Fig.

26-1: Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Mouth
Pyloric sphincter (?)
Pharynx

Upper esophageal sphincter Small intestine

(duodenum, jejunum, ileum)

Esophagus
Iliocecal valve
Lower esophageal
sphincter
Large intestine
(cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal)

Cardiac orifice
Anal sphincter
Stomach
(fundus, body, antrum, pylorus)
 Fig. 26-2: Mesenteries and the Peritoneum

Aorta
Hepatic
portal vein
Mesenteric
artery Vein

Body
wall Arterioles
and
Parietal venules
peritoneum

Visceral peritoneum
 Fig. 26-3: Hormones of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Mouth
Pyloric sphincter (?)
Pharynx Secretin
Cholecystokinin
Gastric inhibitory
Upper esophageal sphincter Small intestine peptide
Motilin
Vasoactive
Esophagus intestinal peptide
Gastrin-releasing
peptide
Lower esophageal Enkephalins
sphincter
Iliocecal valve

Cardiac orifice
Large intestine
Gastrin (cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal)
Somatostatin
Stomach Histamine
Anal sphincter
 Fig. 26-4: Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption
Ingested
Amylase breaks
carbohydrates into
Salivary amylase disaccharides

Passes through stomach Brush border enzymes split

disaccharides into
Chyme enters duodenum monosaccharides

Secretin and
cholecystokinin
Monosaccharides absorbed
secreted by duodenum
into blood

Pancreas releases
pancreatic amylase into
duodenum
 Fig. 26-5: Protein Digestion and Absorption
Bolus enters stomach Secretin and
cholecystokinin secreted
Gastrin secreted
Stomach secretes the following: Pancreas secretes the following:
HCl, pepsinogen Elastase, Trypsinogen Bicarbonate
Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase

Acid converts Bicarbonate

pepsinogen to pepsin Brush border enzymes turn inactivates
trypsinogen into trypsin pepsin
Some proteins broken
into polypeptides
Proteins broken into
polypeptides (two places)
Chyme enters duodenum
Brush border enzymes
Gastrin-inhibiting break polypeptides into peptides
peptide stops gastrin
and other stomach secretions Peptides absorbed into blood
 Fig. 26-6: Fat Digestion and Absorption
Chyme enters duodenum Glycerol and fatty acids
re-formed into triglycerides
Secretin and cholecystokinin inside intestinal cells
secreted
Re-formed triglycerides
Pancreas secretes Gallbladder
coated with protein, released
lipase releases bile
into blood as chylomicrons
Bile emulsifies
fats
Chylomicrons taken up
Triglycerides broken into by liver cells
glycerol and fatty acids
Liver cells repackage
Glycerol and fatty acids triglycerides into lipoproteins
absorbed into intestinal cells
Lipoproteins released
into blood