Dept.

0f Electronics & Communication Door Lock System

Using Cell Phone

1. INTRODUCTION

In this age of digital technology, every device and its operation has become digital based. Now
with digital based door lock systems, it is easier to control the door movement of the car or house.
The new automated door lock system does not need a key to lock or unlock the door of the car or
house. This digital door entry system is in fact controlled by cell-phone which is actually
performing the role of remote over here.

The keyless door remote is an electronic circuit based device. This remote transmits DTMF signals
via air to another device of the system installed in the car door or house door. The keyless car
remote can be operated from any corner of the world.

The working of this locking system is very simple. You just have to carry the cell phone with
yourself and you can control the locks from anywhere without any problem. It works on the entry
number. The owner has to press that entry number on the cell phone for controlling the locking
system. The entry number is unique in nature and so is the remote device of an automatic keyless
system.

You can install a keyless entry system in your house as well as in your vehicle. Now, a days theft
cases are increasing everywhere and the key based locking system is no longer a safe option. It is
quite easy for thieves and robbers to open the traditional key based doors either with duplicate
keys or some other way. Therefore for safety of your house and vehicle, this system can be
installed.

With this system, you will never be in tension of leaving your house and vehicle out of your
supervision. Not only this, it also help us to move out of some really odd situations like you locked
the door and left and in your absence other members came back and then they have to wait outside
if they were not having key with themselves .

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2. MOTIVATION

Keyless entry has been a luxury whose availability is confined primarily to vehicles. The cell
phone security system takes this idea of keyless entry and transforms it into a convenient, versatile
security system that utilizes cell phone technology and the landline telephone network.

By taking advantage of caller identification and dual-tone multi-frequency signaling, the security
system has the ability to introduce two-levels of security. The first level will be decoding the
calling party’s identification information while the second level would consist of the user
attempting a password entry over the phone.

By combining the mobility of this telecommunication medium with microcontrollers, the system
achieves a secure, convenient, and automated form of security for a place of residence.

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3. OBJECTIVE(S)

The fundamental requirements for the cell phone security system remained fixed throughout the
design process. The goal was to design a system which would allow the user automated and
convenient access to their home security system through a telephone network.

3.1 THE FUNDAMENTAL OBJECTIVES OF THE SYSTEM INCLUDE

Correctly decode the DTMF signals from the user2.

Correctly decode caller identification information from the phone line.

 Allow the user to automatically lock the entryway.

 Allow the user to automatically unlock the entryway.

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4. PROJECT OVERVIEW

The cell phone security system is the result of a fusion of a creative idea with an attempt to
motivate change. Even though modern technology has allowed for the automation of many aspects
of domestic lifestyles, from automatic motion sensing lights to automatic garage door openers,
home security has not seen much benefit from this revolution.

Household entry has long been a very manual routine with little effort to automate the process.
Entry into a residence is still primarily limited to a manual process which involves inserting a key
into a bolt and physically moving the locking-mechanism. The cell phone security system aims to
change this. The system takes advantage of the widespread acceptance of cell phones in today’s
society in conjunction with the deep-rooted standards of the landline telephone network to
introduce automation and convenience.

The system will allow a user to use their cell phone to place a call into their home security system.
Once the system verifies the caller, the caller is then allowed to attempt a password entry. Upon
successfully entering a password, the system will automatically unlock the door and grant
entrance. This automation introduces a form of secure, keyless entry into a residence along with
the convenience of a fully responsive security system monitor. The system will primarily interface
with telephony protocols which include dual tone multi frequency (DTMF), caller identification
(CID), and some applicable telephony circuit standards.

DTMF will be used to decode the button presses that form the password. The telephony standards
are necessary for implementing a correct interface that will allow the phone line to go on/off-hook.
Properly understanding and interfacing with these standards is of utmost importance due to federal
regulations as well as successful operation.
The major components used in its designing are:
 Decoder
 Microcontroller
 Cell phone as a remote

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 Relay

In this project user makes a call using mobile phone which will be received at the receiving section
by another phone which is behaving like a receiver over there. In the course of the call, if any
button is pressed control corresponding to the button pressed is heard at the other end of the call.
This tone is called dual tone multi frequency tone (DTMF). The received tone is processed by the
microcontroller with the help of DTMF decoder, CM8870 the decoder decodes the DTMF tone in
to its equivalent binary digit and this binary number is send to the microcontroller, the
microcontroller is programmed to take a decision for any given input and outputs its decision to
unlock/lock the system. DTMF assigns a specific frequency (consisting of two separate tones) to
each key that can easily be identified by the electronic circuit.

The signal generated by the DTMF encoder is the direct algebraic submission, in real time of the
amplitudes of two sine (cosine) waves of different frequencies, i.e., pressing 5 will send a tone
made by adding 1336 Hz and 770 Hz to the other end of the mobile. A CM8870 series DTMF
decoder is used here. All types of the M8870 series use digital counting techniques to detect and
decode all the sixteen DTMF tone pairs in to a four bit code output. The built-in dial tone rejection
circuit eliminated the need for pre filtering.

We will be using 8 bit ATMEL microcontroller AT89S8253. It is a low-power, high-performance

CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 12K bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) flash program
memory and 2K bytes of EEPROM data memory. It has 32 programmable input output lines. The
resulting architecture is more code efficient. Outputs from port pins of the microcontroller are fed
input pins of motor driver IC L293d, to drive geared motors.

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5. CIRCUIT DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN

BLOCK DIGRAM

KEYPAD
CODE MOTOR
OR
LOCK DRIVE
MOBILE
SYSTEM
PHONE

UNAUTHORISD ALARM
ENTRY SYSTEM

FIG. NO. 1 Block Diagram Circuit Development & Design

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5.1 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

5.1.1 POWER SUPPLY: The power supply section consists of 230V 1A transformer used to
step down the 230V to 12V. This step down voltage of the transformer is regulated using 12V and
5V linear regulators for producing 12V and 5V regulated DC.

5.1.2 CODE LOCK SYSTEM: The system comprises of a number keypad and a mobile
phone to enter the code and a circuit that responds to the right sequence of four digits that are
keyed in.

5.1.3 MOTOR DRIVE SYSTEM: This section of the circuit controls the opening and
closing of the gate based on the code entered through the keypad or mobile phone.

5.1.4 ALARM SYSTEM: This block detects unauthorized entry into the parking lot and
informs the same with the help of the buzzer alarm.

5.2 DESCRIPTION OF WORKING

In order to operate the system you have to make a call to the cell phone attached to the locking
system from any phone. The phone is picked at the receiving end through auto answer mode
(which is in the phone, just enable it).
Each number on the cell phone keypad has a distinct sound (called DTMF tones). This sound is
used to identify the key pressed using a CM8870 DTMF decoder. Here the sound is firstly
preamplifier by the microphone unit. This sound is now fed into the CM8870 IC which decodes
them in form of binary units. These decoded numbers are fed into the microcontroller .It checks
the correctness of the code. If the code is correct then relay energies and the lock is open .and in

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case code is not correct or somebody try to unlock by using some other way then it will give the
alarm.

6. KEY COMPONENTS

1. MT8870 IC

2. L293D IC

3. REGULATOR IC 7805

4. CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

5. RESISTORS

6. CAPACITORS

(a). DISC TYPE CERAMIC CAPACITOR

7. MICROPHONE UNIT

8. RELAY

9. SOLENOID

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7. DUAL -TONE MULTI-FREQUENCY

FIG. NO. 2 DTMF

Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling is used for telecommunication signaling over analog
telephone lines in the voice-frequency band between telephone handsets and other communications
devices and the switching center.

Dual Tone Multi-Frequency, or DTMF, is a method for instructing a telephone switching system
of the telephone number to be dialed, or to issue commands to switching systems or related
telephony equipment.

The DTMF dialing system traces its roots to a technique developed by Bell Labs in the 1940s
called MF (Multi-Frequency) which was deployed within the AT&T telephone network to direct
calls between switching facilities using in-band signaling. In the early 1960s, a derivative

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technique was offered by AT&T through its Bell System telephone companies as a "modern" way
for network customers to place calls.

In AT& Ts Compatibility Bulletin No. 105, AT&T described the product as "a method for
pushbutton signaling from customer stations using the voice transmission path. The consumer
product was marketed by AT&T under the registered trade name Touch-Tone.

Other vendors of compatible telephone equipment called this same system "Tone" dialing or
"DTMF," or used their own registered trade names such as the "Digitone" of Northern Electric
(now known as Nortel Networks).

The DTMF system uses eight different frequency signals transmitted in pairs to represent sixteen
different numbers, symbols and letters - as detailed below. DTMF tones are also used by some
cable television networks and radio networks to signal the local cable company/network station to
insert a local advertisement or station identification. These tones were often heard during a station
ID preceding a local ad insert .

Previously, terrestrial television stations also used DTMF tones to shut off and turn on remote
transmitters. DTMF tones are also sometimes used in caller ID systems to transfer the caller ID
information, however in the USA only Bell 202 modulated FSK signaling is used to transfer the
data.

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FIG.NO.3 MT8870 IC

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7.1 DTMF RECEIVER

Today, most telephone equipment use a DTMF receiver IC. One common DTMF receiver IC is the
Motorola MT8870 that is widely used in electronic & communications circuits. The MT8870 is an
18-pin IC. It is used in telephones and a variety of other applications. When a proper output is not
obtained in projects using this IC, engineers or technicians need to test this IC separately. A quick
testing of this IC could save a lot of time in research labs and manufacturing industries of
communication instruments.

Here’s a small and handy tester circuit for the DTMFIC. It can be assembled on a multipurpose
PCB with and 18-pin IC base. One can also test the IC on a simple breadboard. For optimum
working of telephone equipment, the DTMF receiver must be designed to recognize a valid tone
pair greater than 40 ms in duration and to accept successive digit tone-pairs that are greater than 40
ms apart.

However, for other applications like remote controls and radio communications, the tone duration
may differ due to noise considerations. Therefore, by adding an extra resistor and steering diode
the tone duration can be set to different values.

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FIG.NO.4 DTMF Receiver

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FIG. NO. 5 Design Of Door Lock System Using Cell Phone

8. TRIGGERING OF THE LOCK

8.1 USING NUMBER KEYPAD

The desired code is given as the clock inputs of the D-flip flops. The switches of the keypad are
connected to the clock pins in the desired order. The remaining switches of the keypad are shorted
and connected to the shorted set pins of the D flip flops. The other ends of all the switches are
connected to the input voltage.

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8.2 USING MOBILE PHONE

This section consists of a DTMF decoder CM8870, 1x16 DEMUX 74154 and an inverter
7404.When a button is pressed in the mobile phone, a tone corresponding to the button pressed is
heard. This tone is called µDual Tone Multiple Frequency(DTMF) tone.

DTMF assigns a specific frequency(consisting of two separate tones) to each key so that it can be
easily identified by the electronic circuit. The signal generated by the DTMF encoder is a direct
algebraic summation of the amplitudes of two sine waves of different frequencies.

For example: pressing µ5 will send a tone made by adding 1336 Hz and 770 Hz to the other end of
the line.

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9. TONES AND ASSIGNMENTS IN A DTMF SYSTEM

Frequencies 1209 Hz 1336 Hz 1477 Hz 1733 Hz

697 Hz 1 2 3 A

770 Hz 4 5 6 B
852 Hz 7 8 9 C
941 Hz * 0 # D

TABLE.1

The received tone is processed by the DTMF decoder CM8870. All types of 8870 series use digital
counting techniques to detect and decode all the 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code output. The
built- in dial tone rejection circuit eliminates the need for pre- filtering. When the input signal
given at pin 2(IN-) in single-ended input configuration is recognized to be effective, the correct 4-
bit decode signal of the DTMF tone is transferred to Q1 (pin 11) through Q4 (pin 14) outputs.

10. L293D IC
In electronics, an integrated circuit (also known as IC, chip, or microchip) is a miniaturized
electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices, as well as passive components) that
has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. Integrated
circuits are used in almost all electronic equipment in use today and have revolutionized the world
of electronics. Computers, cellular phones, and other digital appliances are now inextricable parts
of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the low cost of production of integrated
circuits.

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FIG.NO.6 L293D IC

A hybrid integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit constructed of individual

semiconductor devices, as well as passive components, bonded to a substrate or circuit board. A
monolithic integrated circuit is made of devices manufactured by diffusion of trace elements into a
single piece of semiconductor substrate, a chip.

11. REGULATOR 7805 IC

FIG.NO.7 Regulator 7805 IC

Fixed voltage Positive and Negative regulator ICs are used in circuits to give precise regulated
voltage.78 XX series regulator IC can handle maximum 1 ampere current. The Regulator ICs
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require minimum 1.5 higher input voltage than their voltage rating. For example 7805 IC requires
minimum 6.5 volts to give 5 volt output. Here are some circuit designs of IC 7805 to monitor the
output voltage

1.This is the manipulation of the Regulator IC 7805 to give 9 volt regulated output. Normally the
pin2 of the regulator IC is connected to the ground. Here it is connected to a 3.9 volt Zener diode.
So the output from the Regulator IC will be 9 volts.

7805 Circuit 1

FIG.NO.8 Circuit-1 of 7805 IC

2. This circuit can tell whether the IC 7805 is giving output or not. IC 7805 requires minimum 6.5
volt input to give 5 volt regulated output. When the input voltage is above 6.5 volts, Zener

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conducts and LED turns on indicating sufficient input voltage. Diffuse type Red LED requires 1.8
volts and Zener 4.7 volts .So to activate both these, input voltage should be minimum 6.5 volts. If
the input voltage drops below 6.5 volts, Zener cutoff and LED turns off. This indicates the zero
output from the regulator IC.

7805 Circuit 2

FIG.NO.9 Circuit-2 Of 7805 IC

3. This is a simple LED monitor to tell the output voltage from 7805. If the input voltage is above
6.5 volts, LED shows full brightness. When the input voltage reduces below 6.5 volts, brightness
of LED decreases.

7805 Circuit 3

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FIG.NO.10 Circuit-3 Of 7805 IC

12. CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

In crystal oscillator, the usual electrical resonant circuit is replaced by a mechanically vibrating
crystal. The crystal exhibit piezoelectric properties i.e. when mechanical stresses are applied on the
opposite faces of the crystal, electrical charges are appear at some other faces and vice-versa. Thus
when a alternating voltage is applied to appropriate faces, mechanical vibration are produced at
some other faces. Therefore if the frequency of alternating voltage is equal to the frequency of
mechanical vibrations, the vibrations will be intense.

Piezoelectric properties are exhibited by a number of natural crystal substances like quartz,
Rochelle salt etc. Quartz is the normally used crystal oscillator because of its frequency controlled
in oscillators which comes from its permanence, low temperature coefficients and high mechanical
Q. Quartz is preffered to rochel salt on account of the above mentioned qualities even though
quartz has a lesser piezoelectric effect.

The circuit has two resonant frequencies:

(i) Series resonant frequency f1 = 1/ 2π√LC

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(ii) Parallel resonant frequency f2 = √{(1+ C/C')/LC }/2π

It is apparent that f2 is greater than f1. But the value of ratio C/C' is very small and hence the two
frequencies f1 and f2 are close to each other. Because of the analogy between a crystal and an LC
network, the crystal oscillator designs are similar to those of LC oscillators.

FIG.NO.11 Crystal Oscillator

13. RESISTOR

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FIG.NO.12 Axial-Lead Resistors On Tape

The tape is removed during assembly before the leads are formed and the part is inserted into the
board.
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its terminals that
is proportional to the electric current through it in accordance with Ohm's law:
V = IR

Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most
electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as
resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistively alloy, such as nickel-chrome).

FIG.NO.13 Internal Structure Of Resistor

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The primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, the maximum working
voltage and the power rating. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and
inductance. Less well-known is critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits
the maximum permitted current, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance is
determined by the design, materials and dimensions of the resistor.

Resistors can be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits, as well as integrated circuits. Size, and
position of leads (or terminals), are relevant to equipment designers; resistors must be physically
large enough not to overheat when dissipating their power.

13.1 UNITS

The ohm is the SI unit of electrical resistance, named after Georg Simon Ohm. Commonly used
multiples and submultiples in electrical and electronic usage are the milliohm (1x10−3), kilohm
(1x103), and megohm (1x106).

13.2 SERIES AND PARALLEL RESISTORS

Resistors in a parallel configuration each have the same potential difference (voltage). To find
their total equivalent resistance (Req):

FIG.NO.14 Several Resistors In Parallel

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The parallel property can be represented in equations by two vertical lines "||" (as in geometry) to
simplify equations. For two resistors,

The current through resistors in series stays the same, but the voltage across each resistor can be
different. The sum of the potential differences (voltage) is equal to the total voltage. To find their
total resistance:

FIG.15 Several Resistors In Series

A resistor network that is a combination of parallel and series can be broken up into smaller parts
that are either one or the other. For instance,

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FIG.NO.16 Equivalent Resistors

13.3 COLOUR CODE

Resistance is measured in ohms, the symbol for ohm is an omega .
1 is quite small so resistor values are often given in k and M .
1k = 1000 1 M = 1000000 .

Resistor values are normally shown using coloured bands.

Each colour represents a number as shown in the table.

Most resistors have 4 bands:

• The first band gives the first digit.

• The second band gives the second digit.
• The third band indicates the number of zeros.
• The fourth band is used to shows the tolerance (precision) of the resistor, this may be
ignored for almost all circuits but further details are given below.

FIG.NO.17 Diagram Of Resistor

This resistor has red (2), violet (7), yellow (4 zeros) and gold bands.
So its value is 270000 = 270 k .
On circuit diagrams the is usually omitted and the value is written 270K

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13.4 POWER DISSIPATION

The power dissipated by a resistor (or the equivalent resistance of a resistor network) is calculated
using the following:

All three equations are equivalent. The first is derived from Joule’s First Law. Ohm’s Law derives
the other two from that.
The total amount of heat energy released is the integral of the power over time:

13.5 MEASUREMENT

The value of a resistor can be measured with an ohmmeter which may be one function of a
multimeter. Usually, probes on the ends of test leads connect to the resistor.

13.6 SMALL VALUE RESISTORS (LESS THAN 10 OHM)

The standard colour code cannot show values of less than 10 . To show these small values two
special colours are used for the third band: gold which means × 0.1 and silver which means
× 0.01. The first and second bands represent the digits as normal.

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14. CAPACITOR

FIG.NO.18 A Typical Electrolytic Capacitor

A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair

of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When there is a potential difference (voltage)
across the conductors, a static electric field develops in the dielectric that stores energy and
produces a mechanical force between the conductors.

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads.

This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing
alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the
resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies and for many other purposes.

The effect is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor, hence
capacitor conductors are often called "plates", referring to an early means of construction. In
practice the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current and also has an
electric field strength limit,resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads
introduce an undesired inductance and resistance.

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14.1 THEORY OF OPERATION

FIG.NO.19 Parallel Plate Capacitor

Charge separation in a parallel-plate capacitor causes an internal electric field. A dielectric

(orange) reduces the field and increases the capacitance.
14.2 CERAMIC CAPACITOR

In this capacitors the dielectric used is ceramic. Ceramic is a manufacturing compound consisting
of aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide and other similar materials. Materials such as stealite(i.e.
magnesium silicate) and barium titanate are also ceramics. Ceramic capacitor are nonpolar and can
be used for both ac and dc applications.

The general construction consists of applying silver coating on both sides of ceramic sheet and
leads are solderedto the metalized sheets or plates. The whole unit is encapsulatedin an epoxy
coating. Epoxy coating produce moisture from degrading the dielectric properties of the ceramic.
According to the shape of ceramic sheet used these capacitors are made in disc,tubular and
rectangular form. The capacitor body is given several coats of insulating lacquer and marked with
its capacitance value either numerals or color-coding.

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In electronics, a ceramic capacitor is a capacitor constructed of alternating layers

of metal and ceramic, with the ceramic material acting as the dielectric. The temperature
coefficient depends on whether the dielectric is Class 1 or Class 2. A ceramic capacitor (especially
the class 2) often has high dissipation factor, high frequency coefficient of dissipation.

FIG.NO.20 Various Types Of Ceramic Capacitor

14.2.1 CONSTRUCTION

A ceramic capacitor is a two-terminal, non-polar device. The classical ceramic capacitor is the
"disc capacitor". This device pre-dates the transistor and was used extensively in vacuum-tube
equipment (e.g., radio receivers) from about 1930 through the 1950s, and in discrete transistor
equipment from the 1950s through the 1980s. As of 2007, ceramic disc capacitors are in
widespread use in electronic equipment, providing high capacity and small size at low price
compared to other low value capacitor types.

Ceramic capacitors come in various shapes and styles, including:

 disc, resin coated, with through-hole leads

 multilayer rectangular block, surface mount
 bare leadless disc, sits in a slot in the PCB and is soldered in place, used for UHF
applications
 tube shape, not popular now

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14.2.2 CLASSES OF CERAMIC CAPACITOR

Three classes of ceramic capacitors are commonly available:

Class I capacitors: accurate, temperature-compensating capacitors. They are the most stable over
voltage, temperature, and to some extent, frequency. They also have the lowest losses. On the
other hand, they have the lowest volumetric efficiency. A typical class I capacitor will have a
temperature coefficient of 30 ppm/°C. This will typically be fairly linear with temperature. These
also allow for high Q filters—a typical class I capacitor will have a dissipation factor of 0.15%.
Very high accuracy (~1%) class I capacitors are available (typical ones will be 5% or 10%). The
highest accuracy class 1 capacitors are designated C0G or NP0.

Class II capacitors: better volumetric efficiency, but lower accuracy and stability. A typical class
II capacitor may change capacitance by 15% over a −55 °C to 85 °C temperature range. A typical
class II capacitor will have a dissipation factor of 2.5%. It will have average to poor accuracy
(from 10% down to +20/-80%).

Class III capacitors: high volumetric efficiency, but poor accuracy and stability. A typical class
III capacitor will change capacitance by -22% to +56% over a temperature range of 10 °C to 55
°C. It will have a dissipation factor of 4%. It will have fairly poor accuracy (commonly, 20%, or
+80/-20%). These are typically used for decoupling or in other power supply applications.

At one point, Class IV capacitors were also available, with worse electrical characteristics than
Class III, but even better volumetric efficiency. They are now rather rare and considered obsolete,
as modern multilayer ceramics can offer better performance in a compact package.

These correspond roughly to low K, medium K, and high K. Note that none of the classes are
"better" than any others—the relative performance depends on application. Class I capacitors are
physically larger than class III capacitors, and for bypassing and other non-filtering applications,
the accuracy, stability, and loss factor may be unimportant, while cost and volumetric efficiency
may be. As such, Class I capacitors are primarily used in filtering applications, where the main
competition is from film capacitors in low frequency applications, and more esoteric capacitors in
RF applications. Class III capacitors are typically used in power supply applications. Traditionally,

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they had no competition in this niche, as they were limited to small sizes. As ceramic technology
has improved, ceramic capacitors are now commonly available in values of up to 100 µF, and they
are increasingly starting to compete with electrolytic capacitors, where ceramics offer much better
electrical performance at prices that, while still much higher than electrolytic, are becoming
increasingly reasonable as the technology improves.

14.3 A SIMPLE DEMONSTRATION OF A PARALLEL-PLATE

CAPACITOR

FIG.NO.21 Demonstration Of Parallel Plate Capacitor

A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-conductive region called the dielectric
medium though it may be a vacuum or a semiconductor depletion region chemically identical to
the conductors. A capacitor is assumed to be self-contained and isolated, with no net electric
charge and no influence from any external electric field.

The conductors thus hold equal and opposite charges on their facing surfaces and the dielectric
develops an electric field. In SI units, a capacitance of one farad means that one coulomb of charge
on each conductor causes a voltage of one volt across the device. The capacitor is a reasonably
general model for electric fields within electric circuits. An ideal capacitor is wholly characterized

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by a constant capacitance C, defined as the ratio of charge ±Q on each conductor to the voltage V
between them.

Sometimes charge build-up affects the capacitor mechanically, causing its capacitance to vary. In
this case, capacitance is defined in terms of incremental changes:

14.4 ENERGY STORAGE

Work must be done by an external influence to "move" charge between the conductors in a
capacitor. When the external influence is removed the charge separation persists in the electric
field and energy is stored to be released when the charge is allowed to return to its equilibrium
position. The work done in establishing the electric field, and hence the amount of energy stored, is
given by:

14.5 PARALLEL PLATE MODEL

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FIG.NO.22 Diagram Of Parallel Plate Model

Dielectric is placed between two conducting plates, each of area A and with a separation of d. The
simplest capacitor consists of two parallel conductive plates separated by a dielectric with
permittivity (such as air). The model may also be used to make qualitative predictions for other
device geometries.

The plates are considered to extend uniformly over an area A and a charge density (±Q/A) exists on
their surface. Assuming that the width of the plates is much greater than their separation d, the
electric field near the centre of the device will be uniform. The voltage is defined as the line
integral of the electric field between the plates

Solving this for C = Q/V reveals that capacitance increases with area and decreases with separation

The capacitance is therefore greatest in devices made from materials with a high permittivity.

14.6 SERIES AND PARALLEL

14.6.1 CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL

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FIG.NO.23 Several Capacitors In Parallel

Capacitors in a parallel configuration each have the same applied voltage. Their capacitances add
up. Charge is apportioned among them by size. Using the schematic diagram to visualize parallel
plates, it is apparent that each capacitor contributes to the total surface area.

14.6.2 CAPACITORS IN SERIES

FIG. NO.24 Several Capacitors In Series

Connected in series, the schematic diagram reveals that the separation distance, not the plate area,
adds up. The capacitors each store instantaneous charge build-up equal to that of every other
capacitor in the series. The total voltage difference from end to end is apportioned to each
capacitor according to the inverse of its capacitance. The entire series acts as a capacitor smaller
than any of its components.

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Capacitors are combined in series to achieve a higher working voltage, for example for smoothing
a high voltage power supply. The voltage ratings, which are based on plate separation, add up. In
such an application, several series connections may in turn be connected in parallel, forming a
matrix. The goal is to maximize the energy storage utility of each capacitor without overloading it.
Series connection is also used to adapt electrolytic capacitors for AC use.

14.6.3 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

FIG. NO.25 Two

Equivalent Circuits Of
A Real Capacitor

An ideal capacitor only stores and releases electrical energy, without dissipating any.
In reality, all capacitors have imperfections within the capacitor's material that create resistance.
This is specified as the equivalent series resistance or ESR of a component. This adds a real
component to the impedance:

15. RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching
mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is

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necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between
control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The
first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one
circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and
early computers to perform logical operations.

A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly drive an electric motor is called
a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a
semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and
sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in
modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called
"protective relays".

FIG.NO.26 Relay

16. SOLENOID

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FIG.NO.27 Solenoid

A solenoid is a coil wound into a tightly packed helix. In physics, the term solenoid refers to a
long, thin loop of wire, often wrapped around a metallic core, which produces a magnetic field
when an electric current is passed through it. Solenoids are important because they can create
controlled magnetic fields and can be used as electromagnets. . The term solenoid refers
specifically to a magnet designed to produce a uniform magnetic field in a volume of space (where
some experiment might be carried out).

In engineering, the term solenoid may also refer to a variety of transducer devices that convert
energy into linear motion. The term is also often used to refer to a solenoid valve, which is an
integrated device containing an electromechanical solenoid which actuates either
a pneumatic or hydraulic valve, or a solenoid switch, which is a specific type of relay that
internally uses an electromechanical solenoid to operate an electrical switch; for example,
an automobile starter solenoid, or a linear solenoid, which is an electromechanical solenoid.

17. MOTOR DRIVE CIRCUIT

This motor drive circuit is used to control the opening and closing of a gate depending on whether
the code lock is activated or reset. This section consists of a comparator LM324, motor driver
L293D and a LDR. The inputs to the motor driver are provided by the transistor output and a light
source -LDR combination.

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When the gate is closed, the light source is placed in such a way that light falls on the LDR.
Therefore, the voltage across the LDR which is given as one of the motor driver inputs will be
LOW. The transistor output, which is the other input to the driver, is LOW under locked condition
and goes HIGH when the correct code is entered. Thus, all the four possible input combinations
can be applied and the resulting effect is as follows:

Input Input Direction of Effect

motion
Low Low No Motion Gate Closed
Low High Straight Gate Begins To
Open
High Low Reverse Gate Begins To
Closed
High High No Motion Gate Open
TABLE.2

18. GSM

GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is the most popular standard for mobile phones
in the world. Its promoter, the GSM Association, estimates that 80% of the global mobile
market uses the standard. GSM is used by over 3 billion people across more than 212
countries and territories. Its ubiquity makes international roaming very common between
mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world.

GSM differs from its predecessors in that both signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus
is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system. This has also meant that data
communication was easy to build into the system. GSM EDGE is a 3G version of the
protocol. The ubiquity of the GSM standard has been an advantage to both consumers (who
benefit from the ability to roam and switch carriers without switching phones) and also to

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network operators (who can choose equipment from any of the many vendors implementing
GSM).

GSM also pioneered a low-cost (to the network carrier) alternative to voice calls, the short
message service (SMS, also called "text messaging"), which is now supported on other
mobile standards as well. Another advantage is that the standard includes one worldwide
emergency telephone number, 112. This makes it easier for international travelers to connect
to emergency services without knowing the local emergency number.

18.1 GSM FREQUENCIES

GSM networks operate in a number of different frequency ranges (separated into GSM frequency
ranges for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G). Most 2G GSM networks operate in the 900
MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the Americas (including Canada and the United
States) use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands because the 900 and 1800 MHz frequency bands
were already allocated. Most 3G GSM networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency
band.

The rarer 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries where these
frequencies were previously used for first-generation systems. GSM-900 uses 890–915 MHz to
send information from the mobile station to the base station (uplink) and 935–960 MHz for the
other direction (downlink), providing 125 RF channels (channel numbers 0 to 124) spaced at 200
kHz. Duplex spacing of 45 MHz is used.

In some countries the GSM-900 band has been extended to cover a larger frequency range. This
'extended GSM', E-GSM, uses 880–915 MHz (uplink) and 925–960 MHz (downlink), adding 50
channels (channel numbers 975 to 1023 and 0) to the original GSM-900 band. Time division
multiplexing is used to allow eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech channels per radio
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frequency channel. There are eight radio timeslots (giving eight burst periods) grouped into what is
called a TDMA frame.

18.2 NETWORK STRUCTURE OF GSM

FIG. NO.28 The Structure Of A GSM Network

The network behind the GSM seen by the customer is large and complicated in order to provide all
of the services which are required. It is divided into a number of sections and these are each
covered in separate articles.
1. The Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers).
2. The Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most similar to a fixed
network). This is sometimes also just called the core network.
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3. The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet based Internet connections).
4. All of the elements in the system combine to produce many GSM services such as voice calls
and SMS.

18.3 SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY MODULE (SIM)

One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module, commonly known as a SIM
card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user's subscription information and
phonebook. This allows the user to retain his or her information after switching handsets.
Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining the handset simply by changing
the SIM. Some operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a
SIM issued by them, this practice is known as SIM locking, and is illegal in some countries.

In Australia, North America and Europe many operators lock the mobiles they sell. This is done
because the price of the mobile phone is typically subsidized with revenue from subscriptions, and
operators want to try to avoid subsidizing competitor's mobiles. A subscriber can usually contact
the provider to remove the lock for a fee, utilize private services to remove the lock, or make use
of ample software and websites available on the Internet to unlock the handset themselves.

While most web sites offer the unlocking for a fee, some do it for free. The locking applies to the
handset, identified by its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number, not to the
account (which is identified by the SIM card).In some countries such as Bangladesh, Belgium,
Costa Rica, Indonesia, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Pakistan and Singapore, all phones are sold
unlocked.

However, in Belgium, it is unlawful for operators there to offer any form of subsidy on the
phone's price. This was also the case in Finland until April 1, 2006, when selling subsidized
combinations of handsets and accounts became legal (3G phones only), though operators have to

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unlock phones free of charge after a certain period (at most 24 months). In New Zealand, since
May 2008, it is illegal for operators to lock handsets, and any phones purchased locked in the
country before that date can be unlocked for free.

19. ALARM CIRCUIT

The alarm system consists of a non-inverting buffer 4050B, AND gate 7408, a buzzer alarm and a
few passive components. The gate remains connected to ground under closed position. When the
gate is in closed position, there is no charge across the capacitor and hence the voltage across the
capacitor, which is used as one of the inputs to the AND gate, will be LOW. The other input to the
AND gate is the transistor output. So, in closed position, the output of the AND gate will be LOW
and the buzzer alarm is not activated.

When unauthorized entry occurs and the gate is forced to open, the gate gets disconnected from
ground. The capacitor starts charging and hence one of the inputs of the AND gate goes HIGH.
Under locked condition, the other input to the AND gate is high and therefore, the output of the
AND gate becomes HIGH which triggers the buzzer alarm.

20. ADVANTAGES

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 No keys to be lost, stolen or copied.

 Can be locked using keypad or using mobile phone.

 Automatic door opening and closing.

 Saves time and energy.

 Need for a watchman is eliminated.

 Gives an indication of unauthorized entry.

 Can be installed easily.

 Cost efficient.

21. LIMITATIONS

 If the pin is forgotten the system cannot be accessed.

 Pin code can be changed only by the system designer

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22. CONCLUSION

The circuit we have presented proves to be highly advantageous and innovative. This is a novel
idea and finds great use in our day to day life. The keyless door lock system is intended to bring
down the number of ever-increasing thefts in a cost-effective manner.

This concept of mini-project helped us to realize the advantages and disadvantages of working as a
group. It was a whole new experience for us to the development; designing and fabrication of the
circuits and it also provide a new insight into scope and development, trends and features of
modern electronics.

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23. REFERENCES

1. www.electronicsforyou.com

2 www.hobbycircuits.com

3 www.nationalsemiconductors.com

4 ELECTRONICS PROJECT VOL 23

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