Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Processing (Vermicomposting)
A Publication of ATTRA—National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service • 1-800-346-9140 • www.attra.ncat.org
By Alice Beetz, NCAT This publication is for entrepreneurs interested in a commercial earthworm enterprise. Information
Program Specialist about vermiculture – raising earthworms for bait or feed – is included. Information about using these
© 2010 NCAT worms, usually Eisenia fetida, to process waste into vermicompost is also included. Vermicompost is
used in nurseries or the landscape industry as an ingredient in potting soil mixes and performs pest
and disease control functions as a soil amendment. Production and marketing issues are covered for
Contents both types of earthworm businesses. Whether you are raising worms for bait or using them to produce
vermicompost, you will need to learn how to raise earthworms. For your worm-based business, you
Introduction ..................... 1
will have to separate earthworms from their growing environment and sell your product—either the
Produce earthworms worms or the vermicompost.
or use worms for
waste processing?.......... 1 Many people use earthworms on a much smaller scale for processing their personal garbage as a means
to reduce the amount of their garbage going to the landfill. This publication has information that can
Raising worms ................. 2
serve this audience as well.
Feeds and bedding ....... 4
Worm bin ecology ......... 7
Separating worms
from vermicompost ...... 8 Introduction
B
Marketing worms efore you decide to begin an
and vermicompost ........ 9
earthworm venture:
Economics
and budget..................... 13
A word about • Read about worms
pyramid schemes ......... 14 • Start a worm bin of your own
What about • Identify markets
certifying worms
or vermicompost • Visit a worm enterprise and ask
as organic? ...................... 14
questions
Conclusion ...................... 15
• Decide whether to sell the worms
References ...................... 16
or to sell the vermicompost
Further resources ......... 16
• Locate inexpensive or free sources Eisenia fetida, a good composting worm of many
Appendix......................... 19
of bedding and feed names. Photo courtesy of Bentley Christie,
RedWormComposting.com.
• Develop a business plan
• Decide on a marketing plan (sometimes with purchased amendments)
This might not be the proper order for your into vermicompost, a valuable soil amend-
investigation and research. However, each ment. Although the needs of the worms
activity will help you determine if you should must be met in either type of system, the
objectives are different.
start an earthworm enterprise. Marketing is
ATTRA—National Sustainable
important, so you must develop a plan for Raising worms for bait requires closer man-
Agriculture Information Service selling your product before you make any agement than raising them to process agri-
(www.attra.ncat.org) is managed
by the National Center for Appro-
serious investment in this new venture. cultural or food wastes. When you choose
priate Technology (NCAT) and is to sell worms for bait or as feed for fish or
funded under a grant from the
United States Department of Produce earthworms or use poultry, you will sell off the livestock from
Agriculture’s Rural Business- the system periodically. Bait worms must
Cooperative Service. Visit the worms for waste processing? meet a certain size standard and will need to
NCAT website (www.ncat.org/
sarc_current.php) for The two main reasons that people grow be separated from smaller worms and eggs.
more information on
our sustainable agri-
worms are to sell them as bait or feed or to You should be consistent in your feed and
culture projects. use earthworms to process waste materials bedding. You will also need to optimize
scales throughout the United States.
Castings are pure worm waste. Vermicom- These systems can be used to raise
post includes castings, organic material and worms or for waste processing.
bedding in various stages of decomposition,
along with living worms, eggs and other – Stacked bins or containers are a type
worm bin creatures. There are not many com- of batch reactor and require con-
mercial systems that produce pure castings. siderable handling and lifting. It
The terms castings and vermicompost are is difficult to monitor bed condi-
often used interchangeably and, because tions and to add feedstuffs. Systems
pure castings haven’t proved more effective
using stacks of large, shallow draw-
than vermicompost, they won’t be distin-
guished in this publication.
ers reduce some of the drawbacks.
Considerable labor is involved.
• Windrow systems on concrete or on
temperature, aeration, pH and moisture con- the ground require the least capital
ditions to promote worm reproduction and investment, but they are slow and
growth. All of this requires consistent man- labor-intensive, even with machinery.
agement and attention to detail. Although windrows have been used
for worm production, they are most
Related ATTRA For a waste processing system, the goal is
Publications appropriate for waste processing.
low-cost production. The materials that you
process might not be ideal for feed or bed- • Continuous flow reactors are the most
Potting Mixes for
Certified Organic ding, but if the source is consistent, you can expensive of these systems. Labor
Production design a workable system. With skillful mar- costs may be less, however. Equip-
keting, it’s possible to be paid tipping fees for ment, skilled management and
Alternative Soil
waste removal and be paid again by the end excellent marketing are necessary to
Testing Labs
user for the final product. Tipping fees are ensure a profitable enterprise.
Foliar Fertilization charged to those who generate garbage for Continuous processing has emerged as the
Notes on the service of hauling it away. preferred method for commercial produc-
Compost Teas tion of vermicompost. The worms never
Do some market research and consider what
Direct Marketing type of worm farming system fits your sit- leave the bed, so tedious harvesting proce-
uation before you commit resources to set- dures are avoided entirely. Feeding, misting
ting up your operation. Producing worms and collecting the finished product can be
will require considerable attention, espe- automated, and it is much easier to produce
cially at the start. If you have never managed a consistent product.
a household worm composting system, begin
with a small-scale trial and learn the basics. Raising worms
The kinds of worms used in commercial
Production systems systems are not the species commonly found
Worm production takes place at scales that living in the soil. Likewise, the worms raised
range from a bin in the kitchen for pro- in these systems will not survive long
cessing household scraps or raising fishing living outdoors.
worms to large mechanized systems able to The most common species raised in the
accommodate tons of organic material on a United States is Eisenia fetida. They require
continuous basis. This publication is focused high levels of nutrients, reproduce quickly
on commercial-scale operations. In general, and tolerate being raised in captivity. Their
these production methods can be grouped preferred temperature range is about 65 to
into four types: 80 degrees Fahrenheit.
• Batch reactors (containers on legs or Often called red wigglers, manure worms or
on the ground) are filled, allowed to tiger worms, there are many common names
work and then emptied. This type of used to market this type of worm. Some
processing is being tested at various are called hybrids; some are even called
W
hat’s
comfortable conditions. the bin residents that are adapted to the cur-
the rent conditions. The whole ecology of the
best Where cold temperatures are a concern, bin will shift and it will take time to adjust
feed? The most electric heating mats or cables can be used to the new pH (Slocum, 2000).
microbe-active, underneath the production area to keep
the bedding warm. You can also insulate When conditions are not within tolerable
diverse material that limits, worms will be stressed. How can you
the production facilities with straw bales or
can be obtained for other available materials. In areas where the tell that there’s a problem?
little or no cost. soil doesn’t freeze deeply, burying the beds • When worms are climbing up and
–Kelly Slocum, below ground level helps protect the worms exiting the bin
worm consultant from extreme temperatures, although drain-
• When worms are staying low and
age issues must be addressed.
not coming up to feed
Increased microbial activity will raise the • When worms mass together in a ball
temperature in the beds. This is helpful in
keeping beds active in colder climates, but If you see these symptoms, something is seri-
it is a problem if the bedding or feedstock ously wrong with the worms’ environment.
has not been pre-composted and the bed You should immediately determine what it
becomes very hot. When using raw materi- is and fix it.
als for this purpose, be sure the worms can
move away from the source of heat. Feeds and bedding
Some materials can serve as feed and bed-
In hot climates, shade is essential to main-
ding. Successful producers provide for their
taining an optimal temperature range. Half-
livestock’s (worms) need for both. Both the
buried production facilities can be helpful in
feed and the bedding will be consumed by
these situations as long as there is plenty of
the diverse population of organisms in a
moisture and air flow for evaporative cool-
worm production system and both will need
ing. Some producers have used mist systems.
to be replaced as the material is converted to
Remember, consistent temperatures provide
worm castings.
consistent results.
pH: The pH (acidity or alkalinity) of the Feeds
system is important, but only if conditions Worms eat a wide variety of organic materi-
range too far from neutral or changes occur als – or, more accurately, a wide variety of
too rapidly. Worms can tolerate a pH range the microbes that feed on organic materials.
from 5 to 9, which is broad, because the Almost any plant or animal waste could
Page 4 ATTRA Worms for Bait or Waste Processing (Vermicomposting)
Worms have no teeth, so it is best to use
small feed particles. If you grind feed materi-
als very finely, worms can utilize them more
readily, but be sure that there are enough
coarse materials for bedding so that the
materials will not pack tightly and limit oxy-
gen. Another way to reduce particle size is to
soak feed before adding it to the bed.
Worms have gizzards, as chickens do, and
need some kind of grit to help them reduce
the size of the food particles they eat. Add-
ing sand or clean garden soil periodically
will help the worms consume their feed. If
the bed is tending toward a pH that is too
acidic, a small amount of agricultural lime
(calcium carbonate) can serve as the grit and
neutralize the living conditions. A limited
number of egg shells will also serve this pur-
pose, but watch for pest problems.
Worms with vegetable scraps and paper bedding.
Photo by Amy Weishuhn. Bacteria, fungi and other soil-dwelling
microbes also help break organic material
be used as worm feed. But remember that, into usable particle sizes. Bacteria and molds
like other livestock, worms need vitamins, begin to digest organic matter very quickly.
minerals, protein and carbohydrates. Feeds Their activity softens and breaks down food
should contain more carbohydrates and cel- to further prepare it for the worms.
lulose than protein. Scientists believe that microbes themselves
Usually the feed has nitrogen and is balanced constitute a sizable portion of the worm diet.
by the high level of carbon in the bedding. A Protozoa may in fact be the dominant nutri-
carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of 30 parts carbon ent source. However, rotifers, nematodes,
to 1 part nitrogen is about right for a worm bacteria and fungi – as well as the decom-
production system. Too much nitrogen cre- posing remains of plants and other animals
– are also eaten and probably provide some
ates ammonia, which is toxic to worms and
to many of the microbes that the production
system relies on. Excess carbon slows micro- Feeds
bial activity and reduces overall productivity. Animal manures (no antibiotics or
Fat or oily materials such as soybean or sun- deworming medications)
flower meals should be avoided because oil Cardboard, shredded
slows bacterial breakdown, shifting the pH Hay, either legume or grass types
toward an acid bed. Waste products and compost
Commercial feeds
Animal by-products, dairy products and Wood and paper products
meat are generally avoided because they Sewage sludge
attract flies, rodents and other pests. How- Food scraps (avoid meat and dairy)
ever, animal waste – especially livestock Synthetic feeds
manure mixed with straw or sawdust – is Almost any decaying organic material
good for a worm business because the feed
and bedding are already combined. Use Do not feed:
Meat scraps or bones, fish, greasy or
good sanitary procedures when handling raw oily foods, fat, tobacco or pet or human
manure to prevent the spread of infection manure.
from possible pathogens in the manure.
www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 5
nourishment. This is why worms like feed that is free of antibiotics, dewormers and
materials that have already started to spoil. other chemical medications. Check for an
acceptable level of urine and salts. If the
Monitor how quickly the feed is being pro-
product is consistent, and you are observant
cessed, and don’t overfeed. Producers who
about your system, you will not need to test
top-feed either remove unused feed or wait
it often.
until visible feed has been consumed before
adding more. A pile of fresh manure, even when mixed
with straw or sawdust bedding, immediately
You might choose to offer a fattening ration
begins a thermophilic (heat-producing) com-
just before harvest if your system goal is to
posting process. Bacteria cause this activity
raise worms to sell to the bait market or
and the resulting compost is microbe-rich,
if you are selling some worms as breeding
but make sure the thermal composting pro-
stock. Because maximum growth is desired,
cess is done before using this manure in your
you might purchase feed formulated for
worm beds.
this purpose. If you would rather formulate
your own ration, a commonly used recipe Many vermicompost systems rely on ther-
contains the following ingredients, very mal composting prior to feeding the organic
finely ground: material to the worms. Pre-composting, as it
5 parts chicken starter (high-protein is sometimes called, can disable viable seeds
corn, ground) and kill some human pathogens that may
2 parts bran (wheat or rice) have been in the feedstock.
1 part wheat flour
Pre-composting takes much less time than
1 part powdered milk
completely composting the feedstock mate-
1 part agricultural lime
rial. Since pre-composting is designed to
3 parts alfalfa, ground
allow some of the potential heat to dissi-
If the focus of your operation is to use worms pate, it is usually a short (often two weeks)
to process plant or animal wastes into vermi- but closely monitored process. Materials are
compost, few purchased inputs are required. combined and the pile is built. Proper mois-
Look around your area for confined livestock ture and aeration help create an active pile
operations, canning factories and mushroom that heats to 160 degrees F for three days.
facilities for potential sources of waste. Gro- The compost is often turned and allowed
ceries and restaurants are other possibilities to heat a second time. After this stage, the
if vegetable matter can be separated from material can be cooled and carefully added
animal and other waste products. Pre-con- to a working bin.
sumer wastes are easier to handle than post-
consumer garbage. Testing material for use as bedding
Since landfills in many areas will not accept Fill a small container that has aeration holes
organic materials, some establishments with the prospective bedding material.
might pay you to receive their wastes. This Introduce a small number of worms into
the container. If the worms are still there 12
tipping fee is commonly charged for the
hours later, it is safe to use the material as
disposal of garbage. Similarly, livestock bedding. If they are dead or have crawled
manure is subject to legal restrictions so out of the container, further processing
that it doesn’t contaminate nearby water is needed. Leach or age the manure for a
sources. Diverting these waste streams to longer period and test again before using
worm production is an opportunity for the it as bedding.
entrepreneurial worm farmer.
B
cost and sustainability) ecause
dangerous to the worms and are extremely
worms don’t
beneficial to the efficient functioning of
example. Worms will process the bedding as the system. Few of them eat living plant have teeth
well as the feed, so why make the distinction? material, so they are rarely a danger to plants and have only
that will receive the vermicompost. rudimentary
Bedding is typically a carbonaceous material
that will break down more slowly than the Some of the critters commonly found in vermi- digestive fluids,
feed. It is usually a coarse material that won’t culture systems are listed and described in the they depend on
pack tightly and therefore maintains air pock- Appendix. These descriptions are very brief, other creatures
ets within the growth chamber. It helps to serving as an introduction to the residents of for help to make
absorb excess moisture from feedstock as well. the worm-producing ecosystem that you are nutrients available.
Some commercial systems use peat moss managing. Learn more about each of them
as bedding, but this is an expensive, non- as you observe them in the system. If certain
renewable input that might be better used in critters seem to be overwhelming the system,
other applications. Coconut coir, a renewable study them, learn what conditions are causing
resource, has replaced peat moss in many sys- the increase and adjust your management to
tems. Its disadvantage, from a sustainability bring the system back into equilibrium.
perspective, is that it is transported long Included in the Appendix are lists of ani-
distances. Sustainable, economic opportu- mals that might threaten worms in a pro-
nity in worm production lies in using easily duction system as well as benign critters that
obtainable inexpensive or free materials for are potential competitors for feed.
as many of the inputs as is possible.
Because this is an extremely intricate biolog-
Worm bin ecology ical system, using chemicals to control any
member within it will affect the others. If
A successful worm bin is an ecosystem you use chemicals, they may persist in the
containing a wide diversity of plants (fungi, bedding or castings. Later, when the mate-
bacteria, and molds) and animals, all adapted rial is added to the soil, it might be hazardous
to similar conditions. There are many more
to the growing plants.
species than just the worm that the system
is managed for. These critters, both micro-
scopic and visible to the eye, are interdepen- Diseases
dent; they all work toward breaking down and Worms are not generally susceptible to
stabilizing the organic materials in a worm diseases; however, they are sensitive to condi-
bin. Because worms don’t have teeth and tions in their environment. Protein poisoning
C
ontinuing feed. One could argue that vermicompost is
A word about such a product and get it certified. However,
to keep
pyramid schemes there is no need to do so. Vermicompost can
financial
For some reason, the worm business has be used as it is in organic production just like
records, and taking compost can be used without being certified
repeatedly been plagued by dishonest schem-
the time to analyze ers. The promoters use a pyramid scheme. organic. The main stipulation is that no pro-
them, are keys to They sell the initial batch of worms with hibited materials be used in its production
building and the promise of buying back all of the worm – neither as feed nor as bedding. Treated
maintaining a production at “guaranteed” high buy-back wood chips or sawdust from treated wood
prices. Often, exaggerated claims are made are examples of materials that would not be
profitable business.
about how quickly the worms will repro- allowed if the vermicompost were going to
duce. In reality, all the worms are being sold be used in a certified organic production sys-
to others to begin their production systems. tem. Carefully examine commercial worm
feed formulations, if used, to be sure that they
A worm scam promoted during 2002-03
contain no prohibited materials.
fooled many honest people across the United
States. Many of the people who got into pro- It is unlikely that there is a market of any
duction enjoyed raising the worms, but when size for organic certified vermicompost.
it came time to sell them, the promised market If there were, it would probably be
was not there. Homes and pensions were lost. non-commercial gardeners who want to be
The perpetrators were not brought to justice. “elite-green.” Be sure that you have identified
customers who will pay a premium price that
If approached with such a business proposal, will cover the cost of certifying your product
be wary. If it sounds too good to be true, it and maintaining its certification before pur-
might be. Ask a prospective company for ref- suing this option.
erences of satisfied clients who have been in
business with the company for several years. In order to promote their products to organic
Talk with those producers. Do not be rushed producers, manufacturers often seek OMRI
into something that you may later regret. listing. OMRI (Organic Materials Review
Institute) reviews commercial products to
The Federal Trade Commission maintains determine if they comply with National
a website with information for prospective Organic Standard requirements. Several prod-
business or franchise buyers. Here is advice ucts with vermicompost have gone through
worth heeding to protect yourself in the the exacting procedure required to obtain
marketplace: www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/pubs/con- OMRI listing. You can learn more about how
sumer/invest/inv07.shtm. to qualify by visiting www.omri.org.
Page 14 ATTRA Worms for Bait or Waste Processing (Vermicomposting)
Organic worms feed ration in a separate certified organic
Just as in the case of vermicompost, it is dif- livestock system. In the case of chickens,
ficult to imagine the market for certified worms have been considered as an organic
organic worms. What would they be used source of the amino acid methionine. The
for? Would potential buyers pay a premium amount of worm meal or fresh worms
for organic worms? required would probably be small enough
to be considered a supplement. If used as a
If worms were the major feed ingredient for supplement, the worms or worm meal would
some other animal that is being raised in not have to be certified organic as long as no
a certified organic production system, then prohibited materials were used to raise the
the worm production system might also worms. This is, again, an area in which the
have to be certified. Th is is a grey area on person who certifies that livestock system
which the National Organic Program has would have authority to interpret the law.
not set standards. Officially, if you apply
the federal Rule, feed formulas for certi- Conclusion
fied organic livestock production cannot
Worms can be used to process animal waste
contain manure Th is might be applied to
that was considered a potential environ-
worms, but possibly only if the worms were
mental problem. Worms can process food
for direct human consumption.
garbage that would have gone to a land-
If manure were not allowed, organic worms fill. These are worthy services. Many worm
could be fed a ration of certified organic growers report that working with worms is a
grains, though that would be very expen- satisfying activity. What if you could make
sive. Is there a market that would bear it a profitable business?
this cost? Another option would be to feed
Realistic planning will reduce the risks that
wastes from an organic food processor. The
accompany such a venture. Raise worms
production waste from, for instance, organic
on a small scale first. Create business and
baby food might become the main input for
marketing plans based on your experience
an organic worm ranch. Your certification
and thorough research. Always remember
agency would be the one to interpret and
that you will have to sell your product to
apply the federal law to all aspects of your
create a commercial enterprise. Concen-
production system.
trate on combining the satisfaction of rais-
It is much more likely that worms would be ing worms in a sustainable system with a
used as a relatively small proportion of the profitable business model.
Appendix
Critters you might find in a worm bin Rounded segmented body with two pairs of legs per
segment; darker than the centipede and slower moving.
Ants, Formicidae
Ants prefer a dry environment. If there are a lot of ants, Mites, Acarina
it is an indicator that the bins are too dry. Ants can Small, brown to reddish arthropods, readily visible
occasionally become a problem when they are attracted without magnification. Natural inhabitants of manures
to high-concentrate feed. When ants are very numer- and other organic materials, mites are usually very
ous, they might feed on small worms or eggs. numerous in worm bins. They are found near the
Centipede, Chilopoda surface and edges of the beds and around feed
These are worm predators that usually live on the sur- concentrations. There are both predatory and plant-
face of the bed. They also feed on larger organisms feeder types. There may be one mite that actually
in the bin. Remove these predators if there are more attacks worms, but they might just ride on worms and
than a few in a bed. Description: Reddish-tan cylindri- be an irritant. Very high populations probably stress
cal, segmented body with one pair of legs per segment. the worms. Prevention: Because high mite populations
They are equipped with pincers just behind the head. occur when beds are over-watered, overfed, and/or fed
fleshy, high-water-content garbage, good management
Fruit flies, Diptera
is the best prevention. Do not overfeed. Remove feed
These are often considered a nuisance, especially when
that has spoiled. Be sure there’s plenty of aeration in the
populations are high and bins are indoors. They are very
beds and that excess water can escape. If you are feed-
active decomposers, however. Because their eggs and lar-
vae are commonly on food scraps, they are usually pres- ing garbage and mites are still a problem, stop until
ent in any system using those items as a feedstock. Pre- they are under control and then feed more carefully.
vention includes pre-treating the material by freezing or Another tactic is to expose the beds to sun for several
microwaving it before adding it to the bin and burying it hours. Description: They are tiny relatives of spiders,
below the surface. Beneficial nematodes can be employed with four pairs of legs, large bodies and small heads.
to control an infestation if it becomes serious. Molds and fungi
Fungus gnats, Diptera These decomposer plants are common in all worm beds
They eat fungi in the worm bin, but will eat plant roots and are a source of food for the worms. They secrete
and are a problem if transferred to the growing bed. enzymes that break down some of the most resis-
They don’t usually grow to high populations in worm tant materials in the bin. Mold allergies, however, can
bins Description: Tiny black fly species similar to fruit become a problem for worm workers in enclosed spaces.
flies but looks more like a mosquito. Nematodes
Millipedes, Diploda A very tiny roundworm. They eat bacteria and fungi
These occur throughout the bedding, are good decom- ordinarily. Very rarely a parasitic nematode will show
posers and should not be a problem. Description: up, but not in healthy vermiculture systems.
www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 19
Pot worms, Enchytaeidae worms are not coming to the surface to feed, pay atten-
Often show up in healthy worm bins; not usually a tion to good water management and sanitary feed prac-
problem. Description: Tiny white segmented worms. tices. Description: Some are dark brown with the ability
to jump; others are tiny and range from white to brown
Protozoa
in color. Body has three distinct segments, four pairs of
Microscopic animals that eat bacteria and are, in turn,
legs and antennae.
eaten by worms.
Pseudoscropion Enemies of worm producers
This is a predator, but is not a problem in worm bins. These animals will eat worms. Some, like snakes and
moles, can completely destroy a worm bin before the
Slugs, Stylommatophora grower is even aware that they are there. Be vigilant!
Usually not a problem in worm bins, because they will Birds
help to break down organic matter. A few carnivorous Snakes
species of slugs exist, but even when present, they usu- Moles
ally don’t eat many worms. Gophers
Soldier fly larvae, Diptera Toads
These are voracious decomposers, but often considered Mice and rats won’t eat the worms, but they will nest in a
unpleasant in the worm bin. No need to control them bin and eat the feed meant for the worms.
unless the worms show signs of stress. They can be Other possible invaders
removed by scooping them out of the beds. Description: These invaders might show up from time to time. They
One-half inch to an inch long, segmented cylindrical won’t eat the worms, but they can become competitors
body with coloring that darkens from orange to black for the food.
at the front end to dirty white or grey toward the back. Spiders
Sowbugs and pill bugs, Isopoda Earwigs
These are crustaceans that feed on woody material Grasshoppers
resistant to attack by other worm residents. However, Crickets
since they eat living or dead plant material, they can be Beetles
a problem if they are transferred to plant production Silverfish
areas along with the vermicompost. Description: Light Termites
brown to dark grey with segmented shell. Seven pairs of Aphids
legs and antennae. Stinkbugs
Springtails, Colembola spp. Worm bin creatures on Trinity Ranch website
Usually very common in worm bins, but not a problem, http://mypeoplepc.com/members/arbra/bbb/id16.html
even at high populations. They eat fungi. They can be Contains photos of many of the creatures described above
so numerous as to turn the surface of a bed white. If with descriptions and suggestions for preventing problems.
Page 20 ATTRA