Unit One: 1600-1776

Exploration – Review/FYI
Explorers in the late 15th, 16th, nad early 17th centuries began the European phase of American
history. Their "discoveries" in the New dispelled rumors of a northwest passage and settled
ancient questions of world geography. Contact between Europeans and Native Americans would
have a dramatic effect on Europe, but a devastating impact on those who were wrongly called
"Indians."

Christopher Columbus: Spanish explorer who, with the backing of Ferdinand V and Isabella I,
discovered the North American continent on October 12,1492. Though he was originally seeking
a westward route to India, his fleet of ships consisting of the Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria
reached the island of Hispanola, claiming it for Spain.

Giovanni Verrazano: Mariner who explored the East coast of the United States and Nova Scotia
under the commission of France in 1524. He was commissioned to claim new lands in the New
World and find a route to China. He was the first European to enter New York Bay. His land
claims were not colonized until the 17th century.

Ferdinand Magellan: Portuguese explorer who was the first person to sail across the Pacific
Ocean and to circumnavigate the globe. Sailing under a Spanish commission, he attempted to
reach the Spice Islands. After crossing the Pacific, Magellan was killed battling natives in the
Philippines but two of his ships returned to Spain.

Francisco Pizarro: Spanish explorer and military leader who conquered Peru. Pizarro was part
of many early explorations of the New World and was involved in the colonization of Panama.
When he found the Inca empire in Peru he organized a expedition of 180 men and destroyed the
empire in 1531.

John Cabot: Explorer sent by Henry VII in 1497 who explored and claimed Newfoundland,
Nova Scotia and the Grand Banks for England. Cabot was originally sent by Henry in violation
of the treaty of Tordesillas to find a direct route to Asia. Cabot, like Columbus thought he had
reached Asia, unaware he was exploring a new continent.

Pedro Alvares Cabral: Portuguese navigator and explorer who explored what is now Brazil.
While making a trip to India on April, 22, 1500 his fleet was forced off course by weather and he
reached what is now the state of Bahia, Brazil. He claimed this land for Portugal.

Vasco Nunez de Balboa: Spanish explorer who is best known for being the first to reach the
Pacific Ocean in 1513. While attempting to escape debt he joined an expedition lead by Martin
Fernandez de Enciso where he took control of the party and led it across the Isthmus of Panama
to the Pacific Ocean, which he claimed for the Spanish monarchs.
Jacques Cartier: French explorer who explored the Saint Lawrence River. In 1534 Cartier lead
a two ship party to find the northwest passage to Asia. He explored Newfoundland and the Gulf
of St. Lawrence. While exploring, he claimed the lands for France which made up most of its
claim to Canada.

Juan Ponce de Leon: Spanish explorer who discovered the present day state of Florida on
March 27, 1512. Following reports of a fountain of youth, he sailed from his colony in Puerto
Rico to the eastern shore of Florida where, upon landing, his party was attacked by natives and
where he was mortally wounded before retreating to Cuba.

Hernando Cortez: Spanish conquistador who is best known for the destruction of the Aztec
Empire in present day Mexico. On February 19,1519 Cortez left Cuba with a force of 600 men.
Upon landing, Cortez was greeted by the Aztecs who he began to subjugate. He destroyed all
resistance and destroyed the Aztec capital in present day Mexico City.

encomiendas: Grants that give a person the right to take labor in the form of slaves or any type
of homage form a designated group of Indians. Christopher Columbus who was sailing for Spain
and who was one of the first conquistadors also began this practice in Hispanolia.

Spanish Armada, 1588: Naval force launched by Phillip II of Spain to fight England. The Fleet
was the largest of its time in the 16th century. The Armada was severely damaged when it was
attacked off the coast of England on August 7,1588 and cut nearly in half by storms upon return
to Spain, making Britain the dominant sea power.

Colombian Exchange: The exchange of biological organisms between continents. The diseases
brought to the American continent that helped to nearly destroy the native populations is one
example of that exchange. Besides disease, many plants and animals have been brought to new
environments with varying consequences.

•Order of Colonization: (colony, date, prominent figure) Virginia in 1607, John Smith;
Plymouth in 1620, William Bradford; New York in 1626, Peter Minuit; Massachusetts Bay in
1630, John Winthrop; Maryland in 1633, George Calvert; Rhode Island in 1636, Roger
Williams; Connecticut in 1636, Thomas Hooker; New Hampshire in 1638; Delaware in 1638;
North Carolina in 1653; South Carolina in 1663; New Jersey in 1664; Pennsylvania in 1682,
William Penn; Georgia in 1732, James Oglethorpe.

Virginia Settlement
One of the New England colonies and chartered by James I in 1606, Virginia was founded to
give the English territorial claims to America as well as to offer a colonial market for trade.
Jamestown, became a prosperous shipping and tobacco producing colony and the colony
developed the House of Burgesses, a bicameral legislature in 1619.

Joint Stock Company: A business owned by investors through control of stocks. Examples
operated in England and dealt with colonial markets in America. Such companies organized and
supported the colonies through charters from the British government and while they worked with
the government they made private profits.
•Jamestown: The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh
conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers.
The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population
remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew
to be a prosperous shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export and cash
crop.

starving time: The period early in any settlements development when food and supplies are
scarce due to lack of preparation, unfamiliarity with the surroundings, weather, and inability to
successfully grow crops. The starving time usually cost a large percentage of the settlers lives
and lasted for the first few years.

John Smith: Colonial leader who brought structure and stability to Jamestown during its starting
years. As a member of the governing council of Virginia he was chosen to replace the previous
president in 1608. Smith is credited with organizing trade with the Powhatan Confederacy and
leading the colony through its roughest years.

John Rolfe: English colonist and farmer who greatly aided the colony. Rolfe is credited with
introducing tobacco as a crop for export, which ensured the colony of profits as well as bringing
eight years of peace between Indians and colonists through his marriage to Pocahontas.

purpose of Virginia: Virginia was founded primarily for the purpose of profit by the joint-stock
owned Virginia Company of London. It was also important in giving England territorial claims
in America to match Spanish and French expansion, and to also give England markets and
resources in the New World.

indentured servants: People who promised their lives as servants in order to get to the colonies.
The servants, who were usually white, worked for a certain amount of time so to pay off their
debt. This practice led to social tensions with such eruptions as Bacon’s Rebellion and eventually
was replaced by race slavery.

problems and failures of Virginia: Included trouble with Indians and a "starving time" in the
winter of 1609 which the colony barely survived. Virginia also suffered from debt, a high death
rate, fraudulent local officials, and more Indian trouble. The problems eventually made the
Virginia Company go bankrupt.

headright system: System enacted first in Virginia then in Baltimore to attract people to the
sparsely populated colonies. The system worked by granting large amount of land to anyone who
brought over a certain amount of colonists. In Baltimore, anyone bringing five adults at their
own expense would receive two thousand acres.

House of Burgesses: A regular assembly of elected representatives that developed in the

Virginia colony in the 1630’s. The House of Burgesses was split into two chambers in 1650,
creating the House of Burgesses and the Governors Council. The House was a bicameral
legislature that was a model for our congress.

successes of Virginia: Virginia succeeded politically in terms of creating the House of

Burgesses as a semi-democratic assembly and forcing governors to cooperate with the
legislature. They did this through the power of the purse as governors did not control money, and
therefore depended on the legislature for they salaries.
Cavalier: The group of supporters of Charles I in the English Civil War which lasted from 1642-
1648. The term Cavalier continued to be used to mean any supporter of the British crown,
especially Americans who were British sympathizers during the American Revolution.

•Bacon’s Rebellion: Colonial rebellion against the governor of Virginia in 1676. Nathaniel
Bacon was the leader of the uprising protesting Governor Berkeley’s neglect of calls for a
stronger military presence in the frontier to end problems caused by Indian hostility. The revolt
succeeded in driving away the governor and it appeared it would achieve success when Bacon
died shortly after the initial success before any progress was made and the rebellion dissipated.

Puritans
The Puritans first came to America in 1620 on the Mayflower. The Pilgrims, as they were called,
were separating from the Anglican church and escaping religious persecution in England by
escaping to America. Other Puritans soon flocked to America hoping to "purify" the Anglican
Church and develop a colony which would be a model to the world ("a city upon a hill")

Calvinism: The teachings and doctrine of John Calvin, a leader in the Protestant reformation.
Calvinism is unique in its rejection of consubstantiation, the Eucharist and in its doctrine of
predestination, the belief that no actions taken during a persons life would effect their salvation.
The Puritan colonies were based on Calvinist doctrine.

Church of England: The established church in England that is also known as the Anglican
church. The Church of England was founded in 1534 by Henry VIII after a dispute with the
Roman Catholic church over the annulment of his marriage which culminated in the Act of
Supremacy, declaring the King to be the head of the church.

Mayflower Compact: Agreement made by the Pilgrims in 1620 when they landed at Plymouth.
The compact created the Plymouth colony and made a civil government under James I based on
the will of the colonists. The Compact was important in the early organization and success of the
colony.

William Bradford: The second governor of the Plymouth colony in Massachusetts, he was
elected over John Carver in 1621 and was reelected thirty times. He was important in the
organization and success of the colony and kept a history of the development of the Plymouth
colony that was published in 1856.

Pilgrims: The original group of puritan separatists that fled religious persecution in England and
found refuge in what is now Massachusetts. The Pilgrims sailed across the Atlantic and reached
America in 1620 where they founded the Plymouth colony and organized a government based on
the Mayflower compact.

Puritans: Reform movement in the Anglican church in the 16th and 17th centuries and came to
America in 1629. The movement aimed at purifying the church of corruption split into
separatists, who wanted to end ties with the established church and non-separatists. Seeking
religious freedom was a strong motivation for colonies in America.

•PILGRIMS VS. PURITANS: Pilgrims and Puritans were extremely similar in most practices
and beliefs, but Pilgrims were a distinct group of puritans who were not only against the
Anglican church but called for total separation from the church, a dangerous belief in religiously
tense England. For this reason they fled the town of Scrooby, England, where they originally had
assembled and ended up in Plymouth with intentions of creating a community free of English
control.

Separatists vs. Non-Separatists: Separatists were a group of Puritans who advocated total
withdrawal from the Church of England and wanted the freedom to worship independently from
English authority. They included the Pilgrims who migrated to America. Non-Separatists sought
to reform the Church from within.

Massachusetts Bay Colony: Colony created by the Massachusetts Bay Company. Under the
leadership of John Winthrop, the colony was created to provide the world with a model Christian
society. The colony was created in 1630 and it was governed through a General Court selected
by church members.

•City Upon a Hill: Name given to the Puritan society that was to be created in the New World.
The leader of the Puritan migration, John Winthrop planned to create a utopian society based on
Puritanism that would have no class distinction and would stress the importance of community
and church. The society was to be an example to all the world of what could be achieved. It was
anticipated that once the world saw this great city it would follow it example.

Cambridge agreement: Plan used in 1629 to colonize America by allowing immigration of

puritan settlers who would control the government and the charter of the Massachusetts Bay
company. The agreement was based on the creation of a market for trade but instead developed a
religiously based government.

Puritan Migration: The term given to the migration of Puritans to America in the early 17th
century. Following the restoration of James I to the throne Puritans in England became
persecuted and with the accession of Charles I to the throne the situation became worse. The
puritans fled England and came to America to have freedom of religion.

John Winthrop: The first governor and one of the founders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
and a member of the Massachusetts Bay Company. He played a key role in the puritan migration
and intended to create a utopian society in America. He was elected governor twelve times and
pursued a conservative religious and governmental policy.

saints: High standing members of the church who gained recognition and were put on a council
that governed the congregation. Under Puritan doctrine, to become a saint the person had to be a
member of the congregation and have been chosen by the church council.

New England Way: The Puritan dominance of New England and their desire to create a utopian
society based on their doctrine created a distinct society in New England. Unlike other colonies,
Puritans were guided by their religion and created a government and society tied to the church.

Covenant Theology: Christian Theology that stressed that a agreement was made by God with
humans with the death of Jesus for the salvation of mankind. The theology differs from sect to
sect, some assert that salvation is granted to all, some that its is earned and others that it can be
achieved by faith alone.

conversion relation: Part of the Massachusetts Puritans practice, it was a requirement of new
members. The Relation required that any member of the congregation must go through an
examination before the congregation. Because of its unpleasantness, later generations did not go
accept it and the half-way covenant was adopted.

Congregationalism: Protestant organizational system based on the freedom of each church to

control its affairs. An offshoot of the separatist, it was continued by the pilgrims in America
where it was adopted by the new churches as a way to maintain local independence.
Congregationalism was part of the strong independence of the colonies.

Cambridge Platform: Agreement and plan formed by Puritans before they landed in 1629. The
platform was the source for the Puritans of the government and organization for their colony, and
it established a government under the authority of the King of England.

Contrast Puritan Colonies with others: Because most colonies were created with financial or
political gains in mind, puritan colonies had a special distinction from them. The puritans came
to American seeking religious freedom and had a strong work ethic enabling them to achieve a
success not seen in other colonies.

dissenters: People objected to the accepted doctrine of the established church. The puritans who
migrated to America were dissenters from the Church of England who created a new church in
the colonies. Religious outcasts from the puritan church such as Ann Hutchinson and Roger
Williams were also dissenters.

Anne Hutchinson, antinomianism: Early New England religious leader who founded the
doctrine of antinomianism, the belief that the Gospel frees Christians from required obedience to
laws. She was banished to Rhode Island in 1637 for her belief in antinomianism and her
insistence on salvation by faith and not works.

Roger Williams, Rhode Island: Early colonial clergyman who founded the religiously tolerant
colony of Rhode Island in 1636. Williams was banished from Massachusetts for his belief in
religious freedom, he established a colony at Providence in 1636 that tolerated all dissenters and
was in good relations with the Natives.

Massachusetts School Law: Law also Known as the Old Deluder Act of 1647, that replaced
home education by creating a system in which small towns would have a person capable of
teaching the children and every town of over one hundred homes would have a school. The law
was a step towards creating a universal education system.

town meetings: The center of Colonial America political life especially in New England. Town
Meetings were gatherings where all the voters in the town or nearby countryside would all
congregate and go over issues that most interested them, such as town officers, and taxes for the
following season.

Voting Granted to Church Members: The New England puritans developed a more democratic
system of government than in England that gave the power to elect the governor to all male
saints. The idea was furthered in 1644 when it adopted a bicameral court with elected delegates.

Half Way Covenant: A modification in the Cambridge Platform in 1662 that enabled people
who had not experienced the conversion relation to become part of the congregation. With the
later generations of Protestant settlers unwilling to undergo the conversion relation, church
membership was threatened and the compromise was made.
Brattle Street Church: Church located in Boston, Mass. Completed in 1699. Thomas Brattle, a
wealthy merchant and official of Harvard College organized the church against the will of Cotton
Mather because of its closeness to the Church of England. The Church was strongly opposed to
the Salem Witchcraft trials in 1692.

•SALEM WITCH TRIALS: The fear of witchcraft that came to a head in the 1691-1963,
especially boiling over in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. This fear ended with the death of many
innocent women. Most of the women were middle aged wives or widows. Many implicated
others for fear of their lives. The Salem Witch Trials pinpointed the underlying tension that was
coming to head in many colonies due to religion and social standings.

Puritan Ethic: Term that characterizes the strong sense of purpose and discipline that Puritans
had. Part of the work ethic also resulted from a belief that wealth and success were a sign of
saintliness and that idleness was a sin. This work ethic also helped the Puritans find success in
the colonies and translated to an American colonial work ethic.

Regionalism
As life in the colonies progressed, certain regions of America developed distinct characteristics
and each had its own unique niche. The contrasts between the different regions were involving
crops, religion, and control. The distinct regions were New England ,the Chesapeake Bay area,
the southern colonies, the middle colonies, and the frontier.

•NEW ENGLAND: Region of the colonies lying on the northeast Atlantic Coast. It started as a
highly religious, Puritan society, but eventually became a commercialized "Yankee" society. Of
all the colonies, the New Englanders prospered the least, had the most overpopulated towns, and
had the poorest soil. To make up for the lack of farming, New Englanders turned to fishing and
the merchant marine, and by 1700, this was one of the largest industries in the colonies.

New England Confederation, 1643: A concord among the New England colonies of
Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut and New Haven in the years from 1643-1684. The union
was for the purpose of ensuring safety and peace between the colonies. The confederation was
used most effectively advising during King Phillips War.

•The Dominion of New England: Centralized government imposed upon the New England
colonies by England in 1686 as a result of the Restoration monarchy’s need for control and
renewed colonial interest. The Dominion was governed by New York governor Sir Edmund
Andros. The consolidation was strongly opposed by the colonists because of the elimination of
all colonial legislatures, and was ended by colonial insurrection.

Massachusetts Bay Company: Company in 1628 to govern the Massachusetts Bay Colony on
granted by the Council of New England in America. Puritan settlers who founded their
settlement at Boston first colonized the land, starting a trend of religiously independent
settlements. The Company was dissolved in 1684.

Sir Edmund Andros: Political leader appointment as governor of the Dominion of New
England in 1686. Andros was extremely unpopular because of his suppression of colonial
legislatures, town meetings and enforcement of the Navigation Acts. Boston colonists forcefully
removed Andros from office in 1689.
Thomas Hooker: Religious leader in colonial America and founder of Hartford, Conn. As a
clergyman in Massachusetts, Hooker grew dissatisfied with the rigid practices and government
of the Puritan church. In 1635 he lead a group of followers to start a more liberal colony in
Hartford.

Saybrook Platform: A modified version of the Cambridge platform that was used by
Connecticut Congregationalists and contained a more centralized church government. The
government was for the colony at Saybrook of which John Winthrop’s son was governor.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: The constitution of the Connecticut colony that was
established in 1639. Written by Thomas Hooker and similar to the government of Massachusetts
Bay, it contained a preamble and 11 orders. Following the puritan ideal, it put the welfare of the
community above that of individuals.

Poor Richard’s Almanack: Publication written by Benjamin Franklin in 1732 that gained an
immense following with its home remedies and practical wisdom. It can be said that Poor
Richard’s Almanack helped define the American culture by giving them traditions and wisdom’s
all their own, separate from Britain.

Phillis Wheatly: African American poet who was brought to America by slave traders at the age
of eight and was bought by the Wheatly family. In 1767, at the age of 8, Phillis found her first
fame while escorting one of the Wheatly’s in England. One of her works is "To the University of
Cambridge in New England."

Ann Bradstreet: The first woman to write poems in colonial America and receive acclaim for
them. She was born in 1612 as the daughter of the governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Her poems, which were published as The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America, asserted that
women had the right to gain knowledge.

•SOUTHERN COLONIES: Region consisting mainly of the Carolinas and Georgia. The
Southern Colonies were distinct from other colonies mostly on their dependence for slave labor
and for farming. The main crop in the South was rice, leading to an absence of large cities in the
south. But although most southern cities were tiny, Charleston became the fourth largest city in
the colonies. The Southern Colonies were also the only colonies with a large population of
blacks and an ethnically stratified society.

Culpeper’s Rebellion: Rebellion against the colonial government in Carolina in 1677. The
rebellion was lead by John Culpeper and was directed against the government’s acceptance of
English trade laws. The rebellion succeeded in disposing the governor and placing Culpeper in
his position, but he was removed in 1679.

Georgia: Colony founded in 1733 by a charter granted to James Oglethorpe. The colony started
with a settlement in Savanna created by Oglethorpe as a debtor’s colony. The high ideals of
Oglethorpe, such as bans on slavery and rum, slowed growth as large settlement did not occur
until after slavery was brought to Georgia.

James Oglethorpe: English soldier and founder of the colony of Georgia in 1733. Oglethorpe
founded Georgia after a grant from King George II and settled with a small group on the
Savanna River. Oglethorpe’s ideals in creating a debtors colony free of vice were a distinction
from other colonies.
Tidewater vs. Piedmont: Two regions of contrasting economic opportunity. The Tidewater was
along the coast, where most of the opportunity was in shipping and fishing. the Piedmont, on the
other hand, was where farming took place. This contrast represented an East-West dichotomy to
accompany the North-South one.

Maryland: Proprietary colony originally intended to be a refuge for English Catholics. Maryland
was created in 1632 when Lord Baltimore (Cecilius Calvert) was given a land grant and created a
manor based state with a headright system. However, Protestants formed a majority and the
manors evolved into plantations.

sugar colonies: Colonies that produced sugar for England, like New Netherlands, New England,
Virginia, Maryland, and the Caribbean. Sugar was produced because it could make people rich
quickly because it was sold at very high prices. Sugar plantation owners liked to use black slaves
because they were able to work harder and longer.

•CHESAPEAKE SOCIETY: Society characterized by few neighbors and isolated families

whose lives depended on tobacco. Chesapeake society also revolved around fertile soil near
navigable water because tobacco needed such an environment to be grown profitably. Because of
this, most farms were located along Chesapeake Bay. Chesapeake society also had a powerful
merchant class who controlled both export and import commerce. Slow urbanization also
characterized society around the Chesapeake.

Lord Baltimore: Founder of Maryland who, in 1632, received a charter from King Charles I for
a tract of land to the northeast of the colony of Virginia. It comprised the present-day states of
Maryland and Delaware. He wrote the charter for the colony but died before he got it.

Maryland Act of Toleration: Act that resulted when the Catholics began feeling threatened by
the overwhelming Protestant population. The Maryland Act of Toleration was passed in 1649 so
all types of Christians could have equal political rights. Along with this equality Lord Calvert
allowed a representative assembly for the Catholics.

Maryland’s Protestant Association: Group of Protestants in Maryland during late 1600s who
controlled the lower house but not the upper, which the Catholics ruled. Eventually, after the Act
of Religious Toleration was passed, the Protestant majority barred Catholics from voting and
threw out the governor and repealed the act.

Huguenots: French Protestants. The enlightened and religiously skeptical spirit of the 18th
century, however, was opposed to religious persecution, and during this time the French
Protestants gradually regained many of their rights. The Huguenots slowed the colonization
process for the French, because of the religious wars with French Catholics.

Carolinas: Colonies created when Charles II rewarded eight of the noblemen who had helped
him regain the throne from the Puritan rule in 1663 by giving them land. North Carolina
originated as an extension of Virginia and South Carolina came from planters from Barbados,
who founded Charleston in 1670.

John Locke, Fundamental Constitution: Intricate constitution written by Cooper and John
Locke in 1670, meant to stabilize the government of Carolina by basing the social rank on one’s
"landed wealth." It formed the three orders of nobility with the proprietors at the top, the
caciques in the middle, and the landgraves at the bottom.
Charleston: City that became the fourth largest city in North America. It was a place where the
upper class could pass their time so they could stay away from the heat of their plantations.
Many whites were lured to Charleston in hopes of reducing the black majority. These job seekers
usually ended up competing for jobs with the black slaves.

staple crops of the South: The major staple crop of the south was rice, which was picked by
African-American planters who were imported by the Dutch in 1616. Other crops were tobacco,
indigo, various grains, wood, and skins. All of these products were exported to Europe and the
west Indies. Most of the colonists’ profit came from farming.

•Middle Colonies: The middle colonies were Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey, all of
which produced iron, grain, flour, wood, and tobacco which were exported to Britain, Europe
and the West Indies. Pennsylvania was built on the basis of being a religious haven for Quakers.
New York was built upon the rule of James Duke of York who sent out John Lord Berkeley and
Sir George Carteret to be the first two proprietors of New Jersey.

Restoration Colonies: Colonies created following the Stuart restoration in 1660 when England
again took interest in America. The colonies enabled England to control the East Coast, Carolina,
New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. These colonies had governments that made a social
hierarchy geared toward a dominant wealthy class.

Primogeniture, entail: The practice of passing on land to a son, usually the eldest, when no will
was left for the land. This practice became came over with the colonists and was introduced into
common law, but it did not take long for the practice to die out in the colonies.

quitrents: Federal payments that the freeholders had to pay the people who were getting the land
from proprietors. With the Restoration and the creation of Restoration Colonies, the dues were
still enforced, with the money no longer going to the proprietors but instead to the king or queen
as royal revenue.

SPG, Society for the Propagation of the Gospel: An organization founded in 1701 to serve the
spiritual welfare of the colonists. After a visit to Maryland, Thomas Bray received a royal charter
from King William for overseas missionary work. It was seen as a conspiracy, thus showing a
fear of tyranny of the church and state.

Pennsylvania, William Penn: Pennsylvania was founded as a refuge for Quakers by William
Penn in 1681. The Quakers believed that an "inner-light" allowed them to be on a personal level
with God. Penn and his people did not experience a starving time which was very common for
starting colonies. They started with a strong government.

Quakers: Religious movement founded in 1600 by a religious belief that divine revelation is
immediate and individual and that all persons may perceive the word of God in their soul. They
rejected a formal creed and regarded every participant as a potential vessel for the word of God.
They were based in Pennsylvania.

George Fox: Preacher of the "inner-light" doctrine who spoke against formalized religion,
mainly Presbyterianism, and advocated divine communion as he practiced it. He objected to
political and religious authority, opposed war and slavery, and believed that all human actions
must be directed by inner contemplation.
George Keith: Member of the Quaker church who told the Quakers that they needed a formal
doctrine. His ideas were not accepted among the Quaker majority, so in 1692 he joined the
Church of England. With his heresy conviction the Quaker population in Pennsylvania dropped,
and the Anglican population and political power rose.

liberal land laws in PA: Laws that were set up by William Penn which were very liberal
because that was his nature. The 1701 Frame of Government stated that the proprietors had no
power to do mischief. Penn himself carefully oversaw land sales in the colonies to avoid
improper disputes. This liberal planning ensured no starving time.

Holy Experiment: The main part of this theology that George Fox taught was that people had an
inner light that could spiritually inspire their souls. He objected to political and religious
authority, opposed war and slavery, and believed that all human actions should be directed by
inner contemplation and a social conscience inspired by God.

1701 Frame of Government: The first set of laws set up in Pennsylvania which were written by
William Penn. In his constitutional type document Penn preached "that the will of one man may
not hinder the good of the whole company." The document was revised seven times and held a
strong executive, and a limited lower legislative chamber.

New York: Dutch, 1664 English: Charles II gave his brother James title to all the Dutch lands
in America in 1664. James became King in 1685 and appointed Lord Berkeley and Sir George
Carteret as the first proprietors of New Jersey. For years to come there were conflicting claims to
the territory and finally in 1702 it became a royal colony.

East/ West Jersey: They were colonies that resulted from the sale of the Jersey territory to
Quakers. English settlers resisted the original proprietors’ authority, so in 1674 Berkeley sold his
half to a union of Quakers. East Jersey then became dominated by Scottish Quakers whereas
West Jersey became the home to many English Quakers.

patroon system: The system of feudal estates created by large New York landowners in the
early 1700s. The estates were created in order to raise revenue by collecting tenant rents. Later,
by about 1750, the patroon owners emerged as a class of landed elite, almost like the British
landed aristocracy.

Peter Struyvesant: Dutch governor who was attacked by Charles II in 1664 so that the British
could control North America. Struyvesant, whose army was already hurt from Indian attacks,
peacefully surrendered and gave New Netherlands to Charles II, forming the New York and
Jersey colonies with a large remaining Dutch population.

the middle colonies as a religious haven: William Penn founded Pennsylvania originally as a
religious haven for Quakers who were not accepted elsewhere in 1681. Similarly, Maryland was
founded by George Calvert in 1632 and served as a refuge for English Catholics. Rhode Island
was founded by Roger Williams in 1644 for dissenting Puritans.

crops in the middle colonies: The middle colonies rich level lands produced lengthy growing
seasons and gave good bumper crops. The middle colonies were major exporting colonies
because of their accessible sea ports. Their exports were rice, iron, grain, flour, wood, and
tobacco which were shipped to Europe and the West Indies.

New York City and Philadelphia as urban centers: Both cities were the two biggest exporting
cities in America thus making them rapidly growing urban centers. High population and bad
sanitation allowed many of the people to catch viruses and diseases. Recessions hit frequently
and the job force was very unstable.

Leisler’s Rebellion: Anti-Stuart rebellion in which Captain Jacob Leisler took command over
New York in hopes of protecting it from Andros and other supporters of James II. In 1691,
Leisler denied the passing of English troops to important forts, leading to his arrest and death
when his enemies gained control of the government.

Benjamin Franklin: A notable American printer, author, diplomat, philosopher, and scientist,
his contributions epitomized the Enlightenment. In 1731 he founded what was probably the first
public library in America. He first published Poor Richard’s Almanack in 1732 and played a
crucial role in the American Revolution and community.

John Bartram: Botanist who was known as the father of American Botany. Bartram traveled
extensively through the colonies, observing wildlife, writing, collecting plants, and making
maps. He performed important experiments involving plant hybridization and in 1728 he
founded the first botanical garden in America near Philadelphia.

•FRONTIER: Area of land important in the development of a distinctly American culture and
political life, as explained by Fredrick Turner’s Frontier Thesis. The frontier also offered
limitless land, which democratized America by elimating the significance of voting property
requirements. Finally, the frontier represented a raw environment that helped mold American
civilization by giving it coarseness, strength, acuteness, pragmatism, and inventiveness.

North-South economic differences: The North was much more concerned with shipping,
fishing, and industry whereas the South was based on an agricultural society. Also, the North had
more towns, cities, and ports. In contrast, the South was characterized by cash crops, an
aristocracy, and plantations.

Red, White, and Black

With the colonization of certain regions in America came conflicts with the Native Americans
and the earliest traces of slavery in America. Originally using African-Americans only as
indentured servants, the growers and farmers eventually began to rely on African-Americans
and Native Americans as a free source of labor.

Iroquois Confederacy: The joining of six sects of the Iroquoian family and of the Eastern
Woodlands area. By the 1700s, the tribes in the confederacy were the Onondaga, Cayuga,
Oneida, Mohawk, Seneca, and Tuscarors. By combining they were a stronger force against the
colonists.

Native American Relations in the first settlements: Relations characterized by resistance to

the expansion of English settlement, submission into "praying towns," and devastation through
war and disease. Many of the Massachusetts Indians sought protection from Winthrop by selling
their land and surrendering their independence.

Pequot War: So-called war consisting of clumsy plundering by Massachusetts troops and raids
by Pequots in 1637. The colonists eventually won the alliance of rival tribes and waged a
ruthless campaign. The war tipped the balance of military power to the English, opening the way
to New England’s settlement.

King Phillips War: War between the Native American tribes of New England and British
colonists that took place from 1675-1676. The war was the result of tension caused by
encroaching white settlers. The chief of the Wampanoags, King Philip lead the natives. The war
ended Indian resistance in New England and left a hatred of whites.

Tuscaroras and Yamasees: Two opposing Indians tribes whose disunity lead both to
destruction. The Tuscaroran people were defeated by the colonists with the help of the Yamasees
in 1713, and the Yamasees were themselves defeated around 1715. Both tribes were scattered
and soon disappeared.

praying towns: Towns set up by puritan missionaries for Indian converts to spread puritan
Christianity, the first of which, Natick, was founded in 1651. As the Indian population in the east
waned, assimilation as "Praying Indians" became the only option besides retreating farther west.

Beaver Wars: Wars that resulted from furious trading and hunting of Beaver pelts by the Dutch,
the French, and the New Netherlands. The Overhunting of Beavers sent prices so high in 1742
that the Dutch armed the Iroquois and what resulted was bloody battles against Pro-French
tribes.

•SLAVERY BEGINS: Followed the exploration of the African coast and the establishment of a
slave trade Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. The slave trade then moved in to America
as the development of a plantation system in Virginia offered a market for slavery and the first
slaves arrived there in 1619. Slavery remained small among the colonies, however because it was
not yet profitable for slavery under the conditions. As trade and agriculture grew and a plantation
system grew so did slavery.

Barbados Code: Code adopted by Carolina in 1696 to control slaves at the will of their masters.
It was often noted as an inhumane code but the society revolved around slaves, so laws like this
were created in order to keep control in the society. White owners relied on force and fear to
control the growing black majority in the Carolinas.

Maryland Slave Code, 1661: The first actual definition by the colonies of slavery as a "lifelong,
inheritable, racial status." It was issued by Maryland in 1661 in order to set up a distinct place for
the slaves in the society. Out of the Maryland Slave Code of 1661 came the establishing of other
slave codes that set up strict legal codes.

Stono Rebellion: Slave uprising in South Carolina in 1739, in which twenty slaves robbed guns
and ammunition from the Stono River Bridge along with killing civilians. Officials suppressed
the rebellion and stopped any more chaos and damage. It was a significant encounter because it
caused white apprehension and led to a new slave code.

Salutary Neglect
Britain’s absence in colonial America due to pressing issues in England left the colonies alone
for the most part to govern themselves. During this time they flourished and developed a British
origin, yet with a distinctly American flavor. It was because of this absence that the colonies
 became more self sufficient and eventually it led them to a feeling of individuality that they
feared losing, thus bringing forth the Declaration of Independence after a series of events.

mercantilism: features, rationale, impact on Great Britain, impact on the different colonies:
Economic policy prevailing in Europe during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries under which
governmental control was exercised over industry and trade in accordance with the theory that
national strength is increased by a majority of exports over imports. The colonies adopted
mercantilism as business in which the mother country could benefit.

triangular trade: Trade that takes place between three places is called triangular trade. Colonial
trade was not very triangular because the Navigation Acts forced American merchants to trade
only with Britain. However, the Americans still managed to smuggle goods with the French
Caribbean and India.

consignment systems: A system of drafting sailors into the British navy. The British could
freely use the soldiers at their convenience by the rules of this draft. The draft caused many
problems in the life of young American men. Many teenagers tried to avoid the draft by giving
false information about themselves.

Molasses Act, 1733: Legislation by the British Parliament for taxing and imposing shipment
restrictions on sugar and molasses imported into the profitable colonies from the West Indies. It
was meant to create profitable trade as a protective tariff, but it was never meant to raise revenue.

Woolens Act, 1699; Hat Act, 1732: Iron Act, 1750: Act specifying certain enumerated goods—
principally tobacco, rice, and indigo—that the colonists could export only to another English
colony or to England. These were attempts to prevent manufacturing in the British colonies that
might threaten the economy of England.

Currency Act, 1751: Act passed by British Parliament that affected the colonies by adjusting the
currency. The point of this attack was to raise revenue for Great Britain. It was a clear example
of how Salutary Neglect was coming to an end with the French and Indian War.

Currency Act, 1764: Another Act passed by the British Parliament that affected the colonies
and was meant to raise revenue for Great Britain. It was very similar to the other previous
Currency Act but this act was targeted towards the people and raising the taxes so that the
Parliament could make more money.

Magna Carta, 1215: A charter granted by King John, that exactly established the relationship
between the kings and barons and guaranteed ideas of free commerce, the right to a fair trial, and
the right to a trial by your peers. Many of the base rights in the United States Constitution are
included in it.

Petition of Right, 1628: Petition given to Charles I by parliament, asking him to stop sending
soldiers to live in private citizens homes, stop taxing without its consent and stop declaring
martial law in a time of peace. This occurred partially because Charles was trying to pay off his
war debt.

Habeas Corpus Act: Act saying that a person can not be held in prison without being charged
and tried. They put this into effect to help stop innocent people from being thrown into jail with
no specific reason why. This idea was adopted into our Constitution in Article 1, Section 9. It can
only be revoked in time of rebellion.
Navigation Act, 1651: Parliament passed this legislation in 1651 in order to protect English
trade from foreign competition. It was only temporary and it stated that goods imported or
exported by the colonies in Africa and Asia must be shipped out or imported only by English
vessels and the crews must be 75% British. It also helped U.S. capitalism.

Navigation Act, 1660: This Parliamentary act renewed the 1651 act and specified certain
innumerable articles which could be exported only to the English or to another English colony in
1660. Among these goods were tobacco, rice, and indigo. American shipbuilding thus prospered
and there was a stable protected market for producers.

Navigation Act, 1663: This Parliamentary act disallowed colonial merchants from exporting
products like sugar and tobacco anywhere except to England and from importing goods in ships
not made and produced by the English. Along with the 1660 act, it was passed to help English
commercial interests in 1663 but helped the U.S.

Navigation Act, 1696: This was the fifth and final Parliamentary Navigation Act. It allowed for
methods of enforcing the acts, provided more penalties for evasion, and introduced use of vice-
admiralty courts. It was passed in 1696 in an effort to strengthen its effect on colonists. It was
felt much more harshly by the colonists and led to hostility

admiralty courts: These were courts that were created to bring sailors to trial for going against
the navigation acts. They were often held away from the colonies, a fact that the colonies viewed
as being unconstitutional. Also, the courts awarded judges money for every conviction, thus
judges became more apt to find people guilty.

merchants/markets: People and places involved in the trading system of the colonies were
merchants and the markets with which they traded. The Navigation Acts opened up British
markets to American merchants, and the number of merchants increased during the 1750’s as
well.

•BOARD OF TRADE, (of the Privy Council): This board was part of the Privy Council which
was one of the committees formed by the British Parliament In 1793 Britain’s Privy Council sent
out orders that any foreign ships caught trading with the French Islands located in the Caribbean
to be automatically captured and taken away. They deliberately waited to publish these
instructions so that American ships would be seized, causing over 250 ships were captured.

Robert Walpole: Statesman who is considered Britain’s first prime minister. He entered the
English Parliament in 1701 and became a well known speaker for the Whig Party. In 1708 he
was named Secretary of War. In 1739 he declared war on Spain, which caused division in his
party (Whigs) for support for him in elections.

the Enlightenment: A period in the 1700s when a new method of thought was employed. It was
a time when great minds awoke and started thinking, affecting the colonies as well as Europe.
Some beliefs brought to the forefront were the laws of nature, optimism, confidence in human
reason, and deism. Its ideas lead to revolutionary ideas.

John Locke’s Ideas: John Locke was a philosopher that supported Colonial America. He
criticized the "divine right" kings had and believed that the people should have a say and that the
supreme power should be state power, but only if they were governed by "natural" law. His ideas
can be seen in the Constitution.
John Peter Zenger Trial: Trial involving the founder of the New York Weekly Journal , who
received money from influential town members. So when Zenger published articles by his
contributors that criticized Colonial government he was arrested and put on trial. He was
announced not guilty, his success paving the way for freedom of the press.

•COLONIAL GOVERNMENT: Characterized by regular assemblies and appointed militia,

law, and local administration. Often, these were dominated by the colonial elite despite liberal
qualifications for male voters. Because of low voter participation and indifference toward
politics, colonial government only truly flourished in the major seaports. The most significant
development of colonial government was the rise of the assembly and the limiting of the power
of governors.

Rise of the lower house: In Colonial America the lower house had increasingly equal if not
more power than the upper house. The house had the power of the purse which led them to being
the more dominant house. More common people could get into government than before and
make a difference which helped build the foundations of America.

•PROPRIETARY, CHARTER, ROYAL COLONIES: These are three ways one could come
upon owning land in Colonial America. One such way was for a company to give out land so an
area would become populated. Kings and Queens could also give away land as well as people
having property passed on to them, therefore having an influence on decisions the new powers
would make. All of these ideas helped shape America’s way of government life.

colonial agents: Representatives sent by Great Britain to the colonies during the 17th and 18th
centuries. They would observe the colonies and then send the information back to England. The
problem is by the time it got back to England the information that had once been true was now
old and wrong.

Glorious Revolution: When Mary and William over run James II in England in 1688, British
citizens saw this as a win in liberty for parliament would have more control than ever. Moderate
uprising that came out of the Colonial America during this time ended with William and Mary
taking apart the Dominion of New England.

Bill of Rights, 1689: Bill that said no Roman Catholics could hold a position of king or queen in
England. It also made it illegal for a monarch to postpone laws, have a standing army, or levy
taxes without the okay of the British Parliament. The colonies then interpreted the law and used
it against the British (levy tax).

Great Awakening
A series of religious revivals swept through the colonies in the 1730s. Key players were
Theodore Frelinghuysen, William and Gilbert Tenant, Jonathan Edwards, and George
Whitefield. Through the awakening emerged the decline of Quakers, founding of colleges, an
increase of Presbyterians, denomenationalism, and religious toleration.

Jonathan Edwards - Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, A Careful and Strict Enquiry into. .
. That freedom of Will: Sermon about how one must have a personal faith and relationship with
Jesus Christ to gain salvation instead of an afterlife in hell. The sermon also used the fury of the
divine wrath to arouse religious fervor.
George Whitefield: English clergyman who was known for his ability to convince many people
through his sermons. He involved himself in the Great Awakening in 1739 preaching his belief
in gaining salvation. Coming from Connecticut, most of his speeches were based there. His
presence helped raise the population by about 3000 people.

William Tennent: Presbyterian minister who played a chief role in the Great Awakening in
Central New Jersey by calling prayer meetings known as the Refreshings around the 1730’s.
Another one of his significant projects was the founding of his influential Log College which had
teachers educated in all areas of study.

Gilbert Tennent: American Presbyterian minister, in 1740 delivered a harsh sermon, "The
Dangers of Unconverted Ministry," in which he criticized conservative ministers who opposed
the fervor of the Great Awakening. The result was a schism (1741) in the Presbyterian church
between the "Old Lights" and the "New Lights," led by Tennent.

Old Lights, New lights: Two groups of ministries who frequently had heated debates on the
issue of God during the Great Awakening. The Old Lights rejected the Great Awakening and the
New Lights, who accepted it and sometimes suffered persecution because of their religious
fervor.

Harvard University: University located in Cambridge, Mass. that was founded in 1636 on a
grant from the Mass. Bay Colony. The school was originally organized to educate ministers
because of the scarcity of clergy and lack of an educational institution in the new colony. The
university eventually developed a more secular format

effects of the Great Awakening on religion in America: Long term effects of the Great
Awakening were the decline of Quakers, Anglicans, and Congregationalists as the Presbyterians
and Baptists increased. It also caused an emergence in black Protestantism, religious toleration,
an emphasis on inner experience, and denominationalism.

1763-1776
Great Britain Versus France

King George’s War: War fought between Britain and France and Spain. It took place not only
in Europe but also in North America with American colonists supporting the British with
thousands of troops. In the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Britain gained lands in India but lost
Louisburg, which embittered Anglo-American relations.

•FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR: The French and Indian war was fought between Britain and
France. It lasted from 1754-1760, with the colonies supporting Britain and the With America as
a new prospect for both France and Great Britain, tensions grew between the two countries. The
result was a series of wars like King William’s War, Queen Anne’s War, the War of Jenkin’s
Ear, King George’s War, and the French and Indian War.
Changes in land Claims of 1689, 1713, 1763: Before 1689 almost all of the land belonged to
Spain, and France with Britain only starting. Then by 1713 France was dominating the North
America and Britain was spreading up and down the coast. In 1763 with the Treaty of Paris,
Britain became the overwhelming power.

Differences between French and British colonization: The French mostly had fur traders and
posts in North America so they could get goods, they were more inland and made friends with
the Indians. While the English were settling for good on the shore, making homes and
government- they were all there to start a new life.

Why Great Britain eventually won: When William Pitt joined the British leaders he turned
things around. He began to treat the Americans like equals or allies instead of subordinates. This
lead Americans to feel a sense of pride and a renewed sense of spirit that sent them into several
victories that made France eventually concede.

King William’s War: In Europe a war fought between the Grand Alliance and France which
also embroiled the colonies. The entire war was battled over who would reign in England. In the
colonies the Indians were fighting for the French. In 1697 fighting ceased due to the Peace of
Ryswick which restored Port Royal to the French.

Queen Anne’s War: The second of the four imperial wars that were fought between Britain,
France and Spain. It took place from 1702-1713. Though many Spanish colonial towns were
captured and burned by English forces, American colonists met with military failure creating a
feeling of dependence on Britain. The war ended with Peace of Utrecht.

Peace of Utrecht: Treaty that ended Queen Anne's War in 1713. Due to this treaty France had to
give up Acadia, Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay territory to England but got to keep Cape
Breton Island. The treaty also introduced a period of peace in which the American colonists
experienced growth economically and politically.

War of Jenkin’s Ear: This war was British versus Spain. It was fought in Georgia and North
Carolina. Lieutenant Governor William Gooch led Virginia’s 400 men into the whole 3000 men
colonial army and after their Colonel died Gooch succeeded him. When they attacked Cartagena
it proved disastrous, though Gooch wouldn’t report Indians supporting France. This war spanned
three different continents and it was the main factor in the ending of "salutary neglect." This war
planted the seeds of misunderstanding between Britain and the colonies and indirectly was one of
the causes of the Revolutionary War. Britain came out victoriously with the Treaty of Paris.

Coureurs de Bois- Unlicensed trader who traded illegally with Indians. Many young men seeing
only the prospective wealth left their families and traded illegally with Indians, some even
married into the tribes. They also enlisted Indians in the French Army. These Coureurs de Bois
were important in setting up fur trade in Canada.

Francis Parkman: Francis Parkman was one of the prominent historians of his time (1823-
1893). Most of his work concerned the conflict that arose between France and Britain for land in
Colonial America. Later on in his career he went west and traveled with tribes, such as the Sioux,
which ended with the book, The Oregon Trail.

Albany Plan of Union, Benjamin Franklin: Colonial confederation based on the ideas of
Franklin calling for each town to have independence in a large whole, known as a Grand
Council. It was used for military defense and Indian policies and set a precedent for later
American unity.
Edward Braddock: Braddock was the General of all the British Troops (French and Indian
War), he led an attack against Fort Duquesne, never reaching his destination for they were
attacked by the Monongahela River where 900 of his 1200 men were wounded or killed.
Braddock was wounded at this battle and died soon afterwards.

William Pitt: Prime minister for Britain, who helped Britain bounce back after the
Revolutionary War and who lead the war effort against France. Pitt had two terms, 1783 to 1801
and 1804 to 1806. He was considered a moderate, with the backing of the king and the
parliament. Pitt’s time in office became a foundation for future prime ministers.

Fort Duquesne: This was the fort that General Braddock tried to take during the French and
Indian War but him and his troops were slaughtered in an ambush at the Monongahela, where
900 of the 1200 troops were wounded or killed. Later General Amherst captured the fort.

Wolfe, Montecalm, Quebec- the Plains of Abraham: The battle of the French and Indian War,
between General Wolfe and General Montecalm in which both were killed . It ended with the
capturing of Quebec and was one of the final steps that lead Montreal to surrender, thus making
Canada no longer a threat.

Land squabbles in North America, where, why and what over: Any of the imperial wars that
were fought in North America, for if when Britain won they would usually gain territory they
had wanted before. Also various battles with Indians over pieces of land because colonists
pushed their way onto Indian land, not caring if it belonged to them.

Treaty of Paris (1763): Treaty that ended the French and Indian War was ended by the Treaty
of Paris. This treaty ended French reign in Canada. The treaty also called for Spain to give
Florida to Britain, and for France to give all lands east of the Mississippi River to Britain. It also
was a precursor, for colonial politics would follow Britain.

Proclamation of 1763: This proclamation stated that no white settlers could go past the crest of
the Appalachians. While this upset many colonists who had claims that far west, Britain
explained it was only temporary, for it was meant to calm the Indians, sure enough five years
later the boundary was moved further west.

Pontiac’s Rebellion, 1763: After France had to give up the territory they had near and around
the Appalachian Mountains the Indians were afraid that the British would come in and start to
settle down permanently, to make sure this didn’t happen Chief Pontiac launched an offensive at
Bushy Run and Pontiac’s forces won for the time being.

Proclamation of 1763: The British issued this in 1763 in hopes of conciliating the Indians and to
lessen white expansion. It banned colonists from settling west if the Appalachian mountains.
Though it was supposedly a temporary measure, colonists were angered and the line was moved
further west five years later for speculators.

New British Policy and Colonial Resistance

In order to tighten control over the colonies, Great Britain instated many acts and taxes which
enraged colonists who argued that it was unfair to tax them when they had no direct
 representation in Parliament. This resistance was the beginning of America’s revolt against its
mother country.

writs of assistance: The royal governor of Massachusetts allowed British revenue officers to use
this in 1760 in order to capture goods imported illegally in: It was a search warrant allowing
officials to enter buildings in which smuggled goods may be. It required no cause for suspicion
and homes were often ransacked. It also contributed to the Revolution.

James Otis: He was a colonial leader who was also advocate general of the Boston Vice
Admiralty Court in 1756. His opposition to the writs of assistance and Townshend Acts led him
to declare that Parliament did not have the right to violate natural rights of colonists. He thus
published The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proven.

Pontiac’s Rebellion: Ottawa chief Pontiac attacked and besieged ten British forts in May, 1763,
in order to keep British out of the Appalachians. An uneasy truce was negotiated by 1764, and as
a result, the Proclamation of 1763 was put forth in order for Britain to maintain 10,000 soldiers
in the U.S. to occupy French ceded territories.

Paxton Boys: This group of Rangers from Pennsylvania Paxton in Lancaster County,
Pennsylvania, killed some Sasquehannock Indians in 1764. The conflict arose as a result of the
desire to expand westward. Governor John Penn in 1764 attempted to punish them, but the
people of the area were so upset that a revolt ensued; Benjamin Franklin solved it.

Grenville’s Program: British Prime Minister George Grenville was the principal architect of the
Sugar Act; his method of taxation and crackdown on colonial smuggling were widely disliked by
Americans. He passed the Stamp Act arguing that colonists received virtual representation in
Parliament, even though Americans didn’t elect members.

•SUGAR ACT, 1764: George Grenville introduced this act which amended the Molasses Act
that had taxed all foreign molasses entering the U.S. at sixpence a gallon in 1764. The new act
ended the previous British policy of keeping Americans out of all revenue-raising measures. It
stated that colonists exported certain items to foreign countries only if they passed through
Britain first. Parliament hoped that Americans would buy more British items and it increased
British sale of European wine.

Currency Act, 1764: extended currency Act, 1751: A Parliamentary act, which was originally
applicable only in Massachusetts in 1751, but in 1764, it was applied to all the colonies as a
means of raising revenue. It increased colonial resentment toward Britain because it disallowed
the issuance of colonial money.

vice-admiralty courts: Parliament was responsible for this new form of juryless court in Nova
Scotia. From 1763 to 1765, when Americans were caught smuggling in violation of the Acts of
Trade, they were tried by corrupt judges who received a percentage of the confiscated goods if
they found the defendants guilty.

A Democracy or not?: Colonial America was a place with more liberal voting qualification, no
aristocracy and rise of the assembly. But the ruling class was still the wealthy, they had the
power, also voters turn out wasn’t large. One had a better chance in becoming part of the
"system" but it wasn’t democratic.
Deism: most of the religious thinkers during the Enlightenment were deist. The deists believed
that God was a clockmaker who created the world but now just watches it work. They believed
that we lived in a perfect universe and that we are laws that we created were natural.

Non-consumption: The Sons of Liberty began the idea of non-consumption in 1774 with their
vow of non-importation of British goods. When the Boston Port Bill was passed, colonists once
again agreed to ban all British goods in order to boycott the British until demands were met.
Because of this, state or individual opposition was despised.

virtual, actual representation: Parliament felt colonists had virtual representation because
every member of Parliament considered the rights of all subjects; the House of Commons was
responsible for protecting the rights of all British and colonists. Because the British elected
members, they enjoyed actual representation, but colonists had none.

no taxation without representation: John Adams, in his Circular Letter, in 1768, openly
criticized Parliament’s practice of taxation without proper colonial representation. It was said
that no tax that was issued in order to produce revenue for Great Britain was constitutional
because American representatives had not voted to allow the tax.

colonial view of the constitution: Colonial views toward the Constitution varied greatly in
1781, due mostly to regional and bipartisan differences. Federalists were those who advocated a
strong central government, at state’s expense. Antifederalists demanded more state power.
Depending on size, states wanted different types of representation.

Compact theory: First expressed by Jefferson and Madison in the Virginia and Kentucky
Resolves of 1798, it declared that each state comprised the national government through a
compact whose provisions were established in the Constitution. Hence, the states could decide
when the compact was broken. It further led to the doctrine of States Rights.

•STAMP ACT: British prime minister George Grenville’s most detested act, the Stamp Act was
introduced in 1765 as a means of raising revenue in the colonies, and was passed by Parliament.
It stated that all legal documents, contracts, licenses, pamphlets, and newspapers must carry a
stamp that is taxed. It was intended to raise money for keeping up defense in colonies. It
infuriated colonists because it was an internal tax that few could escape. Opposition to the Stamp
Act led to formation of the Stamp Act Congress.

stamp distributors: These were the men who had the job of accepting money from the special
water-marked paper put into circulation with the passage of the Stamp Act in 1765. They were a
target for such associations as the Loyal Nine and Sons of Liberty who attempted, through
violence, to force the distributors to resign before taxes were due.

Patrick Henry: He was an orator and statesman who played a key role in igniting patriotism and
leading the colonists toward the American Revolution. In 1763 he became a member of the
House of Burgesses where he introduced seven resolutions against the Stamp Act. He is famous
for his comment "Give me liberty or give me death."

Virginia Resolves: American leader Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses
to state their opposition to taxation in 1765. They adopted several resolutions which refuted the
power of Parliament to tax the colonies. Henry’s fiery orations caused, by the end of the year,
eight other colonies to also denounce taxation and declare rights.
Stamp Act Congress, 1765: This was an assembly of delegates from nine of the original thirteen
colonies in 1765 which was intended to protest the Stamp Act. They met in New York City and
presented the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, but the group’s demand for no taxation
without representation was refused by the House of Commons.

Non-importation: There existed, between many of the colonial merchants, an agreement to not
import any British goods until the Townshend acts were repealed. When the tea tax was kept,
they were unsure whether or not to keep the boycott going. When non-importation collapsed, the
Sons of Liberty agreed not to consume British tea in protest.

•SONS OF LIBERTY: Members included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere; it was a secret
society of patriots which was organized in 1765 in the colonies. They formed a Committee of
Correspondence to defend themselves against British actions. One of the actions they took was to
adopt a policy of non-importation in which merchants refused to import goods sent from Great
Britain. They also participated in terrorizing the stamp distributors through house-wrecking and
tar-and-feathering in order to achieve respect.

Daughters of Liberty: Upper class female patriots who formed a union in 1765 in order to give
aid to the cause of defeating the reviled Stamp Act. They proved their value to the cause both by
attending political rallies and protests and also by refusing association with men who were
Loyalists, however, they ultimately played a small role.

internal/external taxes: Introduced by the British Parliament in 1765, the Stamp Act was an
internal tax which few colonists could escape, all of the colonists were drastically affected by
this tax. An example of an external tax is the Sugar Act passed in 1764 which raised costs only
for a select group of people; public opposition to the tax was minute.

Revenue Act: Parliament passed the Revenue taxes in 1767. The Act taxed glass, paint, lead,
paper, paint, and tea. In colonial opinion, it was just like the Stamp Act in that, though it was said
to be an external tax, it was still put into effect solely to raise revenue for the British treasury. It
further angered colonial resentment to Charles Townshend.

Right of revolution: In John Lock’s Two Treatises of Government, written in 1690, it is stated
that "It is a state of perfect freedom [for man] to do as they wish and dispose of themselves and
their possessions." He claims that any person has the right to revolt if the government does not
fulfill its duties. His ideas led to the Declaration of Independence.

The Loyal Nine: A group of middle class workers joined this association in the summer of 1765
in order to resist the Stamp Act. They realized that if they could intimidate stamp distributors
with house-wrecking and tar-and-feathers, they could bully them into resigning before the act
could be put into effect, making it impracticable.

Guy Fawkes Day: Thousands of ardent Bostonians gathered to celebrate this day on November
5, 1765. The day was named for the anniversary of the day Catholic Guy Fawkes attempted to
blow up Parliament and King James I. In celebration of his failure, mobs gathered in the streets
of Boston to protest and to set fire to figures of the Pope.

Declaratory Act. 1766: This was a Parliamentary act which was issued in 1766 in order to
confirm the British government’s right to pass acts which were legally binding to the colonists.
Because the Stamp Act was so opposed by the colonists as well as the British business
community, it was repealed, but only with the passage of this confirmation.
Quartering Act (called the Mutiny Act by the British): Passed by Congress, this was one of
the Intolerable Acts in 1774. It effectively served to further punish the colonists. Basically, it
allowed for much-hated British officers to be permitted to requisition empty, private buildings.
All resistance was repressed by this blatant attempt to force troops in.

•TOWNSHEND ACTS, REACTION: Under the control of British Prime Minister Charles
Townshend, Parliament passed these measures in 1767. The first called for suspension of the
New York Assembly because it would not abide by the Quartering Act. The Revenue Act called
for customs duties on imports of glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. As a result of unrest over these
acts, the Massachusetts legislature was dissolved. Colonial reaction was that of further discontent
toward their motherland.

John Dickinson, "Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania": He was a lawyer in Philadelphia

and a leader in the movement against taxation on the colonies in the 1760s. Formulating a
declaration of rights at the Stamp Act Congress, he argued against the duties of the Townshend
acts in this publication. He sought appeasement of the British.

Massachusetts Circular Letter: The Massachusetts legislature sent the other 12 colonies a
letter in 1767 in response to the Townshend Acts and asked for a united response from the
colonies. The British threatened to dissolve the Massachusetts court unless it was withdrawn.
They refused and were dismissed. The other assemblies defiantly signed.

•SAM ADAMS: He was an outspoken advocate of the Sugar Act, and served on the General
Court of Massachusetts in 1765. Moreover, he was a main proponent of opposition to the
Townshend Acts and a key figure in the formation of the Sons of Liberty. Starting a movement
for an uprising against the Boston Massacre, he led several other angry colonists in the Boston
Tea Party of 1773. Due to his literary agitation, Adams contributed to the movement for
revolution.

The Association: The First Continental Congress agreed to this "association," which was a
simple sort of agreement in 1774. It was formed in response to anger over the recently passed
Tea Act. Members pledged not to import, export, or consume products of Britain unless their
demands were met. This led to increased hostility toward the colonists.

repeal of the Townshend Acts exept tax on tea: Lord North, in a Parliamentary act in 1770,
wanted to eliminate the Townshend duties due to increased hostility against the British and to
keep the boycott from gaining momentum. However, he still recommended they maintain the tea
tax, because it was profitable for the Royal Treasury in Great Britain.

•AMERICAN BOARD OF CUSTOMS COMMISSIONERS: Townshend introduced

legislation in 1767, serving to create an American Board of Customs Commissioners whose sole
job would be to enforce the Navigation Acts . They were created because Townshend wanted to
crack down on colonial smuggling. The corrupt members of the Board practiced customs
racketeering, which was a legalized form of piracy. This led to a major movement between
colonists of anger and violence toward the Board members.

John Hancock’s Liberty: Customs commissioners in Boston requested an armed force for
protection and the government dispatched the Romney to Boston in June, 1768. When told that a
customs official had been locked up, while John Hancock unloaded without paying the duty, the
Liberty was seized. This led to further discontent towards Britain.
Boston Massacre, 1770: British troops, (which were resumed in the city in 1770 in order to
discourage opposition to the Townshend Acts), when hit by hecklers within the crowd, opened
fire upon the innocent; five men were killed. Eight soldiers were tried for murder; their attorney
was John Adams. Many were acquitted and anti-British feelings rose.

Crispus Attucks: He was the leader of a group of colonists who were killed in the 1770 Boston
Massacre. Though he was the first man to be shot, he was only one of five colonists. He was
either African-American or Native American and he may have been a runaway slave. In 1888 a
monument of him was erected in his honor in Boston.

John Adams: He was the lawyer for the soldiers who were tried for murder in the Boston
Massacre in 1770. He successfully defended his clients in defense that they were trying to protect
their own lives. He additionally denounced the Stamp Act, analyzed the demands facing the
colonists, and was a member of both Continental Congresses.

Carolina Regulators: This name applies to several groups of insurgents who, in 1764, wanted to
protect the rights of their community. The North Carolina Regulators threatened to rebel and not
pay taxes. The South Carolina Regulators, in 1767, opposed corrupt government and cleared
their homeland of outlaw bands of terrorists.

Battle of the Alamance: The North Carolina Regulators found their movement peak in this
battle on May 16, 1771. With an army of 2500, these Regulators fought a band of eastern militia
started up by the governor of North Carolina, and 300 casualties were inflicted. The Regulator
uprising fell apart and colonies found it harder to resist British.

Gaspee Incident: A customs schooner was beached in Providence, RI, on June 9, 1772. This
upset Americans because it was one of the last of the customs racketeering ships. Stuck in the
mud, it was burned down by local inhabitants. When investigators were sent to find the initiators,
they failed; the suspects would have faced trial without jury.

Governor Thomas Hutchinson of Mass.: A colonial governor, he opposed taxes that harmed
U.S. trade, but still supported Britain’s right to impose taxes. When the Stamp Act controversy
was in effect, his home was ransacked in 1765. In 1773, he refused to allow British ships to be
returned without unloading and the Boston Tea party resulted.

committees of correspondence: They were colonial groups in 1772 which were organized to
form resistance to British tyranny. The Boston town meeting made up a 21 member committee
"To state the Rights of Colonists and of this Province in Particular." This committee became a
major political force responsible for the Boston Tea Party.

Lord North: He was a British member of the House of Commons during the 1770s. Under the
orders of King George III, he taxed Americans, though he found it morally wrong to do so. By
1776, he demanded an early peace with the Americans hoping to put an end to the Revolutionary
War. By 1779, he realized the war was a lost cause.

Tea Act: The Parliamentary Tea Act eliminated import duties entering England, lowering the
selling price to consumers, also allowing selling directly to consumers, hurting middlemen.
Colonial smuggling was very harmful to the East India Company which had held a monopoly on
tea. The act provided savings for Britain.

•BOSTON TEA PARTY: A group of Boston citizens organized a protest on December 16,
1773, which was against the British tax on tea imported to the colonies The citizens were angry
and disallowed three British ships to unload their cargo in Boston. Led by Samuel Adams and
members of the Sons of Liberty, the group, disguised as Indians boarded the ships and dumped
all the tea into Boston Harbor in protest. The American government later refused to pay for the
tea and was punished through closure of the port.

•COERCIVE ACTS: Passed by the British Parliament, several laws were composed in 1774 in
response to colonial rebellion. The Boston Tea Party was the last straw leading to the passage of
these harsh acts as measures against the colony of Massachusetts. The four measures passed
were to serve as warnings to the rest of the colonies. They included the Boston Port Act, the
Massachusetts Government Act, the Quartering Act, and the Administration of Justice Act.
Americans united in sympathy for Massachusetts.

Boston Port Act: Parliament passed this act on April 1, 1774, as one of the Intolerable Acts; it
ordered the U.S. navy to close Boston Harbor. Unless they paid for the ruined tea, the port would
be subject to permanent closure. They imposed a deliberately short deadline to ensure that the
harbor would close, which would lead to economic difficulties.

Massachusetts Government Act: Parliament passed this act in 1774 as the second of the
Townshend Acts which revoked the Massachusetts charter and restructured the government. The
Governor gained control over naming sheriffs, who, in turn, gained control over jurymen. The
number of Massachusetts town meetings were also reduced.

Quebec Act: Parliament passed this greatly detested law which established Roman-Catholicism
as the official religion in Quebec, making Protestants angry. Also, Canada’s government was
awarded an abundance of powers, but was in turn, given no legislature. The law also extended
Quebec’s 1774 land claims, further angering colonists.

•FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, 1774: The First Continental Congress convened in

Philidelphia in September, 1774, to consider the situation resulting from the Intolerable Acts.
They issued the Declaration of Rights and Grievances to George III, and called for the
Continental Association, and agreement to boycott trade with Britain. committees of Safety were
in charge of enforcing the Continental Association. Before it was adjourned, the delegates agreed
to meet in May, 1775 if the situation still hadn’t been resolved.

Suffolk Resolves: The first Continental Congress passed this in 1774 in response to the
Intolerable Acts. They called for non-importation and preparation of local soldiers in the event
that the British should have restorted to military force. The passage of these resolves marked the
willingness of the colonies to defend their rights militarily.

Galloway Plan: Joseph Galloway called for a union of the colonies and a rearrangement of
relations with Parliament, but it was refected by Congress by a narrow margin. Most delegates
felt that such a mild measure would not help, since matters had already gone too far.

"country ideology": The plain farmer had this mind set in the 1770s due to the corruption of
rulers and "court" hangers-on. It warned against the natural tendency of all governments to
enfringe on the natural rights to liberty for all its people. This honest wisdom further led to the
Quid’s mind set during the time of Jeffersonian Democracy.

Continental Association: Issued by the First Continental Congress, it was an agreement to

boycott trade with Britain, or non-importation, designed to pressure Britain’s economy. Any
colony that did not follow those provisions was to be boycotted. By taking these drastic
measures, the colonies moved away from reconciliation towards war.
 Revolt to Revolution
With such events as Lexington and Concord as well as the actions of the Second Continental
Congress and America’s faith held in the Declaration of Independence and Thomas Paine’s
"Common Sense," America’s revolt against Great Britain became a revolution.

•LEXINGTON AND CONCORD, APRIL 19, 1775: American Captain John Parker and
seventy Minutemen waited for the British at Lexington, on April 19. A British officer ordered
the Minutemen to lay down their arms, but a shot from an unknown source was fired. The British
then opened fire and charged. Afterwards, the British continued on the Concord only to find that
almost all of the weapons and supplies had been moved. While retreating to Boston, they were
fired on by Minutemen from local cities.

Paul Revere, William Dawes: Seven hundred British troops, on the night of April 18, 1775,
were sent to find and destroy a cache of colonial weapons and supplies at Concord. However,
they were detected by Americans, and news was dispatched throughout the countryside by Paul
Revere and William Dawes.

•SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS: The Second Continental Congress convened in

Philadelphia on May 10, 1775. They drew up the Olive Branch Petition, which begged George
III to restore peace, and adopted a Declaration of the Causes and Necessity for Taking up Arms.
Congress was divided into two main factions: the delegates that were ready to go to war and
declare independence, and those that weren’t ready to go that far. The Second Continental
Congress later evolved into the revolutionary government.

Olive Branch Petition: The Second Continental Congress issued this petition to King George III
on July 5, pleading with him to intercede with Parliament to restore peace. After he ignored it, he
issued a Prohibitory act, which declared all colonies in a state of rebellion no longer under his
protection. Thus, Americans prepared for an all out war with Britain.

Thomas Paine, Common Sense: Thomas Paine published this in January 1776, which called for
immediate independence. Although its arguments were extreme, it had much influence in favor
of independence. Combined with the Prohibitory Act, it convinced many Americans that the
British had every intention to carry out a full scale war.

natural rights philosophy: Thomas Jefferson was influenced by the natural rights philosophy.
He emphasized the equality of all people and their natural right to justice, liberty, and self-
fulfillment. In the writing of the Declaration of Independence, he draw upon some of the ideas of
natural rights.

John Locke, Second Treatise of Government: John Locke stressed that governments were
legitimate only if they rested on the consent of the governed and protected basic rights of their
people. If the government and laws lacked the consent, then they were not legitimate, and had to
be dissolved and replaced with legitimate government or just laws.

•"FIRST AMERICAN REVOLUTION" (POSSITER THESIS): This thesis is the idea that
the real American Revolution could not have been made possible had not a First American
Revolution paved the way. The First Revolution consists of the first sparks of discontent.
Previously, there had been a great deal of affection between the U.S. and its mother country, due
to the protection colonists enjoyed. However, with colonial governments, colonists were
enjoying democracy, leading to opposition against taxation.

George III: After the Battle of Bunker Hill, the people of Britain wanted retaliation, and King
George III, on August 23, proclaimed New England in a state of rebellion. In December
Parliament declared all colonies in a state of rebellion, and made their ships liable to seizure.

Richard Henry Lee’s Resolution: Colonial leader Richard Henry Lee presented several formal
resolutions to Congress on June 7, 1776. These resolutions called for independence and a
national government. As a result, the Committee on Independence was formed to further
accommodate his proposal.

Committee on Independence: After Richard Henry Lee’s resolution on June 7, 1776, the
Committee on Independence was formed. Members included Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin
Franklin, John Adams, Robert Livingston, and Roger Sherman. Its purpose was to draft a
statement of reasons for independence which led to the Declaration of Independence.

•JULY 4, 1776 AND THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE: Written by the

Committee on Independence, he Declaration of Independence contained a list of grievances
placing the blame on George III. Additionally, it asserted certain natural rights: "Life, liberty,
and the pursuit of happiness" and the "Consent of the governed" to revolt against tyrannical
governments. The English Revolution of 1688 and Enlightenment writers inspired some of the
ideas in the Declaration of independence.

Preamble of the Declaration of Independence: Written by the Committee on Independence in

1776, the Preamble to the Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal,"
and are furthermore allotted unalienable rights by God. Moreover, it is believed that this is a
statement of faith displays wisdom; it’s not a fact revealing truth.

slavery clause in the Declaration of Independence: Two passages in Jefferson’s original draft
were rejected by the Second Continental Congress in 1775. The first passage was an exorbitant
reference to the English people, and the second passage was an attack on the slave trade.

Somerset Case (in Great Britain): Despite the Enlightenment’s condemnation of black slavery,
sugar produced by black slaves was considered of utmost importance. Granville Sharp defended
several blacks in the case Somerset v. Stewart. The decision reached was regarded as the end of
slavery in England.

Quock Walker case- Mass: Nathaniel Jennison was accused of assaulting Quock Walker, a
negro. Jennison defended himself on the grounds that Walker was his slave. Although slavery
wasn’t forbidden by the constitution of Massachusetts, the Superior Court rejected his defense
because it was unconstitutional in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.