EVOLUTION OF SDH

TECHNOLOGY
 PLESIOCHRONOUS
DIGITAL HIERARCHY
(PDH)
 PULSE CODE MODULATION

• Voice Frequency ranges upto 4 Khz

• Sampling the Voice Signal @ 8 Khz

(Double the Max. Frequency)

• 8 bits per sample

• Digital Bit Rate: 8Khz X 8 = 64 Khz

 BUILDING UP THE BASE
STREAM (2MB)
• 30 Voice Channels @ 64 Khz
• One channel for Frame (64 K)
• One channel for Signaling (64 K)
• Total number of Channels = 32
• Bit Rate: 32 X 64 K= 2048 Khz (2Mb)
 PDH BIT RATES
 E1-2048 Kbps (2Mb) [30 Voice Channel]
 E2-8448 Kbps (8Mb) [120 Voice Channel]
 E3-34368 Kbps (34Mb) [480 Voice Channel]
 E4-139264 Kbps (140Mb) [1920 Voice Channel]
PDH HIERARCHY
 PDH PRODUCTS
MULTIPLEXERS:

 M12 MUX:4E1 Streams Multiplexed to One E2

 M23 MUX:4E2 Streams Multiplexed to One E3

 M34 MUX:4E3 Streams Multiplexed to One E4

 PDH PRODUCTS Contd……
OPTICAL:
 OPTICAL LINE TERMINAL EQUIPMENT (OLTE)-
8Mb, 34Mb, 140Mb.
 OPTICAL REGENERATOR EQUIPMENT-
34 Mb,140Mb.

OPTIMUX:
 SINGLE SHELF CONTAINS BOTH MUX AND OLTE
ITU RECOMMENDATIONS - PDH
 G.701
Vocabulary of digital transmission and multiplexing, and pulse code modulation
(PCM) terms  
 G.702
Digital hierarchy bit rates  
 G.703
Physical/electrical characteristics of hierarchical digital interfaces  
 G.704
Synchronous frame structures used at 1544, 6312, 2048, 8448 and 44 736 kbit/s
hierarchical levels  
 G.705
Characteristics of plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) equipment functional
blocks  
 G.706
Frame alignment and cyclic redundancy check (CRC) procedures relating to basic
frame structures defined in Recommendation G.704
 LIMITATIONS IN PDH
 Different Standards
 Systems operates in its own Clock
 Proprietary Coding Mechanisms Making
Inter-Operas Ability of System Between
Different Vendors
 Not Transparent
 Protection Schemes are not available
 Ring, Hub Configuration not possible
SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL
HIERARCHY
(SDH)
 WHY SDH?

 High Transmission Rates

 Simplified Add & Drop Function
 High Availability and Capacity Matching
 Reliability
 Future Proof Platform for New Services
 Interconnection
SYNCHRONOUS NETWORK COMPONENTS
SYNCHRONOUS NETWORK Contd…

 Regenerators
 Terminal Multiplexers
 Add-drop Multiplexers
 Digital X-Connect
 Network Management System
SDH/ SONET BIT RATES
MAPPING OF PDH SIGNAL INTO
SDH SIGNAL
MAPPING OF PDH SIGNAL INTO
SDH SIGNAL Contd..
CLOCK SUPPLY HIERARCHY
 CLOCK SUPPLY HIERARCHY

 Primary Reference Clock (PRC)

Accuracy : 1 x 10-11 ppm
 Synchronisation Supply Unit (SSU)
Accuracy : 1 x 10-9 ppm
 Synchronisation Equipment Clock (SEC)
Accuracy : 4.6 x 10-6 ppm
 AUTOMATIC PROTECTION
SWITCHING(APS)

 LINEAR PROTECTION

 UNIDIRECTIONAL RINGS

 BI-DIRECTIONAL RINGS
LINE PROTECTION
UNIDIRECTIONAL RINGS
BI-DIRECTIONAL RINGS
GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT IN SDH
GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT IN SDH
Contd..

PDH
ITU RECOMMENDATIONS - SDH
ITU RECOMMENDATIONS – SDH
Contd…
 DENSE WAVELENGTH
DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
(DWDM)
DENSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING 

DWDM is a Fiber Optic Transmission

technique that employs light wavelengths
to transmit data Parallel-by-bit or Serial by
Character.
 CHALLENGES IN OPTICAL NETWORKS

 Increased service Needs

 Fiber exhaust
 
 Layered bandwidth management
 SOLUTIONS

 Laying more fiber

 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

 Dense wavelength Division Multiplexing

(DWDM)
 LAYING MORE FIBER 

 Economic solution where cost of fiber

laying is minimal

 May not be able to provide new services or

utilize bandwidth management capability
of a unifying optical layer.
 MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES

 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

(TDM)
 Synchronous
 Asynchronous

 WAVE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

(WDM)
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
WAVELENGTH DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING
 INCREASED CAPACITY BY
COMBINING TDM WITH DWDM
CAPACITY OF TDM AND
TDM & DWDM
 CWDM vs DWDM
CHARACTERISTISC COARSE WDM DENSE WDM

CHANNEL SPACING LARGE 2500 Ghz SMALL 200 Ghz

(20 nm) (0.8 nm)
NUMBER OF BANDS O;E;S;C AND L C and L
USED
COST PER CHANNEL LOW HIGH

NUMBER OF 17 TO 18 HUNDREDS OF
CHANNEL DELIVERED CHANNELS
POSSIBLE
AGGREGATE FIBRE 20 TO 40 Gbps 100 TO 1000 Gbps
CAPACITY
TRANSMISSION UPTO 70 Km UPTO 900 Km
DISTANCE
BEST APPLICATION SHORT-HAUL LONG HAUL
COMPONENTS OF A DWDM SYSTEM
 COMPONENTS OF A DWDM SYSTEM
Contd…

 Transponder
 Multiplexer
 Fiber
 Amplifier
 Demultiplexer
 Receiver
LIMITING FACTORS IN A DWDM SYSTEM
 ABBREVATION
 PMD-POLORIZATION MODE
DISPERSION
 SPM- SELF PHASE MODULATION
 XPM- CROSS PHASE MODULATION
 FWM- FOUR WAVE MIXING
 RAMAN-STIMULATED RAMAN
SCATTERING
 BRILLOUIN-STIMULATED BRILLOUIN
SCATTERING
 ITU RECOMMENDATIONS - DWDM
 G.694.1
Spectral grids for WDM applications: DWDM frequency grid  
 G.694.2
Spectral grids for WDM applications: CWDM wavelength grid  
 G.695
Optical interfaces for coarse wavelength division
multiplexing applications  
 G.696.1
Intra-domain DWDM applications  
 G.697
Optical monitoring for DWDM systems  
 G.698.1
Multichannel DWDM applications with single channel optical
interfaces  
METROPOLITAN NETWORKS
ALL OPTICAL NETWORKS (AON)
THANK YOU