VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY,JAIPUR

PROJECT PRESENTATION
ON

TYPES OF LEVELLING
submitted by :
SACHIN MEENA
(Civil Engineering Department Vit Jaipur)
Definition
Levelling is a branch of surveying to measure levels of different
points with respect to a fixed point such as elevation of a
building,height of a building from ground.
Principle of Levelling
The principle of levelling is to obtain horizontal line of sight with
respect to which vertical distances of the points above or below
this line of sight.
Types of levelling :
1. Direct levelling/Differential levelling

2. Indirect levelling/Trigonometric levelling

3. Profile/Cross Section Levelling

1. Direct levelling
Most commonly used method of levelling.
In this method, measurements are observed directly from levelling instrument.
Based on observation points and instrument positions.

Direct levelling is divided into different types as follows :

(a). Simple levelling

(b). Differential levelling
(c). Fly levelling
(d). Profile levelling
(e). Precise levelling
(f). Reciprocal levelling
(a). Simple levelling
In this method the levelling instrument is placed between the points which
elevation is to be find .
It is performed only when the points are nearer to each other without any obstacles.
(b). Differential levelling
It is performed when the distance between two points is more.
In this method , number of inter stations are located and instrument is
shifted to each station and observed the elevation of inter station points.
Finally difference between original two points is determined.
(c). Fly levelling
It is performed when the benchmark is very far from the work station.
A temporary bench mark is located at the work station which is located based on
the original benchmark.
Even it is not highly precise it is used for determining approximate level.
(d). Profile levelling
It is used to find elevation of points along a line such as for road ,rails or rivers etc.
Readings of intermediate stations are taken and reduced level of each station is
found.
(e). Precise levelling
It is similar to differential levelling but in this case higher precise is wanted.
To achieve high precise, serious observation procedure is performed.
The accuracy of 1mm per 1km is achieved.
(f). Reciprocal levelling
When it is not possible to locate the levelling instrument between the intervisible
points, reciprocal levelling is performed.
This case appears in case of ponds or rivers etc.
Instrument is set nearer to 1st station and sighted towards 2nd station.
2. Indirect/Trigonometric levelling
The process of levelling in which the elevation of point or the difference
between points is measured from the observed horizontal distances and vertical
angles in the field,
is called trigonometric levelling.
3. Profile levelling
Profile levelling is a method of surveying that has been carried out along the
central line of a track of land on which a linear engineering work is to be
constructed/ laid.
The operations involved in determining the elevation of ground surface at
small spatial interval along a line is called profile levelling.
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