Beyond The Elections by Nay Thwin

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Nay Thwin
Beyond
The Elections
1 Beyond The Elections

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Beyond The Elections 4

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5
More than Elections

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7 7 Beyond
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The Elections
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ed'gef;
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tmPm&Sif 10
ÄÄÄ
þpmpk\rl&if;rSm tar&duefp;D yGm;a&;wuúodkvfrS xif&mS ;aom
pD;yGm;a&;ygarmu© a*smhbDteft&pfaw; (George B.N. Ayittey) \ tqdk;
wumhxdyfacgifrsm; (The Worst of the Worst, Foreign Policy Magazine,
July/ August 2010) jzpfonf/ aqmif;yg;&Sifu urÇmay:u vlOD;a&
(2) bDvD,HeD;yg;udk zdESdyftkyfcsKyfxm;aom urÇmhtqkd;qHk; tmPm&Sif
(23) OD;udk pm&if;jyKpkxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ trSefrSm Freedom House \
rMumcifuxkwfjyefxm;aom tpD&ifcHpmt& urÇmhvlOD;a& pkpkaygif;\
(46) &mckdifEIef; (w0ufeD;yg;) onf tmPm&SifwdkYvufatmufwGif
usa&mufaeqJ jzpfonf/ þpmpkyg qkd;ayh (10) OD;rSm þpmtkyfESifh
wkduf½kdufoufqdkifaom tqkd;qHk;tmPm&Sifrsm;ESifh EdkifiHrsm;\ rdwf
qufjzpfonf/

a&G;;aumuf
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jyifopfu taumif;pm;aumhnuft&ufudk BudKufwwfol/

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twGuf toHk;csaeonf/
tmPm,lxm;onfhESpf (15) ESpf/
Beyond
BeyondThe
TheElections
Elections 22
22
a&G;;aumuf
aeoGiif f a&G
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ÄÄÄ
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aomaiGudk jynfywGif udk,fusKd;twGuf odrf;qnf;xm;onf/
23
23 Beyond
Beyond The
The Elections
Elections
3/ oef;a&T
(jrefrm? tm&S)
ÄÄÄ
tMuifempdwfuif;rJí h tmPmrufarmoljzpfonf/ twku d t

f cHrsm;
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MuKH&aomjynfolrsm;twGuf vlom;csif;pmemonfhtultnDrsm;udkyif
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wifydkYol? rmeaxmifvGe;f aom AdkvfcsKyfBuD;onf owåKwHqdyaf ygif;rsm;
pGmjzifh olUudk,o
f l &mxl;cefYxm;aomfvnf; rSefrSefuefuefa&G;aumufyGJ
wckudk owåd&Sd&Sd&ifqdkif&ef o&JabmaMumifvGef;olvnf; jzpfonf/
Beyond
Beyond The
The Elections
Elections 24
24
4/ tkdrm t,fbm&Sm;
(ql'ef? tmz&du)
ÄÄÄ
aoG;<uaom tmPm&Sifbm&Sm;onf twkduftcHtm;vHk;udk

acsrIef;ol? ql'efjynfol oef;aygif;rsm;pGmudkowfjzwfonfh &mZ
0wfrEI iS hf Edik if w
H um&mZ0wfrcI kH½;kH u tvdk&adS eoljzpfonf/ bm&Sm;
\ ppfaoG;<uwyfonf 'gzmwGif tpktvkduftjyKHvkdufowfjzwfrI
rsKd; qufrvkyfawmhonfhwkdi?f ql'efvlrnf;trsKd;om;rsm;udk uRef
tjzpf a&mif;pm;aewkef;jzpfonf/

Elections
5/ tmzmuD
(tD&x
D &D;,m;? tmz&du)
ÄÄÄ
awmfvSefa&;orm;b0rS tmPm&Sifjzpfvm tmzmuDonf

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cGifhudkvnf; ydwfyifxm;oljzpfonf/ a&G;aumufyGJ[lorQ vHk;0r&Sd
&/ tuefYtowfr&Sd ppfrrI xrf; rae&]rl}ESihf jynfoal wGxuf qkdrm;
vD;,m;ppfaoG;<ursm;udk axmufyHhay;oljzpfonf/
Beyond
Beyond The
The Elections
Elections 26
6/ cg&Drdk
(Opbufumpöwef? tm&Stv,fyidk ;f )
ÄÄÄ
qdkAD,ufacwfvufusef &ufpufaom vlrdkufqefqef tkyfcsKyo f l

jzpfonf/ cg&Drdkonf twdkuftcH[lorQudk ydwfyifxm;NyD;? EkdifiHa&;
tusOf;om; 6500 udk tusO;f csxm;oljzpfonf/ olYudk qefYusipf defac:
olreS forQudv k nf; tpövmr®pf tMurf;zuform;rsm;tjzpf wHqdyw f yfNyD;?
n§O;f yef;ESyd pf ufonf/ vlEpS af ,mufukd touf&iS w f ek ;f rSm a&aEG;ylxxJ nfh
NyD;jyKwcf o
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jyifbufwiG fvnf; 2005 ckEpS fu or®wBuD;\ppfwyfonf Nidrf;csrf;pGm
qE´jyolrsm;udk tpkvkduftjyKHvkduf rqifrjcif owfypfcJhzl;onf/

7/ rk[
d mruf trm'De*D suf
(tD&ef? tm&S)
ÄÄÄ
tD&ef\ tpövmr®pfawmfveS fa&;tawG;tac:udk opömazmuf

aom trm'Dem*swfonf EdkifiHwumOya'udktmcHjyD; EsL;uvD;,m;
ydik q
f idk fzdYk BudK;yrf;aeoljzpfonf/ oltmPm&,lxm;aom (5) ESpt
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atmif aemufqHk;&ufpufrIuawmh 2009 ckESpfu? ol½IH;edrfhoGm;onf
[k,HkMunf&aom tjiif;yGm;zG,f orwa&G;aumufyGJESihfywfoufí
qE´jyolrsm;udk ESdyfuGyfcJrh Ijzpfonf/
tmPm&,lxm;onfhESpf (5) ESpf/
Beyond
Beyond The
The Elections
Elections 28
28
8/ rmvdpf ZDe0D
(tDo,
D ;dk yD;,m;? tmz&du)
ÄÄÄ
vGefcJhaomESpfESpfq,fu olukd,fwkdifjzKwfcscJah om rmhpf0g'D

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f cHrsm;? t,ltq rwl
olrsm;udk acsreI ;f ol? a&G;aumufyu JG kv
d nf; vdrv f nfoljzpfonf/ Ekid if H
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(tar&duefjynfaxmifpk) ESihfvef'efwGif olYZeD;trnfESifh tdrfBuD;
&ckid u
f dyk ikd qf kid fxm;onf[k twdu k tf cHrsm;uqkod nf/ qk;d oGr;f aom
tmPm&Siftpd;k &jzpfaomfvnf; ESpfpOf EdkifiHjcm;tultnD tar&duef
a':vm (1) bDvD,H& &Sdaeonf/
29
a&G;;aumuf
a&G aumufyyGJt
GJtvG aeoGiif f
vGeef f aeoG
9/ [l*siaf wmif
(w½kw?f tm&S)
ÄÄÄ
tajctaeMunfNh yD; ajymif;vJwwfol orw[l*sifawmifonf

EkdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;udk tjyKH;wa0a0ESifh qufqHoavmuf
EkdifiHwGi;f rS Ekdiif Ha&;twku d ftcHrSeforQudk &uf&ufpufpufzEd Sdyfol
jzpfonf/ wdbufjynfolrsm;tay: zdESyd t f yk fcsKyfxm;aom ][l} onf
w½kwpf ;D yGm;wd;k wufrEI iS fh vdktyfaomobm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;twGuf
tmz&duwkdufwGif udkvdkeDopf&SmazGaeolvnf; jzpfonf/
Beyond The Elections

30
a&G;;aumuf
aeoGiif f a&G
aeoG aumufyyGJt
GJtvG
vGeef f
10/ oDt'dk ½dk dk tkzd se;f

(tDauGw&dk &D ,f*eD ?D tmz&du)
ÄÄÄ
tdzk sef;\rdom;pkonf tar&duefa':vm oef; 600 ydik q f dkif

xm;aomfvnf; jynfov l x
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&D&,f*DeDjynfolwOD;csif;\ *sD'yD Donf Oa&myEkdifirH sm;&Sd jynfol
wOD;csif;0ifaiGESifh nDrQEkdifonf/ odkYaomfvnf; b@maiGonf
wkdif;jynf\ vQKdU0Sufcsufjzpfaeonf/
31
31 Beyond The
Beyond The Elections
Elections
ukd;um; ...
1. KIM JONG IL of North Korea
2. ROBERT MUGABE of Zimbabwe
3. THAN SHWE of Burma
4. OMAR HASSAN AL-BASHIR of Sudan
5. ISAIAS AFWERKI of Eritrea
6. ISLAM KARIMOV of Uzbekistan
7. MAHMOUD AHMADINEJAD of Iran
8. MELES ZENAWI of Ethiopia
9. HU JINTAO of China
10. TEODORO OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO of Equatorial Guinea

rm&S,af vmESprf sm;

ÄÄÄ
jrefrmjynf vGwfvyfa&;tESpf (60) wGif zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'
(2) ck&SdcJhNyD; touf0ifcJhaomumvrSm (28) ESpf&Sdonf[k a,bk,s
qkdEdkifonf/ yxrzGJUpnf;yHk (1947-1962) ESifh 'kwd,zGJUpnf;yHk (1974-
1988) wdkYonf (14) ESpfpD cHcJhNyD;? ppfwyftmPmodrf;jcif;jzifh ysufjy,f
oGm;cJ&h onf/ zGJUpnf;yHktouf0ifcJhaom (28) ESpfrSvGJí usefaomESpf
rsm;udk ppftyk fcsKyfa&;ESprf sm;[k a,bk,s owfrSwfEdik fygonf/ wzef
tdrfapmihf tpdk;&acwf (1958-1960) udkvnf; rm&S,favmESpfrsm;wGif
xnfhaygif;&ayOD;rnf/ rqvacwf (1974-1988) wGif 1974 zGJU
pnf;yHkwnf&SdcJhaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfae0if;wjzpfvJ? OD;ae0if;u wygwD
tmPm&SifBuD;? ppftmPm&SifBuD;tjzpf ae0if; ppfrif;qufudk xlaxmif
cJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh xdkESpfrsm;onfvnf; rm&S,favmESpfrsm;yif jzpf
onf/ (1988-2010) e0w? etzacwfumvwavsmufvH;k onf ppf
tkyfcsKyfa&;umvjzpfonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh 1948 rS 2010 txd vGwf
vyfa&;oufwrf; (63) ESpfc&D;wGif ESpfaygif; (50) onf rm&S,favm
ESpfrsm; jzpfygonf/ 2008 zGJUpnf;yHkwGifvnf; ppftmPm&Sifpepf\
o½kyfouefrsm; txift&Sm;yg0ifae&m 2010 tvGefESpfrsm;udkvnf;
rm&S,favmESpfrsm;tjzpf aemiftcg ynm&Sifrsm;u owfrSwMf urnf[k
,lqygonf/

jrefrmjynfzpUJG nf;yHq
k ikd &f m &ufpJrG sm;
(1 9 4 7 -2 0 0 8)
ààà
à 1947 azazmf0g&D
jrefrmjynf\ yxrqHk;ESifh taumif;qH;k [kowfrw S af om zGUJ pnf;
yHktajccHOya'udk Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESifh wkid f;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;
a&;qGJonf/
à 1948? Zefe0g&D (4)
NAdwdoQvufatmufrS vGwfvyfaomEdkifiHjzpfvmNyD;aemuf 1947
zGJUpnf;yHk touf0ifvmonf/
à 1974 rwfv
'kwd,ajrmuf zGUJ pnf;yHkudk vlxkqEćH,yl GJjzifh twnfjyKonf/
1962 ckESpfwGif tmPmodrf;aom awmfvSefa&;aumifpDvufxJrS tmPm
udk jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD (rqv) vufodkY vTJay;onf/
à 1988 pufwifbm (18)
&Spfav;vHk;vlxktHk<urIudk NzKdcGif;NyD;aemuf EkdifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;
rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJU (e0w) onf tmPmt&yf&yfudk odrf;,lonf/
'kwd,ajrmuf zGJUpnf;yHkvnf; ysufjy,foGm;onf/
à 1990 arv (27)
a':atmifqef;pkMunfOD;aqmifaom trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJUcsKyf
onf a&G;aumufyGJwGif ygvDreftrwfae&m (485) ae&mteufrS (392)
ae&mudktEdkif&onf/ OD;cGefxeG f;OD;acgif;aqmifaom &Srf;trsKd;om;'Drdk
ua&pDtzGJUcsKyfu 'kwd,vkdufonf/
à 1990 Zlvkdif (27)
e0wu trdefYtrSwf (1^90) udk xkwjf yefonf/ a&G;aumufcH
udk,pf m;vS,frsm;u zGJUpnf;yHkudk a&;qGJ&rnf[k jyXmef;onf/ (rSwfcsuf??
tqdkygOya'onf rnfonfhtcgrS toufr0ifchJyg/)

à 1992 atmufwdkbm (2)

e0wu 13^92 trdefYudk xkwfjyefonf/ trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk
usif;yrnf[kqdkum nDvmcHO;D wnfcsuf (6) csufukd jyXmef;onf/ ¤if;
wdkYteuf OD;wnfcsuf (6) onf EdkifiHawmf\ tem*wfEdkifiHa&;OD;aqmif
rIwGif wyfrawmfuOD;aqmifa&;[k yg0ifonf/ (rSwcf suf/ / tqdkygOD;wnfcsuf
trSwf (6) onf tjiif;tyGm;&qHk;tcsufjzpfNyD; us,fus,jf yefYjyefYoabmrwlrIrsm;&Scd aJh omfvnf;
f Twcf Jyh g/)
ppftpdk;&u b,faomtcgrS rpGeYv
à 1993 Zefee0g&D (9)
trsKd;om;nDvmcH\ yxrqHk;tykdif; pwifonf/ ud, k pf m;vS,f
(702) OD;teuf vTwfawmfu, dk fpm;vS,f 90 (15 &mckdifEIef;) omyg0ifNyD;
useftrsm;pku ppftyk pf u
k olwYkdpw
d Bf uKduf ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk apvTwf
wufa&mufapcJhonf/ nDvmcHpNyD; (2) &uftMumwGif nDvmcH\ vkyf
xHk;vkyfenf;rsm;tay: rauseyfrIrsm; us,fjyefYvmojzifh acwåem;vdkuf
&onf/
à 1993 {NyD (7)
nDvmcHud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;teuf wkdif;&if;om;uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;
u A[dkOD;pD;pepfudk qefYusifuefYuGuof jzifh &yfqkdif;vdkuf&jyefonf/
à 1993 ZGef (7)
&efukefwdkif;rSL; Adv
k fcsKyfrsKd;nGefYu zGJUpnf;yHkwGif wyfrawmf\
EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmifrIudk xnfhoGif;&rnf[laom tzGihfrdefYcGef;jzifh nDvmcH
jyefponf/
à 1993 Mo*kwf (4)
nDvmcHudk,fpm;vS,f tJeft,fvf'DrS a'gufwmatmifcifqifh
onf nDvmcHudka0zefaompm jzefYa0ojzifh tzrf;cH&onf/
à 1993 pufwifbm (16)
wkid f;&if;om;rsm;u zuf'&,fpepfukdwifjyvmojzifh nDvmcH
wpcef;&yfonf/ tpd;k &\ w&m;0ifxkwfjyefcsufwGif tajccHrl (104)
csufudk csrSwfEdkifNyD[k qkdonf/

à 1993 atmufwb
kd m (15)
vIy&f mS ;wuf<uol (12) OD;onf nDvmcHuakd 0zefojzifh zrf;qD;cH&
onf/ trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk qufvufusif;yaeonf/
à 1995 Zlvikd f (10)
a':atmifqef;pkMunfudk aetdrftus,fcsKyfrS jyefvTwfay;onf/
à 1995 Ed0k ifbm (28)
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyfrS udk,pf m;vS,frsm;u nDvmcHvyk f
xH;k vkyfenf;rsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyf&ef tqdkjyKonf/ nDvmcHtwGif;
vGwfvyfpmG aqG;aEG;jiif;ckHcGifh awmif;qdk&m tmPmykdifrsm;u vufrcH
ojzifh tzGUJ csKyu
f ,
kd pf m;vS,f (86) OD;pvH;k nDvmcHuo
kd ydwaf rSmufonf/
à 1995 Ed0k ifbm (29)
tJeft,fv'f Dudk nDvmcHrSxkwfypfvdu
k fonf/
à 1995 'DZifbm (23)
&Srf;trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyfrS tqkdjyKcsufjzpfaom tcsKyft
jcmtmPmonf vlxx k rH q
S if;ouf&rnfqakd omtqku d kd tmPmykid rf sm;
u y,fcsonf/
à 1996 rwfv (31)
nDvmcHukd qkid f;iHx
h m;vku
d o
f nf/ 1994 rS 1996 nDvmcHtwGi;f
zGJUpnf;yHk\ ta&;BuD;aomtpdwftydkif; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk a&;qGJNyD;
pD;cJhonf[k ,HkMunf&onf/
à 1996 Zlvidk f (7)
nDvmcHuu kd muG,o f nfOh ya' (5 ^96) udk xkwjf yefonf/ nDvm
cHudk a0zefvQif? aESmifh,SufvQif axmif'Pf ESpf (20) uscH&rnf[laom
trdefYjzpfonf/
à 2003 arv (30)
a':atmifqef;pkMunf\ txufjrefrmjynfc&D;pOftwGif; 'DyJ
,if;vkyfMuHowfjzwfrIukd ppftpdk;&axmufcHaom MuHhzGHUrsm;u zefwD;
onf/ tEÅ&m,frvS Gwfajrmufaom a':atmifqef;pkMunfudk aetdrft

us,fcsKyfjzifh xdef;odrf;xm;vku
d fonf/
à 2003 Mo*kwf (30)
Adkvcf sKyfcifneT fYonf Edik fiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfjzpfvmNyD; ol\yxrqHk;
aom wkdif;jynfodkYrdefYcGef;wGif vrf;jyajryHk (7) csufudk rdwfqufay;
onf/ tqifh (1) rSm trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk jyefpa&;jzpfNyD;? aemufqHk;
tqihfrSm t&yfom;tpd;k &odYk tmPmtyfESif;a&;jzpfonf/
à 2004 ar (17)? Zlvikd f (9)
nDvmcHudk ukd,fpm;vS,f (1081) OD;jzifh jyefponf/ tJeft,fvf'D
uk,d fpm;vS,frsm; ryg0ifawmhyg/ 1990 a&G;aumufcu H dk,fpm;vS,f (13)
OD;om wufa&mufonf/
à 2004 atmufwkdbm (19)
Adv
k fcsKyfcifneG fYudk trdefYremcHrI? vmbfpm;rIjzifh zrf;qD;vdkuf
onf/ ol\aemufvdu k f waxmifausmfukdvnf; vmbfpm;rIjzifh pGcJ suf
wif zrf;qD;axmifcsonf/
à 2005 azazmf0g&D (17)? rwf (31)
nDvmcHudk ukd,fpm;vS,f (1075) jzifh jyefvnfusif;yonf/ xkd
tydkif;usif;yaepOftwGif; &Srf;trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJUcsKyfacgif;aqmif
OD;cGefxGef;OD;udk zrf;qD;vkdufojzifh ol\tzGJUrS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm;vHk;
nDvmcHudk ausmckdif;oGm;Muonf?
à 2005 'DZifbm (5 -29)
nDvmcHpwkw¬ydkif;udk usif;yonf/
à 2007 Zlvikd f (18)? pufwifbm (3)
aemufqk;H tydkif;udk usif;yonf/
à 2007 atmufwkdbm (18)
OD;atmifwdk;OD;aqmifaom rlMurf; tacsmowfa&;aumfrwDudk
zGJUpnf;onf/
à 2008 azazmf0g&D (9)
arvqEćH,lyGJESifh 2010 a&G;aumufyGJtpDtpOfudk w&m;0ifaMu

nmonf/
à 2008 azazmf0g&D (19)
zGJUpnf;yHktacsmowfa&;aumfrwDu tacsmNyD;aMumif; aMunm
onf/
à 2008 arv (5)
NrdKUe,faygif; (352) NrdKUe,fteuf (278) NrdKUe,fwGif qEćH,lyGJ
usif;yonf/ vlodef;csDaoqHk;NyD;? oef;csD tdk;tdrfrJhjzpfcJhaom em*pf'Pf
oifha'orsm;jzpfaom &efukefwkdif;? NrdKUe,f (40) ESihf {&m0wDwkdif; (7)
NrdKUe,fwGif arv (24) odkY &ufa&TUxm;onf/
à 2008 arv (15)
vlxkqEć, H lyGJwGif qE´rJay;cGif&h Sdol (22ç708ç434) OD;teuf
(22ç496ç660) OD;u vma&mufrJay;jyD;? (20ç786ç596) (92.4) &mckdif
EIef;u axmufcHaMumif; jynfvHk;uRwfqEćH,lyGJusif;ya&; aumfr&Sifu
aMunmonf/
à 2008 arv (24)
{&m0wDwkid ;f rSm NrdKUe,faygif; (47) NrdKUe,fwiG f qEć,
H yl JG quf
vufusif;yonf/
à 2008 arv (25)
aemufqufwGJ qEćH,lyJG&v'fudkaMunm&m qE´rJay;cGifh&Sdol
(4ç580ç393) teuf? qE´rJay;ol (4ç280ç015) &SdNyD;? (3ç977ç528)
(92.93) &mckdifEIef;uaxmufcHaMumif; aumfr&Sifu xyfrHaMunmonf/
à 2008 arv (26)
wEdik fiHvkH; rJay;ydkicf Gif&h So
d l (27ç288ç827) OD;teuf? (26ç 776ç
675) OD; (98.12) &mckid fEIef;u rJay;cJhNyD;? axmufcHol (24ç 764ç124)
(92.48) &mcdkiEf Ief;u zGJUpnf;yHuk dktwnfjyKay;&ef axmufco H nf[k aumf
r&Sifu aMunmonf/
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jzpf? ESpfjym;om;jzpfjzpf aumif;onf[k rsufpdrSdwfajymvmMuonf/
odkYaomf urÇmay:wGif ,if;t,ltqudk tmcHaeaomtjzpftysufrsm;
renf;ay/ *sKd;Zufpwmvif (Joseph Stalin) \ urÇmausmf pum;wcGef;
&Sdonf/

]a&G;aumufyrJG mS rJay;wJv
h al wGxuf? rJa&wGuw
f v
hJ al wGu tqH;k tjzwftc&m}
qkdaom pum;jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh a&G;aumufyGJ&Sd½HkESifhrNyD;/ a&G;aumufyGJonf vGwfvyf
NyD; w&m;rQwzdkYvdkonf[k ajymvmMuonf/ vGwfvyfNyD; w&m;rQwzdkY
&m tajccHtcsufwcsKdU&Sdonf/
(1) t&G,fa&mufolwkdif; rJay;ykdifcGifh? a&G;aumufyGJwGif
0if a&muf,SOfNydKifEdkifcGihf/
(2) vGwv f yfaom rD'D,mrsm;rS owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
&&SdcGifh/
(3) vGwfvyfpGm qE´xkwfazmfcGifh? pk½Hk;cGifh/
(4) vQKdU0SufrJay;pepfwGif rdrdoabmqE´twkdif; vGwfvyf
pGm rJxnfEh kdifjcif;/
(5) zdtm;ay; Ncdrf;ajcmuftusyfudkif? vSnfhzsm;cH&jcif;?
ravsmfMoZmoHk;jcif; tvsOf;r&Sd&/
(6) rJxnfhpOf? rJa&wGufpOf a&G;aumufyGJtmPmydkifrsm;\
ormorwfusrI/
(7) rJvdrf? rJckd;? rJ0,f? rJxyfjcif;wdkYrjzpfatmif Oya'jy
Xmef;xm;rI/
(8) bufrvku d faom a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&SiEf iS hf a&G;aumuf
yGJapmihfMunfha&;tzGJUrsm;xm;&Sdjcif;/
21 &mpk 'Drkdua&pDjzpfpOfwGif a&G;aumufyGJ&Sd½Hk? vGwfvyfw&m;rQ

w½HkESifh rNyD;ao;ay/ a&G;aumufyGJtNyD;wGif 'Drdkua&pDvu©Pmrsm;
ay:ayguf&efu ta&;BuD;vmonf/ a&G;aumufyGJxufyif ta&;BuD;yHk
ay:onf/
'Drkdua&pDpepf\ vu©Pmrsm;wGif ...
(1) vTwfawmfwdkY\ tm;aumif;rI
(2) w&m;olBuD;wdkY\ vGwfvyfrI

(3) t*wdvkdufpm;rIrSuif;aom tpdk;&

(4) vGwfvyfaom rD'D,m
(5) &JtzGJY\ ajzmifhrwfrI
(6) yk*¾vduu@ tm;aumif;jcif;
(7) vlenf;pktcGifhta&;udk av;pm;jcif;
(8) vlxktajcjyKtzGJYtpnf;rsm;wnf&SdrI
xdkYaMumifh aumif;rGefaomtpdk;& (Good Governance) ay:ayguf

a&;onf a&G;aumufyGJ\ &nfrSef;csufjzpfNyD; ,if;tpdk;&onf 'Drkdua&pD
xGe;f um;a&;twGuf wm0ef,&l onf/ tjyeftvSet f aejzihf a&G;aumuf
yGJrS tpdk;&aumif;w&yf ray:aygufvQif 'Drkdua&pDjzpfpOftwGuf a&G;
aumufyGJ\tESpfom&vnf; ysufavonf/ txl;ojzifh rsufarSmuf
acwfwGif tmPm&Sifrsm;u uruxvkyfay;aom a&G;aumufyGJrsm;
onf þtrsKd;tpm;jzpfonf/ atmufygtwkdif; ESpfrsKd;awGY&onf/
(1) e*do
k ufq;kd &Snf tmPm&Sipf epfuyJ Edik if w
H umtjrifwiG f w&m;0if
rI&&ef a&G;aumufyJv G kyfay;jcif;/
(Legitimizing Autocratic Regimes)
þenf;wGif a&G;aumufyGJyHkrSef&Sdaomfvnf; e*dktajctae
u rajymif;ay/ Legitimizing Status Quo [koHk;onf/ Oyrm-
ZifbmabG (tmz&duwkduf) wGif ygwDpHpk epf tESpf (20)
MumusifhokH;cJhaomfvnf; rk*d gbD\ ZANU ygwDom tjrJEkdif
onf/ tDauGwkd&D,m*DeDwGifvnf; (1996? 2002? 2009)
a&G;aumufyGJwdkYwGif 1979 ckESpfuwnf;u tmPm&
or®w oDtdk'dk½dktdkAsef;onf rJ (97) &mckdifEIef;0ef;usifjzifh
tjrJEdkifonf/
twdkuftcHu a&G;aumufyGJudk oydwfarSmufjcif;? tmPm
&Sifbufu twkduftcHuzdk dESdyfjcif;? a&G;aumufyGJwGif rJu

vdrfusjcif;? wkdif;jynf t&if;tjrpf? EdkifiHykdifrD'D,mudk

pdwfBudKufjc,fvS,jf cif;rsm;udk jyKvkyo
f nf/
(2) tmPmodrf;Ny;D wufvmaom tpdk;&u a&G;aumufyJv

G kyfjyNyD; olwdkY
tkycf sKyrf u
I kd w&m;0ifatmifvyk jf cif;/
(Legitimizing Illegal Transitions of Power)
Oyrm - 2008 ckESpf wESpfwnf;rSmyif ppfwyftmPmodrf;rI

rsm;jzpfcJhaom tmz&duwkdufrS rm½l;wDeD;,m;? *DeD? rm'g
*wfpum? Edkuf*sm;EdkifiHrsm;jzpfonf/ ajrmufydkif;tmz&du
&Sd rm½l;wDeD;,m;wGif tmPmodrf;NyD; wESpfrjynfhcif a&G;
aumufyGJvkyfNyD; tmPmodrf;acgif;aqmifu a&G;aumufyGJ
rSm tEdkif&cJhonf/
tmz&du taemuftv,fydkif;u *ufbGef;qdkaom EdkifiH
wGif (42) ESpfMum tmPm&,lcJhaom tmPm&Sifor®w
tdkrmbGef*d k;aoqHk;NyD;aemuf ol\om;u OD;aqmifNyD;
rJvdrfrIrsm;? tMurf;zufrIrsm;pGmjzihf a&G;aumufyGJvkyfcJh
onf/ ,if;odYktajctaersKd;wGif a&G;aumufy&JG adS omfvnf;
ra0;aomtem*wfwGif 'Drkdua&pDa&mifjcnfudkjrif&rnf
[k rarQmfvifhEkdifacs/
a&G;aumufyGJESihfywfoufí ]usnfqHawGae&mrSm rJjym;awGudk tpm;

xk;d onf (Taking the Ballot over the Bullet) } [k uAsmqefqef wifpm;onf/
a&G;aumufyGJudk Nidrf;csrf;pGm toGiful;ajymif;a&;oauFwtjzpf wifpm;
vdkjcif;jzpfonf/
odkYaomf EdkifiHwumtzGJYtpnf;rsm;uvnf; tmPm&SifwdkYu ur
uxvkyf aoma&G;aumufyGJudk 'Dru kd a&pDoufwHa&mifpOfqkdaom tjrif?
'Drkdua&pD tqifhqifhjzpfay:jcif; (Democratization) tjrifwdkYjzifh tjyKoabm
csOf;uyfjcif;? a&G;aumufyGJtwGuf aiGaMu;ESifh tjcm;t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk

axmufyhHjcif;rsKd;rvkyfay/ tu,fí tmPmodrf;rIjzpfonfh Edik fiHonf

a'owGif;EdkifirH sm;tzGJYwGif tzGJU0ifjzpfvQif tzGJY0iftjzpfuae qkdif;iHh
xm;jcif;? EkdifiHwumrS pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqkdYonfhenf;wdkYjzifh ta&;,lMu
onf/ tajymif;tvJxuf vlrkduftm;ay;jzpfrSmaocsmojzifh vufa&Smif
Mujcif;jzpfonf/
rwfv 24? 2010/
ukd;um; ...
Democracy and Election in Africa by Almami I. Cyllah (24 March 2010)
ÄÄÄ


y#dyu©tvGef a&G;aumufyGJ
ÄÄÄ
y#dyu©tvGef a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udpöonf ½IyfaxG;onf/ y#dyu©
ajz&Si;f a&;wGif a&G;aumufy\ JG toH;k usrIukd rSwfausmufwifMunfhaom
tcg tajzESpfrsKd;xGufvmonf/ Oyrmtaejzifh 2005 ckESpf? vkdufab;
&D;,m; (tmz&dutaemufykdif;) a&G;aumufyGJonf (46) ESpftwGif;
yxrqHk;usif;yaoma&G;aumufyGJjzpfNyD; vGwfvyfrQwjcif;ESifhtwl Nidrf;
csrf;a&;udk aqmifMuOf;cJo h nf/ odkYaomf 1992 ckEpS f? tef*dv k m (tmz&d
uawmifykid f;) a&G;aumufyGJonf jynfwGi;f ppf&yfpJ&ef &nf&, G fcJhaomf
vnf;a&G;aumufyGJaMumifhyif jynfwGif;ppfonf aemufxyf (10) ESpf
oufwrf;ydMk umcJhonf[kqkdonf/
2007 ckESpf? uifnm (tmz&duta&SUykdif;) a&G;aumufyGJwGif tm
Pm&or®wu rJvrd fojzifh or®wtjzpf usrf;opömusdefqkdonfh em&D
ydkif;twGif; t"du½kPf;jzpfNyD; vlaygif; (1ç500) aoqHk;? (3) odef;ausmf
tdk;ypftdrfypf jzpfcJh&onf/ tvm;wl 2008 ckEpS ?f ZifbmabGor®wa&G;
aumufyw JG iG f tmPm&or®w a&mbwf rl*gbD (Robert Mugabe) u yxr
tausmhwGif twdkut f cH armf*ef&Sef*½kdif; (Morgan Tsvangirai) udk½HI;oGm;&m
'kwdtausmhwGif aocsmaygufEkdifatmif twkduftcHawGudk ESdyfuGyfojzifh
vl (100) cefYaoNyD; axmifcsD tdk;ypftdrfypfxGufajy;cJh&onf/
à aq;aMumifah v;
y#dyu©tvGef a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udpu ö dk 2004 ckESpf? ukvor*¾
wuúodv k f\pmwrf;wckwGif oD;oefYtcef;wcef;taejzifh azmfjyxm;
onf/ tcsKyfrSm þodkYjzpfonf/
]]a&G;aumufwckwnf;ESifh euf½diI f;aomy#dyu©rsm;? txl;ojzihf
y#dyu©aMumifh temw&jzpfaeaom vlYtzGJUtpnf;wck\jyóemudk r
ajz&Sif;Edkifyg/ EdkifiHrsm;\tawGUtMuHKrsm;t& rwnfNidrfaom EdkifiHa&;

tajctaexJ a&G;aumufyGJqkdwmudk aemufxyfaygif;xnfhvkdufvQif

jyóemajyvnfroGm;bJ tMurf;zufrIrsm;ESifh xdef;r& odrf;r&jzpfrIrsm;
t&Sdef&&ef vrf;pjzpfomG ;Edkifygonf}}
2009 aqmif;OD;ayguf tmz*efepöwefa&G;aumufyGJonf teD;pyf
qHk;erlemwckjzpfonf/ tMurf;zufrIrsm;pGmjzpfchJNyD;? wwkdif;jynfvHk; ppf
ajrjyifjzpfvkeD;yg;tajctaea&mufcJo h nf/
à yHkoGef;avmif;aom tcsuf (3) csuf

y#dyu©tvGefa&G;aumufyGJonf tqkd;jzpfrnfvm;? taumif;jzpf
rnfvm;qko d nfukd tcsuf (3) csufu tqH;k tjzwfay;onf[k qko d nf/
(1) tcsed u f pd ö - a&G;aumufyu JG kd apmEkid o
f rQ apmapmvkyo f vm; (odYk r[kw)f
EkdifiHa&;jyóemrsm; wnfwnfNidrfNidrfjzpfonftxd a&TUxm;ovm;/
(2) a&G;aumufyu GJ d , f nf - b,folawG a&G;aumufyJG0ifovJ/ b,folawG
k x
u rJay;ovJ/ a&G;aumufyGJrSm b,fazmfjrLvm (enf;) udkoHk;ovJ/
(3) Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; - y#dyu©tvGeaf &G;aumufyw GJ Gif t&yf buftzGJUtpnf;
rsm; tm;raumif;ao;ojzifh vlxkudkOD;aqmif&ef EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf
a&&Snf'Drkdu&ufwpfEdkifiHa&;jzpfpOftwGuf tc&m[kqko d nf/
à tajccHvt
kd yfcsuf (3) csuf
tcsdefudpöESihfywfoufí b,ftcsdefjzpfoifhonf[k oHrPdpnf;
rsOf; r&Sad omfvnf; a&G;aumufyJGpepfudkavhvmaom (International Foun-
dation for Election) u Eki
d fiHa&;tajctae wnfwnfNidrNf idrfjzpfNyD;aemuf
tenf;qH;k (2) ESpaf vmuf tcsde, f Nl yD;rS a&G;aumufyGv
J yk foihf onf[í
l
tMuHjyKonf/ trSefrSm tcsdefonf 'kwd,udpjö zpfNyD; a&G;aumufyGJrwkdif
cif tenf;qH;k vdt k yfcsuf (3) csufuakd xmufjyaompmwrf;wck Mo*kwf
vtwGif;uyif xGufcJhao;onf/
(1) vHkjcHKaomtajctaewGif t"duolykeftiftm;pktrsm;pk vuf
eufpGefYNyD; jzpf&rnf/ ppfwyfESifh&JwyfzGJY topfzGJYpnf;rI vHkavmufaom

wkd;wufrI&Sd&rnf/
(2) a&G;aumufyGJ usif;y½HkrQr[kwf/ a&G;aumufyGJqkdif&m pDrHcefYcGJ
a&;ESifh qufoG,fa&;udpt ö 00 (Oyrm - rJpm&if; jyKpkjcif;? a&G;aumufyGJ
ynmay;rIrsm;) pepfwusjzpf&rnf/
(3) w&m;a&;pepfESifh &JtzGJYonf rJrormrIrsm;? a&G;aumufyGJ
qkdif&m tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk ukdifwG,af jz&Sif;Ekdifaom tajctae&Sd&rnf/
r[kwv f Qif twkdutf cHygwDrsm;ESifh rJqE´&Sifrsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJudk
r,HkMunfvQif t"du½kPf;udk OD;wnfapEkdifonf/
à 7^11 a&G;aumufyJG
rMumcif usif;yawmhrnfha&G;aumufyGJonf jynfwGif;ppfESifh
vlrsKd;a&;y#dyu© ed*Hk;csKyf&ef apwemaumif;ESihfjyKvkyfonfh a&G;aumufyGJ
r[kwfay/ tqdk;qHk;rSm 2008 zGJUpnf;yHkjzpfonf/ xdkxufydkqdk;&Gm;onf
rSm zGJYpnf;yHkt& Oya'jyKvTwfawmftoD;oD;wGif ppfom;u (4) yHk (1)
yHk [kqdkaomfvnf; MuHhzGHYygwDay:vmaomtcg t&yfom;ppfppfrsm; (4)
yHk (1) yHkom yg0ifcGifh&onfhvTwfawmfodkY ajymif;oGm;onf/ xkdodkYjzpf
atmif a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SifEiS fh ppfaumifpD\ Oya'? enf;Oya'rsm;
oH;k í zefw;D vku d o f nf/ xdkYaMumifh 7^11 a&G;aumufyJGonf ppftmPm
&Sifpepfukd aeom;wusjzpfatmifvkyfrnfh a&G;aumufyGo J mjzpfonf/
a&G;aumufyGJeD;vmav EdkifiHa&;jyóemrsm;? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk
jyóemrsm;? vufeufudkify#dyu©rsm; jyif;xefvmavjzpfonf/ a&G;
aumufyGJudk yHkazmfMurnfholrsm;wGif EkdifiHa&;t"duZmwfaumifrsm; ryg
0ifay/ 1990 jynfhESpfa&G;aumufyGJwGif tEkdif& trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJU
csKyf? &Srf;? &ckdif? rGef paomygwDwdkY ryg0ifay/
wdkif;&if;om;e,fajrrsm;wGif q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wkdif;&if;om;
tcGifhta&;twGuf wpkdurf wfrwfBudK;yrf;vmMuaom u&if? &Srf;? &ckdif?
csif;? paom vufeufuikd t f iftm;pk w'gZifonf e,fpyfa'orsm;wGif
quf&daS eonf/ typft&yftzGJYrsm;wGif &Srf;jynfe,fwGif UWSA (]0} jynf

aoG;pnf;nDnw G af &;wyfrawmf)? rdik ;f vm;tzGYJ (txl;a'o-4)? SSA (&Srf;

jynfwyfrawmf) wyfr[m(1)? ucsifjynfe,fwGif KIA (ucsifvGwfvyf
a&;wyfrawmf)? rGefjynfe,fwGif NMSP (rGejf ynfopfygwD)? u&ifjynfe,f
wGif KNU-KNLA (Nidrf;csrf;a&;aumifp)D ? DKBA ('Drkdu&ufwpfu&ifA'k ¨bm
omwyfrawmf) tzGJYcGJ? pkpkaygif; (7) zGJU e,fapmihwf yfzYGJpnf;a&;udk vufr
cHao;ojzifh topfzGJYaom ppfwyfESifh&Judpö tajcwusrjzpfao;ay/
à rJ&SmyHkawmf
a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk vlxku yHkroGif;Edkifacs/ a&G;aumufyGJtvGef
tpdk;&tzGJYESifh vTwfawmfonf toihfxkyfydk;NyD;om;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf
rjzpfjzpfatmif taumiftxnfazmfay;&aom a&G;aumufyGJ tmPmykdif
tqifq h ifo h nf a&G;aumufyJG uvdeu f srIrsm;udk a&SmifvEJG ikd rf nf r[kw/f
xdkokdYjzpfvmvQif a&G;aumufyGJ tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;ESifh ywfoufí tmPm
ukefvTJxm;aom a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifukd jynfou l tm;rudk;Ekdifovdk
ormorwfusaom cHk½Hk;wdkYvnf; &Sdrnfr[kwfay/
xdYkaMumifh a&G;aumufyNJG yD;vQif rJqE´&iS w f Ykdonf uk,d af y;xm;aom
rJ aysmufoGm;onfudk jyef&Sm&rnf/ aocsmonfu 2010 a&G;aumuf
yGJonf 1990 a&G;aumufyGJvdkrsKd;r[kwfay/ aqmif;yg;tpu Oyrmjzpf
aom 2005 vku d af b;&D;,m;a&G;aumufyv JG v
dk nf;rjzpfEikd af y/ xkYdaMumifh
1992 tef*dkvma&G;aumufyGJvkdvm;? 2007 ckESpf? uifnma&G;aumuf
yGJvkdvm; (odkYr[kwf) 2008 ckESpf? ZifbmabGa&G;aumufyGJvkd tmPmcGJ
a0a&;txd OD;wnfrvm;qdkonfrmS rJqE´&SifwdkYudk,w f kdif\ pdwfvIyf
&Sm;rItay:vnf; rlwnfonf/ a&G;aumufyGJudk yHkoGef;avmif;aomt
csuf (3) csufxJu a&G;aumufyGJZmwfaumifrsm;ESifh w&m;rQwaoma&G;
aumufyGJwckjzpfajrmufa&; apmihfMunfhaeaom jynfwGif;? jynfyrS tjcm;
ZmwfaumifwdkYtay:vnf; rlwnfonf/
pufwifbm 11? 2010/
ÄÄÄ

(c) a&G;aumufyGJukd oydwfarSmufjcif;

ààà
oydwaf rSmuf&jcif; taMumif; (4) csuf
ààà
oydwaf rSmufjcif;ESihf tMuyftwnf;
ààà
a&G;aumufyGJ oydwaf rSmufjcif;ESihf 'Dru
dk a&pDtajymif;tvJ
(b*Fvm;a'h&SfrS oifcef;pm)


oydwfarSmuf&jcif; taMumif; (4) csuf

ÄÄÄ
urÇmay:u a&G;aumufyt JG m;vHk;onf ajcmufjypfuif;r[kwfay/
odkYaomf trsm;pkonf vlxq k Eúkd tenf;ESihftrsm; xif[yf&onfom
jzpfonf/ rMumcifuyif urÇmwvTm; 'Drkdua&pDysHUESYH a&;aqmif&u G af e
aom bufrvkduftzGJYtpnf; wck (National Democratic Institution) u
jrefrmjynfa&G;aumufyGJtcif;tusif;udk tuJjzwfjyvkduf&m a&G;aumuf
yGJtvGef aemifwufvmrnfhtpdk;&twGuf pOf;pm;p&may:vmonf/ vGef
cJhaom (25) twGif; a&G;aumufyGJaygif; (150) udk avhvma&;tzGJU
vTwfcaJh omfvnf; jrefrmjynfuakd wmh oydwaf rSmufrnf[k aMunmvdu k f
onf/ 2005 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmvuwnf; EdkifiHwuma&G;aumuf
yGJapmihfMunfha&;orm;rsm;twGuf y#dnmOfwckay:chJonf/ pmrsufESm
(15) rsufESmyg&SdNyD;? tydk'fcGJaygif; (24) ckyg0ifonf/
tykd'f (11) wGif 'Drkdua&pDrusaom a&G;aumufyGJwck? w&m;
0ifoGm;atmif (odkY) tvm;wl t"dyÜg,faygufoGm;EdkifvQif ,if;a&G;
aumufyGJrsKd;udk a&G;aumufyGJapmifhMunfha&;tzGJYrsm; rapvTwfoifhyg[k
twdtvif;ygonf/ wurÇmvHk;u 'Drkdua&pDysHUESHYa&;? 0g&ifo h bm&ifh
tzGJUrsm;\ oDvusifh0wfjzpfonf/ ukvor*¾ESifh tm&S? tmz&du?
Oa&myrS odum© &SdaomtzGYJ tpnf;aygif; (20) \y#dnmOfjzpfonf/ jref
rmjynfa&G;aumufyJGukd axmufuu G rf sm;pGmxJrS txufygwcsufwnf;
ESifh vHkavmufoGm;yHk&onf/

a&G;aumufyJGumv tenf;qH;k vdktyfcsuf (4) csufudk axmufjy

onf/
(1) Government Based on the will of the people
vlxkqEúdk tajccH (tajcjyK) tpdk;&/
ppftpdk;&\zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'onf ppfwyftmPmwnfjrJ&ef
a&;qGJxm;aom zGJYpnf;yHkjzpfaeonf/
(2) Basic Human Rights
tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;
Edik fiHwum vlYtcGiht f a&;aMunmpmwrf;t& vGwfvyfpGm qE´
xkwfazmfcGifh? vGwfvyfpGmpk½Hk;cGihf? toif;tyif;zGJYpnf;cGifhwdkYonf 'Drkdu
a&pDenf;us a&G;aumufyGJawGtwGuf r&Srd jzpfudpörsm;jzpfonf/ jrefrm
jynfwGif xdktcGifhta&;rsm;r&Sdacs/
(3) Freedom for stand for election
tjynfjynfqkdif&m jynfoal wGESihf Ekdiif Ha&;tcGit
fh a&; y#dnmOfwiG f
Edik if o
H m;rsm;onf a&G;aumufyGw J iG f 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifEkdifaom tcGift h
a&; &Sd&rnf[kqdkxm;onf/
jrefrmjynfwGif a&G;aumufyGJüyg0if,SOfNydKifciG fhudk a&G;aumufyGJ
Oya't&a&m? twkdut f cHawGudk axmifoGi;f tusOf;csaomenf;ESifyh g
uefYowfxm;onf/
(4) Impartial election administration
bufrvkdufaom a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif/
jrefrmjynfwGif a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifudk AdkvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; oef;a&T
u cefYonf/
xdkYaMumifh jrefrmjynfa&G;aumufyGJonf EdkifiHwumpH\ajczsm;
udyk if rrDay/ zdwvf nf; rvmEdik af y/ a&G;aumufyuJG kd od'r¨d wifEikd [
f k
t aMumif;jyonf/ EdkifiHwumtzGJUtpnf;awGonf a0zefNyD;vQif
tMuHay; onf/ tay:rS (4) csufukd jyefvnfxif[yfxm;aom
(5) csufjzpfonf/

(1) a':atmifqef;pkMunfEiS hf Edik if aH &;tusO;f om; tm;vH;k udv k TwNf y;D 'Dru
kd a&pD
toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;twGuf tav;teuf awGq U akH qG;aEG;&ef/
(2) Edik if aH &;trIEiS hf rw&m;tusOf;cscx H m;&aom a':atmifqef;pkMunfEiS hf wkid ;f
&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm;vHk;udk a&G;aumufyw JG iG f yg0ifciG jhf yK&ef/
(3) jynforl sm;udk a&G;aumufyEJG iS x hf u dk wf efaomtcGit fh a&;awG? Edik if aH &;tcGihf
ta&;awGay;&ef? vGwv f yfpmG qE´xw k af zmfciG ?hf pk½;kH cGi?fh toif;tyif;zGpUJ nf;cGirfh sm;
ay;&ef/
(4) zGUJpnf;yHt k ajccHOya'xJwiG f ppfwyftcef;ESiyhf wfoufonfh wkid f;&if;om;
tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESiyhf wfoufonfh rrQwonfrsm;udk jyefjyifay;&ef/
(5) a&G;aumufyGJOya'rsm;? vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;udk jyefvnfo;kH oyfNy;D ygwrD sm;udk
vHak vmufaom tcsed af y;&ef? a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f v kd nf; twku d tf cHrsm;\
tMuHÓPfrsm;,lNy;D cef&Y ef/
NyD;rS jynfwGif;jynfyu a&G;aumufyGJapmifhMunfha&;tzGJYrsm;udk

avhvmckdif;NyD; a&G;aumufyvGJ kyfief;pOftay: ,HMk unfrw
I ;kd atmifvkyfoihf
onf[k tMuHjyKonf/
,if;okdYtMuHjyKcsufonf ,leDAmq,fpHjzpfojzihf ppftpdk;&u
xnfhrpOf;pm;vQif aemifwufvmrnfhtpd;k &udk a&G;aumufyGJu od'd¨r
wifEdkifay/ EdkifiHwumwGif rsufESmr&Edkifay/
Mo*kwf 10? 2010/
ÄÄÄ
ukd;um; ...
Burma’s 2010 Electoral Framework: Fundamentally Undemocratic
A Legal and Human Rights Analysis by National Democratic Institute,
August 2010.


oydwfarSmufjcif;ESifh tusyftwnf;
ÄÄÄ
EdkifiHa&;ygwDwck a&G;aumufyGJudkoydwfarSmufjcif; (0g) a&G;

aumufyGJr0ifjcif;rSm tEå&m,fcHwGif;0txd xdk;0ifpGefYpm;&onfhtvkyf
(Brinkmanship) jzpfonf/ yxrwcsufrSm a&G;aumufyGJvrf;aMumif;u
aoGznfojzihf EdkifiHa&;½Icif;rSae wjznf;jznf; aysmufuG,fomG ;Edkifonfh
tEå&m,f&Sdonf/ jrefrmjynfwGif ppftpdk;&\ a&G;aumufyGJOya't&
ygwDwck w&m;0ifwnf&SdvdkvQif a&G;aumufyGJ0if&rnf/ xdkYaMumifh rw
&m;onfha&G;aumufyGJudk 0ifrvm;? ygwDtzsufcHrvm;? tusyftwnf;
ESifh MuHK&onf/ 'kwd,tcuftcJrmS tusyfwnf;awGUvQif ygwDuGJrnfh
tEå&m,fjzpfonf/ wwd,wcsufrSm NydKifbufudk ydkNyD;tEdkif&atmif
vrf;zGihfay;&ma&mufonf/ þudpöonf a&G;aumufyGJudpjö zpfNyD; a&G;
aumufyGJudk oydwfarSmufxm;ojzihf pOf;pm;&efrvdkawmhay/
teft,fvf'Donf yxrESifh'kw, d jyóem (2) &yfpvHk;udk atmif
jrifpGm ausmfvTm;Ekdifonf/
(1) ygwDw&m;0if wnf&SdcGifhr&Sdawmhaomfvnf; ygwDonf vuf

awGY wnf&dSaeao;onf/ (ygwD0iftrsm;pk\axmufcrH ?I rD'D,m
ESifh EdkifiHwumtjrifudkMunfhí qHk;jzwfjcif;jzpfonf/ jrefrmjynf
olvlxkaxmufcHrIonf vufqkyfvufukdifjy&ef cufonf/ t
jcm;wbufwGif ppftpd;k &u twif;tusyfvkyfvQif tajctae
ajymif;oGm;Ekdifao;onfh jzpfEkdifacsudk rarhoifhyg)/
(2) ygwDESpfjcrf;uGJaomfvnf; topfay:onfhtjcrf;onf ygwD

0iftrsm;pk\axmufcHrI r&ay/ xkdESpfckudk ausmfvTm;Edkifjcif;onf

e*dktajctaeudk qufxdef;xm;Ekdifjcif; (status quo) omjzpfonf/

ygwDtwGuf tcif;tusif;opfjzpfaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;topf jzpf
xGef;rIr[kwfay/ topfjzpfxeG f;rIonf wwd,ar;cGef;jzpfonfh
bmqufvyk rf vJ? b,fvq kd ufvyk rf vJqo dk nfh ar;cGe;f wGiw
f nf
&Sdonf/ pdefac:onfhar;cGe;f jzpfonf/
a&G;aumufyJGoydwfarSmufjcif;onf Edkiif HwumwGiv f nf; aemuf

ydkif; tawGU&rsm;vmonfhoabm&Sdonf/ acwfrDaeqJ[k qkdvkd&if;jzpf
onf/
okawoeppfwrf;rsm;t& wurÇmvHk;wGif 1989 ckESpfu a&G;
aumufyJGoydwfarSmufonfhta&twGuf (4) &mckdifEIef;om&SdcJh&mrS 2002
ckESpfta&mufwGif (15) &mckid fEIef;txd wufoGm;onf/ 1995 ckESpfu
ae 2005 ckESp?f q,fpkwESpfcktwGif; ESpfpOf ysrf;rQa&G;aumufyGJ (10)
ckonf oydwfarSmufjcif;ESihf MuHKae&onfhoabmjzpfonf/
a&G;aumufyGJjzpfpOfudk r,HkMunfojzihf rw&m;onfha&G;aumufyGJ
w&m;r0ifapvdkojzihf 0ifrNydKifonfhoabmjzpfonf/,if;wGif major
boycott (ygwDBuD;awG oydwfarSmufjcif;)? minor boycott (ygwDi,fawG
oydwfarSmufjcif;) [k cGJxm;onf/ teft,fvf'Du oydwfarSmufjcif;

udk major boycott trsKd;tpm;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf (2) enf;pvHk; atmifyGJ
&rnf[k tmrrcHEdkifay (zJpum;ESifhqkdvQif (16) yGifhESifh owfxm;onf
ESihf EIdi;f onf)/ xkad Mumifh ynm&yf½Iaxmifu
h a&G;aumufyo JG ydwaf rSmuf
jcif;udk recommend ray;ay/ odkYaomf atmifyGJrcHEkdif[kvnf; uHaouHr
rajymay/ ygwDawG\ vlxkpkpnf;EkdifrIt&nftcsif;ESifh w&m;½H;k wdYk \
ormorwfusrItay: rlwnfonf/ jrefrmjynfwGif w&m;a&;r@dKifudk
vnf; tm;rudk;Ekdifay/
oydwfarSmufonfhtcg enf; (2) enf;jzifh atmifyGJcHavh&Sdonf[k
oDtkd&Dxkwfonf/ yxrenf;rSm zGJYpnf;yHktajccHOya'ygtcsufudk toHk;
csNyD; oydwfarSmufjcif;jzpfonf/ jrefrmjynfwGif 2008 zGJYpnf;yHkonf

a&G;aumufyGNJ yD;rS twnfjzpfvmrnf/ xdkaMumifh þenf;udk pOf;pm;&ef

rvdkay/ xdak Mumifh ygwDudk axmufcHonfv h lxktiftm;udkokH;NyD; vlxk
qE´jyyGJrsm;jzifh a&G;aumufyGJudk? &v'fudk ysufatmifzsufonfhenf;om
usefonf/ vufawGUvnf; þenf;jzifah tmifycJG cH o hJ nfo h m"u &Sod nf/
b*Fvm;a'h&Sf (1996)? yD½l; (awmiftar&dutaemufydik ;f ) (2000-2001)?
xkdif; (2006-2007) wdkYwGifjzpfcJhonf/ rJay;olta&twGuf (turnout)
enf;oGm;½Hkjzifh a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk ysufjy,foGm;atmif vufawGU
rvkyfEdik fay (,if;udk tedrfhqHk;&nfrSe;f csuftjzpfomxm;oifhonf)/
vrf;ay:xGuf qE´jyonfhenf;wGifvnf; vufawGYjyóemESpf
&yfay:Edik fonf/ vlxku vrf;ay:xGu&f o J vm;? vrf;ay:xGuv f mvQif
ppfwyfu NzdKcGi;f NyD; aemufwBudrf tmPmodrf;rnft h EÅ&m,fudk ausmf
vTm;Edkifrvm;/ þESpfcsufjzpfonf/
vufawGYwGif EdkifiHa&;t"duOD;aqmifygwD tJeft,fvf'Du yxr
ydkif;jzpfaom (status quo) udk xdef;xm;Ekdifaomfvnf; 'kwd,ykdif;uom
jrefrmjynfEdkifiHa&;'&mrm\ tajz (end game) jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh
vGefcJah omESpf (20) twkdif; ygwDtDvpfawG\ tpnf;ta0;uae aMu
nmcsufxw k f½v
kH rf;a[mif;udk rvku d fEkdiaf y/ wdu
k yf v JG rf;aMumif;udk a&G;
xm;NyD;jzpfojzihf oHwrefqef&ef? qifajcay;&ef tajctaeray;awmh
ay/ tcsdefqGJaevQif oydwfarSmufygwDwdkY MuHK&avh&Sdonfh EdkifiHa&;
½Icif;uae wjznf;jznf; aysmufu, G of mG ;Edik o
f nft
h Eå&m,fMuHKEdik of nf/
Mo*kwf 10? 2010/
ÄÄÄ
ukd;um; ...
Threaten but Participate:
why election boycott are a bad idea
(Foreign Policy, Number 19, March 2010)


a&G;aumufyGJoydwfarSmufjcif;ESifh 'Drkdua&pDtajymif;tvJ
(b*Fvm;a'h&SfrS oifcef;pm)
ÄÄÄ
'Drukd a&pDtajymif;tvJwiG f enf;emtrsKd;rsKd; &SdEidk faomfvnf; rnf

onfhtajymif;tvJrqdk atmufygESpfcsufatmufrS ajy;rvGwfEdkifay/
1/ wnfqJOya'udk jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;/
2/ Oya'udk MuyfMuyfrwfrwf vkdufemvmjcif;[lí jzpfonf/
xk½d IUaxmifrSMunfhvQif a&G;aumufyo GJ ydwEf Sifh 'Dru
kd a&pDtajymif;
tvJonf wkduf½kduftcsKd;usaeonfudk awGU&onf/ txl;ojzifh xkd
tajymif;tvJonf ar*smbGdKif;aumuf[ak c:onfh twdkuftcHygwDt
BuD;wdkYarSmufaomoydwfESifh oufqkdifonf/
oydwjf zifh jynfwGi;f ? jynfyrS axmufcHrIudk&,lNyD; zdtm;ay;onfh
enf;? tmPmvuf&Sdtpdk;&udk jzKwfcsEkdifavmufaom oydwfpHkoyl kefx
enf;jzifh zdtm;ay;aomtcg tpdk;&bufu txufygtajymif;tvJ
ESpfrsKd;teuf wrsKd;udkjzpfap? ESpfrsKd;pvHk;udkjzpfap rjzpfrae vkyfay;vm&
onf/ 'kwd,enf;onf tajymif;tvJudk ydkodom? tvQiftjref jrif&
onfhenf;jzpfonf/ tavQmftpm;BuD;onf/
a&&Sno f abmaqmifaom 'Dru kd &ufwpftajymif;tvJwiG f wnf

qJOya'udk jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;? EdkifiHa&;ygwDwcsKdUudk ydwfyifxm;jcif;?

ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;udk a&G;aumufyGJ0ifcGifhr&atmif ydwfyifxm;jcif;
ponfwdkY ½kwfodrf;ay;jcif;? w&m;rQwaom a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif?
bufrvkdu?f Mum;jzwftpdk;&jzifh a&G;aumufyGJusif;yjcif;rsKd;wdkY jzpfonf/
wnfqJOya'udk vdkufemjcif;rSm a'otzGJUtpnf;? EdkifiHwumESifh
tvSL&SifEkdifiHrsm;\ zdtm;aMumifh a&G;aumufyGJwGif EkdifiHwuma&G;
aumufyaJG vhvma&;tzGUJ rsm;udk zdwaf c:jcif;jzifjh zpfonf/ xdt k zGUJ rsm;onf
ae&mtESHYra&mufEkdifonfhwkdif? avhvmcGifh&onfhae&mwGif Oya'ESifh nD?
rnDudk tuJcwfEdkifMuonf/
jrefrmjynfupd w ö iG f ESprf sKd;pvH;k vdt
k yfaeonf/ rw&m;onfh wnf
qJ rw&m;Oya'wcsKdUudk t&ifajymif;vJ&efjzpfNyD;? EdkifiHwum a&G;
aumufyGOJ ya'rsm;udkzdwaf c:jcif;onf 'kwd,udpjö zpf&rnf/ twkduf
tcHygwD (tJeft,f'D) a&G;aumufyGJr0ifjcif;ESifh EdkifiHwum a&G;aumuf
yGJapmihfMunfha&;tzGJUrsm; zdwfvnf; rvmEdkif[kqkdj cif;rSm wnfqJ
rw&m;onfhOya'u taMumif;&if;jzpfaeonf/
a&G;aumufyo JG ydwEf iS hfqufpyfaom 'Drdku&ufwpftajymif;tvJ
rSm zdtm;twdrfteuftay:rlwnfNyD; tqihfqifhjzpfay:jcif; jzpfonf/
rnfonfhtcsdefjzpf&rnf[k tcsdeu f kd abmifowfrxm;aomfvnf; oydwf
arSmufaom ygwD\ EdkifiHa&;&Sifoefae&efrSm ta&;tBuD;qHk;udpjö zpf
onf/ 1983 *sarum (ajrmuftar&du) a&G;aumufyJGukd twdu k tf cHu
oydwfarSmufaomtcg oydwfarSmuf&onfhtaMumif;udk vlxpk ak 0;yGrJ sm;
jzifh &Si;f vif;cJhonf/ a&G;aumufyGJNyD;aomfvnf; &Sif;vif;yGJrsm; qufvkyf
aecJo h nf/ xked nf;jzifh vTwaf wmfwiG f ae&mr&Sdaomfvnf; vlxak xmuf
cHrIESifh EdkifiHa&;&Sifoefaeatmif aqmif&GufchJonf/ vuf&Sd tJeft,f'D\
vlxk&Sif;vif;yJGrsm;ESihfwlonf/
2000 ckESpf? twkduftcHu oydwfarSmufxm;aom tmbdkifZm*sef
a&G;aumufyGJtNyD;wGif a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk rauseyfonfh vlwaomif;
cGJonf NrdKUawmfwGif qE´jyovkd? tao;pm;qE´jyrIrsm;vnf; NrdKUBuD;

NrdKUi,frsm;wGifysHUESHYcJhojzifh tpdk;&u 'Drkdu&ufwpftajymif;tvJ rsm;pGm

vkyfay;cJh&onf/ 1997 ckESpf tif'dkeD;&Sm;a&G;aumufyGJoydwfonf us,f
jyefYaomtMurf;zufrIrsm;jcH&HvQuf tmPm&Sif ql[mwkdudkjzKwfcsNyD; BuD;
rm;aom'Drkdua&pDtajymif;tvJrsm;pGm jzpfay:cJhonf/
b*Fvm;a'h&fS t0grdvyd gwD (Awami League) \ a&G;aumufyGJoydwf
onf tcufcJqHk;ESifh tatmifjrifqk;H [k rSwfwrf;wifxu kd fonf/ yxr
twkdut f cH t0grdvdygwDonf a&G ;aumufyGJw&m;rQwa&;twGuf
awmif;qkd&m ratmifjrifojzifh a&G;aumufyGrJ 0ifbJ? taxGaxGoydwf
azmfcJhonf/ zGJUpnf;yHkt& tmPm&ygwDu (3) vtvdkwGif &mxl;rS
qif;NyD;? vGwfvyfaom Mum;jzwftpd;k &jzifh a&G;aumufyGJusif;y&efjzpf
aomfvnf; tmPm&ygwDu Mum;jzwftpdk;&ESifh a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif
wGif olYvlrsm;jzpf&ef (2) ESpfBudKNyD; twdkuftcH oydwfarSmufaom
ygvDrefwGif zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk jyifqifcJhonf/ twdkuftcH t0g
rdvyd gwDEiS fh wjcm;ygwDi,fwYkdu a&G;aumufyGJudk oydwfarSmufMuonf/
rSwfyHkwifxm;aom vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,faygif; (2370) u a&G;
aumufyGJr0if&ef qHk;jzwfMuonf/ vTwfawmfuk, d fpm;vS,t f m;vH;k \
(60) &mckdifEIef; jzpfonf/ wEdkifiHvHk; qE´jyyGJrsm;azmfcJhNyD; 2006 ESpf
vnfydkif;wGif wjynfvHk;tESHY ysHUESHYaeonf/ vlaygif; (224) OD;aoqHk;NyD;?
(13000) ausmf 'Pf&m&onf/ tmPm&ygwD\vkyf&yfu rw&m;
rSef;ay:vGifvGe;f ojzifh jynfwGif;rS vGwfvyfaoma&G;aumufyGJ apmihf
Munfha&;tzGJU (30) ausmf? EkdifiHwuma&G;aumufyGJapmifhMunfha&;tzGJU
(National Democratic Institute - NDI)? tkdiftm&ftkdif (International Republican
Institute-IRI) wdkYuvnf; olwdkYtzGJU0ifrsm;udk a&G;aumufyGJapmihfMunfh
ckdif;awmhrnfr[kwf[k xkwfjyefcJhonf/ ukvor*¾uvnf; b*Fvm;

a'h&Sf\ vuf&SdEkdifiHa&;tusyftwnf;onf a&G;aumufyGJ&v'f w&m;
0ifrt I wGuf qkd;qkd;&Gm;&Gm; xdcku d v
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yGJudk 2007 Zefe0g&DwGif usif;y&efpDpOfxm;aomfvnf; qE´jyyGJrsm;

aMumifh rusif;yEkdifawmhay/ Mum;jzwftpdk;&u tBuD;tuJrsm; w

a,mufNyD; wa,muf EIwfxGuf&NyD; aemufqHk; ppfwyfausmaxmuf
aemufcH Mum;jzwftpdk;&opfwufvmonf/ wwkdif;jynfvHk; ta&;ay:
tajctaeatmuf a&mufoGm;cJhonf/
ta&;ay:tajctaeatmufwiG f rD'D,mvGwfvyfciG fhrsm; uefYowf
cH&onf/ EdkifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;cGifhrsm; r&½Hkomru? t"duygwD ESpf&yfp
vH;k rS trsKd;orD;acgif;aqmif ESpfO;D pvHk;udkzrf;xm;NyD; Mum;jzwftpdk;&
opfu [dkEpS af ,mufryg (Minus Two Formula) ay:vpDjzifh EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;udk
nd§EIdif;aomfvnf; EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u vufrcHbJ? acgif;aqmifrsm;
rvTwfay;vQif a&G;aumufyJGr0if[q k dkum qufwif;cHaeonf/ t"du
ygwDBuD;ESpf&yfrygaom a&G;aumufyGJuvnf; Edik fiHwumudk w&m;0if
rIjyo&ef cufcJonf/ aemufqHk;wGif ppfwyfausmaxmufaemufcH Mum;
jzwftpdk;&u EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk jyefvTwfay;? a&G;aumufyGJ
0ifcGifh ydwfyifxm;onfrsm;udk ½kyfodrf;ay;NyD;? 2008 ESpfukefwGif vGwf
vyfrQwaom a&G;aumufyJGudk usif;yay;cJhonf/ a&G;aumufyGJwiG f t
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vlxuk olYuykd J or®wtjzpf jyefvnfa&G;aumufchJonf r[kwyf gvm;/
Mo*kwf 30? 2010/
ÄÄÄ
ukd;um; ...
- The Democratic Instinct in the 21st Century by Susilobambang
Yudhoyono
- Indonesia’s Civil-Military Relationship in the Post Suharto Era
by Kolonel Inf Imam Edy Mulyono
- Democratizing Indonesai: Reformasi Period in Historical Per-
spective by Sato Yuri
- Civil-Military Relations in Indonesia: Reformasi and Beyond by
Mary P. Callahan


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opömcHwdYk Mum;rS pvkdufaom trsKd;om;a&;aoG;uGJro I nf rsufarSmuf
xkdif;orkdif;wGif tqdk;qHk;taetxm;qkdonfudk rnfolrQrjiif ;ay/
vl&mcsDaoqH;k NyD;? axmifcsD'Pf&m&MuNyD;jzpfovd?k trsKd;om;aoG;uGrJ I
tajctae euf½Idif;oxuf euf½dIif;aeonf/
à [pfwvmvufopf
oufqif jynfajy;b0a&mufoGm;aomtcg bk&ifhtwkid fyifcH
aumifpD (Privy Council) OuúXu oufqifudk [pfwvmvufopf[k a0
zefonf/ 'Drkdua&pDa&G;aumufyGJrSwqihfwufvmaom tmPm&Sif[k
qdv
k &kd if;jzpfonf/ 2001-2005 ckEpS ?f tpk;d &oufwrf;wcktwGi;f ouf
qif\vkyaf qmifcsufrsm;wGifvnf; 'Drkdua&pDtifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;udk
zsufqD;cJhonfhvuf&mrsm;&SdcJhonf/ awmaevlxkESihf qif;&Jom;rsm;udk
pnf;½k;H cJhNyD;? wjcm;wbufwiG f olYygwDtiftm;BuD;xGm;atmifvkyf? t
wduk ftcHygwDwcsKdUudk aiG? tmPmESihfrQm;NyD; cg;ydu
k fxJxnfhcJhonf/

twkduftcHwdkY oydwfarSmufxm;aom 2006 a&G;aumufyGJtNyD;wGif?

xkdif;bk&ifukd,fwdkifu twku d t
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wGif oD;jcm;vTwfvyfaom t*wdvkdufpm;rIwkdufzsufa&;aumfr&Sif? EkdifiH
awmfpm&if;ppfcsKyf½Hk;wdkYudk olYygwDESifheD;pyfaomyk*K¾ dvfrsm;jzifh tpm;xdk;
cJhonf/ olYrdom;pktusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf tmPmtvGJoH k;pm;rIrsm;pGm
vkyfcJhojzihf aemufydkif;wGif t*wdvdkufpm;rI? tmPmtvGJoHk;pm;rIyk'fr
wdYk jzifh w&m;pGJ tjypfay;cH&onf/ rD'D,mudkvnf;zdESdyfcJhNyD;? tpdk;&udk
a0zefaom rD'D,morm;rsm;\ bPfpm&if;rsm;udk oludk,w f dkifOuúX
tjzpfaqmif&Gufaom aiGaMu;c0gcsrI wkdufzsufa&;½Hk;u ppfaq;a&;
0ifcJhonf?/ 2006 ckESpf tmPmodr;f rcH&cifwGif toa&zsufrIESifh w&m;
pGJaomtrI wefzdk; (xkdif;bwfoef; 800) &SdcJhonf/ ppfOD;pD;csKyfae&mwGif
olYa,mufzudk cefYcJhonf/ ppfwyf&mxl;BuD;ae&mrsm;wGif olYvrl sm;udk
ae&may;onfhtpDtpOf NyD;qHk;atmifrvkyfEkdifcif ppfwyftmPmodr;f rIEiS fh
&ifqkdifcJh&onf/
à ppfwyftmPmodr;f wm aumif;ovm;
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tm;jzif?h bk&ifu
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qefaom? 'Drkdua&pDpepfESifh tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;udk zsufpD;aomtpdk;&
udk tmPmodr;f jcif;onf w&m;onf[k 0g'jzefYonf/ aoewfwcsufr
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ppfwyf tmPmodr;f vkdujf cif;onf xkdif;Edik fiHukd pdw0f rf;uGJrIrsm;ukd
euf½Idif;oxuf? ydkeuf½Idif;atmif? tqdk;oHo&m (vicious cycle) xJa&muf
oGm;atmif wGef;ydkYvkdufjcif;rQomjzpfonf[k rSwfcsufay;onf/ a&G;

aumufyeJG nf;ESifw
h ufvmaomtpd;k &w&yf tmPm&Siqf efvmonfxm;
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à xkdif;w&m;pD&ifa&;
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tmPmodr;f ppfaumifpu D cefYaom w&m;olBuD;rsm;u csrSwfchJjcif;jzpf
onf/ xdkYaemuf a&G;aumufyGEJ iS w hf ufvmaom oufqif\ ½kyaf o;0ef
BuD;csKyfudk &mxl;csNyD;? nGefYaygif;tpdk;& ysufomG ;&avmufatmif nGefY
aygif;ygwDwcsKdUudk a&G;aumufyGrJ ormrIjzifh zsufodrf;vdkufonfrSm
vnf; xkdif;w&m;½Hk;rsm;yif jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh xkdif;&wfxdkif;ygwD\
ukd,fyGm;ygwD (yDyDyD) u xkdif;EkdifiHwGif w&m;½Hk;ESihftmPmodrf;rI (Judicial
coup) jzpfaeNyD;[k aMunmcsufxw k fNyD; a0zefcJhonf/ azazmf0g&Du
xkid f;Edik fiHawmf A[dkw&m;½Hk;csKyfu csdwfyw d fxm;aom oufqif\ydkif
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a0zefrrI sm;vnf;&So d nf/
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u tpdk;&trIxrf;rsm;wGifyif aoG;uGJaeonf[k ,HkMunfaeMuonf/
oufqifujkd zKwfcstNyD;wGif wyfwiG ;f u oufqif\vlrsm;[k ,HMk unf&
olrsm;udk ta&;rygaomae&mrsm;odkY jyefajymif;cJh&ovkd? wyfwGif;rSm
,leDazmif;tpdr;f 0wfxm;NyD;? pdwx
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aomtiftm;pkrsm;&Sdonfqdkonf/ olwdkYukd tjyifpdrf;? twGif;eDaom

z&JoD;awG[k &Syf0gawGu uifyGef;wyfonf/ &JwyfzGJUuvnf; vuf&Sd0ef
BuD;csKyf\trdefYukd tvdrm® oH;k NyD; ½l;csifa,mifaqmifavh&Sdojzifh c&rf;
csOfoD; (teDa&mif) wyfzGUJ [k emrnfajymif&xm;NyD;jzpfonf/
à trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;
xkdif;EkdifiHwGif vuf&SdtvdktyfqHk;t&monf trsKd;om;jyefvnf
oifhjrwfa&; jzpfonfudk b,fv*sD,HEkdifi?H b&ufqJvt f ajcpdkuf Edkiif Hw
umy#dyu©tajz&Sma&;tzGUJ (Internationa Crisis Group - ICG) u axmufjy
onf/ vGwfvyfNyD; w&m;rQwaoma&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk tjrefqHk;usif;y
&efjzpfaomfvnf; a&G;aumufyJGtvGew f Gif ay:aygufvmrnfhtpdk;&udk
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aumufyGJtBudKumvrSmuwnf; n§Ed Idif;xm;Mu&efvdkonf[q k kdonf/
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jrwfa&;? 'Drkdua&pDpepf jyefvnfazmfaqmifa&;twGuf tiftm;pktm;
vH;k ESihf n§dEdIif;NyD;aqmif&Guf&ef ta&;BuD;onf[k tMuHjyKonf/ vuf
iif;vdktyfcsufwcsKdUrSm EdkifiHa&;vkyfcGifhydwfyifcHxm;ol (220) udk tjypf
rSvw G cf Gifah y;NyD;? {NyDESihfarvwdYk wGifjzpfcJah om aoG;xGuof ,
H drk Itay:
Edik fiHwumtultnD,lNyD; vGwfvyfyiG fhvif;aomaumfr&SifzGJUí pHkprf;
azmfxkwf&ef? xkdif;EkdifiH\ a&&SnfEkdifiHa&;jyKjyifajymif;vJ&mwGif bk&if?
ppfwyf? tpdk;&wkdY rnfodkYpcef;oGm;rvJqkdonfudk us,fus,fjyefYjyefY
eufeuf½Idif;½Idif;pOf;pm;&efvkdovdk? buftm;vHk;yg0ifEdkifaom? yGifhvif;
aom 'Drkdua&pDenf;us toGifajymif;jcif;uom jyóem\aomhcsuf
jzpfojzihf vuf&dStpdk;&taejzifh tmPm&SifqefaomtjyKtrlrsm;udk pGefY
ypf&efvkt d yfonf[k tkdifpD*sDutMuHjyKonf/
pufwifbm (16)? 2010/
ÄÄÄ


'kw,
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tppftrSef twkduftcHygwD (Genuine Opposition) onf tpdk;&udk
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twku d t f cHygwDonf tpd;k &avmif;vsm (government-in-waiting) odYk r[kwf
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f if;jrif
omrI tm;enf;ao;aom w0ufwysuftmPm&Sif (hybrid regime) tkyfpkd;
aomwkdif;jynfrsm;wGif 'Drdu k a&pDtkwfjrpfcsEkid f&ef ta&;tBuD;qH;k rSm
vnf; twkduftcHwdkYtm;aumif;a&;yifjzpfonf/
tmPm&SifBuD;pdk;aom EkdifiHrsm;wGifrl (strong opposition) tm;
aumif;aomtwku d ftcHr&SdbJ? 'kwd,wef;pm;twku d ftcH (second class
opposition) ESifh tvH½LS ;twdkuftcH (phony opposition) [lí ESpr f sKd;om&Sd
onf/ tvH½SL;twdkuftcHrSm tmPm&Sifcg;ydkufxJrS twdkuftcHjzpfNyD;?

'kw, d wef;pm;twkdut f cHonf tmPm&Si\ f vufcyk fxuJ twku d tf cH

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rsm;jzifh ESdyfuGyfxm;onf/ (Oyrm tmz&durS ZrfbD;,m;? ZifbmabG?
uifnm? tDo, D ;dk yD;,m;Ekdiif Hrsm;rS twku d ftcHygwDrsm;\ b0jzpfonf/)
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(1) jyóemjzpfonf/ tmPm&Sif\ aoG;cGJtkyfcsKyfrI? oyfvQKdNzdKcGJrItjyif
twkduftcHtcsif;csif; nDnGwfa&;r&Sdjcif;vnf;ygonf/ wcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;
wGif twkduftcHygwDrsm;onf tcsif;csi;f cs&if; tcsdefukefMuonf[kqkd
onf/ pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;onfhtcsufrSm twkduftcHygwD tcsif;csif;
rnDnw G jf cif;onf twdu k t
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rIusqif;onfqkdaomtcsufjzpfonf/ nDvQifvnf; nDoavmuft
usKd;&Sdonf/ taumif;qHk;OyrmwckrSm uifnma&G aumufyGJ 2002 wGif
twkduftcHnGeYf aygif;u tmPm&ygwDudk tvJxkd;EkdifcJjh cif;jzpfonf/
2005 ckESpf tDoD,dk;yD;,m;a&G;aumufyGJwGifvnf; twkduftcHnGefYaygif;
wcku tmPm&ygwDudk tEdkif&vkeD;eD;tajctaejzpfcJhzl;onfh Oyrm&Sd
onf/ twku d tf cHwYkd nDnGwjf yonfeh nf;vrf;rsm;pGmteuf erlemwcsKdU
rSm yl;wGJaMunmcsufxkwfjyefjcif;? rJpm&if; pkaygif;xkwfjyefjcif;? ygwD
rsm; nGefYaygif;zGJYNyD; orwavmif; wa,mufaemufu 0kdif;axmufcHjcif;

rsKd;wdkYjzpfonf/
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vlwa,mufwnf;udk A[djk yKrIonf 'Drdkua&pDpepfESio fh bm0csif;
qefYusifbufjzpfonf/ aemufwcsufrmS vly*k K¾ v d w
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jyKNyD;? qHk;jzwfcsufutp A[dkOD;pD;pepfjzpfvGef;vQif ygwDwGif;rS aemuf
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onfhtEå&m,f&Sdonf/ ygwDrsm;rIdvkdaygufNyD; rnDnGwfjcif;usdefpmqD
wywfvnfoGm;wwfonf/
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'Drkdua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;aomEkdifiHrsm;wGif twdkuftcHygwDwkdY
\ aemufjyóemrSm rJqE´&Sifrsm;udk rl0g'opfawG rcsjyEkdijf cif;jzpf
onf/ olwYkd ygwDacgif;aqmifonf wkid ;f jynfukd vuf&tdS aetxm;xuf
aumif;atmif vkyfEkdifygonfqdk½kHavmufESifh *dwfqHk;aevQif tcsdefMum
vmav usqHk;avjzpfwwfonf/
(4) orkid ;f aMumif;ay: wnfaqmuf

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aMumif;&SdaomygwDrsm;rSm ydkatmifjrifwwfonf/ ta&;awmfay:rS arG;
zGm;ay;vku d faomygwDrsm;onf orkid f;jzwfoef;rIEiS hf us,fjyefYaom vl
xkaxmufcrH &I odS jzihf rnDnw
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(5) vlxEk iS rfh uif;ruGm

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a&G;aumufyGJESifh 2008 ZifbmabGa&G;aumufyGJwdkYwGif twkduftcHygwD
wdkY tEdkif&onfh t"dutaMumif;rSm ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;ukd,w f kdifu
or*¾acgifaqmifrsm; jzpfaeonf/ tvkyform;or*¾rsm;aMumifh txdem
oGm;aom ZifbmabG tmPm&ygwDacgif;aqmifwa,mufu ]or*¾ukd
zGaUJ y;cJw
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Ykd pd;k &/ tckawmh
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(6) trsKd;orD; rJudk xnfhwGuf

vlO;D a&w0uf&adS om trsKd;orD;xkuvkd spfvsL½Ixm;vQif rnfonfh
ygwDrS ratmifjrifEkid fay/ ygwDwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;av trsKd;orD;rJqE´
&SifwdkY\ rJjym;ydk&&ef taxmuftyHh&avjzpfonf/
(7) 'dkemowdxm;
qif;&Jaomwkid ;f jynfwiG f twdu k tf cHygwDwcktwGuf aiGupd o ö nf
jyóemtwufqHk;ESifh tjiif;tyGm;&qHk;jzpfonf/ tmPm&ygwDu wkdif;
jynft&if;tjrpfudk a&mif;pm; aiG&mS Ekdiaf omfvnf; twkduftcHwdkYu ygwD
0ifaMu;? ygwDpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;? ygwDykEH Syd fjzefYcsda&;? or*¾rsm;? woD;
yk*¾tvSL&SifwdkYxHrS&aom &efyHak iGEiS hf vnfywf&onf/ Ekid fiHjcm;tvSL
&SifwdkYxHrSaiGuvnf; taumif;ESifhtqdk; wGJaeonf/ EdkifiHjcm;rSaxmuf
yHhaiGonf jyifywEdik fiHrS vTrf;rd;k rI? aESmifBuKd;[laom ½IUaxmifhrS 'Drdku
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onf ta0zefrcHonfh tmPm&SifjzpfvmzG,f&Sdonf/ aemufwcsufrSm
ygwDaxmifvQif aiG&onfqdkNyD; udk,fusKd;&Smvdkorl sm;vnf; e*dkygwDrS
ygwDcGJaxmifojzifh 0g;tpnf;ajyovdkjzpfrnf/ csKyfvkdufvQif e*dkqif;&J
aom twkduftcHygwDtaejzifh pdwu f ;l pHt& udk,ft h m;udk,fudk;yg/ odkY

aomf EkdifiHjcm;'dkem\tultnDudkvnf; vHk;0r,lírjzpfvQif qkd;usKd;

rjzpfatmif,lyg[k tajzxGufonf/
txufyg (7) csufonf tmz&durS oifcef;pmwcsKdUjzpfonf/
tmz&dutwkduftcHESifh jrefrmtwkdut f cHwdYk Mum;wGif tvHk;pHk rwlEkid f
onfhwkdif? tenf;qHk; pOf;pm;p&m&Edkifonf[k ,lqygonf/
pufwifbm 26? 2010/
ÄÄÄ


ppfwyftmPmodr;f jcif;ukd wjcm;½Iaxmifrh MS unfjh cif;

ÄÄÄ
t&yfbuf -ppfbufqufqaH &;taMumif;ajymMuonft h cg [ef
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ajymaomtcg ol\aumufcsufonf xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;oifah om tcsuf
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opfpEdkifiHrsm;wGif awGU&avh&Sdaom ppfbuf-t&yfbufjyóemrsm;\
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wd;k wufr?I w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;rIESifh Edik fiHa&;tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;udk tm;
aumif;atmifrvkyfEdkifaomtcg tMuHBuD;aom t&yfbufEdkifiHa&;orm;
wcsKdUonf ppfwyfudk EdkifiHa&;xJ qGJoGif;avh&Sdonf[kqkdonf/
à ½Icif; (1)- tif'dke;D &Sm;ppfwyf

ql[mwdkacwf (1967-1998) vGefaomtcg tif'kdeD;&Sm;ppfwyf
onf olwkYd ukd,w f kdifu t&yfbuftmPm&Sif\ toHk;cscHb0 jzpfcJh&
onf[k taMumif;jyNyD; EkdifiHa&;rS qkwfcGmcJhonf/ jynfwGi;f jynfyrS
zdtm;rsKd;pHk &ifqkdifae&aom tcuftcJqHk;aomtcsdef 1999 wGif? 1973
Adv
k foifwef;qif; rsKd;qufopf ppfAdkvw f pku pmtkyfwtkyfpkxkwf&mwGif
olwkdYonf rsKd;qufa[mif;rsm;xHrSqkd;arGudk qufcHcJMh uonf[laom
]vkdif;}udk wifcJhonf/ yg&m'kdif;opfumv (1998-2001) wGif ppfwyfudk
Edkiif Ha&;rScGm&ef jynfwGif; jynfyzdtm;udk ppfwyf\wkYH jyefyHrk Sm (4) rsKd;
&Sdonf[kqkdonf/

(1) ppfwyfonf wyfwGi;f nDnGwrf I jyefppk nf;Ny;D ? xufatmuf pnf;urf;ao0yfr?I

trdeeYf mcHru
I kd jyefvnfwnfaqmufco hJ nf/
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avQmch scJo
h nf/
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J nf/
(4) ppfOD;pD;csKyf 0&efwdkonf jynfolYvw T fawmfuay;xm;aom tjrifhqHk;tkycf sKyf
a&;tmPmESihf rm&S,af vmudk oH;k cGi&hf adS omtajctaeESifh MuKBH uKd ucf ahJ omfvnf;
xkdtcGifhta&;udk wrifroHk;cJh[kqkdonf/ AdkvfcsKyf0&efwkdonf ql[mwdkudk &mxl;
pGefYvTwf&ef wkdufwGef;cJholvnf; jzpfonf/
jyefcsKyfvQif ppfwyfonf EkdifiHa&;wGif a&SUwef;ae&mrS um;vdyf

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dk o
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f rT ;f
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tmPmrQa0ay;cJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh tif'ked D;&Sm;ppfwyf\ Ekid fiHa&;rS ppf
wef;vsm;odkYtjyefc&D;onf ppf½I;H NyD;jyefaomyHkrsKd;r[kwfcJhbJ zdtm;ESifh
pdefac:rIrsm;ESifh tvdkufwod? tpDtpOfwusjzpfonf[kqkdonf/ atmif
jrifpGmqkwfcGmonfhenf;[k qkd&rnf/ Edkiif Ha&;tajctaeuvnf; ppf
wyfudk EdkifiHa&;wGifyg0if&ef cGifhrjyKawmhay/
vuf&Sd tif'kdeD;&Sm;ppfOD;pD;csKyfonf olYwyfudk EkdifiHa&;xJ0if ryg
&ef nTefMum;xm;ovdk? t&yfbufEkdifiHa&;orm;awGvnf; ppfwyfudk
EkdifiHa&;xJqGJoGif;aom twdwfutrSm;rsKd;xyfrvkyfMu&ef owday;xm;
onf/ odkYaomf tif'ked D;&Sm;AdkvfrSL;BuD;wa,mufa&;aom aqmif;yg;
wyk'fwGif 'Dbufacwf ppfbuf-t&yfbufqufqaH &;wGif ta&;BuD;
aomtcsufwcsufrSm EkdifiHa&;orm;tcsif;csif; tay;t,lrwnfhvQif
EdkifiHa&;wnfNidrfrI&&ef cufcJrnf[k edrdwfzwfxm;onf/ tem*wfwGif
ppfwyfu EdkifiHa&;wGifyg0ifrvm;? ya&mfzuf&Sife,fppfwyftjzpf quf
wnf&Sdrvm;qkdonfrSm EkdifiHa&;orm;wkYd \&ifu h sufrIa&csdeftay: rl
wnfonf[k qkdonf/

à ½Icif; (2) -xkid ;f ppfwyf

xkdif;EkdifiHudk oufOD;qHykdifbk&ifpepfrS pnf;rsOfcHpepfodkYajymif;vJ
aom 1932 ckESpfonf xkdif;ppfwyf\ yJGOD;xGuf tmPmodrf;rIjzpfonf/
xkrd S 2006 ckESpftxd EkdifiHa&;wGif ppfwyfu tmPmodrf;rI? tmPm
odrf;&efBudK;yrf;rI (18) Budrjf zpfcJhonf/ tmPmodrf;rIwkdif;udk vkdtyfcsuf
wcktjzpf ppfwyfu ,HkMunfrI&SdyHk&onf/ 1991 ckESpf tmPmodrf;rIwkdY
\qifajcrSm Ekid fiHa&;pepfoefY&Sif;a&;? t*wdvkdufpm;aomEdkiif Ha&;o
rm;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;a&;? 'Drkdua&pDtppftrSef jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;?
bk&ifrif;jrwfudk umuG,fa&;[lí jzpfonf/
odkYaomf 2002 ckEpS f? qE´jyrIaemufyidk f;wGif ppfwyf\ EkdifiHa&;pGuf
zufrIonf vlBudKufenf;vmonfhenf;wl tusbufodkYa&mufcJhonf/
aemufqHk; 2006 tmPmodrf;rI wGif ,cifu acwfrpm;awmhaom
tmPmodrf;rIa<u;aMumfoHrsm; jyefvnfvlBudKufrsm;vmjyefonf/
odkYwap xkdif;ppfwyfxdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf wyfonf Ekdif
iHa&;ESifh uif;&Sif;&rnf[laomt,ltqudk t½kd;pGJaeonfhtwkdif;vnf;
vlod&SifMum; rMumcPxkwfajymavh&dSonf/ tmPmodrf;NyD;onfESifh
a&G;aumufyo JG pfukd uwday;NyD;? ay;onfu h wdukd wnfatmifvyk o f nf/
aemufykdif; EkdifiHa&;xdyfwkdufawGUrIrsm;wGif Mum;rn§yfatmif? tjypfajym
p&mrjzpfatmif owdESihfaecJo h nf/
oufqiftvGeaf cwfwiG f xkid ;f jynfow l csKdU\ cH,cl sufwiG f acwf
pm;vmaom oufqifvkd tusifyh sufaom t&yfbuftpd;k &xufpmvQif
ppftkyfcsKyfa&;uaumif;OD;rnf[laomtawG;tac:onf 'Drkdua&pD
aemufaMumif;jyefjcif;[k qdk&rnf/
Edik fiHwumtjrifwGif tusifyh sufaomtpdk;&udk tmPmodrf;o
jzifh xkid ;f Edkiif u H dk trSefwu,f u,fwif&ma&mufovm;[k jyefoH;k oyf
aomtcg? tmPmodrf;jcif;onf ajcvSrf;trSm;[ktajzxGufonf/ t
rsKd;om;aoG;uGrJ Iudk eufoxuf euf½Idi;f atmif tqkd;oHo&mxJ wkid f;
jynfudw k eG f;ydkYay;&ma&mufcJo h nf[q k ko
d nf/

Ekid if Ha&;t& rnfrQoabmuGu J ?JG 'Drku

d a&pDabmif;wGi;f u jyó
emt00onf ppfwyfESifhrqkdif/ qkdifcsif;qkdifvQif &JtzGJUESifhom qkdifrnf/
ppfwyftvkyfonf jyify&efumuG,f&efomwGifom abmifowfxm;&
rnf[laom uk, d t
fh vkyf ud, f yk 0f g' (Professionalism) oabmw&m;onf
k v
xkdi;f ppfwyftwGuf >cif;csufrjzpfEdik fay/
à ½Icif; (3) - jrefrmppfwyf

e0w? etz ESpf (20) vHk;vH;k wyfrawmfomtrd? wyfrawmfomtz
[k 0g'jzefYcsufESihrf vHkavmufaomtcg? 2008 zGUJ pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif
]EdkifiHawmf\ trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmifrItcef;u@wGif wyfrawmfu yg0ifxrf;
aqmifEkid fa&;wkdYudk tpOfwpkdufOD;wnfonf} [laomtcsufESifh vuf&SdtusKd;pD;
yGm;udu k muG,&f if;? wyfwiG ;f u aemifrsKd;qufukd rufv;kH ay;vku d o f nf/
tif'kdeD;&Sm;ppfwyf? xkdif;ppfwyfwkdYESifh rwlaomtcsufrSm tif'kdeD;
&Sm;ESihf xkdi;f ppfwyfu EdkifiHawmfudk u,fwifa&;tawG;tac:rS qif;
oufvmjcif;jzpfNyD;? jrefrmppfacgif;aqmifwcsKdU\ tawG;tac:rSm
olwkdYtusKd;pD;yGm; umuG,fa&;tajccHrS qif;oufvmjcif;jzpfonf/
jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;wGif [efwifwef\ ppfbuf-t&yfbufquf
qHa&;jyóemESihfywfoufí jyefaxmufp&mwcsufrSm zqyvacwf
wGif EdkifiHa&;orm;wcsKdUu ppfwyfudk EdkifiHa&;xJ qGJoiG f;cJhonfhtrSm;
&Scd Jhzl;onf/ tMuHBuD;aom Adkvcf sKyfae0if;u zqyvacwf EdkifiaH &;
orm;wkdY\tm;enf;csufudk tcGifhaumif;,lNyD;? 1962 wGif tmPm
odrf;aomtcg xkid f;Edik fiHwiG f 2006 ppfwyftmPmodrf;onfhtajct
aersKd; axmufcHolu axmufcHcJhMuonf/
odYk aomf rqv (26) ESpf? e0w? etzacwf ESpfaygif; (20) t
awGUtMuKHu ppftkycf sKyfa&;atmufu vGwfajrmufvQifNyD;a&m tawG;
tac:onf vlxkMum;wGif tpdkiftcJjzpfvmcJhonf/ ab;xGufqkd;usKd;
wcku ppfwyfudk ppfwef;vsm; jyefrydkYEkid faomtcsdefumv &SnfMum
vGe;f aomtcg vlxt k Mum;wGif NiD;aiGUrIjzpfvmonf/ xdYk aMumifh rw&m;

onfhzGUJ pnf;yHEk Sifh rw&m;onfha&G;aumufyJG vkyfay;rnfqkdonfudyk if

wcsKdU t&yfbufEkdifiaH &;orm;wcsKdUu rqkd;ygbl;[laom a00g;rIrsKd;
jzpfaponf/
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buf EkdifiHa&;orm;wkdY\ wm0efr[kwf[k avQmhavQmhayghayghwGufvQif?
2010 tvGefwGif ppfwyfu EdkifiHa&;wGifqufygaernfhudpo ö nf t&yf
buf Ekdiif Ha&;orm;wkdY\ wm0efruif;[kqdk&awmhrnf/ jyefcsKyfvQif
t&yfbuf EkdifiHa&;orm;wkdY\ EkdifiaH &;&ifhusufraI &csdef? pnf;vHknn
D Gwf
rIa&csdefu tem*wfwGif ppfwyfudk EkdifiaH &;rS awmxkwfEdik f? rxkwEf dkiu
f dk
tqHk;tjzwfay;vdrfhrnf[laomtcsufonf jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;twGuf
vnf; jiif;&efcufvrd fhrnf/
pufwifbm (17)? 2010/

ÄÄÄ


ZifbmabGvrf;aMumif;
ààà
tmz&duwkduftaMumif; ESHUESHYpyfpyf avhvmxm;onfqkdaom

EdkifiHjcm;om;vTwfawmftrwfwa,mufESifh ZGefvu qHkygonf/ jrefrm
jynftaMumif; aocsmrodojzifh &Snf&Snfa0;a0;rajymawmhbJ ]igwdkY
Ekid fiu d JjrifMunfhvkdu}f [k pdwfroufompGmjzifh rdwf
H tm&S&UZJ ifbmabGvYdk rsufpx
qufay;vkduf&ygonf/ wu,fwrf; avmavmq,f EdkifiHa&;tajc
taecsif;EIdif;,SOfvQif ZifbmabGu jrefrmjynfxuf ESmwzsm;omaeo
vm; atmufarh&onf/
udk,fhEkdifiHudk tykyfcsNyD;? olrsm;EdkifiHudk trTrf;wifonfvnf;

tjzpfrcHEkdifyg/ xdkYaMumifh t&Sdw&m;udk MunfhMuygpdkY/
à oef;<u,firGw
J dkY wkdif;jynf
oef;<u,fawmif olaX;rjzpfbJ irGJjzpfaeonfrSm ZifbmabGom;
rsm;yif/ wv wv xrif;eyfrSef&ef vlwa,mufvQif ZifbmabG
a':vm (22) oef;vdktyfonf/ ZifbmabGpm;oHk;olrsm;aumifpD (Con-
sumer Council of Zimbabwe) u vGefcJhaom (2) ESpfu tpD&ifcHcsufjzpfonf/
aiGaMu;azmif;yGrIEIef;u 2008 Zlvkdifvu &mckdifEIef;tm;jzifh oef;aygif;

(231) &Sod nf/ 231 &mckid fEIe;f r[kwfyg/ oef;aygif; 231 &mckdifEeI f;yg/
vrf;rSm vl (10) a,mufawGUvQif (8) a,mufonf tvkyv f ufrhJ/ vl
(10) a,mufwGif (8) a,mufonf waeY0ifaiG wa':vmyifr&aom
vlrGJpm&if;aygufolrsm;jzpfonf/
2009 ckESpfwGif 0rf;a&m*gaMumifh vlaygif; (1500) aoqHk;oGm;chJ
onf/ t&G,fa&mufolrsm; (10) a,mufawGUvQif (2) a,mufonf
tdwfcsftkdifADG? attkdif'Dtufpf ul;pufcH&olrsm;jzpfonf/ EdkifiHvlOD;a&\
(3) yHk (1) yHkonf ,ckESpfykdif;twGif; jynfyodkYxGufcGm tvkyfvkyfae
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oufqufae&onf/ uav; ta,mufwaxmifarG;vmvQif 50 rS 80
onf arG;uif;pt&G,fwGifao&onf/ vlBuD;rsm;\ ysrf;rQtoufrSm
(40) 0ef;usifjzpfonf/
à &moufyefor®wBuD; rk*d gbD

emrnfq;dk vGe;f aom or®wBuD;onf ZifbmabGEikd if v H wG v
f yfa&;
acgif;aqmif? awmfvSefa&;orm;? vljzLtpdk;&vufxufwGif EkdifiHa&;
tusOf;om;a[mif;wa,mufjzpfonf? atmufpzdkY wuúodkvf wESpf
wufzl;ovdk ta0;oifjzifh tenf;qH;k bGUJ (6) ck&xm;ol? axmifusaepOf
Oya'bGYJ ,El idk o
f l vlawmfjzpfonf/ odYk aomf wkid ;f jynfukd qif;&JraI csmuf
eufxJusatmifvkyfEkdifyHkrSmvnf; pHjyKavmufonf/ olESifhvkyfazmfudkif

zuf AdkvfcsKyfBuD;wokdufu wkdif;jynftmPmudk armifykdifpD;NyD;? xifwkdif;

usJcJhonf/
Oyrm awmfveS fa&;BuD;tNyD; vljzLawGvufxJrS v,fajrrsm;udk
odrf;NyD;? qif;&Jom;rsm;udk a0&rnfhae&mwGif olwkdYcsif;yJ a0pm;rQpm;
vkyfvkduMf uonf/ irGJrsm;rSm 'Hk&if;'Hk&if;u rwwfEkdifMuawmhay/ ygwDpHk
pepfudk emrnfcHavmufxm;NyD;? ZefEl;yDtufzf (Zimbabwe African National
Union Patriotic Front -ZANU-PF) wygwDwnf;u wkdif;jynfudk tESpf (30)
eD;yg;tkyfcsKyfvmonf/ a&G;aumufyGJwkdif;udk rJvdrfNyD;? rEkdifEkdifatmif

vkywf mcsnf;yif/
à ZifbmabGppfwyf
rl*gbDESifh rwdrf;r,drf; touf (80) 0ef;usifAdkvfcsKyfBuD;rsm;u
jc,fvS,yf gonf/ olwdkYu rkd*gbDxufyif acgif;rmao;onf/ 2008
or®wa&G;aumufyGJwGif rkd*gbDu yxrtausmhwGif½IH;oGm;&m twkduf
tcH trf'DpD (Movement for Democratic Change -MDC) ygwDESifh aphpyfcsif
aomfvnf; Akdvcf sKyfBuD;rsm;u vufrcHyg/ trf'DpDacgif;aqmif armf*ef
&Sef*½kid f;u (50) &mckdifESkef;ausmfESifhEkdifaomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfrsm;u rJu
vdefusNyD; (40) &mckdifEIef;ausmf[k aumfr&SifudkaMunmckdif;NyD;? 'kwd,t
ausmha&G;aumufyGJvkyfckdi;f onf[k qkMd uonf/
rkd*gbDudkvnf; a&G;aumufyGJxyf0ifvQif ppfwyftm;ESifh Ekdifatmif
vkyfay;r,f/ r0ifvQif tmPmodrf;r,f[k tMuyfudkifonf/ rkd*gbD
tmPmvufrhJoGm;vQif olwdkYusL;vGefxm;orQ w&m;pD&ifcH&rnfudk
AdkvfcsKyfBuD;rsm;u pdk;&drof nf[kqko d nf/
à twku
d t
f cHacgif;aqmif &Se*f ½kid ;f
EkdifiHa&;b0tprSm rkd*gbDudkav;pm;NyD;? ZefEl;yDtufzfygwD0if
jzpfcJhzl;onf/ owåKwGif;tvkyform;b0u aemufcH&Sdonfhtwkid f; t
vkyof rm;or*¾acgif;aqmiftjzpf atmifjrifvmjyD;aemuf ygwDEiS hfquf

qHa&;ysufvmonf/
1999 wGif 'Drdkua&pDtajymif;tvJ vIyf&Sm;rItzGJUudk zGJUpnf;
onf/ vlxktzGJUtpnf;rsm;? tvkyform;or*¾rsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;?
awmu qif;&Jom;rsm;u axmufcHMuonf/ ZefEl;yDtufzf\ t"du
twkduftcHjzpfvmNyD; &Sef*½kdifvnf; tBudrfBudrf toufvkyfMuHcH&
onf/ uHaumif;axmufrojzifh vTwaf jrmufcJhonf/ tBudrfBudrf zrf;
qD;cH&? owdarharsmonftxd ½kdufESufcH&? EdkifiHawmfykefuefrIESifh w&m;
pGJcH&? axmifcscH&onf/
à 2000 = 2008
ZifbmabGEidk if aH &;wGif twkud t
f cHygwD tm;aumif;vmoavmuf
zdESdyfrIrsm; t&Sdef&vmaomumvvnf; jzpfonf/ wkdif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;
cRwfjcHKusaeojzifh twkduftcHudk ydktm;aumif;vmonf/
2000 ckEpS f zGUJ pnf;yHkvx
l kqEćH,yl Gw
J iG f vlxu
k uefYuu G rf aJ y;
vkduo f jzifh twkduftcHwdkY\ Ekdiif Ha&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; ydkEdSyu
f Gyfc&H onf/
2008 rwfv (29) &ufaeY orwa&G;aumufyGJwGif rkd*gbDu (43.2)?
&Sef*½kid ;f u (47.2) [k w&m;0ifaMunmonf/ orwavmif;wa,muf
rQ (50) &mckdifEeI f;rausmfojzifh ZGev f (27) &ufaeYwiG f 'kwd,tausmh
jyefvky&f efpDpOfonf/
xdkwBudrfwGif aocsmaygufEkdif&ef tpdk;&u wjynfvHk;tESHY enf;
aygif;pHkoHk;onf/ wvtwGif;rSm &Sef*½kdif;ESifh acgif;aqmif'gZifcsD tzrf;
cH&NyD;? ppfaxmufvrS f;a&;u &Sef*½kid f;udk vkyfMuHowfjzwf&ef MuHpnf
onfqkdaomudpv ö nf; ay:cJhonf/ ygwDXmecsKyf 0ifpD;cH&onf/ trf'DpD
ygwD0ifrsm;ESifh axmufcHoltenf;qHk; (70) towfcH&NyD;? axmifaygif;
rsm;pGm tdk;tdrfpGefY xGufajy;cJh&onf/
aemufqHk;wGif trf'DpDudk rJay;rnfhvlrsm;udk Ncdrf;ajcmuftusyf
ukdifNyD;? touftEå&m,f&SdaeaomaMumifh[kqkdum a&G;aumufyGJ (3)
&uftvdkwGif &Sef*½kdif;u a&G;aumufyGJr0ifawmhbJ oydwfarSmufcJhonf/

wukd,fawmfNyKdifyJGwGif rkd*gbDu tEdkif&onf[kaMunmaomfvnf; a'

otzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHwumzdtm;aMumifh tmPmcGJa0a&;vrf;
aMumif; ay:aygufcJhonf/
2008 Zlvkdif (22) &ufaeYwGif rkd*gbDESifh &Sef*½kdif;wdkY tmPmcGJ
a0Mu&ef n§dEdIif;NyD;? 2008 pufwifbm (15) &ufaeYwiG f awmiftmz&d
u zGHUNzKd;a&;todu k ft0ef; (14) EdkifiHwufa&mufaom tmPmcGJa0a&;
vufrw S fx;kd yGJ txajrmufcJoh nf/ 0efBuD;csKyf&eS f*½kid ;f u &JtzGUJ ukd udik f
&NyD;? or®wrkd*gbDu ppfOD;pD;csKyftjzpfquf&Sdonf/
à jrefrmjynfESifhuGmjcm;csuf
ZifbmabGwGif ZefE;l yDtufzfygwDu tESpf (30) tkycf sKyfcJhaomf
vnf; tvkyform;or*¾rsm;? ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;? trsKd;orD;or*¾
rsm;? vlUtcGifhta&;tzGJUrsm;ESifh vlxktajcjyKtzGJUrsm;udk zGJUpnf;vIyf&Sm;
cGifhjyKxm;onf/ &Sef*½kid f;\ trf'DpDygwDyifvQif vlxktajcjyKtoif;
tzGJUrsm;\aemufcHzdtm;aMumifh twkduftcH EdkifiHa&;ygwDtjzpf a&SU
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aeNyD/ ZifbmabGwGif 2009 ESpfqef;u trsKd;om;tpdk;&ay:vmaomf
vnf; ppfwyfu EkdifiHa&;rS rqkwfao;ojzifh pD;yGm;a&;? w&m;Oya'

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atmufwdkbm 3? 2010/
ÄÄÄ
ukd;um; ...
1. A Way Forward for Zimbabwe (ICG report, March 2010)
2. A History of the Struggle against the Mugabe Regime
(By Leo Zeiling, Jul 17th 2010)


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ÄÄÄ
ukd;um; ...
Kim Jong il’s military-first policy a silver bullet
Kim Jong Eun and Military first Politics
Son of NKorea Leader elected to party leadership
(AP, September 28,2010)

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0if;xJrSm tJvfbufajymcJah om olwdYk Ekid fi\ H Edkiif aH &;wnfNidrfrvI QKdU0Suf
csufqkdonfudk jyefowd&onf/
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'DygwDudkay;r,f/ aemufav;ESpfMum&if aemufwygwDudkBudKuf&if

ay;jyefa&m}}
tJvfbufu olwdkYEkdifiHurJqE´&SifawG tpGJrBuD;wm? EkdifiHa&;
a&csdefjrifhonfudkajymonf/ okdYayr,fh vGwfajrmufa&;ygwD (PVV) tajc
taeaumif;aeonfudkawmh olrBudKuf/ usaemfu (PVV) ygwDacgif;
aqmif\rdefYcGef;rsm;udk tifwmeufrSwqifh em;axmifzl;aeonf/
]]a[h tJvfbuf? (PVV) omtmPm&vm&if *smreDrSm [pfwvm
tmPm&wkef;u *sL;awGESdyfuGyfcH&ovdk/ e,fomvefrSmvnf; rGwfp
vifawGeJY EdkifiHjcm;uae ajymif;a&TUtajccswJhvlawG ESdyfuGyfcH&r,f
xifw,f}}
usaemfu acgif;xJay:vmaomtawG;udkajym&if; tJvb f ufqD
utjrifudkyg awmif;vkdufonf/
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ckdvIHcGifhawmif;r,fav/ raumif;bl;vm;}}
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tJvfbufu t&Tef;azmufonf/
aemufwaeY a&G;aumufyGJ&v'frsm;xGufvmawmh rSe f;xm;
onfhtwkdif; jynfolYvTwfajrmufa&;ESifh 'Drkdua&pD (VVD) u trwfae&m
(31) ae&mESifh tEdik f&ygwD/ 'wfcsfavbmygwD (PVDA) u trwfae&m
(30)? tpövmrfqefYusifa&;ygwD (PVV) ygwDu trwfae&m (24)?
tmPmvuf&Sd c&pf,mef'Drkdu&uf (21)? qkd&S,fvpfygwDu (15) ae&m?
tjcm;ygwDi,frsm;vnf; (10) ae&matmuf toD;oD;&Muonf/
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&JUygwD) PVV &,f xifw,fuGm/ urÇmudk b,fvdkrsufESmjy&r,frSef;
awmif rodygbl;uGm}}
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qHk;eJY tmPm&ygwDjzpfr,fxifw,faemf/ tJ'Dtcgus&if rGwfpvif

urÇmeJY e,fomvefu &efolawmfawGjzpfoGm;awmhrSmyJ/ tck tar&d

um; &ifqkdifae&ovdkrsKd;aygh/ vrf;ab;AHk;awG? taocHAHk;awGeJY e,fom
vefvnf; tD&wfvdkYjzpfoGm;rSm aocsmw,f/}}
aemufqkH;ay;vk duf aomOyrmu &uf puf vGef ;oGm;onf [k
xifonf/ tJvfbufxrH S rnfonfph um;rS aemufxyfxGurf vmawmh/
olYEkdifiH\ tem*wfta&; awG;aeyHk&onf/ um;pufEId;xm;&if; ½kwfw
&uf rarmif;ao;bJ ta0;wae&mqD ai;Munfhaeonf/
ZGefv (13)? 2010/
ÄÄÄ

(C) orkdif;xJu aw;

ààà
r[wår*® E´'D óeESihf atmifqef;vrf;pOf
ààà
oefvsufESifh apmOr®m


r[wår*® E´D'óeESihf atmifqef;vrf;pOf

ÄÄÄ
ppfBuKdumvu jrefrmvli,fawGMum;rSm tdEd́,acgif;aqmifBuD;
r[wår®*E¨D[m odyfay:jyLvmrjzpfygbl;/ olYt,ltq? vkyf&yfawG
tay: txifBuD;rIrjywJhtjyif a0zefwmawGawmif awGU&ygw,f/ Oyrm
1938 w0kdufrSmxkwfcJhwJh ocifodef;azjrihfa&;NyD;? ocifatmifqef;?
ocifEk? udkA[def;wdkY wm0ef,lNyD;xkwfchJwJh ukvm;-ArmwkdufyGpJ mtkyf
rSm atmufygtwkdif;awGU&ygw,f/
]ukvm;-Armta&;ta&;um; taES;ESit hf jref rvTrJ a&Smifom ta&;
jzpfonf/ uREkyf w f EYdk pS Of ;D pvH;k rSm vl½idk ;f wdtYk ajcrS rwufEikd jf cif;udjk y
onf[í l eufra,mifEiS w fh rd af om rpöwm*E´\ D pum;rsK;d jzihf rsuEf mS
vTJ½HkjzifhrNyD;} (ukvm;-Armwku d yf GJ? pm-1)
]*E´?D a'qkid ?f yaw;? &m*sm*dyk g? vcsm&D paomacgif;aqmifrsm; uGe*f
&ufwiG Bf u;D pd;k aeorQ? igwAYkd rmjynfu uGe*f &ufukd ½dak ornfr[kw/f
*s0g [vmae½l;? 'ef;a*;? 'wårZGr;f 'g;? a'gufwmtmrufpolwYkd Bu;D pd;k
aomtcgrSom uGe*f &ufukd igwdYk½adk ornf/ uGe*f &ufEiS afh ygif;um
vGwv f yfa&;wku d yf w JG iG f ETrJ nf} (ukvm;-Armwku d yf GJ? pm-24)
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JU vGwfvyfa&;BuKd;yrf;rIorkdif;udk avhvm

vQifvnf; ae½l;eJYywfoufru I dk rMucPawGU&aomfvnf; *E´DESifhywf
ouf rIudk vHk ;0rawGU&yg?? Oyrm ArmEkdif iHvHk ;qkdif&mausmif;om;
or*¾rsm;tzGJUcsKyf (Auo) OuúX udkatmifqef;b0u rEåav;rSmvkyfwJh
AuonDvmcHudk ae½l;udk zdwfMum;wufa&mufapcJhwm (1937)? 'dkYArm
tpnf;t½Hk; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ocifatmifqef;b0rSm ae½l;u
tdEd´,EdkifiH? &rf;vm;NrdKUrSmvkyfwJh tdEd́,EdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m uGef*&ufygwD
nDvmcHoYkd zdwaf c:cJwh m (1940)? zqyvOuúXtaeeJY vef'efukd vGwf

vyfa&;twGuf ta&;qkdzdYk roGm;cif e,l;a'vDudk t&ifoGm;ESihNf yD;? rpö

wmae½l;xHrS tMuHÓPfudk&,lcJhwm (1947)? pojzihf awGU&ygw,f/
'Dvdk t*FvdyfuRefjzpfaewmcsif;twlwl? yx0Dt& wqufwpyf
wnf;? vGwv f yfa&;BuKd;yrf;rI orkid ;f aMumif;vnf; wqufwpyfwnf;&Sd
cJhwhJ Edkiif HESpcf ku acwfNyKdifacgif;aqmifESpfa,mufMum;u qufqHa&;
uGif;quf ysufrItaMumif; &if;udk&SmwJhtcgrSm wcsKdU jzpfEkdifacswcsKdUudk
rSef;qMunfhryd gonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JU tawG;tac:t& vGwfvyfa&;&zdkYqdk&if
tMurf;rzuf tEkenf;qdkwmxufu w&m;wJhenf;rSeforQ (tEkjzpfjzpf?
tMurf;enf;jzpfjzpf) oHk;r,fqdkwJh tawG;tac: jzpfygw,f/ jyif;xefwJh
trsKd;om;a&;0g'D (ae&Sife,fvpf) yDyD? waeYrSm e,fcsJUt*Fvdyfudk vufeuf
ukdifwkdufzdkYtxd tawG;tac:[m ocifb0uwnf;u &ifhusufcJhNyD;
vnf;jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh rpöwm*EDúdk txifBuD;yHkr&yg/ txif
rBuD;vdkYqkdwmu ocifatmifqef;b0rSmuwnf;u ae½l;&JUzdwfac:
csufeJY tdEd́,oGm;wJhtcgrSm Nidrf;csrf;a&;orm; rpöwm*ED́udkawGUzdkYxuf
e,fpyfrSm vufeufukdifawmfvSefaewJh e,fpyf*ED́BuD;qDudkom awGUqHkzdkY
pdwftm;xufoefcJhwmudk awGU&ygw,f/ (Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;[m olav;
pm;wJh/ txifBuD;wJh yk*K¾ dvfawGudk vlcsif;awGzdkYtcGifhta&;udk trdt&BuKd;pm;wwfygw,f/
vef'efc&D;pOfrSm pma&;q&mawG? Edik fiHa&;orm;awGudk tcsderf tm;vyfwMJh um;u awGU cGih&f
atmif pDpOfcidk ;f cJw
h mudk wuúovkd af e0if;a&;wJph mawGrmS awGEU idk yf gw,f/)
'DtcsufawGudkaxmufNyD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk Radical wkduf
cku
d fa&;orm; oufouftjzpf ,lqzdYk r[kwfygbl;/ ppfNyD;acwf zqy
vOuúX OD;atmifqef;tjzpfeJY bk&ifcH&UJ trIaqmifaumifpDrSm 'kwd,
obmywdtjzpf yg0ifcJhwm? atmifqef;-tufwvDpmtcsKyft& wESpf
twGif; vGwfvyfa&;ay;zdkY oabmwlcJhwmawGvnf; &Sdygw,f/ 'gay
r,fh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m tEkenf;udk rsufpdwfpHkrSdwf ,HkMunfcJhol
r[kwb f ;l qkdwm atmifqef;tufwvDcsKyfzdkY vef'eftoGm;rSm ,HkMunf
&wJh zqyvacgif;aqmifawGuwqihf vufeuf&oavmuf pkaqmif;

xm;zdkY nTefMum;csufay;cJhwmudkMunfh&if odomygw,f/

wu,fwrf; *E´v D rf;pOf[mvnf; t<uif;rJvh ufeufcsa&;vrf;
pOfr[kwfbl;qkdwm olajymzl;wJhpum;t& xif&Sm;ygw,f/
]tMurf;y&rf;enf;awGukd uREyfk u f ,
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bl;/ 'gayr,fh ud,
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*ED́&JU'Dpum;awG[m odyfudkynm&yfqefvGef;? "r®oHeJY odrfarGUae

wmrdkY? tar&duefuAsmq&m tqkdawmf *sif;armf&pfqif&JU pum;wcGef;
ud;k um;vkdufygw,f/
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tJ'eD nf;vrf;udk tjrJwrf;pGJvrf;aewmuom qk;d wmyg}
b,fvdkpJGvrf;rIrsKd;jzpfjzpf w,loefrIom jzpfygvdrfhr,f/ Adkvf

csKyfatmifqef;&JU (1938-1947) vGwfvyfa&;BuKd;yrf;rI orkdif;udkjyef
Munf&h if jrefrmjynf vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;uvGv J dk b,f0g'? b,ftzGUJ t
pnf;? b,fyk*K¾ dvftay:rSmrS rpGJvrf;cJhygbl;/ Nidrf;csrf;a&;vrf;pOfeJY
tMurf;y&rf;vrf;pOf? 'DESpfckrSmvnf; b,fwckudkrS rpGJvrf;cJhbl;qkdwm
xif&Sm;ygw,f/ 'guyJ AdkvfcsKyf&JU avhvmrqHk;Edkifatmifeuf½Idif;wJh
acgif;aqmifrIt&nftcsif;xJuwckjzpfNyD;? vufiif;jrefrmh EdkifiHa&;
tay: wifMunfhoifhygaMumif; .../
ÄÄÄ


oefvsuEf iS hf apmOr®m
ÄÄÄ
(1)
1932/
ArmjynfwGif e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; 0HomEkvIyf&Sm;rIrsm; pwifNydKuGJ
umptcsdefjzpfonf/ Armjynfudk tdEd́,rS cGJxkwfrvm;? wGJxm;rvm;qdk
aom cGJa&;-wGJa&;tay: 0HomEkrsm; pdwf0rf;uGJaeMuonf/ 0d0g'uGJjym;
rIonf 0HomEkrsm;wGifomru wuúodkvfy&0kPftwGif;odkY ul;puf
vmonf/ w&ufwGif wuúodkvfausmif;om;or*¾taqmuftODt
wGif;? cGJa&;axmufcHaom 0HomEkrsm;ESifh wGJa&; axmufcHaom0HomEkrsm;
pum;ppfxkd;aeMuonf/ ociftrnfcH vli,fwOD;onf tjyeftvSef
jiif;ckefcsufrsm;udk twefMum em;axmifaeao;onf/ xkdYaemuf
obmywdxHcGifhyefum Mum;jzwfrdeYf cGef;a>cavawmhonf/
]]wdkYArmtpnf;t½kH;taejzifh cGJa&;a&m? wGJa&;yg rnfonfhbuf
udkrS raxmufcHyg/ cGJa&;jzpfap? wGJa&;jzpfap t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUorm;
vufatmufcHcsnf; jzpfonf/ 'DcGJa&;-wGJa&;jyóem\t"dyÜg,frSm
t*FvdyfEdkifiHcsJUorm;\ b,fbufzdeyfatmufaervm;? nmbufzdeyf
atmufaervm; ar;onfhoabmjzpfonf/ þudpt ö wGuf ocifrsm;\
oabmudkajym&vQif tif;0acwfu emrnfausmf olcdk;BuD;iwufjym;
udkzrf;rdojzifh owdk;rif;zsm;bk&ifu armifrif;udk tckowfr,f/ oef
vsufjzifh ckwfowfwmBudKufovm;/ vSHjzifhxd;k owfwm BudKufovm;
[kar;aomtcg iwufjym;u usKyftBudKufukdajym&vQif oHvsufa&m?
vSyH g b,ft&mrSrBudKufyg/ t&Sirf if;BuD;ab;u apmOr®mudo k m BudKuf
ygonfvdYk ajymcJo h vdk cGJa&;vnf;rBudKuf? wGaJ &;vnf;rBudKuf t*Fvdyf
e,fcsJUorm;vufatmufu vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;udkomBudKufygonf/}}
vufckyfoHrsm; rpJawmhyg/ txufyg orkdif;0ifrdefYcGef;udka>ccJhol
rSm aemiftcg e,fcsJUtpdk;&u taMumufBuD;aMumufcJh&aom wdkYArm

tpnf;t½kH;udk pwifwnfaxmifol ocifbaomif;yifjzpfonf/ xdkpOf

u wdkYArmtpnf;t½kH;trnfonf oaE¨wnfpyif &SdOD;rnf/
(2)
cGJa&;-wGaJ &;twGuf rJcGMJ uaomtcg wGaJ &;bufuEdik o f nf/ odYk
aomf tpuwnf;u cGJa&;twGuf tpDtpOfcsxm;NyD;aom t*Fvdyftpdk;
&onf rlvtpDtpOftwkdif; cGaJ &;udkom twnfjyKcJah vonf/ cGJa&;-
wGJa&;jyóemaMumifh 0HomEkrsm;tMum; pdwf0rf;uGJcJh&ojzifh e,fcsJUwdkY
\aoG;cGJenf;onf atmifjrifonf[k qdk&rnf/
cGJa&;-wGJa&;wGif tjiif;oefchJaom 0HomEkrsm;onf 1923 ckEpS f
uyif 'dkiftmcDaMumifh (2) jcrf;uGJcJhzl;onf/ [kr®½l;udk tjrifhqHk;&nfrSef;
csufxm;aom *sDpDbDattoif;BuD; (2) jcrf;uGJ&onfhtaMumif;rSm
r[mAsL[m (Strategy) jyóem[k a,bk,sqdkEdkifonf/ OD;baz? 0wf
vHak wmf& OD;ykESihf OD;xGef;atmifausmfwdYk OD;aqmifaom ynmwwf (21)
OD;tkyfpku 'dkiftmcDudkvufcHNyD; ygvDreftwGif;rS wqifhNyD; wqihf
wdkufyG0J ifa&; (Evolution) AsL[mudkcif;onf/ OD;cspfvIid fOD;aqmifaom
trsm;pkBuD;u 'dkiftmcDudk oydwfarSmuf (Boycott) onf/
aemufydkif;wGif OD;cspfvIdiftkyfpktwGif;rS e,fcsJUtpdk;&tay: o
abmxm;wif;rmaom OD;pdk;odPf;tkyfpk cGJxGufoGm;onf/ OD;pdk;odPf;
onf tar&duefrsKd;cspfrsm;\ e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&; (Revolution) yHpk Hudk
oabmusol jzpfonf/ v,form;olyek facgif;aqmif q&mpHonf OD;pd;k
odPf;tkyfpkrS acgif;aqmifwOD;yif jzpfonf/ OD;pd;k odP;f tkypf krSvnf;
tv,ftvwfoabmxm;&SdolwcsKdU aemufydki;f wGif cGJxu G fukefjyefo
jzifh 0HomEkwdkY\vIyf&Sm;rIonf q,fpk (2) ck tMumwGif tpdwfpdwf
t`rTm`rTmjzifh Zmwfodrf;raumif;cJhay/
(3)
ocifrsm;onf tpOftvmvrf;a[mif;rsm;rS azmufxGufcJhMu

onf/ 0HomEk\[kr½® ;l rS vrf;cJx G u G fum vHk;0vGwv f yfa&;ukd arQmfreS ;f

cJhMuonf/ 1930? arv (30) wGif yxrqH;k xGufay:vmaom wkdYArm
tpnf;t½kH;\ EkdifiHjyKpmpk trSwf (1) wGif þokdY ed*Hk;csKyfxm;onf/
]]tkd ... tcsif;trsKd;om; wkYd ArmwkYd ? at;csrf;NidrfoufpGmaevkMd u
vQif ppfjzpfzkdY toifhjyifqifNyD; &SdMuygap}}
]]&efrvdkvQif &efykdonf/ &efvkdrS &efNydKonf/ vmrnfah b; ajy;
awGU}} paom wuf<uaomwkduyf JGac:oHonf a&S;½kd;pJGvlUtzJGtpnf;ukd
cyfMurf;Murf; ykwfEId;avonf/ jrefrmwkdY jyefvnfEdk;xum pnf;½Hk;
vIyf&Sm;vmMuonf/
'kdiftmcDjzihf *sDpDbDatukdxkd;cJGEkdifcJhaom e,fcsJUtpkd;&onf ocif
rsm;ukdvnf; aoG;xd;k prf;vkdujf yefonf/ 1935 wGif 'kdiftmcDtBuD;pm;
wckudk jrefrmjynfoYdk oGif;vmonf/ ,ckwBudrw f iG f e,fcsJUwkYd \ vSnfh
uGufaMumihf EkdifiHa&;trmcHwcsKdU a00g;ukefMuonf/ 'kdiftmcDukdvuf
rcHaom OD;cspfvIid ftkyfpkonf (91) Xmea&G;aumufyJGodkY 0ifa&mufvm
onf/ 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd? ukdEk (aemufykdif; ocifEk) wkdY azbD,H jzpfvm
Muonf/ EkdifiHa&;*k½kBuD; q&mawmfOD;Owåryif ]](91) Xmeonf [kr®½l;
twGuf vufwurf;tvk}d } [kqu dk m ygvDreftwGi;f rS wku d yf 0GJ ifMurnfh
Evolution orm;rsm;ukd BudKqkdvkdufavonf/ okdYaomf OD;pkd;odPf;tkyfpk
url (91) Xmeukdvnf; qefYusifNrJ qefYusifcJhonf/ xl;jcm;csufrSm

OD;pk;d odP;f onf e,fcsJUwkYd EiS fh rqufqaH &;rludk wavQmufv;kH ukid pf cGJ o hJ l
jzpfonf/
ocifrsm;u NAdwdoQwkdY\y&d,m,fukd EkdifiHa&;pifjrifhtjzpf oHk;
Muonf/ tpnf;t½kH;twGif;rS acgif;aqmifwcsKdUyg0ifaom uk, d fhrif;
ukd,hfcsif;tzJGUrsm;xlaxmifum (91) Xme a&G;aumufyJrG sm;wGif ta&G;
cHMuonf/ ygvDreftwGif;0ifum ukdvkdeDtkyfcsKyfa&;,EÅ&m;ukd enf;rsKd;
pHkjzihfaESmihf,Sufonf/ vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;&nfrSef;csufukdrl wjym;om;rQ
ravQmh/
]]vGwv f yfa&;onf yxr? vGwfvyfa&;onf 'kwd,? vGwfvyf

a&;onf tpp}} [k a<u;aMumfum ygvDrefjyifywGif &orQtiftm;pk

rsm;ukd pkpnf;aeonf/
(4)
wkdYArmocifrsm;\ wkdufyJGyHkpo H nf pepfwusESihf wDxGifrI&SdvS
onf/ (91) XmetkyfcsKyfa&; a&G;aumufyJG rJqG,fyJGrsm;ukd (91) Xme
tkyfcsKyfa&; qefYusifa&;? vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;w&m;yJGrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJ
ypfvkdufonf/ EkdifiHw0ef;wGif w&m;yJGaygif; (500) ausmf jyKvkyfEkdif
onf/ ygvDreftwGif;ü [kr®½l;tpm; (4) axmifpm;? (5) axmifpm;
tdyfrufrufaeMuaom Evolution orm;qkdolrsm;xHrS oifcef;pm,lMu
onf/ ukd,fhrif;ukd,fcsif;trwfrsm; vpmr,l&/ tpnf;½kH;XmecsKyf\
ñTeMf um;csuftwkid ;f woa0rwdr;f vku d ef m&rnf[k pnf;urf;owfrw S f
onf/ (91) XmetkyfcsKyfa&; wESpfjynfhaom (1937) ck? {NyD (1) &uf
wGif &efuek Nf rdKUwGif ukdvedk D tkycf sKyfa&;opfqefYusifyGJBuD; jyKvkyfonf/
]]awmif;,lvkdY r&? wku d f,lrS &rnf}} [k pJGNrJ,HkMunfMuonfht
wkid f; aemufqHk;wGif ukd,frif;ukd,fch sif; trwf (2) OD; (ocifjr? ocif
tHhBuD;) wkdY &mxl;rS EkwfxGufvkdufMuonf/
(5)
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ajymif;vJrnf[k rxifyg/)
atmufwdkbm (30)? 2010/
ààà

[Hom0wD OD;0if;wif\ trSmpm rl&if;
ààà




usrf;ukd;pm&if;
ààà
UNDP Elections in Bangladesh 2006-2009

ICG Bangladesh: Election and Beyond
(Dec -2008)
ICG Bridging Thailand’s Deep Divide
(5-July 2010)
ICG Myanmar: Towards The Election
(20 August 2009)
Joshua Kurlantzick Asia’s Democracy Backlash
Chu Yun-han Third-Wave Democratization in East Asia:
Challenges and Prospect (2006)
Matthew Frankel Threaten but Participate:
Why Election Boycotting Are a Bad Idea
(March 2010)
Wondwosen Teshome Opposition Parties and the Politics of
Opposition in Africa: A Critical Analysis
(2009)
Johan Kharabi The Thai Military: A Political Role
Thitinan Pongsudhirak Thailand And Since The Coup (Oct 2008)
Johan Kharabi The Thai Military: A Political Role
Sato, Yuri Democratization Indonesia:
Reformasi Period in Historical Perspective
(2003-2008)
Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono The Democratic Instinct in the 21st Century
(Journal Democracy Volume 21, Number 3
(July 2010)
National Democratic
Institute Burma’s 2010 Electoral Framework:
Fundamentally Undemocratic
(August 2010)

The Washington Post “Elections Aren’t Democracy” (An excerpt

from President-elect Barack Obama’s
Jan. 15 meeting at the Post
Obama Cairo Speech: A New Beginning
Arch Puddington Freedom in the World 2010:
Erosion of Freedom Intensifies
George B.N. Ayittey The Worst of the Worst (July/August 2010)
United Nations
University Public release date: 17 Oct 2004
(Timing,preconditions critical for post-
conflict elections, UN University experts
warn)
eJournal USA More than Election (volume 15/ Number 1)
Emily Beaulieu
(University of California,
San Diego) Birth pangs or death throes? The conse
quences of election boycotts for democrati
zation.
Almami I. Cyllah Democracy and Election in Africa
(24 March 2010)
Asia Times Kim Jong il’s military-first policy a silver bullet
Kim Jong Eun and Military first Politics
AP Song of NKorea Leader elected to party
leadership (AP, September 28,2010)

ICG Report A Way Forward for Zimbabwe
(March 2010)
Leo Zeiling A History of the Struggle against the
Mugabe Regime. (Jul 17th 2010)

pma&;ol
ààà
aeoGif
(1 9 8 0 - .. ... .. ..)
1980 azazmf0g&D (15) &ufaeYwGifarG;zGm;onf/
2004 wGif &efukefenf;ynmwuúodkvfrS tif*sifeD,mbGJU,lonf/

ausmif;r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif pmwkdayprsm;pwifa&;om;cJhonf/
2004-2007 xkdif;-jrefrme,fpyfwGifxkwfa0aom rkd;BuKd;owif;pm?

acwfNydKifESifh wjcm;r*¾Zif;? pmapmifrsm;wGif uAsm? aqmif;yg;? tuf
aq;rsm;a&;om;cJhonf/
2008 ckESpftpwGif rZÑdrowif;XmewGif acwå0ifa&muf vkyfudkifcJhNyD;

aemuf? 2008 Zlv l dkifvrS ,aeYtxd 'Drdku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH ('DADGbD)
\owif;axmuftjzpf vkyu f idk af eqJjzpfonf/ tGev
f idk ;f rD',
D mrsm;ESihf
*sme,f? r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif aqmif;yg;? tufaq;rsm;qufvuf a&;om;ae
qJvnf;jzpfonf/
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Beyond The Elections by Nay Thwin

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1 Beyond The Elections

Beyond The Elections 4

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Beyond The Elections 6

Beyond The Elections 8

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Beyond The Elections 10

11 Beyond The Elections

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Beyond The Elections 14

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Beyond The Elections 16

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Beyond The Elections 18

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Beyond The Elections 20

21 Beyond The Elections

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Beyond The Elections

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2. ROBERT MUGABE of Zimbabwe

3. THAN SHWE of Burma

4. OMAR HASSAN AL-BASHIR of Sudan

5. ISAIAS AFWERKI of Eritrea

6. ISLAM KARIMOV of Uzbekistan

7. MAHMOUD AHMADINEJAD of Iran

8. MELES ZENAWI of Ethiopia

10. TEODORO OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO of Equatorial Guinea

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33 Beyond The Elections

Beyond The Elections 34

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35 Beyond The Elections

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