Abruptio placentae: Premature separation of the placenta at least 20 weeks' gestation before or during labor but

before delivery. This serious complication of pregnancy, occurring in one of every 200 births and commonly
resulting in hemorrhage, may lead to the death of the mother, the fetus, or both. Also called ablatio placentae,
accidental hemorrhage.

Accommodation: adjustment of the lens of the eye for various distances

Achalasia: Failure of GI smooth-muscle fibers to relax, especially sphincter muscles.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Abbreviated as AIDS. A disorder of the immune system characterized
by an inability to mount a successful defense against infection (such as by organisms that usually aren't
pathogenic (opportunistic infections). The syndrome is caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency
virus, which causes a marked depletion in the number of helper T cells.

Acrocyanosis: A circulatory disorder characterized by persistently cold and blue hands and, less commonly, feet;
some forms are related to Raynaud phenomenon.

Active immunity: Acquired immunity caused by the production of antibodies, either after infection or as a result
of vaccination.

Acute lymphocytic leukemia: Abbreviated as ALL. A form of leukemia, most commonly occurring in children,
marked by large numbers of immature leukocytes in the blood and blood-forming tissues (including the bone
marrow, spleen, liver, and lymph nodes). The disease has a sudden onset and rapid clinical course. Signs and
symptoms include fever, pallor, fatigue, loss of appetite, anemia, bleeding, bone pain, spleen enlargement and,
because the immune function is disturbed, frequent infection. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Acute nephritis: Acute inflammation of the kidney, possibly involving the glomerulus, tubules, and interstitial
tissues.

Acute tubular necrosis: Necrosis of the kidneys' tubular cells in response to a nephrotoxic substance or
ischemia; the most common cause of acute renal failure in the hospital.

Addisonian crisis: An emergency situation occurring with adrenal hypofunction and exposure to trauma, surgery,
or other severe physiologic stress that exhausts the body's stores of glucocorticoids.

Addison's disease
A life-threatening condition characterized by fatigue, hypotension, loss of appetite and weight, nausea or
vomiting, and increased hyperpigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes. It results from partial or complete
loss of glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgenic function of the adrenal glands caused by tuberculosis,
an autoimmune process, or other disease. Also called Addisonism, Addison's syndrome, chronic
adrenocortical insufficiency.

Adrenergic: 1. Activated or transmitted by epinephrine, norepinephrine, or a similar substance. 2. Also called a

sympathomimetic, a drug that stimulates alpha or beta receptors (thus mimicking the effects of epinephrine or
norepinephrine) or acts primarily on receptors in the sympathetic nervous system that are stimulated by dopamine.

Advance directive: Documented written or verbal instructions by the client about his wishes for life-sustaining
medical care in the event he becomes incapacitated (for example, living wills, health care power of attorney, or
any document that states the client's wishes).

Agonal: Pertaining to death

Agonist: 1. In anatomy: any muscle in a state of contraction whose action is opposed by another muscle with
which it's paired (called the antagonist). 2. In pharmacology: a drug that has an affinity for and stimulates
physiologic activity at cell receptors.

Agoraphobia: An intense, irrational fear of being in open spaces or of venturing out from the home or other
familiar setting. The anxiety may be generalized to any setting beyond the home or may be specific for certain
types of situations and environments, such as open spaces or crowded places.

Akathisia: Uncontrollable motor restlessness.

Akinesia: 1. Loss of the ability to move voluntarily. 2. The rest period after systole in the normal heart rhythm. 3.
In psychiatry: a neurotic condition characterized by symptoms of paralysis.

Allen's test: A test designed to evaluate a client's collateral circulation in the arm before an invasive arterial
procedure such as arterial blood gas analysis. While the client's radial and ulnar arteries are occluded, he clenches
his fist, causing the hand to blanch. The client then unclenches his fist while the pressure on the ulnar artery is
released (but the radial artery remains occluded). The hand should become pink, indicating a patent ulnar artery.

Allogeneic: Being genetically different but belonging to the same species.

Alogia: Inability to speak resulting from mental deficiency or dementia.

Alpha-adrenergic blocker: Drug type that inhibits sympathetic activity by activating or inhibiting alpha and beta
receptors or dopamine receptors.

Amblyopia: Decreased visual acuity in one eye in the absence of detectable structural or pathologic changes.

Amenorrhea: The absence or cessation of menstruation. Except in preadolescents and in pregnant and
postmenopausal women, amenorrhea may reflect dysfunction of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovary, or
uterus; congenital absence or surgical removal of both ovaries or the uterus; or an adverse effect of medication.

Amniocentesis: Withdrawal of a sample of amniotic fluid by transabdominal puncture and needle aspiration,
usually performed during the fifth month of pregnancy to detect such genetic disorders as Down syndrome, neural
tube defects, and Tay-Sachs disease; if the clinician suspects sex-linked genetic defects, the procedure may be
done to determine fetal sex.

Amniotomy: Artificial rupture of the membranes.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Abbreviated as ALS. A disorder that causes slow onset of dyspnea that worsens
with time. Other features include dysphagia, dysarthria, muscle weakness and atrophy, fasciculations, shallow
respirations, tachypnea, and emotional lability. Also known as Lou Gehrig disease.

Anaphylaxis: A systemic reaction to a previously encountered antigen.

Anastomosis: A surgical procedure in which two blood vessels, ducts, or other tubelike structures are joined to
allow the flow of substances between them. Types of anastomoses are end-to-end and side-to-side.

Anencephaly: Congenital brain defect characterized by absent bones from the cranial vault and absent or poorly
developed hemispheres, brain stem, and basal ganglia.
Angina pectoris: Severe chest pain characterized by sensations of spasm, constriction, and crushing weight,
classically radiating from the area over the heart to the left shoulder and arm and possibly accompanied by a
feeling of choking or suffocation. Angina usually results from myocardial oxygen deprivation secondary to
atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries.

Anhedonia: Inability to experience pleasure.

Anion: A negatively charged ion.

Ankylosing spondylitis: Rheumatoid arthritis affecting the spine.

Anorexia: Loss of appetite.

Anorexia nervosa: An eating disorder, most common among adolescent girls, characterized by an aversion to
eating, a morbid fear of becoming obese despite significant weight loss, a disturbed body image that results in a
feeling of being fat even when extremely thin, and amenorrhea (in females).

Antagonist: 1. In pharmacology: a drug that nullifies the action of another drug. 2. In anatomy: a muscle whose
effects counteract the effects of another muscle. 3. In dentistry, a tooth that meets another in the opposite jaw
during chewing or clenching of the teeth.

Anteroposterior-to-lateral: Direction of movement referring from front to back and side to side.

Anticholinergic: 1. Of or relating to blockade of the impulses of parasympathetic or other cholinergic nerve

fibers. 2. Any agent with anticholinergic properties.

Anticipatory guidance: Information about a disorder or about the normal growth and development expectations
of a specific age-group given at an appropriate time before an event in order to provide the client with support and
strategies for dealing with potential problems before they occur.

Antiembolism stockings: Elasticized stockings prescribed for some postoperative or bedridden clients to enhance
venous blood flow from the lower extremities and thus prevent thromboembolism resulting from pooling of blood
in the veins and dilation of veins.

Antisocial personality disorder: A disorder that manifests after age 15 as a pervasive disregard for and violation
of the rights of others.

Anuria: Absence of urine production.

Aortic stenosis: An abnormal narrowing of the orifice of the aortic valve, which prevents normal flow of blood
from the left ventricle into the aorta. The constriction may result from a congenital malformation or pathologic
fusion of the valve cusps. Aortic stenosis causes decreased cardiac output and pulmonary vascular congestion.

Apgar score: A numerical evaluation of a neonate's condition in which a rating of 0, 1, or 2 is assigned to each of
five criteria: heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex responses, and skin color. The five scores are then
combined: A score of 7 to 10 is considered normal, 4 to 7 indicates moderate distress, and 3 or less indicates acute
distress. The Apgar score is usually obtained at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth.

Aphasia: Loss or impairment of the ability to communicate through speech, written language, or signs, resulting
from brain disease or trauma.

Aphasic: Relating to or suffering from aphasia.

Aphonia: Loss of the voice as a result of disease or injury to the larynx.

Aphthous stomatitis: A recurring disease of unknown cause marked by the eruption of ulcers on the mucous
membranes of the mouth. Also called canker sore.

Apnea: Absence of breathing.

Apneic: Suffering from apnea (absence of breathing).

Appendicitis: Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. When acute, appendicitis commonly necessitates an
appendectomy to prevent perforation of the appendix and subsequent peritonitis.

Apraxia: Complete or partial inability to perform purposeful movements in the absence of sensory or motor
impairment.

Ascites: Fluid accumulation in the spaces between tissues and organs in the abdominal cavity.

Asepsis: The absence of living, disease-producing organisms. Medical asepsis refers to the removal or destruction
of disease organisms or infected material. Surgical asepsis refers to protection against infection before, during, or
after surgery by means of sterile technique.

Asthma: A respiratory disorder characterized by recurrent attacks of paroxysmal dyspnea, bronchospasm,

wheezing on expiration, and coughing. Conditions that may trigger an asthma attack include inhalation of
allergens or pollutants, vigorous exercise, emotional stress, and infection.

Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to coordinate voluntary muscle movement.

Ataxic: Relating to or suffering from impaired ability to coordinate voluntary muscle movement.

Atelectasis: Decreased or lack of air in the lung, causing lung volume loss.

Atherosclerosis: Arteriosclerosis characterized by irregularly distributed lipid deposits in arterial intima, causing
narrowed arterial lumens and, ultimately, fibrosis and calcification.

Atony: Flaccidity or lack of tone.

Atopic dermatitis: A skin inflammation occurring in individuals with a genetic predisposition to allergies,
characterized by intense itching, maculopapular lesions, and excoriation (rash pattern varies with age but usually
occurs on the face).

Audiometry: Evaluation of hearing using an audiometer. Various audiometric tests identify the lowest intensity
of sound at which a client can perceive an auditory stimulus, hear different frequencies, and differentiate speech
sounds. Pure tone audiometry evaluates the ability to hear frequencies, usually ranging from 125 to 8,000 Hz, and
can determine whether a hearing loss results from a problem in the middle ear, inner ear, or auditory nerve.

Auscultatory gap: Absence of Korotkoff sounds between phases I (onset of faint, clear tapping sound that
gradually intensifies) and II (onset of swishing sound) while obtaining a blood pressure reading.

Austin Flint murmur: A mid-diastolic aortic insufficiency murmur usually heard best using the bell of the
stethoscope over the mitral area. It's a low-pitched, rumbling murmur.
Autograft: The surgical transfer of tissue (commonly skin) from one location of the body to another location in
the same individual.

Autoimmune disorder: A disorder resulting from an inappropriate immune response directed against the self.
Antigens normally found in the internal cells stimulate the development of antibodies; these antibodies can't
distinguish antigens of the internal cells from external antigens and act against the internal cells to cause various
reactions.

Autoimmunity: A condition in which the immune system mounts an attack against the individual's own body
tissues. One theory proposes that autoimmunity reflects an inability of the immune system to distinguish between
autoantigens and foreign substances, caused by some change in the cellular components of the immune system.
Autoimmunity may lead to hypersensitivity and autoimmune disease.

Autonomic dysreflexia: Reaction that may occur in clients with spinal cord injury above T6. Dysreflexia results
in profuse diaphoresis, pounding headache, blurred vision, and dramatically elevated blood pressure. This life-
threatening reaction may occur even from seemingly minor stimuli, such as lying on a wrinkled sheet or having a
full bladder.

Autosomal recessive disorder: Genetic disorder involving two expressed abnormal autosomal genes (not
expressed in the parents) in which the individual affected receives one copy of the altered gene from each parent;
thus the individual is homozygous for that trait.

Babinski's reflex: Dorsiflexion of the great toe with extension and fanning of the other toes.

Bacterial meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord caused by bacteria such as
Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Escherichia coli.

Battle sign: Discoloration of the skin behind the ear after the fracture of a bone in the lower skull.

Beta-adrenergic blocker: Drug that prevents stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system by inhibiting the
action of catecholamines at beta-adrenergic receptors.

Beta-thalassemia: An inherited autosomal recessive blood disease that results in reduced synthesis rate of one of
the globin chains in hemoglobin. The disease is particularly prevalent among people of Mediterranean descent.

Biot's respirations: A late and ominous sign of neurologic deterioration characterized by irregular and
unpredictable rate, rhythm, and depth. Also called ataxic respirations.

Borderline personality disorder: A disorder characterized by unstable relationships, potentially self-damaging

impulsiveness, difficulty in controlling anger, recurrent suicidal threats, and chronic feelings of boredom and
emptiness.

Bougie: A thin, flexible, cylindrical instrument used to calibrate or dilate constricted tubular structures.

Bronchiolitis: A lung inflammation that usually begins in the terminal bronchioles, occurring mainly in infants
and debilitated persons. Also called bronchopneumonia. Commonly, bronchiolitis results from upper respiratory
infection, specific infectious fevers, and other debilitating diseases.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A chronic lung condition caused by lung tissue damage that's characterized by
inflammation, exudate, scarring, fibrosis, and emphysema; usually occurs in immature infants treated for
respiratory distress syndrome with mechanical ventilation and supplemental oxygen.
Bronchoscopy: Visual examination of the tracheobronchial tree using a bronchoscope.

Broviac catheter
Single-lumen silicone central venous catheter used for long-term venous access.

Brudzinski's sign
Flexion of the hips and knees in response to passive flexion of the neck; signals meningeal irritation.

bruit
An abnormal vascular "swishing" sound heard on auscultation as a result of turbulent blood flow through dilated,
irregular, tortuous, or stenotic vessels.

buccal
Of or relating to the inside of the cheek; may also refer to a tooth surface or the gum next to the cheek.

bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating that may end in self-induced vomiting, alternating
with periods of normal eating or fasting. Depression and awareness of the abnormal behavior are part of this
illness.

CABG
Abbreviation for coronary artery bypass graft. A surgical procedure in which an autogenous graft is used to
circumvent an obstruction in a coronary artery caused by plaque.

cachexia
General weight loss and wasting as a result of a chronic disease or emotional disturbance.

caput succedaneum
Swelling of the presenting portion of a neonate's scalp.

carcinoma in situ
Carcinoma in which the cancer cells are still within their site of origin.

cardiac catheterization
A diagnostic procedure in which a cardiac catheter is inserted into a large vein (usually of an arm or leg) and then
threaded through the vein to the client's heart.

cardiac output
The volume of blood ejected by the heart per minute (normally ranging from 4 to 8 L). Cardiac output equals the
stroke volume (the difference between end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume) multiplied by the heart rate.

cardiogenic shock
A condition of low cardiac output that results from heart pump failure, such as in acute myocardial infarction,
heart failure, or severe cardiomyopathy.

cardiomyopathy
Primary noninflammatory disease of the myocardium.

carotid endarterectomy
Vascular surgery procedure that removes plaque from the lining of the carotid artery.
catatonia
A stuporous or unresponsive state commonly characterized by an inability to move or talk.

catatonic
Affected with catatonia (a stuporous or unresponsive state commonly characterized by an inability to move or
talk).

catecholamine
Any of a group of compounds having a sympathomimetic action and composed of a catechol molecule and the
aliphatic portion of an amine. Some catecholamines are produced by the body and function as key neurologic
chemicals. Others are synthesized as drugs for use in the treatment of such disorders as asthma, shock, and heart
failure.

cation
A positively charged ion.

cauda equina
The aggregation of spinal roots, resembling the tail of a horse, that descend from the first lumbar vertebrae and
occupy the vertebral canal below the cord.

celiac disease
A chronic disease in which an individual can't tolerate foods containing gluten or wheat protein. Signs and
symptoms include abdominal distention, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle wasting, and extreme lethargy.

cellulitis
An infection of deep subcutaneous tissue and sometimes muscle that may be associated with infection of an
operative or traumatic wound. Cellulitis is characterized by local heat, pain, redness, and swelling.

cephalohematoma
A blood effusion beneath the periosteum that occurs commonly in neonates as a result of birth trauma.

cerclage
Reinforcement of an incompetent uterine cervix.

cerebral aneurysm
A saclike dilation of the wall of a cerebral artery, typically resulting from weakness of the wall. A cerebral, or
berry, aneurysm usually occurs in the circle of Willis and is prone to rupture.

cerebral contusion
A bruising of the brain tissue as a result of a severe blow to the head. A contusion disrupts normal nerve function
in the bruised area and may cause loss of consciousness, hemorrhage, edema, and even death.

cerebral palsy
A permanent disorder of motor function resulting from nonprogressive brain damage or a brain lesion. Cerebral
palsy usually appears before age 3.

Chadwick's sign
Bluish coloration of the mucous membranes of the cervix, vagina, and vulva; a probable sign of pregnancy.

chelation therapy
Administration of agents that bind to metals; administered to aid in the removal of excess metals, such as lead or
iron in the body.
chemotherapy
Treatment of a disease using chemicals that exert a toxic effect on the pathogen or abnormal cell growth.

chest physiotherapy
An array of physical techniques, including postural drainage, chest percussion and vibration, and coughing and
deep-breathing maneuvers. Chest physiotherapy is used to loosen and help eliminate lung secretions, reexpand
lung tissue, and promote optimal use of respiratory muscles.

Cheyne-Stokes respirations
Waxing and waning of the rate and depth of respiration with periods of apnea.

cholecystectomy
Surgical excision of the gallbladder.

cholelithiasis
The presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder.

cholinergic
1. Of or relating to nerve fibers that are stimulated to free acetylcholine at a synapse. 2. An agent that frees
acetylcholine.

chronic bronchitis
A persistent respiratory disease marked by increased production of mucus by the glands of the trachea and
bronchi. This common disease is characterized by a cough (with expectoration) at least 3 months of the year for
more than 2 consecutive years.

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Abbreviated as COPD. General term used to describe diseases with permanent or temporary narrowing of small
bronchi, in which forced expiratory flow is slowed.

Chvostek's sign
A spasm of the facial muscles elicited by light taps on the facial nerve. This spasm signals tetany and is seen in
clients with hypocalcemia.

circumcision
Removal of all or part of the foreskin of the penis.

circumferential
Area encircling or concerning the periphery of an object or body part.

cirrhosis
A chronic, degenerative liver disease in which the lobes are covered with fibrous tissue, the liver parenchyma
degenerates, and the lobules are infiltrated with fat.

clarification
Communication technique used to help the client identify inconsistencies in his statements.

clinical depression
Syndrome characterized by persistent sadness and dysphoria accompanied by disturbances in sleep and appetite,
lethargy, and an inability to experience pleasure.
clubfoot
A congenital foot deformity in which the foot is twisted out of shape or position.

CMV
Abbreviation for cytomegalovirus. A herpesvirus that can be reactivated when T-lymphocyte-mediated immunity
is compromised.

cognitive development
Ability to learn from experience, gain and maintain knowledge, respond to new situations, and solve problems.

colonoscopy
Examination of the colon using a flexible endoscope to visualize internal body areas or to remove tissue
specimens or small growths.

communicable disease
A disease that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from one person to another.

community-acquired pneumonia
Pneumonia acquired by someone who hasn't been hospitalized recently.

compartment syndrome
A neurovascular complication commonly associated with fractures of the limb; constricting or occlusive
dressings, sutures, or casts; poor positioning; and any injury causing ischemia, swelling, or bleeding into the
tissues that ultimately can lead to permanent dysfunction and deformity. It's characterized by increasing limb pain
unrelieved by analgesics, pallid or dusky skin color, absent pulse or edema distal to the injury site, decreased
active and passive muscle movement distal to the injury site, pain with passive muscle stretching, and sensory
changes.

compliance
1. Adherence to a therapeutic regimen. 2. A tissue or an organ's ability to yield to pressure without disruption;
commonly used to describe the distensibility of an air-filled or a fluid-filled organ.

compulsion
A ritualistic, repetitive, and involuntary defensive behavior.

concussion
A violent shock or jarring, such as from an explosion or a blow. Concussion of the brain is characterized by loss
of consciousness. Severe concussion may also cause impairment of brain stem functions.

congenital hip dislocation

Improper formation and function of the hip socket, commonly involving subluxation (where the femoral head is
high in the acetabulum) or dislocation (where the femoral head is above the acetabulum).

consolidation
Solidification of the lungs that occurs with pneumonia.

contracture
Abnormal flexion and fixation of a joint, possibly permanent, which is typically caused by muscle wasting and
atrophy or by loss of normal skin elasticity such as from extensive scar tissue.

controlled substance
Any substance that's strictly regulated or outlawed because of its potential for abuse or addiction.
conversion disorder
A disorder in which the client attempts to resolve a psychological conflict through the loss of a specific physical
function (for example, by paralysis, blindness, or inability to swallow).

COPD
Abbreviation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. General term used to describe diseases with permanent
or temporary narrowing of small bronchi, in which forced expiratory flow is slowed.

coronary artery bypass graft

Abbreviated as CABG. A surgical procedure in which an autogenous graft is used to circumvent an obstruction in
a coronary artery caused by plaque.

Corrigan's pulse
Short, forceful, bounding pulse typically associated with aortic insufficiency.

couvade
The experience of physical symptoms associated with pregnancy, such as nausea, vomiting, and backache, by the
partner of a pregnant woman; the response commonly results from stress, anxiety, and empathy for the pregnant
woman.

crackles
Short, explosive or popping sounds usually heard during inspiration. They may be coarse (loud and low in pitch)
or fine (less intense and high in pitch) and resemble the sounds heard when rolling hair between the fingers near
the ear.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Very rare and incurable degenerative neurologic disorder caused by prions (protein particles that lack nucleic
acid). Also known as mad-cow disease.

Crohn's disease
A chronic inflammatory bowel disease of unknown cause, usually involving the terminal ileum, with scarring and
thickening of the bowel wall. Signs and symptoms include frequent episodes of diarrhea, severe abdominal pain,
nausea, fever, chills, anorexia, and weight loss.

croup
An acute viral infection of the respiratory tract that causes acute upper airway obstruction. Characterized by
stridor, a barking cough, and hoarseness, it primarily affects infants and young children ages 3 months to 3 years
and follows an upper respiratory tract infection.

crowning
Appearance of the presenting part of the fetus at the perineum and seen when the vulva are separated.

crystalloid fluid
Clear solutions (usually in reference to I.V. solutions) containing electrolytes and water.

crystalluria
The presence of crystals in the urine.

Cullen's sign
Irregular, bluish, hemorrhagic patches on the skin around the umbilicus and occasionally around abdominal scars,
indicating hemorrhage or rupture.
Cushing's syndrome
A metabolic disorder caused by chronic, excessive production of adrenocortical hormones or by prolonged high-
dose glucocorticoid therapy. It's characterized by such signs and symptoms as hypertension, diabetes mellitus,
dusky complexion with purple striae, muscle wasting, weakness, and sudden development of fat around the face,
neck, and trunk.

Cushing's triad
A response to increased intracranial pressure that involves an increased and widened pulse pressure, bradycardia,
and an abnormal respiratory pattern.

cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from an excessive amount of deoxygenated
hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule such as in methemoglobin.

cyanotic
Referring to the bluish or bluish black discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from excessive
concentration of unoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood.

cystic fibrosis
An inherited disorder of the exocrine glands that affects multiple organ systems, causing such conditions as
chronic pulmonary disease, pancreatic deficiency, sweat gland dysfunction, malabsorption, and liver obstruction.

cystoscopy
Direct visualization of the urinary tract by inserting a cystoscope in the urethra.

cytomegalovirus
A herpesvirus that can be reactivated when T-lymphocyte-mediated immunity is compromised.

debridement
Removal of dead or damaged tissue or foreign material from a wound to prevent the growth of microorganisms
and further damage and to promote healing.

deceleration
A drop in baseline fetal heart rate as indicated by the fetal monitor. Early deceleration is a drop in fetal heart rate
that coincides with uterine contraction. Variable deceleration is a drop in fetal heart rate that doesn't occur at a
consistent point during contractions. Prolonged deceleration is a drop in fetal heart rate that occurs for an
extended period of time.

deep vein thrombosis

Abbreviated as DVT. A condition involving the development of a blood clot in the deep veins of the pelvis, groin,
or legs that disrupts venous blood flow and leads to swelling and edema.

dehiscence
The partial or complete separation of a wound's edges.

dehydrated
Having insufficient water in the body or tissues.

dehydration
Abnormal body fluid depletion.
delusions
False ideas or beliefs accepted as real by the client.

delusions of grandeur
Distorted or false idea or belief that one has exceptional powers, wealth, skill, influence, or destiny.

Denver Developmental Screening Test

An assessment tool used to evaluate the development of a child in four categories: personal social, fine motor-
adaptive, language, and gross motor skills.

dependent personality disorder

A disorder that begins in early adulthood and is characterized by an excessive need to be taken care of that leads
to submissive and clinging behavior and fear of separation.

depolarization
Neutralization of electrical polarity; reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated.
An example is the reduction of the ion differential of sodium and potassium across the nerve cells at the
neuromuscular junction.

diabetes insipidus
A metabolic disorder marked by extreme polyuria and polydipsia and resulting from deficient secretion or
production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or inability of the renal tubules to respond to ADH. (Rarely, excessive
water intake causes signs and symptoms.) The condition may be acquired (secondary to disease or drug therapy),
inherited, idiopathic, or nephrogenic.

diabetes mellitus
A chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by hyperglycemia and glycosuria resulting from
inadequate production or utilization of insulin.

diabetic ketoacidosis
An acute, life-threatening form of metabolic acidosis that may arise as a complication of uncontrolled diabetes
mellitus. Accumulation of ketone bodies leads to urinary loss of water, potassium, ammonium, and sodium,
resulting in hypovolemia, electrolyte imbalances, an extremely high blood glucose level and, commonly, coma.
Signs and symptoms include flushed, hot, dry skin; confusion; nausea; diaphoresis; restlessness; and fruity breath
odor.

DIC
Abbreviation for disseminated intravascular coagulation. A life-threatening disorder of excessive clot formation
caused by overstimulation of the body's clotting and anticlotting processes in response to disease or injury. Such
overstimulation is followed by a deficiency in clotting factors with hypocoagulability and hemorrhaging.

dislocated
Displacement of any body part, primarily a bone from its normal position in a joint.

disseminated intravascular coagulation

Abbreviated as DIC. A life-threatening disorder of excessive clot formation caused by overstimulation of the
body's clotting and anticlotting processes in response to disease or injury. Such overstimulation is followed by a
deficiency in clotting factors with hypocoagulability and hemorrhaging.

dissociative identity disorder

A disorder in which two or more personalities are present and each personality controls behavior at various times.
diuretic
1. Tending to increase the formation and excretion of urine. 2. An agent that promotes the formation and excretion
of urine.

diverticulitis
Inflammation of one or more diverticula, or saclike herniations, in the muscular layer of the colon.

diverticulosis
The presence of saclike herniations through the muscular layer of the colon without accompanying inflammation.
Most clients with this condition have few signs or symptoms except for occasional rectal bleeding.

Down syndrome
A chromosomal aberration that results in mental retardation, abnormal facial features, and other distinctive
physical abnormalities. Also known as mongolism and trisomy 21 syndrome.

drip factor
An indication of the number of drops needed to obtain one milliliter of solution delivered by a manufacturer's I.V.
tubing based on the drop size.

dumping syndrome
A condition of nausea, weakness, profuse sweating, and dizziness occurring in clients who have had a subtotal
gastrectomy. Signs and symptoms arise soon after eating when the contents of the stomach empty too rapidly into
the duodenum. Also called postgastrectomy syndrome.

DVT
Abbreviation for deep vein thrombosis. A condition involving the development of a blood clot in the deep veins
of the pelvis, groin, or legs that disrupts venous blood flow and leads to swelling and edema.

dysarthria
A disturbance of speech that results from emotional stress, brain injury, or paralysis, incoordination, or spasticity
of the muscles used for speaking.

dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing, commonly resulting from obstructive or motor disorders of the esophagus. Obstructive
disorders, such as an esophageal tumor or lower esophageal ring, interfere with the ability to swallow solids;
motor disturbances such as achalasia impair swallowing of solids and liquids.

dyspnea
Shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, or labored breathing resulting from certain heart conditions, anxiety, or
strenuous exercise.

dyspneic
Out of breath; relating to or suffering from dyspnea.

dystonia
A state of abnormal tissue tonicity that causes impaired voluntary movement.

dystonic reaction
Severe tonic contractions of the muscles in the neck, mouth, and tongue; dystonic reaction is a common adverse
reaction to antipsychotic drugs.
dysuria
Painful or difficult urination, which is usually caused by a bacterial infection or an obstruction in the urinary tract.

ecchymosis
A purplish patch larger than 3 mm in diameter caused by extravasation of blood into the skin.

ecchymotic
Relating to or suffering from an ecchymosis (a purplish patch larger than 3 mm in diameter caused by
extravasation of blood into the skin).

echolalia
Parrotlike and inappropriate repetition of another's words.

ECT
Abbreviation for electroconvulsive therapy. The induction of a brief seizure and loss of consciousness by
applying a low-voltage alternating current to the brain through scalp electrodes. ECT is used in the treatment of
affective disorders (primarily acute depression), especially in clients resistant to psychoactive drugs. On
awakening, the client has no memory of the shock.

ectopic pregnancy
Implantation of the fertilized ovum outside the uterine cavity. Types of ectopic pregnancy are abdominal
pregnancy, interstitial pregnancy, and tubal pregnancy.

effacement
Shortening of the vaginal portion of the cervix and thinning of its walls during labor due to stretching and dilation
caused by the fetus. Full effacement obliterates the constrictive neck of the uterus. The extent of effacement is
expressed as a percentage of full effacement.

elbow restraints
Type of restrictive device attached to the client's body at the elbow to restrict movement or access to another body
part; may be applied after cleft palate repair to reduce the risk of injury to the suture line.

electroconvulsive therapy
Abbreviated as ECT. The induction of a brief seizure and loss of consciousness by applying a low-voltage
alternating current to the brain through scalp electrodes. ECT is used in the treatment of affective disorders
(primarily acute depression), especially in clients resistant to psychoactive drugs. On awakening, the client has no
memory of the shock.

electromyogram
Abbreviated as EMG. A record of the electrical activity of skeletal muscles, obtained by surface electrodes or
needle electrodes and devices that amplify, transmit, and record the signals. The technique is helpful in
diagnosing neuromuscular disorders, pinpointing motor nerve lesions, and measuring electrical potentials induced
by voluntary muscle contraction.

electromyography
Diagnostic test that records the electrical activity of selected skeletal muscle groups at rest and during voluntary
contraction. It involves percutaneous insertion of a needle electrode into a muscle with measurement of the
muscle's electrical discharge through an oscilloscope.

EMG
Abbreviation for electromyogram. A record of the electrical activity of skeletal muscles, obtained by surface
electrodes or needle electrodes and devices that amplify, transmit, and record the signals. The technique is helpful
in diagnosing neuromuscular disorders, pinpointing motor nerve lesions, and measuring electrical potentials
induced by voluntary muscle contraction.

endocarditis
An abnormal condition of the endocardium and heart valves marked by vegetations on the valves and
endocardium. It may occur as a primary disorder or arise in association with another disease.

endotracheal intubation
Passage of a wide-bore tube through the mouth or nose into the trachea. It may be used to maintain a patent
airway, administer anesthesia, aspirate secretions, prevent aspiration of foreign material into the tracheobronchial
tree of an unconscious or paralyzed person, or administer positive pressure ventilation that can't be given
effectively by a mask.

enteral
Referring to administration by mouth, rectum, or directly into the intestinal system.

enteral feedings
Delivery of nutrients directly into the GI tract through a feeding tube.

enteric precautions
A category-specific type of infection precautions established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
involving infections transmitted by intestinal secretions. These have since been replaced with standard
precautions and transmission-based precautions.

enuresis
Involuntary passage or release of urine after the age when bladder control would have been normally achieved.

epiglottiditis
Inflammation of the epiglottis. Acute epiglottiditis, a severe form of the condition that primarily affects children,
causes stridor, fever, sore throat, croupy cough, and a reddened, swollen epiglottis.

epiglottis
The lidlike, cartilaginous structure that overhangs the larynx and prevents food from entering the larynx and
trachea during swallowing.

epilepsy
A group of neurologic disorders marked by uncontrolled electrical discharge from the cerebral cortex and
typically manifested by seizures with clouding of consciousness. Epilepsy is most commonly of unknown cause
(idiopathic) but is sometimes associated with head trauma, intracranial infection, brain tumor, vascular
disturbances, intoxication, or chemical imbalance.

episiotomy
Surgical incision into the perineum to enlarge the vaginal opening for delivery. It's performed to prevent traumatic
tearing of the perineum, to hasten or promote delivery, or to prevent stretching of perineal muscles and connective
tissue.

Erikson
Psychosocial development theorist who described eight developmental stages across the life span, each of which
is characterized by a conflict between two opposing forces.

erythroblastosis fetalis
Hemolytic anemia of the neonate caused by placental transmission of maternally formed antibodies against the
incompatible antigens of fetal blood. It results from maternal-fetal blood group incompatibility, specifically
involving the rhesus (Rh) factor and the ABO blood groups, and is characterized by accelerated destruction of red
blood cells and resulting jaundice. In Rh factor incompatibility, the hemolytic reaction appears only when the
mother is Rh-negative and the infant is Rh-positive. Isoimmunization rarely occurs with the first pregnancy, but
the risk increases with each succeeding pregnancy.

eschar
A thick scab or dry crust that appears after a thermal or chemical burn.

esophageal atresia
A congenital anomaly involving closure of the esophagus at some point, usually ending in a blind pouch.

esophagogastrectomy
Excision of part of the esophagus (usually the lower third) and the stomach.

esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Endoscopic examination of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum; usually performed using a fiber-optic
instrument.

eupnea
Normal, easy respiration that typically appears in an individual under resting conditions.

euthanasia
1. A quiet, painless death. 2. Intentional putting to death of a person with an incurable or painful disease intended
as an act of mercy.

evaporation
The change of a liquid to a vapor at a temperature below the boiling point of the liquid. Evaporation occurs at the
surface of the liquid, hastened by an increase in temperature and a decrease in atmospheric pressure.

evisceration
1. Pushing out or removal of the viscera, especially through a surgical incision. 2. In ophthalmology: excision of
the contents of the eyeball (except the sclera).

exacerbation
An increase in the seriousness of a disease or disorder or in its signs and symptoms.

excoriation
1. The act of abrading or wearing off the skin 2. A raw, irritated lesion on the skin or mucosa.

extrapyramidal
1. Describing the tissues and structures of the brain located outside the pyramidal tract and not running through
the medullary pyramid (excluding the motor neurons, motor cortex, and corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts). 2.
Of or relating to the function of these tissues and structures.

extravasation
Escape, usually of blood, lymph, or I.V. solution, from a vessel into surrounding tissues.

failure to thrive
Condition in which an infant's height and weight fall below the third percentile on a standard growth chart; also
called reactive attachment disorder.
fantasy play
Type of play involving imaginary playmates typically associated with preschoolers.

febrile seizure
Typically, a tonic-clonic seizure of relatively short duration (usually less than 1 minute) occurring with an acute
illness and fever.

fifth disease
A contagious, relatively benign disease caused by the Parvovirus B19; most commonly occurs in children ages 2
to 12 and is characterized by a red rash on the cheeks. Also called erythema infectiosum.

five rights of delegation

Principles used to ensure that delegation is performed in a manner that keeps the public safe. The five rights are:
right task, right circumstances, right communication, right person, and right feedback.

fontanel
A soft spot, such as the spaces covered by tough membranes remaining between the bones of an infant's skull.

Fowler's position
A posture assumed by the client when the head of the bed is elevated 40 to 60 degrees.

full-term
Pregnancy that has continued for a period of 38 to 42 weeks.

fundus
The base of an organ; the portion of a hollow organ farthest from its mouth, such as the fundus of the uterus.

gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach and stomach lining.

gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines that accompanies numerous GI disorders; characterized
by anorexia, weakness, abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea.

gastroschisis
A fissure in the abdominal wall usually accompanied by protrusion of the small intestine and part of the large
intestine.

gastrostomy
Opening created into the stomach.

gestational diabetes
The development of diabetes during pregnancy, usually during the second trimester.

gestational trophoblastic disease

Failure of an embryo to develop beyond a primitive state as a result of proliferation and degeneration of the
trophoblastic villi, which fill with fluid and appear as grape-size vesicles. Also called a hydatidiform mole,
molar pregnancy.

gingival hyperplasia
Enlargement of the gingiva or gums
Glasgow Coma Scale
A scale that evaluates a client's ability to respond to verbal, motor, and sensory stimulation to help detect changes
in baseline mental status. A score of 7 or less indicates severe neurologic damage.

glaucoma
A group of eye diseases characterized by abnormally elevated pressure within the eye due to obstruction of the
outflow of aqueous humor.

glomerular filtration rate

Rate at which the glomeruli in the kidneys filter blood (normally, 125 ml/minute).

glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys.

gout
A group of disorders associated with inborn errors of metabolism that affect purine and pyrimidine use; results in
increased production of uric acid or interferes with its excretion. Manifested by hyperuricemia, recurrent acute
inflammatory arthritis, deposition of urate crystals in the joints of the extremities, and uric acid urolithiasis.

Graham Steell's murmur

A pulmonary insufficiency murmur resulting from pulmonary hypertension; usually loud with a blowing quality
and variable in duration, it's heard best along the left sternal border over the third and fourth intercostal spaces.

granulation tissue
Tissue that develops during collagen production; capillaries form as budlike structures from nearby vessels,
penetrating the wound, growing into loops, and providing a nutritional source for the newly generated tissue; the
loops give the tissue a "granular" appearance.

Graves' disease
A disorder of the thyroid gland characterized by pronounced thyrotoxicosis usually associated with an enlarged
thyroid gland, exophthalmos, or pretibial myxedema.

gravida
A pregnant woman.

Guillain-Barré syndrome
A syndrome of unknown cause characterized by muscle weakness, slowly worsening dyspnea, fatigue, and,
eventually paralysis.

gynecomastia
Enlargement and development of the mammary glands in men, usually temporary and benign.

hallucinations
Sensory perceptions that don't result from external stimuli and that occur during wakefulness.

health care power of attorney

A legal document in which an individual designates another person, called an "attorney-in-fact," to act on the
individual's behalf if the principal person becomes disabled or incapacitated. The document becomes void when
the principal person dies or recovers.

health care surrogate

A person appointed by the client to make decisions when he's no longer able.
heart failure
Inability of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood to the tissues.

hemarthrosis
Bleeding into a joint cavity.

hematuria
The presence of blood in the urine.

hemicolectomy
Surgical removal of one-half of the colon.

hemiparesis
Paralysis on one side of the body or a part of it that indicates an injury to the motor area of the brain.

hemiplegia
Paralysis of one side of the body.

hemogram
Written recording of the blood count differential.

hemolytic reaction
Type of blood transfusion reaction occurring when the donor's blood is incompatible with the recipient's blood;
the most serious type of transfusion reaction.

hemophilia
A bleeding disorder characterized by a failure of the blood clotting mechanism. It's an inherited condition
occurring almost exclusively in males.

hemoptysis
The coughing or spitting up of blood caused by hemorrhage in the lungs or bronchi. Minor amounts of blood may
appear in the sputum of individuals with bronchitis or upper respiratory tract infections.

hemostasis
The stopping of blood flow.

hepatic encephalopathy
A serious complication of liver failure affecting a client's neurologic status; believed to result from the
accumulation of toxins, such as ammonia, in the blood.

hepatojugular reflux
Distention of the neck veins when manual pressure is applied over the right upper quadrant of the abdomen; it
suggests heart failure.

hepatomegaly
Enlargement of the liver.

heterozygous
Having two different genes at corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes.
HHNS
Abbreviation for hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome. A metabolic disorder that occurs in clients
with adult-onset diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity, and an absence of ketosis.

hiatal hernia
Protrusion of part of the stomach through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm.

HIV
Abbreviation for human immunodeficiency virus. A retrovirus identified as the primary cause of acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome.

Homans' sign
Elicited when deep calf pain results from strong and abrupt dorsiflexion of the ankle, which may indicate venous
thrombosis or inflammation of the calf muscles.

homonymous hemianopia
Blindness or vision deficit in one-half of the field of vision of both eyes. Either the right halves or the left halves
of the eyes are affected.

hopelessness
State of severe despair associated with feelings of inadequacy and isolation, an inability to act on one's behalf, and
a belief that the situation is highly unlikely to improve.

hospice
A system of family-centered care using a multidisciplinary approach designed to assist the chronically ill person
to maintain a satisfactory lifestyle through the terminal phases of dying.

HPV
Abbreviation for human papillomavirus. A virus of the genus Papillomavirus with numerous genotypes that cause
various human warts, including some that are associated with the development of cervical cancer.

human immunodeficiency virus

Abbreviated as HIV. A retrovirus identified as the primary cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

human papillomavirus
Abbreviated as HPV. A virus of the genus Papillomavirus with numerous genotypes that cause various human
warts, including some that are associated with the development of cervical cancer.

hydatidiform mole
A usually benign neoplasm that occurs at the end of a degenerating pregnancy and arises from enlarged chorionic
villi and the proliferation of trophoblastic tissue.

hydramnios
Presence of an excess volume of amniotic fluid during pregnancy.

hydrocephalus
Excessive cerebrospinal fluid accumulation that causes dilation of the cerebral ventricles and increased
intracranial pressure; may be accompanied by cranial enlargement and brain atrophy.

hydrotherapy
Treatment involving the use of water, such as tub or shower baths and whirlpools.
hyperbilirubinemia
Excess bilirubin in the blood.

hypercapnia
Increased arterial carbon dioxide.

hyperemesis gravidarum
Severe and prolonged vomiting during pregnancy to such a degree that weight loss and an imbalance of fluids and
electrolytes occur.

hyperglycemia
An abnormally high blood glucose level; seen especially in patients with diabetes mellitus.

hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome

Abbreviated as HHNS. A metabolic disorder that occurs in clients with adult-onset diabetes characterized by
hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity, and an absence of ketosis.

hyperparathyroidism
A condition involving increased parathyroid secretion, which leads to elevated serum calcium level, decreased
serum phosphorus level, and increased excretion of calcium and phosphorus.

hyperphosphatemia
Elevated serum level of phosphorus above 2.6 mEq/L or 4.5 mg/dl.

hypersomnolence
Excessive sleepiness.

hyperthermia
A severe elevation in body temperature.

hyperthyroidism
Disorder involving overproduction of thyroid hormone, leading to a metabolic imbalance.

hypertonic
1. A solution that has greater osmotic pressure compared with another solution; a fluid in which cells shrink. 2. In
reference to muscles or arteries, having a greater than normal degree of tension.

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Primary disease of the cardiac muscle characterized by disproportionate, asymmetrical thickening of the
interventricular septum, particularly in the anterior-superior region. Also called idiopathic hypertrophic
subaortic stenosis.

hyperventilate
To increase the rate or depth of one's inspirations or expirations, or both; may occur with anxiety.

hypochondriasis
Preoccupation with the fear that one has a serious illness despite medical reassurance to the contrary; fear
interferes with psychosocial functioning.

hypoglycemia
Low serum glucose levels.
hypoparathyroidism
A condition resulting from impaired parathyroid hormone secretion characterized by low serum calcium level,
tetany, and possible increased bone density.

hypospadias
A congenital abnormality in males in which the urethral opening is on the underside, rather than at the tip, of the
penis; in females, the defect is manifested by a urethral opening into the vagina.

hypothyroidism
Disorder involving deficient production of thyroid hormone, leading to a metabolic imbalance.

hypotonic
1. A solution that has a decreased osmotic pressure compared with another solution; a fluid in which cells swell.
2. In reference to muscles or arteries, having a less than normal degree of tension.

hypovolemia
Decreased circulating blood volume.

hypovolemic
Related to or suffering from hypovolemia (decreased circulating blood volume).

hypoxemia
Deficient blood oxygenation.

hypoxia
A decreased level of oxygen in inspired air.

hypoxic
Related to or suffering from hypoxia (a decreased level of oxygen in inspired air).

IABP
Abbreviation for intra-aortic balloon pump. A device consisting of a balloon attached to a catheter that's
introduced into the descending thoracic aorta through the femoral artery. Alternating inflation (during diastole)
and deflation (during systole) of the balloon alters resistance to aortic blood flow and both decrease the heart's
workload and increase the supply of blood to the coronary arteries.

iatrogenic
Introduced inadvertently by a medical practitioner or resulting from a diagnostic procedure or treatment.

ICD
Abbreviation for implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Device used for antiarrhythmic pacing, cardioversion, and
defibrillation; typically consists of a programmable pulse generator and an electrode. It detects ventricular
bradyarrhythmias and tachyarrhythmias and responds with appropriate therapies.

ileostomy
1. Surgical procedure in which an artificial anus is created by connecting the ileum to an opening in the
abdominal wall. 2. The artificial opening made by ileostomy.

impetigo
A contagious, inflammatory skin infection that usually occurs on the face. It's characterized by the appearance of
small, itchy blisters that rupture and form a crusty scab; usually caused by streptococcal or staphylococcal
bacteria or a combination of both types of organisms.
implantable cardioverter defibrillator
Abbreviated as ICD. Device used for antiarrhythmic pacing, cardioversion, and defibrillation; typically consists of
a programmable pulse generator and an electrode. It detects ventricular bradyarrhythmias and tachyarrhythmias
and responds with appropriate therapies.

incentive spirometer
A device that requires the client to deep breathe, hold the breath for approximately 3 seconds, and then exhale in
an effort to expand the lungs.

incompatibility
Unsuitability for combination, usually because of antagonistic action.

induration
Area of hardened tissue.

infection
The invasion and multiplication of pathogenic organisms within the body.

informed consent
Permission obtained from a client to perform a specific test or procedure after the client has been fully informed
about the test or procedure.

intelligence quotient
Abbreviated as IQ. Measurement of a person's ability to comprehend relationships, think, problem solve, and
adjust to new situations; usually expressed as a score and based on standardized intelligence tests.

intermittent claudication
Pain that occurs with activity or exercise that's relieved with rest. This pain results from the body's inability to
supply arterial blood (blood rich in nutrients) to the tissue that experience an increase in demand during exercise
or activity.

interpretation
The deep analysis of the meaning and significance of what a client is saying and doing in an effort to gain insight
into his behavior.

intertrigo
Dermatitis that occurs at moist, warm sites where skin surfaces rub together, such as the armpits, the inner
surfaces of the thighs, and between the buttocks; caused by an overgrowth of normal flora.

intra-aortic balloon pump

Abbreviated as IABP. A device consisting of a balloon attached to a catheter that's introduced into the descending
thoracic aorta through the femoral artery. Alternating inflation (during diastole) and deflation (during systole) of
the balloon alters resistance to aortic blood flow and both decrease the heart's workload and increase the supply of
blood to the coronary arteries.

intracranial pressure
Pressure exerted by the brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood.

intradermal injection
Injection of any substance into the skin between the dermis and epidermis. The technique is typically used to
produce a local drug effect (such as in local anesthesia for procedures such as suturing wounds) or during allergy
testing. Also called intracutaneous injection.
intraosseous infusion
Administration of fluid, blood, or drugs into the bone marrow cavity of a long bone; typically used in children for
emergency situations when I.V. access is difficult or unavailable.

intussusception
Telescoping or invagination of a portion of the bowel into an adjacent portion; most commonly seen in infants.

IQ
Abbreviation for intelligence quotient. Measurement of a person's ability to comprehend relationships, think,
problem solve, and adjust to new situations; usually expressed as a score and based on standardized intelligence
tests.

iron deficiency anemia

Anemia characterized by an insufficient amount of iron in the serum, decreased stores of iron in the bone marrow,
and elevated serum iron-binding.

irritability
Excitability or excessive responsiveness to a stimulus.

isotonic
Of or relating to a solution that has the same osmotic pressure as another solution; a solution in which cells
neither swell nor shrink.

jejunostomy
1. Surgical opening through the abdominal wall into the jejunum. 2. The opening made by jejunostomy.

juvenile hypothyroidism
A condition involving a deficiency of thyroid hormone secretion in children.

Kawasaki disease
A febrile, multisystem disorder affecting the small to medium-sized vessels, primarily of the lymph nodes, most
commonly in children before puberty; usually follows exposure to an infection. Also called mucocutaneous
lymph node syndrome.

Kegel exercises
Exercises involving alternate contraction and relaxation performed to strengthen the perineal muscles.

kernicterus
A neurologic syndrome resulting from deposition of unconjugated bilirubin in the brain cells and characterized by
severe neural symptoms.

Kernig's sign
Elicitation of resistance and hamstring muscle pain when the examiner attempts to extend the knee while the hip
and knee are both flexed 90 degrees.

Koplik's spots
Small red spots with bluish white centers on the lingual and buccal mucosa; characteristic of measles.

Kussmaul's respirations
Abnormally deep, gasping type of respirations resulting from air hunger; associated with severe diabetic acidosis
and coma.
laminectomy
Surgical removal of the bony arches of one or more vertebrae; performed to relieve spinal cord compression or to
remove a displaced intervertebral disk.

laryngectomy
Surgical removal of all or part of the larynx.

lead poisoning
Poisoning caused by the ingestion or absorption of lead or one of its salts. Signs and symptoms include loss of
appetite and weight, anemia, constipation, insomnia, headache, dizziness, irritability, a blue line at the margin of
the gums, and peripheral neuropathy.

lethargic
Relating to or suffering from lethargy (a feeling or condition of sluggishness, apathy, or inactivity).

lethargy
A feeling or condition of sluggishness, apathy, or inactivity.

leukemia
An acute or chronic disease characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells in body
tissues with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood; classified according to the type
of white blood cell most prominently involved.

lipodystrophy
Any disturbance in fat metabolism.

living will
A witnessed document indicating a client's desire to be allowed to die a natural death rather than be kept alive by
heroic, life-sustaining measures. The will applies to decisions that will be made after a terminally ill client is
incompetent and has no reasonable possibility of recovery.

lochia
The vaginal discharge present during the first several weeks after giving birth.

lochia alba
A creamy white, brown, or colorless discharge consisting mainly of serum and white blood cells; typically stops
flowing at about 6 weeks postpartum.

lochia rubra
A bloody discharge that may contain mucus, tissue, debris, and small clots that's present during the first 3 to 4
postpartum days.

lochia serosa
A pink or brownish discharge that starts 3 to 10 days postpartum and persists for 5 to 7 days.

Logan bow
A wire U-shaped apparatus taped to both cheeks of an infant or toddler following cleft lip repair to protect the
surgical site.

lumbar puncture
Fluid withdrawal from the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region of the spinal canal, usually between the third
and fourth lumbar vertebrae, for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Also called spinal tap.
lymphangiography
A diagnostic radiographic evaluation of lymphatic system filling after injection of a contrast medium into a
lymphatic vessel of each foot or hand.

lymphedema
Edema of an arm or leg caused by the buildup of interstitial fluid as a result of lymphatic inflammation or
obstruction or a lymph node disorder.

Ménière's disease
A labyrinthine dysfunction that produces severe vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss, and tinnitus.

macule
A small (usually less than 1 cm in diameter), flat blemish or discoloration that can be brown, tan, red, or white
and has same texture as surrounding skin.

Mallory-Weiss tear
A tear in the mucous membrane at the junction of the esophagus and stomach that causes massive bleeding and
forceful vomiting.

mammogram
A radiograph of the breast; used for diagnostic purposes.

mammography
Radiography of the mammary gland to identify benign and malignant neoplastic processes.

mastectomy
The surgical resection of a breast; usually performed to remove a malignant tumor.

mastitis
Inflammation of the mammary gland; usually caused by streptococcal or staphylococcal infection and infrequent
breast-feeding.

meconium
A dark, greenish black material that occurs in the intestines of a fetus that forms a neonate's first stools. The fluid
is thick and sticky and is composed of intestinal gland secretions, some amniotic fluid, and intrauterine debris.

megaloblastic anemia
A hematologic disorder characterized by the production and peripheral proliferation of megaloblasts.

metabolic acidosis
A condition resulting from excessive accumulation of acid or depletion of bicarbonate.

metabolic alkalosis
A clinical state marked by decreased amounts of acid or increased amounts of base bicarbonate.

milieu
A therapeutic environment, typically used as part of inpatient psychiatric therapy.

mitral stenosis
Obstruction of blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle due to thickening and contracting of the mitral
valve leaflets; consequently, left atrial volume and pressure rise and the chamber dilates. Greater resistance to
blood flow causes pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and right-sided heart failure.
monoplegia
Paralysis that affects one limb.

Moro's reflex
An infant's generalized response to a loud noise or sudden movement in which his arms extend and abduct, his
fingers open, and then his arms adduct and flex over his chest in a grasping motion; usually disappears by age 3
months.

muscular dystrophy
A group of degenerative genetic diseases characterized by weakness and the progressive atrophy of skeletal
muscles with no evidence of nervous system involvement.

myalgia
Diffuse muscle pain or tenderness associated with many infectious diseases.

myasthenia gravis
An abnormal muscle weakness and fatigability, especially in the muscles of the face and throat, resulting from a
defect in the conduction of nerve impulses at the myoneural junction.

mycoplasmal pneumonia
A contagious respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, characterized by a sore throat, dry cough,
fever, malaise, and myalgia.

myeloma
Osteolytic neoplasm consisting of a protrusion of cells typical of the bone marrow.

myelomeningocele
The protrusion of a hernial sac containing a portion of the spinal cord, its meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid
through a congenital defect in the vertebral column.

myxedema
A disorder that results from hypofunction of the thyroid. Signs and symptoms include enlarged tongue, slowed
speech, moon face, drowsiness, cold intolerance, hair loss, and anemia.

myxedema coma
A rare, serious form of hypothyroidism that usually results from lack of treatment or mistreatment, severe stress
(from infection, exposure to cold, or trauma), or the use of sedatives or anesthetics in a client being treated for
hypothyroidism.

narcolepsy
A condition characterized by brief attacks of deep sleep.

nasal cannula
A device used to provide supplemental oxygen via prongs that are inserted into the client's nose.

nebulizer
A device that employs a baffle to produce a fine aerosol spray consisting of particles less than 30 micrometers in
diameter.

necrotizing enterocolitis
GI disorder commonly associated with premature infants and characterized by diffuse or patchy intestinal necrosis
and sometimes accompanied by sepsis.
necrotizing fasciitis
A progressive, rapidly spreading inflammatory infection located in the deep fascia that destroys fascia and fat
with secondary necrosis of subcutaneous tissue. Most commonly caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.

negative nitrogen balance

Increased rate of protein breakdown when compared with protein synthesis; nitrogen excretion that exceeds
nitrogen intake.

neglect
A form of abuse involving the failure to protect a person from injury or meet the person's physical, emotional, or
medical needs.

nephrectomy
The surgical removal of a kidney, usually done to remove a tumor, drain an abscess, or treat hydronephrosis.

nephrotic syndrome
A clinical classification including all kidney diseases characterized by marked proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and
edema.

neuroleptic malignant syndrome

A life-threatening syndrome that occurs in up to 1% of clients taking antipsychotic drugs. Signs and symptoms
include fever, muscle rigidity, and altered level of consciousness occurring hours to months after starting drug
therapy or increasing the dosage.

neurotransmitter
Any one of a group of substances that act on a target nerve cell to excite or inhibit transmission of nerve impulses;
substances include norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and dopamine.

neutropenia
Decreased amount of neutrophils.

nonrebreather mask
High-flow oxygen delivery device that can deliver up to 100% oxygen. It has a reservoir that contains 100%
oxygen, and a one-way valve that prohibits the client's exhaled breath from mixing with the reservoir of air.

nystagmus
Involuntary, rapid movements of the eyeball that may be horizontal, rotatory, vertical, or mixed.

obsessive-compulsive disorder
A disorder characterized by obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors that represent recurring efforts to
control overwhelming anxiety, guilt, or unacceptable impulses that persistently enter the consciousness.

OCD
Abbreviation for obsessive-compulsive disorder. A disorder characterized by obsessive thoughts and compulsive
behaviors that represent recurring efforts to control overwhelming anxiety, guilt, or unacceptable impulses that
persistently enter the consciousness.

oliguria
A diminished flow of urine in relation to fluid intake; usually less than 400 ml in 24 hours. Also called
hypouresis.
oophorectomy
Surgical removal of an ovary.

ophthalmia neonatorum
Eye infection occurring at birth or in the first month; most commonly caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia.

opioids
Opium-derived or synthetically produced drugs that alter pain perception, induce mental changes, promote deep
sleep, depress respirations, constrict pupils, and decrease GI motility.

orthostatic hypotension
Abnormally low blood pressure that occurs when a person stands up. Also called postural hypotension.

Ortolani's sign
A click, clunk, or popping sensation that's felt and commonly heard when a neonate's hip is flexed 90 degrees and
abducted, indicating developmental dysplasia of the hip.

osmolality
The concentration or osmotic pressure of a solution; expressed in osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

osmolarity
The osmotic pressure of a solution expressed in osmoles of solute per liter of solution.

osteomalacia
Delayed or poor mineralization of bone; the adult equivalent of rickets. This condition is associated with anorexia,
fracture, pain, weakness, and weight loss.

osteomyelitis
Inflammation of bone that results from a local or general infection of bone and bone marrow. The bacterial
infection is caused by trauma or surgery, by direct extension from a nearby infection, or by introduction from the
bloodstream.

osteoporosis
A disorder in which bone mass is reduced and fractures occur after minimal trauma. It occurs most commonly in
postmenopausal women, sedentary or immobilized individuals, and persons on long-term steroid or heparin
therapy.

ostomy
Surgical creation of an artificial passage for bodily elimination.

otitis media
Acute or chronic inflammation of the middle ear.

otorrhea
A discharge from the ear, which may be serous, sanguineous, or purulent if the external or middle ear is infected.

ototoxicity
Harmful effect on the function of the eighth cranial nerve or hearing organs; most commonly associated with
prescribed drugs.

Paget's disease
A common bone disease that usually affects middle-aged and elderly people. It's marked by inflammation of the
bones, softening and thickening of the bones, excessive bone destruction, and unorganized bone repair; the result
is bowing of the long bones. The cause is unknown.

palilalia
Repetition of words or phrases with increasing rapidity.

pancreatitis
Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas.

papule
A small, solid, raised lesion less than 1 cm in diameter, with red to purple skin discoloration.

paralysis
An abnormal condition characterized by the loss or impairment of motor function or the impairment of sensory
function.

paralytic ileus
A decrease in or absence of bowel motility that may occur following abdominal surgery or may be caused by
numerous other conditions, most commonly by peritonitis.

paranoid schizophrenia
Disorder involving disordered thinking with delusional thought content characterized by preoccupation with
delusions or auditory hallucinations, lack of organized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, or flat or
inappropriate affect.

paraplegia
An abnormal condition characterized by the loss of sensation and motor function in the lower limbs, which may
result in either complete or incomplete paralysis.

paraplegic
Suffering from paraplegia (loss of sensation and motor function in the lower limbs).

parenteral
Not in or through the digestive system, but rather by injection through some other route, such as subcutaneously,
I.V., I.M., or intradermally.

paresthesia
Abnormal or heightened touch sensations, such as burning, numbness, prickling, and tingling, that commonly
occur without external stimulus.

perceptions
Awareness of objects and the ability to differentiate between them.

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Abbreviated as PTCA. A technique to open stenosed atherosclerotic arteries. A balloon catheter is inserted
through the skin and into the vessel to the site of narrowing; the balloon is inflated, thus flattening the plaque
against the arterial walls.

pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium; may be caused by trauma, neoplasm, infection, uremia, myocardial infarction,
or collagen disease.
perineum
1. The pelvic floor and its associated structures; located between the symphysis pubis and the coccyx and on the
sides by the ischial tuberosities. 2. The body area between the thighs; bounded by the anus and scrotum in males
and by the anus and vulva in females.

peristalsis
Waves of involuntary contractions that help force contents through hollow muscular structures such as the
esophagus and intestines.

peristaltic waves
Alternating involuntary contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle fibers of a structure in a wavelike fashion
to propel the contents forward; commonly associated with the GI tract.

peritoneal dialysis
A procedure performed to remove toxins, drugs, or other wastes normally excreted by the kidneys; transfers these
substances across the peritoneum by intermittently introducing and removing a dialysate from the peritoneal
cavity.

peritonitis
An inflammation of the peritoneum; can be produced by bacteria or irritating substances introduced into the
abdominal cavity by a penetrating wound or perforation of an organ.

pernicious anemia
A megaloblastic anemia characterized by decreased gastric production of hydrochloric acid from the parietal cells
of the stomach essential for vitamin B 12 absorption; results in vitamin B12 deficiency.

phagocytosis
The process by which cells engulf and digest solid substances, such as microorganisms and cell debris.

phenylketonuria
Abbreviated as PKU. An inborn metabolic disorder caused by absence or deficiency of phenylalanine
hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine; results in accumulation of
phenylalanine and its metabolites, causing mental retardation and other neurologic problems, light pigmentation,
eczema, and a distinctive mousy odor.

pheochromocytoma
A chromaffin-cell tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes an excessive amount of the catecholamines
epinephrine and norepinephrine, which results in severe hypertension, increased metabolism, and hyperglycemia.

phototherapy
The treatment of disease by the use of light, especially ultraviolet light or other concentrated rays; used to treat
acne, psoriasis, and hyperbilirubinemia.

pituitary dwarfism
A condition characterized by a deficiency in secretion of the growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland.

PKU
Abbreviation for phenylketonuria. An inborn metabolic disorder caused by absence or deficiency of
phenylalanine hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine; results in
accumulation of phenylalanine and its metabolites, causing mental retardation and other neurologic problems,
light pigmentation, eczema, and a distinctive mousy odor.
placenta accreta
Abnormal adherence of the placenta to the uterine wall.

placenta previa
Implantation of the placenta so that it adjoins or covers the internal os of the uterine cervix. The most common
symptom is painless hemorrhage in the last trimester.

pneumonia
An acute infection of the lung parenchyma that commonly impairs gas exchange.

pneumothorax
A collection of air in the pleural space; may result from an open chest wound that permits the entrance of air or
from the rupture of a vesicle on the surface of the lung. Common types of pneumothorax are open, closed, and
tension.

polyarthralgia
Pain occurring in two or more joints.

polydipsia
Chronic, excessive thirst.

polymyositis
The simultaneous inflammation of a number of voluntary muscles.

polyneuritis
Degeneration of peripheral nerves primarily supplying the distal muscles of the extremities. It results in muscle
weakness, with sensory loss and atrophy, and decreased or absent deep tendon reflexes.

polyphagia
Voracious or excessive eating before becoming satiated.

polyuria
The excessive excretion of urine from the kidneys.

postterm neonate
A neonate born after the onset of the 43rd week of pregnancy.

posttraumatic stress disorder

Abbreviated as PTSD. A group of symptoms that develop after a traumatic event, such as injury or threat to
physical integrity. Ordinary coping measures fail to relieve anxiety.

preeclampsia
An abnormal condition characterized by the development of hypertension during pregnancy, accompanied by
edema or proteinuria, usually after the 20th week of gestation.

pressure ulcer
Localized area of skin breakdown occurring secondary to prolonged pressure. Necrotic tissue develops because
the vascular supply to the area is diminished.

preterm neonate
A neonate born before the beginning of the 38th week of pregnancy.
primary intention
Healing of a wound with straight, clean edges and minimal scar formation. The wound's edges are well
approximated and sutured together.

primigravid
A woman who's pregnant for the first time.

Prinzmetal's angina
A variant of angina pectoris, a form of unstable angina, in which the attacks occur during rest. Attacks are
indicated by an ST-segment elevation on an electrocardiogram.

productive cough
A mechanism by which the body clears the airway passages of secretions that normal mucociliary action doesn't
remove; usually sudden, forceful, noisy expulsion of air from the lungs that contains sputum or blood (or both).

projection
False attribution of one's unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts onto another.

pruritus
Itching; an unpleasant sensation that leads to rubbing or scratching the skin in an effort to obtain relief. Scratching
the skin may lead to secondary infection.

pseudoparkinsonism
The development of a Parkinson-like disorder (neuromuscular disorder involving progressive muscle rigidity,
akinesia, and involuntary tremors) due to psychotropic drug therapy.

psoas sign
Increased abdominal pain when the client moves his leg against resistance. Indicates direct or reflexive irritation
of the psoas muscles.

PTCA
Abbreviation for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. A technique to open stenosed atherosclerotic
arteries. A balloon catheter is inserted through the skin and into the vessel to the site of narrowing; the balloon is
inflated, thus flattening the plaque against the arterial walls.

PTSD
Abbreviation for posttraumatic stress disorder. A group of symptoms that develop after a traumatic event, such as
injury or threat to physical integrity. Ordinary coping measures fail to relieve anxiety.

puerperal
1. Of or pertaining to the period from the end of childbirth until involution of the uterus is complete (usually 3 to
6 weeks). 2. Of or pertaining to a woman (puerpera) who has just given birth to an infant.

pulmonary edema
An abnormal condition in which extravascular fluid is accumulated in lung tissues and alveoli.

pulse pressure
The numeric difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures, usually 30 to 40 mm Hg.

pulsus paradoxus
An exaggerated decline in blood pressure during inspiration (more than 10 mm Hg).
purulent
Containing or forming pus.

pustule
A circumscribed, pus- or lymph-filled, elevated lesion that varies in diameter and may be firm or soft, and white
or yellow.

pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis.

pyuria
The presence of pus in the urine, commonly a sign of urinary tract infection.

quadriplegia
Paralysis of all four limbs.

quickening
The first notable fetal movement in utero, usually occurring at 16 to 20 weeks' gestation.

radical mastectomy
Surgical removal of an entire breast, pectoral muscles, axillary lymph nodes, and all fat, fascia, and adjacent
tissues; usually used in the treatment of breast cancer.

reaction formation
Substitution of behavior, thoughts, or feelings that are completely opposed to one's own unacceptable behavior,
thoughts, or feelings.

rectal route
Use of the rectum to administer medication.

reflection
A technique in which the listener interprets the feelings of the client and repeats them back to the client. This
technique encourages the client to clarify his feelings.

repolarization
Part of the cardiac conduction cycle in which the cell returns to its resting state, a more negatively charged state.
Calcium ions move into the cell and potassium ions move out, followed by the extrusion of sodium and calcium
ions from the cell and the restoration of potassium ions into the cell by the sodium potassium pump.

respiratory acidosis
Caused by reduced alveolar ventilation, this condition is marked by increased partial pressure of arterial carbon
dioxide, excess carbonic acid, and increased plasma hydrogen-ion concentration. Hypoventilation inhibits the
excretion of carbon dioxide, which consequently produces excessive carbonic acid and thus lowers blood pH.

respiratory alkalosis
Caused by both respiratory and nonrespiratory factors, this condition is marked by decreased partial pressure of
arterial carbon dioxide, decreased hydrogen-ion concentration, and increased blood pH. Extreme anxiety can
precipitate hyperventilation associated with respiratory alkalosis.

resuscitation
1. A method used to support a client's breathing and circulation until the body can do so on its own or the client is
mechanically supported. It involves maintaining an open airway, providing artificial ventilation through rescue
breathing, and promoting artificial circulation through external cardiac compression. 2. The practice of replacing
body fluids lost through sweating, bleeding, diarrhea, vomiting, or other pathologic process.

Reye's syndrome
Acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the internal organs following acute viral infections, such as
influenza B, chickenpox (varicella), the enteroviruses, and the Epstein-Barr virus; has also been associated in
children with administration of aspirin and other salicylates.

Rh incompatibility
In hematology: two blood groups that are antigenically different and, therefore, aren't compatible because one
group lacks the Rh factor.

rheumatic fever
An inflammatory disease sometimes occurring if group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection is inadequately
treated.

rheumatoid arthritis
A chronic, systemic collagen disease marked by inflammation, stiffness, and pain in the joints and related
structures that result in crippling deformities.

ritodrine therapy
A prescribed treatment that uses the beta-receptor agonist ritodrine to halt preterm labor.

Romberg's sign
A swaying (or falling) when a person stands with feet together and eyes closed. It's an indication that the person
has lost a sense of position. Also called rombergism.

rooting reflex
A response in neonates to the cheek being touched or stroked. The infant turns the head toward the stimulated side
and begins to suck. The reflex usually disappears by 3 to 4 months of age.

Rule of Nines
A method of estimating extent of an adult client's burns. This method quantifies body surface area into multiples
of nine.

SARS
Abbreviation for severe acute respiratory syndrome. A viral respiratory infection caused by the SARS-associated
coronavirus that can progress to pneumonia and, eventually, death.

scabies
A contagious skin disease caused by the itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei.

scarlet fever
Streptococcal infection common in children ages 2 to 10 that spreads by large respiratory droplets or direct
contact with items soiled with respiratory secretions. Characterized by streptococcal sore throat, fever, strawberry
tongue, and rash.

schizophrenia
A psychosis characterized by positive and negative symptoms. Negative symptoms include flat affect, alogia, and
lack of self-initiating behavior. Positive symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech.
schizophrenic
Relating to or suffering from schizophrenia (a psychosis characterized by positive and negative symptoms).

schizotypal personality disorder

A disorder characterized by acute discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships and by cognitive
or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior, beginning in early adulthood.

scleroderma
A diffuse connective tissue disease characterized by fibrotic, degenerative, and occasionally inflammatory
changes in skin, blood vessels, synovial membranes, skeletal muscles, and internal organs.

scoliosis
An appreciable lateral curvature of the spine resulting from numerous causes, including congenital malformations
of the spine, muscle paralysis, poliomyelitis, sciatica, and unequal leg length.

secondary intention
A wound that heals after significant tissue loss. The edges aren't well approximated, and aren't sutured together.
The wound heals by forming granulation tissue, then scar tissue.

sensorineural hearing loss

Hearing loss caused by a defect or lesion of the inner ear or the acoustic nerve resulting in a distortion of sound
that makes discrimination difficult.

sensory perceptions
Awareness of one's surroundings through the use of vision, hearing, taste, touch, and smell.

sentinel event
An unexpected occurrence involving risk of or actual death or injury that requires immediate investigation and
response.

sepsis
A systemic response to an infection (particularly of bacterial origin) that's characterized by abnormal temperature
and white blood cell count, tachycardia, and tachypnea.

septic arthritis
Infection in the joint cavity.

serosanguineous
Of a discharge containing both serum and blood.

severe acute respiratory syndrome

Abbreviated as SARS. A viral respiratory infection caused by an associated coronavirus that can progress to
pneumonia and, eventually, death.

shock
An abnormal physiologic state characterized by reduced cardiac output, circulatory insufficiency, tachycardia,
hypotension, restlessness, pallor, and diminished urine output. Shock may be caused by various conditions,
including trauma, infection, hemorrhage, poisoning, myocardial infarction, and dehydration.

SIADH
Abbreviation for syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Excessive release of antidiuretic hormone,
which disturbs fluid and electrolyte balance. Occurs secondary to diseases that affect the osmoreceptors of the
hypothalamus.

sickle cell anemia

A chronic and incurable hereditary disorder occurring in people homozygous for hemoglobin S (Hb S). The
presence of Hb S results in distortion and fragility of erythrocytes.

sickle cell crisis

Episode of widespread cellular sickling in which the client's red blood cells containing hemoglobin S are exposed
to conditions in which oxygen supply to the cells is decreased. This leads to cellular contraction and piling within
the cell, altering the shape of the red blood cells (sickling). These sickled cells become rigid and clump together to
form clusters, ultimately obstructing capillary blood flow and causing tissue ischemia.

SIDS
Abbreviation for sudden infant death syndrome. The sudden, unexpected, and inexplicable death of an infant who
appears to be healthy. It occurs during sleep, typically in infants between the ages of 3 weeks and 5 months. Also
called crib death.

simple fracture
An uncomplicated, closed bone fracture in which the skin isn't broken.

skin turgor
Skin characteristic determined by pinching a small area of skin on the medial arm or anterior chest and noting
how quickly it returns to its position when released.

SLE
Abbreviation for systemic lupus erythematosus. A chronic inflammatory multisystemic disorder of connective
tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes.

somatization
Conversion of psychological stress into physical symptoms.

somatoform pain
Development of the symptom of pain as a result of psychological stress.

spina bifida
Spinal cord defect characterized by incomplete closure of one or more vertebrae.

spinal shock
Loss of autonomic reflex, motor, and sensory activity below the level of a lesion. Signs of spinal shock include
flaccid paralysis, loss of deep tendon and perianal reflexes, and loss of motor and sensory function.

standard precautions
Infection control guidelines established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention requiring all health
care personnel to use gloves, gowns, and goggles to prevent contact with a client's blood or body fluids and to
adhere to strict safety measures when handling needles, scalpels, and other sharp instruments.

status asthmaticus
A severe and prolonged asthma attack in which bronchospasm fails to respond to oral medication, sometimes
resulting in hypoxia, cyanosis, and unconsciousness.
status epilepticus
A continuous seizure state that's accompanied by respiratory distress.

Stokes-Adams attack
Episode of confusion and light-headedness accompanying syncope with or without seizures due to inadequate
cerebral perfusion secondary to heart block.

stoma
1. A minute pore, orifice, or surface opening. 2. An artificial, surgically created opening of an internal organ on
the body surface, such as for a colostomy or tracheostomy. 3. A new opening surgically created between two
structures, such as for a gastroenterostomy or pancreaticogastrostomy.

stomatitis
An inflammation of the mouth that may result from bacterial, viral, or fungal infection; exposure to chemicals or
drugs; vitamin deficiency; or a systemic inflammatory disease.

stridor
A high-pitched respiratory sound, usually heard during inspiration, caused by an obstruction of the trachea or
larynx.

stroke
A condition of sudden onset in which a cerebral blood vessel is occluded by an embolus or cerebrovascular
hemorrhage. The resulting ischemia of brain tissue that's normally perfused by the affected vessel may lead to
permanent neurologic damage.

subdural hematoma
A condition involving the collection of blood between the dura mater and the brain.

sublingual
Under the tongue.

sudden infant death syndrome

Abbreviated as SIDS. The sudden, unexpected, and inexplicable death of an infant who appears to be healthy. It
occurs during sleep, typically in infants between the ages of 3 weeks and 5 months. Also called crib death.

supratentorial
Located above the tentorium of the brain.

suspension
A liquid that contains solid particles that aren't dissolved; stirring or shaking the liquid maintains the dispersal.

sympathomimetics
Group of drugs that mimic the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibers of the
sympathetic nervous system.

synchronized cardioversion
Delivery of an electrical shock to the client in conjunction with the R wave on his ECG, just as the heart muscle
contracts. Delivery is timed to avoid the T wave because an electrical discharge at this time may cause ventricular
fibrillation.
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
Abbreviated as SIADH. Excessive release of antidiuretic hormone, which disturbs fluid and electrolyte balance.
Occurs secondary to diseases that affect the osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus.

synergistic effect
Administration of two drugs producing the same qualitative effect together to produce a greater response than
either drug alone.

syphilis
A chronic, infectious, sexually transmitted disease caused by infection from the spirochete Treponema pallidum.
It begins in the mucous membranes but then spreads to nearby lymph nodes and the bloodstream.

systemic lupus erythematosus

Abbreviated as SLE. A chronic inflammatory multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized
principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes.

tachyarrhythmia
Rapid, irregular heartbeat.

tachycardia
A condition characterized by a regular but accelerated action of the heart, usually 100 to 150 beats per minute.

tachycardic
Relating to or suffering from tachycardia (a condition characterized by a regular but accelerated action of the
heart, usually 100 to 150 beats per minute).

tachypnea
Abnormal respiratory rate of 20 or more breaths/minute.

tachypneic
Relating to or suffering from tachypnea (abnormal respiratory rate of 20 or more breaths/minute).

tactile fremitus
Vibration in the chest wall that can be felt when a hand is applied to the thorax while the patient is speaking. It's
most commonly due to consolidation of a lung or a part of a lung but may also be caused by congestion,
inflammation, or infection.

tardive dyskinesia
A neurologic syndrome marked by slow, rhythmic, automatic movements that occur as an adverse effect of
extended phenothiazine use.

tension pneumothorax
A condition in which air enters the pleural space through a tear in lung tissue but can't exit through the same vent,
thereby trapping air in the pleural space with each inspiration and producing positive pleural pressure. This in turn
causes the ipsilateral lung to collapse.

tenting
An indication of decreased skin turgor, as exhibited by a fold of skin remaining in the pinched position after being
released.

teratogenic
Causing harm to the developing fetus.
tetany
Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles as a result of a lessened concentration of extracellular ionized calcium;
symptoms include seizures, muscle twitching and cramps, and sharp flexion of the wrist and ankle joints.

tetralogy of Fallot
A combination of congenital cardiac defects consisting of pulmonic stenosis, interventricular septal defect,
dextroposition of the aorta so that it overrides the interventricular septum and receives venous as well as arterial
blood, and right ventricular hypertrophy.

thalassemia major
A hereditary hemolytic anemia in which a neonate develops severe anemia, bone abnormalities, failure to thrive,
and life-threatening complications.

thoracentesis
Aspiration of fluid from the chest.

thrombocytopenia
A reduction in the number of blood platelets; usually caused by destruction of erythroid tissue in bone marrow.
The condition may be a result of neoplastic disease or an immune response to a drug.

thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein, typically involving clot formation. Common causes include chemical irritation, blood
hypercoagulability, immobilization, infection, postoperative venous stasis, prolonged sitting or standing, trauma
to the vessel wall, or a long period of I.V. catheterization.

tonic-clonic seizure
Paroxysmal, uncontrolled discharge of central nervous system neurons extending to the entire brain and
characterized by stiffening (tonic phase) and then rapid synchronous muscle jerking and hyperventilation (clonic
phase). Also called a major or grand mal seizure.

tonsillectomy
The surgical removal of the palatine tonsils.

tophi
Urate deposits in the tissue; characteristic of gout.

torsades de pointes
A variation of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that may deteriorate into ventricular fibrillation. Commonly
caused by drugs that lengthen the QT interval.

total parenteral nutrition

Abbreviated as TPN. The administration of total caloric needs in a nutritionally adequate solution of glucose,
protein hydrolysates, minerals, and vitamins through a catheter inserted into the superior vena cava.

toxoplasmosis
An infectious disease caused by the protozoa Toxoplasma gondii. The congenital form may result in stillbirth or
serious birth defects.

TPN
Abbreviation for total parenteral nutrition. The administration of total caloric needs in a nutritionally adequate
solution of glucose, protein hydrolysates, minerals, and vitamins through a catheter inserted into the superior vena
cava.
tracheoesophageal fistula
Abnormal opening between the esophagus and trachea that may lead to aspiration.

tracheostomy
The surgical creation of an opening through the neck into the trachea; used to relieve upper airway obstruction
and aid breathing.

traction
1. The action of pulling a part of the body along the long axis. 2. In orthopedics: the act of exerting force through
a system of weights and pulleys to align, immobilize, or relieve pressure in a limb, bone, or group of muscles.

transdermal
Method or route of topical drug administration; provides continuous drug delivery through the skin to achieve a
constant, steady blood concentration level.

transsphenoidal adenohypophysectomy
Surgery involving the pituitary gland, most commonly performed to remove a pituitary tumor. The physician
enters from the inner aspect of the upper lip through the sphenoid sinus.

transsphenoidal hypophysectomy
Microsurgery in which an incision is made at the junction of the gums and upper lip. A surgical microscope is
advanced and a special surgical instrument is used to excise all or part of the pituitary gland.

Trendelenburg's position
Position in which the client's head is lower than the trunk; typically, the body and legs are elevated on an incline.

trigeminal neuralgia
A painful disorder of one or more branches of cranial nerve V (trigeminal) that produces paroxysmal attacks of
excruciating facial pain. Attacks are precipitated by stimulation of a trigger zone on the face.

Trousseau's sign
An assessment technique for evaluating neuromuscular irritability (tetany) associated with hypocalcemia. When
Trousseau's sign is positive, the client develops a carpopedal spasm (adducted thumb, flexed wrist and
metacarpophalangeal joints, and extended interphalangeal joints) after a blood pressure cuff is applied to the
client's upper arm and inflated to a pressure above systolic pressure for approximately 1 to 4 minutes.

tuberculosis
An acute or chronic infection from exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or another strain of mycobacteria
characterized by pulmonary infiltrates and formation of granulomas with caseation, fibrosis, and cavitation.

type 1 diabetes
An endocrine disorder involving disturbances in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, usually occurring
before age 30 and requiring the use of exogenous insulin and dietary management. Also called insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus.

type 2 diabetes
An endocrine disorder involving disturbances in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism; characterized by
insulin resistance with varying degrees of insulin secretory defects. May be treated with diet, exercise, and oral
antidiabetic agents. Exogenous insulin is sometimes necessary.
type 2 herpes simplex
A type of herpes simplex virus transmitted primarily through contact with genital secretions and affecting the
genital structures.

ulcerative colitis
A chronic, recurrent ulceration of the colon of unknown cause in which there's abdominal cramping, rectal
bleeding, and diarrhea containing blood, pus, and mucus.

urinary incontinence
Inability to prevent urine discharge.

urinary tract infection

Abbreviated as UTI. A bacterial infection, most commonly caused by Escherichia coli or a species of Klebsiella,
Proteus, Pseudomonas, or Enterobacter, affecting one or more parts of the urinary tract.

urticaria
A vascular reaction caused by dilation and increased permeability of the capillaries. Symptoms include the
development of transient wheals with pale centers and well-defined erythematous margins.

UTI
Abbreviation for urinary tract infection. A bacterial infection, most commonly caused by Escherichia coli or a
species of Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, or Enterobacter, affecting one or more parts of the urinary tract.

variability
Differing rhythmicity or changes in condition; typically used to describe fetal heart rate reflected on the fetal heart
rate tracing as a slight irregularity or jitteriness.

vasculitis
Inflammation of a blood or lymph vessel.

vasoconstriction
Narrowing of blood vessel lumen.

vaso-occlusive crisis
The most common type of sickle cell crisis resulting from blood vessel obstruction by rigid, tangled sickle cells,
leading to tissue anoxia and possibly necrosis. Also called a painful crisis or infarctive crisis.

vastus lateralis
The largest of the four muscles that make up the quadriceps femoris; located on the outside of the thigh, extending
from the hip joint to the common quadriceps tendon and inserted in the patella. It extends the leg.

venography
A radiographic test using a contrast medium to identify thrombi or obstruction in the veins of the lower
extremities or the kidneys.

ventricular ectopy
Abnormal heart rhythms that originate in the ventricles.

ventricular septal defect

Abbreviated as VSD. An abnormal opening in the septum separating the ventricles, usually resulting from failure
of the fetal interventricular foramen to close; results in blood flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle and
recirculation of blood through the pulmonary artery and lungs.
ventricular tachycardia
A life-threatening arrhythmia that occurs when the ventricles produce several premature ventricular contractions
in succession; usually due to a problem with the heart's conduction system and increased myocardial contractility.

Venturi mask
A high-flow oxygen delivery device that allows for exact titration of the fraction of inspired oxygen delivered.

vertigo
A sensation of movement in which the client feels himself revolving in space (subjective vertigo) or his
surroundings revolving about him (objective vertigo); may result from diseases of the inner ear or from
disturbances of the vestibular pathways in the central nervous system.

vesicle
1. Any small anatomic sac that contains liquid. 2. A small blister that contains clear fluid.

VSD
Abbreviation for ventricular septal defect. An abnormal opening in the septum separating the ventricles, usually
resulting from failure of the fetal interventricular foramen to close; results in blood flow from the left ventricle to
the right ventricle and recirculation of blood through the pulmonary artery and lungs.

West Nile virus

An infectious disease that causes brain inflammation. Caused by a flavivirus. Signs and symptoms include fever,
headache, body aches, and a skin rash.

wet-to-damp dressing
Type of wound covering (dressing) in which gauze moistened with normal saline solution is applied wet to the
wound and removed once the gauze becomes damp.

Whipple's operation
Surgical procedure that removes portions of the pancreas as well as the duodenum, stomach, jejunum, pancreatic
duct, and distal portion of the bile duct. Also called pancreatoduodenectomy.

Wilms' tumor
A rapidly growing malignant kidney tumor that occurs most commonly in children younger than age 5, although
it sometimes develops before birth. Rare cases occur later in life. Also called adenomyosarcoma.

X-linked recessive disorders

Genetic disorders in which the abnormal gene exists on the X chromosome; only males exhibit clinical signs of
the disorder because they have no offsetting X chromosome.

Z-track
An I.M. injection technique in which the client's skin is pulled in such a way that the needle track is sealed off
after the injection. The technique is done to minimize subcutaneous irritation and discoloration.