Introduction to

Computer Networks

Chapter 1

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Chapter Objectives

 Explain the need of networks

 Explain history of computer networks (ARPANET)
 Explain the types of computer networks
 Explain Client/Server configuration
 Explain layers of OSI model
 Explain network selection criteria
 Application
 Explain Standards Organizations

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Computer Network
 Interconnection of two or more computers and
peripherals
 Allows user to share and transfer information

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Need of Computer Networks

 Sharing Resources
 Reduced Cost
 Reduced time
 Scalability
 Reliability
 Security

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History of Computer Networks
(ARPANET)
 ARPA designed for Department of Defense
(DOD), US
 Small computers were connected to large
mainframe computers
 IMPs were connected to each other through
modem
 Supported different operating systems
 Telenet and ftp services was provided by
ARPANET

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Types of Computer Networks
 Networks are classified depending on the
geographical area covered by the network

Computer
Networks

Local Campus Metropolitan Wide

Area Network Area Network Area Network Area Network
(LAN) (CAN) (MAN) (WAN)

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Local Area Network (LAN) - I
 Covers a small area
 Connects computers and workstations covering a
local area like, office or home

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Local Area Network (LAN) - II
 Advantages of LAN:
 Improves productivity due to faster work

 Provides easy maintenance

 New systems can be installed and configured

easily
 Disadvantages of LAN:
 Limited number of systems can only be connected

 Cannot cover large area

 Network performance degrades as number of

users exceeds

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Campus Area Network (CAN)
 Made up of multiple LANs within limited area
 Connects different LANs in a campus

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Metropolitan Area Network
 Interconnects networks within a city
 Supports data and voice transmission

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Wide Area Network
 Covers a wide geographical area which includes
multiple computers or LANs e.g. Internet

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Case Study - I

MoneyMaker is a bank having its registered office at

Delhi. It has branches at Mumbai, Chennai,
Hyderabad and Bangalore. The operating departments
in the bank are Finance, Insurance, Loan, IT,
Marketing, Customer Service and HR. MoneyMaker
bank uses LAN as their computer network for each
department. All the branches of the bank from different
cities are connected through WAN. The bank is
expanding and decided to open its branches at
different locations in the city.

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Problem

Determine which type of network to be used within a

city

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Suggested Solution

Use LAN computer network for each department in the

new branch. MAN can be used for connecting the
different branches of the bank within the city

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Client/Server Configuration
 Consists of two elements, Client and Server
 Server:
 A centralized element which provides resources

to client
 Manages data, printers or network traffic

 Client:
 Manages local resources used by users such as

monitor, keyboard, CPU and peripherals

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OSI Model

 Run it through CBT

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Network Selection Criteria
 Helps to improve network functionality

Network
Criteria

Performance Reliability Security

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Network Applications

 Financial Institution (Banking Sector)

 Communication Services (Telecom Industry)
 Internet Service (WWW, ISP)

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Standards Organizations
 Also known as Standards Development
Organization (SDO)
 Develop, maintain, improve and revise standards
 Classified as:
 International organozations – International

Organization for Standardization (ISO)

 National organozations – American National

Standards Institute (ANSI)

 Regional organozations – Euro-Asian Council for

Standardization (EASC)

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Summary - I

 Computer network enables the user to share data

and network resources
 Network allows remote users to communicate with
each other
 Computer networks are divided into LAN, CAN,
MAN and WAN depending on the coverage area
 LAN is a small network and easy to create
 Client/Server configuration also called as two-tier
architecture, consist of two nodes, client and server

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Summary – II

 OSI model consists of seven layers and provides

standards for computer communication
 Physical layer is responsible for actual transmission
of bits over the medium
 Data Link layer is responsible for node to node
delivery of frames
 Network layer is responsible for end to end delivery
of packets, and routing

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Summary - III

 Transport layer is responsible for end to end

delivery of the entire message
 Session layer is responsible for establishing,
managing and terminating sessions
 Presentation layer is responsible for translation,
encryption and data compression
 Application layer is responsible for providing access
to the network

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Summary - IV

 Performance, reliability and security are the network

selection criterion which enables to choose efficient
network
 Standards organizations like ISO and ANSI develop
technical and non- technical standards
 International standards organizations are
International Standard Organization (ISO),
International Telecommunication Union (ITU),
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE) and World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

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