TOPIC:

WATER AND LAND

POLLUTION
ITS CAUSES AND EFFECTS.

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 Pollution is an undesirable change in
the physical, chemical and biological
characteristics of our air land and
water that harmfully affecting the
human life and the desirable species, or
that may waste or deteriorate our raw
material resources.

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 As per the environment protection act 1986
of India. “Environmental pollutants”
means any solid liquid gaseous substance
present in such concentration as may be,
or tend to be injurious to environment and
“environmental pollutants” means the
presence in the environment of any
environmental pollution.

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BIODEGRADABLE POLLUTANTS
 There are materials such as sewage that
rapidly decomposes by natural processes.

NON BIODEGRADABLE POLLUTANTS

 Non biodegradable pollutants are the
materials that either do not decompose or
decompose slowly in the natural
environment.

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 Water pollution is the contamination of
water bodies such as lakes, rivers,
oceans, and groundwater.
 It occurs when pollutants are
discharged directly or indirectly into
water bodies without adequate
treatment to remove harmful
constituents.

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 Surface water pollution.

 Groundwater pollution.

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 Sources of surface water pollution are
generally grouped into two categories based
on their origin.
 Point source pollution

 Non-point source pollution

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 Point source pollution
 “Point source”-occurs when harmful
substances are emitted directly into the body
of water.
 Examples :-discharges from a sewage
treatment plant, a factory, or a city storm drain
directly into a river.

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 Non-point source pollution
 “Non-point source”- delivers
pollutants indirectly through transport.
 pollution refers to diffuse
contamination that does not originate
from a single discrete source.
 Example:-when fertilizers is carried into
stream by rain(i.e. run-off)

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 Groundwater pollution is the pollution of
water below the earth surface.
 Groundwater aquifers are susceptible to
contamination from different sources.

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 Domestic sewage.

 Industrial sewage.

 Agricultural waste

 Other sources

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DOMESTIC SEWAGE.
 Various chemical compounds in the sewage discharged from
drainage system our residence regularly find its way to flow
into different water bodies like ponds lakes , river etc. And thus
polluting water .

 Discharge of sewage from washing off clothes ,utensils &

discharge of waste water after usage of different household &
cleaning products like laundry detergents, bleaching powder,
window cleaning, dust spray, stain remover, shampoo, hair dye,
conditioner , etc flow into the drainage system, finally directly
or indirectly mix up with water bodies & thus increasing
harmful chemical substances making water contaminated.

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 Dumping of the solid waste of household
items(cold drink cans & plastic bottles,
packets, wrappers, paper, food wastes,
garbage's ) in to water bodies causing
water pollution.

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Industry sewage
All major industries release pollutants which
ultimately mix with water bodies . For Example.
 MINING INDUSTRIES.

 STEEL INDUSTRIES

 CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES

 DETERGENTS INDUSTRIES

 PAPER INDUSTRIES

 FOOD INDUSTRIES

 PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES.

 PETROLEUM INDUSTRIES.

DISCHARGING POLLUTANTS IN DIFFERENT

FORMS OF CHEMICAL & THEIR
COMPOSITIONS 18
 SULPHUR DIOXIDE FROM POWER PLANTS ARE DISCHARGED AS
POLLUTANTS INCREASING THE ACIDITY LEVEL IN WATER AND THUS
POLLUTING WATER BODIES
 AMMONIA FROM FOOD PROCESSING WASTES
 HEAVY METALS(MERCURY,LEAD ETC) & SULPHUR COMPOUNDS ARE
SOMETIMES DISCHARGED THROUGH MINING PROCESS .MINING
WASTES (SLURRY) ARE CARRIED AWAY BY RAIN WATER WHICH
FINALLY FLOW INTO WATER BODIES CAUSING POLLUTION.

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 AGRICULTURAL SEWAGE
Pesticides and weedicides : pesticides and weedicid es are
applied to farm fields to kill unwanted pests and weeds
causing harm to both plants and crops . Eventually these
are washed away by rain water into local streams & rivers
or drain down into the ground water and thus ultimately
finding their ways to big water bodies endangering the life
of aquatic organism and contaminating water

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 FERTILISERS:
Farmers provides fertilisers to make soil
more fertile for growth of the plants.
Fertilisers containing nitrates and
phosphates is carried away by rain water
and finding their ways into water bodies
and contaminating water.

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 Silts (sediment) is run off from constuction sites logging, slash and b
urn particles or land clearing sites & thus contaminate the water
bodies.

 Plastics & plastic like substances(nylons) in the sewage endangers

the life of aquatic organisms.

 Oils leaked or spilled from oil tankers and offshore oil rigs float
over water and thereby causing demage marine eco-system

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 Shipping is one of causes of water pollution .
discharging oily wastes & oil-contaminated water
are significant sources of marine pollution.

 Drilling and extraction operation for oil &gas

contaminating coastal water and ground water.

 Petroleum hydrocarbons including

fuels(gasoline,diesel,jet fuels) & lubricants(motor oil).

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 Drinking polluted water can cause cholera or
typhoid infections or diarrhea.
 The consumption of highly contaminated
water can be harmful for heart and kidneys
 Few chemicals are entering to the food chain
e.g.lead,arsenic
 Underground water pollution causing threat to
drinking water in some parts of northern
India.

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 Chemicals kills the flora and fauna
 Thermal pollution of water also affects
the biotic life in water.
 Oil spills and chemical spills are causing
great danger to marine ecosystem
 Acid rain contains sulfate particles,
which can harm fish or plant life in
lakes and rivers.
 Polluted water is not suitable for
industrial use also.

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Rivers Highly Industries causing pollution Chemicals
polluting
city
Ganga Kanpur Jute,chemical,metal industry, tanneries Sulphates, various
and leather industry. acids etc.
Yamuna Delhi Industrial sewage . Suspended solids,
ammonia
Hoogly Kolkata Jute mills, power plants, chemical Bleaching
industries and sewages. substances.

Damodar Bokaro Fertilizers industry, steel plant and Iron cyanide,

thermal power plants. mercury, cadmium
etc.
Gomti Lucknow Paper mills, sewages. Bleaching
substances.

Godavari Aurangabad tanneries. Dyes ,lead etc.

Cauvery Mysore Paper mills Bleaching

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substances.
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 Ganga is regarded as most polluted river.
 Major cities like Rishikesh, Haridwar, Kanpur,
Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna are situated at the
bank of Ganga.
 Nearly 2000 million liters of domestic sewage
escapes to Ganga every day.
 It is also polluted by ashes of dead bodies, half
burnt bodies, dead animals.
 A report says the water of Ganga is so polluted
that its not safe to have a bath also.
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Land pollution is the degradation of Earth's land
surfaces often caused by human activities and
their misuse of land resources.
 It occurs when waste is not disposed properly.

 Haphazard disposal of urban and industrial

wastes, exploitation of minerals, and improper
use of soil by inadequate agricultural practices
are a few factors.

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 Increased urbanization.
 Herbicides

 Mining

 Burial

 Wastes of hospitals.

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 Below is a list of some impacts of land
pollution.
 Increased human health risks, from syringes,
broken glass and cans.
 Permeability of soil is decreasing.

 Decreases the fertility of soils.

 Land pollution also leads to pollution in

groundwater.

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 acid rain kills trees and other plants.
 vegetation that provides food and shelter is
destroyed

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 Proper disposal of sewage.
 Abuse of water must be checked.

 Discharge of effluents into rivers, lakes and

sea should be strictly prohibited.
 Oil spills should be prevented.

 recycling of the affluents released by the

industries.

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 Regular monitoring of water qualities.
 The best solution is to produce less hazardous
waste.
 In some cases, industries can reuse the wastes.

 Other wastes might be chemically treated to

change the toxic substances they contain into
nontoxic substances

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 Every corporate organisation is run by human being
like us. One should realise one’s own responsibilty at
an individual level regarding environmental
conservation and protection then only we will be in a
position to understand his/her own responsibility as a
manager on behalf of organisation.
 Adopt environmental management system(EMS)
 Assuring the compliance of rules and regulation in the
‘ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONAL ACT 1986’

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 New technologies can reduce pollution by creating cleaner and
more efficient ways of obtaining and using energy resources.
Technology can also help develop alternatives to fossil fuels.
 New methods have been used to drill for oil under the ocean floor
in order to reduce underwater leaks. Several new methods have
been developed for cleaning up oil spills with vacuum systems.
Oil-eating bacteria have also been developed.
 Water treatment plants should be prepared by the factories.
 Factory wastes should be properly dumped.
 Afforestation.

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