TCP/IP AND OSI

A Simple Protocol Architecture

 Protocol
– A protocol is a set of established rules that allows two or
more entities (application programs) in different systems to
communicate. Protocol defines the same language that is
spoken by the entities under communication.

 The key elements of a protocol are:

• Syntax: Defines the things like data format and signal level.
• Semantics: Defines control information for coordination and
error handling.
• Timing: Defines speed matching and sequencing.
 Protocol Architecture
The software structure that implements the communications
function. Typically, the protocol architecture consists of a layered set
of protocols, with one or more protocols at each layer.

 Needs for Protocol Architecture

1. The source system must either activate the direct data
communication path or inform the communication network of
the identity of the desired destination system.
2. The source system must ascertain that the destination system is
prepared to receive data.
3. The file transfer application on the source system must ascertain
that the file management program on the destination system is
prepared to accept and store the file for this particular user.
4. If the file formats used on the two systems are different, one or
the other system must perform a format translation function.

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 A Three-Layer Model
Data communication involves three components: Networks,
Computers and Applications. And corresponding layers to them
are: Network Access Layer, Transport Layer, and Application
Layer.

 Network Access Layer

1. Concerned with exchange of data between computer and
network.
2. Considers addressing, prioritizing, switching, routing, etc.
3. Different network requires different software at this layer.

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 Transport Layer
1. Concerned with the reliable transfer of the data between
applications irrespective of the nature of the application.
2. Considers flow control, error checking, etc.

 Application Layer
1. Provides the logic that are needed to support various user
applications. Different modules are needed for different
applications, for example, e-mail, file transfer, remote access,
etc.

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 Standardized Protocol Architectures
– Vendors like standards because they make their products
more marketable.
– Customers like standards because they enable products from
different vendors to interoperate.

 Well known standards are:

• TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol) protocol suite: Most widely used interoperable
architecture.
• OSI (Open Systems Interconnection): Well known, less
used, reference Model.
• SNA (System Network Architecture): IBM’s widely
used proprietary scheme.

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TCP/IP

TCP/IP is a set of data transfer protocols used by modern data

networks
Data network: a group of computers and other devices that
communicate over a shared medium

The protocols that make up TCP/IP define:

– How data is transmitted across a network
– How data should be formatted so other networked
systems can understand it

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It can be identified in five layers:

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1.Application layer

The application layer provides applications with standardized

data exchange. Its protocols include the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Post Office
Protocol 3 (POP3), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
and Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP).

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2. Transport (Host to Host) Layer

The transport layer is responsible for maintaining end-to-end

communications across the network. TCP handles communications
between hosts and provides flow control, multiplexing and reliability.
The transport protocols include TCP and User Datagram Protocol
(UDP), which is sometimes used instead of TCP for special purposes.

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3.Internet layer

The network layer, also called the internet layer, deals with packets and
connects independent networks to transport the packets across network
boundaries. The network layer protocols are the IP and the Internet
Control Message Protocol (ICMP), which is used for error reporting.

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4. Host to Host or Transport Layer:

Concerned with exchange of data between end system and the network to
which it is attached.
Software at this layer depends upon the network used, for example, frame
Relay, Ethernet, and others. This separation made network access layer
suitable for modularized implementation so that upper layer can be
independent of network used.
It ensures that the packets goes to the right physical machine.

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5.Physical layer:
The physical layer consists of protocols that operate only on a link -- the
network component that interconnects nodes or hosts in the network. The
protocols in this layer include Ethernet for local area networks (LANs) and
the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).

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IPv4

IPv4 was the first version of IP. It was deployed for production in
the ARPANET in 1983. Today it is most widely used IP version.
It is used to identify devices on a network using an addressing
system.

The IPv4 uses a 32-bit address scheme allowing to store 2^32

addresses which is more than 4 billion addresses. Till date, it is
considered the primary Internet Protocol and carries 94% of
Internet traffic.

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 IPv6
It is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol. Internet
Engineer Taskforce initiated it in early 1994. The design and
development of that suite is now called IPv6.

This new IP address version is being deployed to fulfill the need

for more Internet addresses. It was aimed to resolve issues
which are associated with IPv4. With 128-bit address space, it
allows 340 undecillion unique address space. IPv6 also called
IPng (Internet Protocol next generation).

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Internetworking

Simply defined as interconnection between public, private,

commercial, industrial, or governmental computers network.

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Types of internetworking

■ Extranet
■ Intranet
■ Internet

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Extranet

■ An extranet is a network of internetwork that is limited in a

scope to a single organization.
■ Can be categorized as MAN, WAN.

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Intranet

An intranet is a set of interconnected networks using the internet

protocol and uses IP-based tools such as web browsers and ftp tools
that is under the same administration entity.

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Internet

A global computer network providing a variety of information and

communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks
using standardized communication protocols.

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Internetworking devices

■ Bridges
An IS used to connect two LANs that use similar LAN protocols.
Can divide large networks into smaller segments.

■ Router
A router is a device that analyzes the contents of data packets
transmitted within a network or to another network.

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Router’s function

■ Provide a link between networks.

■ Provide routing and delivery of data between processes
on systems from different networks.
■ Provide the above functions without requiring
modification of the attached networks

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The OSI Protocol Architecture

■ A family of standards for information exchange.

■ Designed by ISO in 1977 A.D
■ Consists of seven layers : each layer has its own protocol and
functions
■ Works on a hierarchal form
Advantages

■ Helps users understand the big picture of networking

■ Helps users understand how hardware and software elements
function together
■ Makes troubleshooting easier by separating networks into
manageable pieces
■ Defines terms that networking professionals can use to compare
basic functional relationships on different networks
■ Helps users understand new technologies as they are developed
■ Aids in interpreting vendor explanations of product functionality
The Seven Layers of OSI
Protocol
The Seven Layers of OSI
Protocol
1st Layer : Application

■ Used by Network Application

■ provides an interface for the end user operating a device
connected to a network
■ This layer is what the user sees, in terms of loading an
application (such as Web browser or e-mail)
1st Layer : Application

■ Responsibilities:
– error handling and recovery,
– data flow over a network and full network flow.
– also used to develop network-based applications.
2nd Layer :Presentation Layer

■ responsible for how an application formats the data to be sent

out onto the network
■ translates data between the application layer and the network
format.
■ the presentation layer is responsible for integrating all formats
into a standard format for efficient and effective
communication. 
2nd Layer :Presentation Layer

■ Resposibilities
– Data encryption/decryption
– Character/string conversion
– Data compression
– Graphic handling
3rd Layer : Session Layer

■ controls the connections between multiple computers by

tracking the dialogs between computers.
■ This layer establishes, controls and ends the sessions between
local and remote applications
4th layer : Transport Layer

■ offers end-to-end communication between end devices through a

network.
■  It provides logical communication between application
processes running on different hosts within a layered
architecture of protocols and other network components.
■ Responsibilities :
– management of error correction,
– providing quality and reliability to the end user
5th layer : Network Layer

■ backbone of the OSI Model

■ provides data routing paths for network communication
■ Data is transferred in the form of packets via logical network
paths in an ordered format controlled by the network layer. 
■ the network layer responds to requests from the layer above it
(transport layer) and issues requests to the layer below it (data
link layer).
6th Layer : Data Link Layer

■ Used for encoding, decoding and logical organization of data

bits
■ the data link layer frame includes source and destination
addresses, data length, start signal or indicator and other related
Ethernet information to enhance communication
■ responsibility is to transfer data frames between nodes over a
network.
7th Layer : physical Layer

■ The physical layer deals with bit-level transmission between

different devices and supports electrical or mechanical interfaces
connecting to the physical medium for synchronized
communication. 
■ The physical layer is aimed at consolidating the hardware
requirements of a network to enable the successful transmission
of data.
■ Plays an important role in the effective sharing of available
communication resources, and helps avoid contention among
multiple users
 THANK YOU  

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