Principals and Heads of Private Educational institutions to remove
from service, after due process, teachers and school employees, and to deprive the students and
pupils from the benefit of public education, if they do not participate in daily flag ceremony and
doesn’t obey flag salute rule.
            Members of the Jehovah’s Witness sect find such memorandum to be contrary to their
religious belief and choose not to obey. Despite a number of appropriate persuasions made by the
Cebu officials to let them obey the directives, still they opted to follow their conviction to their
belief. As a result, an order was issued by the district supervisor of Daan Bantayan District of
Cebu, dated July 24, 1990, ordering the ‘dropping from the list’ in the school register of all
Jehovah’s Witness teachers and pupils from Grade 1 to Grade 6 who opted to follow their belief
which is against the Flag Salute Law, however, given a chance to be re-accepted if they change
their mind.
            Some Jehovah’s Witness members appealed to the Secretary of Education but the latter
did not answer to their letter.
            On Oct. 31, 1990, students and their parents filed special civil actions for Mandamus,
Certiorari and prohibition, alleging that the respondents acted without or in excess of their
jurisdiction and with grave abuse of discretion in ordering their expulsion without prior notice
and hearing, hence, in violation of their right to due process, their right to free public education
and their right to freedom of speech, religion and worship. Petitioners prayed for the voiding of
the order of expulsion or ‘dropping from the rolls’ issued by the District Supervisor; prohibiting

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and enjoining respondent from barring them from classes; and compelling the respondent and all
persons acting for him to admit and order their(Petitioners) re-admission I their respective
schools.
            On November 27, 1990, Court issued a TRO and writ of preliminary mandatory
injunction, commanding the respondents to immediately re-admit the petitioners to their
respective classes until further orders.
            On May 31, the Solicitor General filed a consolidated comment to the petitions defending
the expulsion orders issued by the respondents.
            Petitioners stressed that while they do not take part in the compulsory flag ceremony,
they do not engage in ‘external acts’ or behavior that would offend their countrymen who believe
in expressing their love of country through observance of the flag ceremony. They quietly stand
at attention during the flag ceremony to show their respect for the right of those who choose to
participate in the solemn proceedings. Since they do not engage in disruptive behavior, there is
no warrant for their expulsion.
Issue:
            Whether or not the expulsion of the members of Jehovah’s Witness from the schools
violates right receive free education.

Issues:

            The expulsion of the members of Jehovah’s Witness from the schools where they are
enrolled will violate their right as Philippine citizens, under the 1987 Constitution, to receive free
education, for it is the duty of the state to ‘protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality
education, and to make such education accessible to all (Sec. I, Art XIV). Nevertheless, their
right not to participate in the Flag Ceremony does not give them a right to disrupt such patriotic
exercises. If they quietly stand at attention during flag ceremony while their classmates and
teachers salute the flag, sing the national anthem and recite the patriotic pledge, we do not see
how such conduct may possibly disturb the peace, or pose ‘a grave and present danger of a
serious evil to public safety, public morals, public health or any legitimate public interest that the
state has a right and duty to prevent.
            It is appropriate to recall the Japanese occupation of our country in 1942-1944 when
every Filipino, regardless of religious persuasion, in fear of the invader, saluted the Japanese flag
and bowed before every Japanese soldier, perhaps if petitioners had lived through that dark
period of our history, they would not quibble now about saluting the Phil. Flag.
      
    
Ruling:

  The petitions for certiorari and prohibition are granted and expulsion orders are hereby
annulled and set aside.

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