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This paper presents a study investigating EFL teachers’ views on the educational
values of English picture story books in Taiwan. Ten teachers with experience of
using the books with primary school children participated in this study. The results
suggest three main educational values perceived by the teachers: (1) linguistic
value, (2) the value of the story, and (3) the value of the picture. A pattern of how
the teachers presented the books also emerged from the data: the majority of the
teachers perceived themselves as a mediator whose job was not to transmit the
meaning of the book to the students, but to encourage participation and
interaction.
Findings and The interview results suggest that the teachers’ views on the educational
discussion values of using English picture story books can be broadly categorized into
three areas: (1) linguistic value, (2) the value of the stories, and (3) the value of
the pictures.
Linguistic value The interview data revealed that the way that picture story books can provide
a meaningful context for language learning was perceived by eight out of the
ten teachers as the primary linguistic value of using English picture stories.
The majority of the teachers pointed out that picture story books allowed
them to help children review words and sentences they had learnt in the
textbooks in a meaningful context. The following statements are typical
examples:
Reading picture books with them gives them an opportunity to review
words or sentences they have learned from the textbook and they will
know the same word can be used in different kinds of situations. Picture
books provide all kinds of situations so that students will know how
a word can be used in all sorts of situations. (T3)
In story, children will know in what kind of situation a sentence can be
used, so children’s books are highly applicable to learning vocabulary.
Picture story books help them to practise sentence patterns and to know
how to use a sentence in certain kinds of situations. (T5)
From ‘situation’ to ‘how to use’, the above statements suggest that both
teachers were aware of the role that meaningful context played in language
learning, and the potential of English picture story books for providing the
context. Therefore, in order to know how to use the language to express the
meaning, learners need to be exposed to different kinds of situations as
pointed out by Littlewood (1981: 2) that ‘just as a single linguistic form can
express a number of functions, so also can a single communicative function
be expressed by a number of linguistic forms’. Comments made by the
teachers suggest that they believed the meaningful context embedded in the
books helped the E F L learners to have a deeper understanding of linguistic
forms and their functions.
The linguistic benefit of reading English picture story books was mentioned
by T9 from a different aspect. T9 regarded stories as an effective reminder
that can be used to trigger students’ memory of certain words or phrases
they have encountered in stories. She remarked:
When using picture books, if students forget a word they have learned
from one of the stories, I would remind them by saying: ‘Do you
48 Sheu Hsiu-Chih
remember we have learned this from the story of . . .?’ It is a good
reminder. (T9)
The way that picture story books can help young learners trigger the
memory of another text and make a link with the prior knowledge has been
discussed by Cameron (2001) who points out that when listening to a story
in a foreign language, E F L learners are able to recall the meaning of some
words or phrases in the foreign language. ‘Although the story may be told in
the foreign language, the mental processing does not need to use the foreign
language, and may be carried out in the first language, or in some language-
independent way’ (Cameron 2001: 40). As stories are able to engage
learners in using their existing language resources and knowledge of the
world, readers are able to understand the underlying meaning and
remember some phrases.
It should be noted that a few teachers reported that from a linguistic aspect,
they themselves also benefited from English picture story books. A
comment made by T4 provides a vivid example:
There are some situations I don’t know how to express in English, but
picture books let me know how to explain a situation in simple English.
This kind of learning gives me a lot of happiness. (T4)
A significant implication here is that T4 believed that English picture story
books were able to provide the functional and communicative aspect of
language learning, and helped her to learn how to communicate more
efficiently and economically. This important point not only echoes the
concept of the communicative approach (cf. Richards and Rodgers 1986),
but also suggests the potential of picture story books to help teachers
enhance their ‘productive skill’. A recent study conducted by Butler (2004)
revealed that teachers of English in primary schools from Korea, Taiwan,
and Japan perceived their proficiency in productive skills (speaking and
writing) weaker than those in receptive skills (listening and reading). The
gap in their proficiencies led the researcher to suggest that there is a need for
the governments in these countries to consider how to improve teachers’
proficiency in productive domains, especially when primary E F L teachers in
these countries are all facing the growing need to develop communicative
abilities in their students. Findings in this study suggest that, to some
extent, picture story books might be a rich source for E F L teachers to
improve their productive skills.
The value of the story The interview data indicated that nine out of the ten teachers reported that
‘stories’ have the potential to motivate learning. T4 and T8 provided vivid
examples:
A lot of students are happy to hear the story and they would ask ‘Could you
tell us a story again?’ I think it is highly related to the content of the story.
(T4)
A good story will always attract students. They like to read pictures, but for
a story to be attractive to students, the story itself is very important. The
ending had better be very dramatic. Something they could not expect. My
motivation to use English picture books is very simple. I just want to use
stories to motivate students to learn English. (T8)
50 Sheu Hsiu-Chih
The value of the In terms of the value of reading the picture, two main points were
pictures suggested: (1) pictures increase comprehension, and (2) pictures stimulate
imagination. The use of pictures to increase students’ comprehension of the
story was reported by all the teachers. The statement made by T7 is a typical
example:
Pictures arouse their learning interests. If you give them a pictureless
book, they would say they don’t understand the story. However, if you give
them a picture book: on the right page, it says a book; on the left page, it
has a picture of a book, they can understand it very easily. It motivates
their learning. (T7)
T7 considered that picture books could facilitate English learning and boost
students’ confidence as reading pictures increases their comprehension of
the text. A similar comment was made by T9 as he pointed out that reading
pictures helped students to obtain a broad idea about the development of the
story:
They would look at the pictures and get a broad idea about what is
happening. Then, they look at the language to see what exactly is
happening in the story. The purpose of using picture books is to help
them with their language learning. Pictures are just a learning aid and
I use them to attract learners’ attention. I am not an art teacher, so
I don’t treat pictures as a main subject in my class. I hope when
students read a picture, they are attracted by it and won’t forget the
meaning of the words. (T9)
As pointed out by Schwarcz (1982) language discloses its content in time,
whereas pictures confront the viewers all at once. Nodelman (1988) also
notes that our understanding of language starts with details and moves
towards the whole, whereas our understanding of pictures starts with
wholes and breaks down into details. This feature of pictures allows
beginning E F L readers to apply a top-down reading model when
reading picture story books. As for beginning E F L learners
whose limited English ability might constrain them from conducting
a top-down model, pictures, to some extent, provide a source for them to
form their own interpretation of the story by activating their prior
knowledge.
With regard to how pictures can stimulate children’s imagination, the
interview result suggested that seven out of ten teachers considered pictures
in picture books had the potential to stimulate students’ imagination. For
example:
Pictures are very different from texts. Readers can create the meaning of
pictures. A picture could have many interpretations. I might ask: ‘What
do you see?’ They will raise their hands and tell me all kinds of their
thinking. Different ideas bump into one another. Each will see something
different because they have different views. The mediator, the teacher,
gives rise to an idea and students expand it. In the beginning, students
might just see one point, but, after the discussion, they will be able to see
things they have never seen before. So when you ask if picture books can
stimulate imagination, I think so. (T4)
52 Sheu Hsiu-Chih
imagination by reading pictures first, rather than reading words and
sentences first and being led by language only. By reading pictures first,
they might have their own interpretation, then read the book and
compare the difference. (T6)
The idea of teacher’s learning style emerges here. Despite the fact that T6
considered herself ‘not a visual-oriented person’, she was well aware of the
feature of pictures in generating various interpretations, and the potential of
pictures to expand the students’ imagination. The idea about encouraging
children to create their own interpretation, and help them to compare
different versions of interpretation echoed what has been discussed earlier
by T4 about the role of teachers was not a meaning provider, but a mediator
who facilitated the discussion and learning.
A few teachers suggested that pictures have the power to stimulate readers
and liberate them from their own perspective and improve their perception
of the world. Statements made by T9 and T10 seemed to suggest this point
of view.
When a child reads a picture, such as someone drawing a curtain, he
would use his prior knowledge either to agree or disagree with the
description. This is a type of stimulation . . . Children would look at the
pictures and wonder why they draw the picture like this. (T9)
Generally speaking, I think Chinese children are dull. They are not very
creative, so when they read something creative, it expands their
perspective of the world and stimulates their imagination. (T10)
Both statements imply that reading pictures illustrated from different
cultures might provide students different perspectives to look at life. The
comment made by T9 about how students used their prior knowledge to
form a set of expectations about the picture, and then confirm or reject
them, seems to correspond to the top-down reading model. The gap
between EFL learners’ prior knowledge of the world, and the world
represented in the picture story books might be one of the reasons that
picture story books could be used to stimulate readers’ imagination. This
point is elaborated by Kress and Van Leeuwen who suggested that the
challenges of reading pictures might be an opportunity for children to
exercise their imagination:
Visual enigma can challenge parents and children to exercise their
imagination. To include in their thinking elements that do not easily fit in
with the traditional order of things, to tolerate some ambiguity, to allow
the inclusion of the ‘other’ in their construction of the world.
(Kress and Van Leeuwen 1996: 26)
According to Kress and Van Leeuwen, pictures can encourage tolerance and
thus help to increase understanding of other culture. Even though Kress
and Van Leeuwen do not particularly refer to the E F L context, this ability to
learn how to include, tolerate, and allow different elements in the
interpretation is especially evident for E F L learners. From the aspect of
different cultures, it can be argued that for children who are reading pictures
illustrated from another country, the challenges may be greater than
reading pictures from their own country. However, the challenges, to some
Summary The results of this study suggest three educational values of using English
picture books perceived by the teachers in Taiwan. Through analysing these
values, an important pattern about how teachers used the story emerged;
more than half of the teachers emphasized the importance of teachers as
a mediator during story reading, especially in discussing the meaning of the
pictures. An important point made by teachers about how pictures can allow
readers to make their own interpretations and to encourage discussion
provides some insights into understanding the educational value of picture
story books in E F L teaching and learning.
Final revised version received December 2005
54 Sheu Hsiu-Chih
Appendix: Ahlberg, A. and J. Ahlberg. 1989. Each Peach Pear Plum. London: Puffin.
English picture story
Carle, E. 1974. The Very Hungry Caterpillar. London: Puffin.
books used by the
teachers Carle, E and B. Martin. 1994. Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear?
London: Puffin.
Carle, E. and B. Martin. 1995. Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?
London: Puffin.
Shannon, D. 1998. No David. New York: The Blue Sky Press.
Wescott, N. B. 1980. I Know an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly. Boston:
Houghton.
Wiesner, D. 1991. Tuesday. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.