DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBJECT: IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (17EC752/15EC752)

MODULE: 2

1. Introduction:

Internet is a global network with a set of connectivity protocols for

 Connected devices gateway for sending the data frames of the devices or to the
devices.
 The devices perform the controlling and monitoring functions using the messages,
data stacks and commands sent through the Internet by the application.

2. Explain with a neat diagram the Internet Connectivity of a source-end network

layer connected to the destination through a set of IP routers.
OR
Briefly explain Internet connectivity principle for IoT?

 Fig.1 shows a source-end network-layer connected to the destination through a set

of IP routers.
 It also shows that a communication framework uses an IP address and
communicates with IoT/M2M IoT applications and services layer using TCP/IP
suite of application protocols to a destination IP address.
 Internet connectivity is through a set of routers in a global network of routers
which carry data packets as per IP protocol from a source end to another and vice
versa.
 A source sends data packets to a destination using IETF standardized formats.
 Fig. Source end network layer connected through a set of IP routers for data packets.

3. Briefly explain Internet-based communication.

 When data transmits from layer1 to layer2, following are the actions that occur. Each
layer’s processing of data as per the protocol used for communication by the layer.
 Each layer sends the data stack received from the previous upper layer.
 Layer2 will specify new parameters as per protocol and create fresh stack for the
subsequent lower layer.
 The process continues until data communicates over the complete network.
 When data is received at the next layer1 from a layer2.
 Each layer performs the processing as per the header field bits.
 Each layer receives the data stack from the previous lower layer.
 It specifies the header words and creates a new stack specified by the next higher layer.
 The process continues until the data is received at the port on the highest application
layer.
 Fig. TCP/IP Suite for generating data stack for the network

4. Internet Protocols:
Internet layer receives and forwards data to the next layer using IP version 4 (IPv4) or IP
version 6 (IPv6) protocol.

Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4):

 Internet layer protocol is abbreviated as IP and refers to the process when a packet transmits
data.
 IP packet segment consists of the data which the internet layer is receives on transfer from
the transport layer to the receivers end.
 PDU-Protocol Data Unit is the maximum data unit which can transmit or receive at the
layer when using IP packets.
 The IP packet consists of IP header fields 160 bits and extended header consist of (n-5)
words when required.
 Features of IPv4 are:
 IP header consist of five words.
 Header first three fields are-word fields.
 Fourth and fifth –Source IP address and Destination IP address.
 IP protocol transport is half duplex.
 One packet communicates in one direction at an instance.

 Features of IPv6 are:

 Provisions a larger addressing space.
 Permits hierarchical addresses allocation, and thus route aggregation across the Internet.
 Provisions additional optimization for the delivery of services using routers.
 Manages device mobility, security and configuration aspects.
 Expanded and simple use of multicast addressing.
 Provisions big size datagram.
 Extensibility of options.
 5. With a neat diagram briefly explain 6LoWPAN of Internet protocol.
 6LoWPAN is an adaption-layer protocol for the IEEE.802.15.4 network devices.
 The devices are the nodes having low speed and lower power.
 They are the WPAN nodes of a multiple devices.
 Low-power devices need to limit data size per instance.
 6LoWPAN-IPv6 Over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network. Data compression
reduces the data size.
 Fragmentation of data also reduces the data size per instance.
 Features of 6LoWPAN are:
 Header Compression.
 Fragmentation.
 Reassembly.
 Specifies the IETF recommended methods for reassembly and fragments.
 Supports mesh routing.
6. IP addressing in the IoT:
 An IP header consists of source and destination addresses, called IP addresses.
 The Internet generally uses IPv4 addresses.
 IoT/M2M use IPv6 addresses.
 IP version 4 addresses consists of 32 bits. However it can be considered as four
decimal numbers separated by dots.
 Ex. 198.136.56.2.
 IP addresses visible on the Internet. Number of servers such as web server, mail
server and FTP server are invisible and these are the same IP addresses globally.
 An IP address serves the purpose of uniquely identifying an individual network
interface of a host.
 The interface locates on the network using that addresses.
 The addresses enables the routing IP packets between the hosts.
 IP addresses are present in the fields of the packet for routing.
 The header indicates both source and destination of the packets.

 Static IP addresses: A static IP address is the one assigned by the Internet service
provider.
 The service provider may provide just an individual one address.
 When a company has a number of hosts, a service provider may provide a class c
network addresses consisting of 254 IP addresses.

 Dynamic IP addresses: Once a device connects to the Internet, it needs to be

allocated an individual IP address.
 When the device connects to a router, the router and device use the DHCP
(Dynamic Host Control Protocol) which assign IP address at an instance to the
device.
 Also use DNS (Domain Names System) is an application which provides an IP
address.

 IPv6 addresses: Devices for the IoT need large number of addresses. IPv6 uses
128 bits of address.
 IPv6 Addresses are classified into three classes.
 Unicast address.
 Any cast address.
 Multicast address.
7. Application layer protocols:
 Ports-A port uses a protocol for sending and receiving messages.
 HTTP and HTTPS Ports: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol its port number is 80.
 It sends application data stack at the output to the lower layer using the HTTP
protocol.
 HTTPS-HTTP over secure socket layer and its port number is 443. It sends url.
The port receives the data stack at the input at the receiver end.
 Features of HTTP:
 HTTP is the standard protocol for requesting a URL.
 HTTP is a stateless protocol, protocol assumes fresh request.
 It is a file transfer like protocol.
 HTTP is very light and thus speedy as compared to other protocols.
 HTTP is flexible.
 HTTP protocol is based on OOPS.
 FTP: FTP is a file transfer protocol. It is a stateful protocol.
 FTP Protocol typically uses port 21 as its main means of communication.
 It uses two port number values one for command and one for data transfer.
 Telnet is for remote connection to a computer.
 It is used to virtually access a computer and to provide a two-way communication.

8. Data collection and storage:

A few conventional methods for data collection and storage are as follows:
 Saving devices’ data at a local server for the device nodes.
 Communicating and saving the devices’ data in the files locally on removable
media, such as micro SD cards and computer hard disks.
 Communicating and saving the data and results of computations in a dedicated
data store or coordinating node locally.
 Communicating and saving data at a local node, which is a part of a distributed
DBMS.
 Communicating and saving at a remote node in the distributed DBMS.
 Communicating on the Internet and saving at a data store in a web or enterprise
server.
 Communicating on the Internet and saving at data center for an enterprise.
 9. With a neat diagram explain cloud computing paradigm for data collection, storage
and computing.
 Cloud computing paradigm is a great evolution in Information and Communications
Technology (ICT). The new paradigm uses XAAS at the Internet connected clouds for
collection, storage and computing.
 Cloud computing means a collection of services available over the Internet. Cloud delivers
the computational functionality.
 Cloud computing deploys infrastructure of a cloud-service provider. The infrastructure
deploys on a utility or grid computing or web-services environment that includes network,
system, and grid of computers or servers or data centres.
 Distributed computing refers to computing and usage of resources which are distributed at
multiple computing environments over the Internet.
 10. Cloud Platform Services
Cloud platform offers the following:
 Infrastructure for large data storage of devices, RFIDs, industrial plant machines,
automobiles and device networks.
 Computing capabilities, such as analytics, IDE (Integrated Development
Environment).
 Collaborative computing and data store sharing.

Cloud Platform Usages

Cloud platform usages are for connecting devices, data, APIs, applications and services,
persons, enterprises, businesses and XAAS.

Cloud Computing Features:

On demand self-service to users for the provision of storage, computing servers, software
delivery and server time.

● Resource pooling in multi-tenant model

● Broad network accessibility in virtualised environment to heterogeneous users, clients, systems
and devices
● Elasticity
● Massive scale availability
● Scalability
● Maintainability
● Homogeneity
● Virtualisation
● Interconnectivity platform with virtualised environment for enterprises and provisioning of in-
between Service Level Agreements (SLAs)
● Resilient computing
● Advanced security
● Low cost.
 11. Briefly explain cloud deployment models.

OR
CLOUD SERVICE MODELS
 Cloud deployment models are classified into four categories.
 Public Cloud: This model is provisioned by educational institutions, industries,
government institutions or businesses or enterprises and is open for public use.
 Private Cloud: This model is exclusive for use by institutions, industries, businesses
or enterprises and is meant for private use in the organization by the employees and
associated users only.
 Community Cloud: This model is exclusive for use by a community formed by
institutions, industries, businesses or enterprises, and for use within the community.
The community specifies security and compliance considerations.
 Hybrid Cloud: A set of two or more distinct clouds with distinct data stores and
applications that bind between them to deploy the proprietary or standard technology.

12. IoT Cloud-based Data Collection, Storage and Computing Services

Using Nimbits:
Nimbits enables IoT on an open source distributed cloud. Nimbits cloud PaaS deploys an instance
of Nimbits Server at the device nodes. Nimbits functions as an M2M system data store, data
collector and logger with access to historical data. Nimbits architecture is a cloud-based Google
App Engine. Nimbits server is a class hierarchy com.nimbits.server. system.ServerInfo of
java.lang.Object. Nimbits PaaS services offer the following features:
● Edge computing locally on embedded systems, built up of local applications.
● It supports multiple programming languages, including Arduino, new Arduino library, push
functions from Arduino cloud, JavaScript, HTML or the Nimbits.io Java library.
● Nimbits server functions as a backend platform. Nimbits data point can relay data between the
software systems, or hardware devices such as Arduino, using the cloud as a backend.
● An open source Java library called nimbits.io enables easy development of JAVA, web
and Android solutions (Nimbits data, alerts, messages on mobile).
● It provides a rule engine for connecting sensors, persons and software to the cloud and one
● It provides a data logging service and access, and stores the historical data points and data
objects.
● Storage in any format that can be serialised into a string, such as JSON or XML.
● It filters the noise and important changes sent to another larger central instance.
● It processes a specific type of data and can store it.
● Time- or geo-stamping of the data.
● Nimbits clients provide over Internet, data collection in real time, charts, chart and graphical
plots of collected data and data entry.
● Data visualisation for data of connected sensors to IoT devices.
● Supports the alerts subscription, generation and sending in real time over the Internet.
● It creates streams of data objects and stores them in a data point series.
● Data accessibility and monitoring from anywhere, and is used to shape the behavior of connected
devices and software.

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