CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering

LEVELING
Topic 9 of CE 31
1st Semester, SY 2021-2022
 GENERAL BACKGROUND
Leveling is the procedure for determining differences in elevation between points that are some distance from
each other. An elevation is a vertical distance above or below a reference datum which can be determined using
the leveling techniques, the total station techniques, the GPS vertical positioning techniques, or the remote-
sensing techniques.
CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering

CURVATURE &
REFRACTION
Topic 8 of CE 31
1st Semester, SY 2021-2022
EXAMPLE
PROBLEM
 TYPES OF SURVEYING LEVELS

TILTING LEVEL AUTOMATIC LEVEL DIGITAL LEVEL

consists of a telescope that contains an internal uses electronic image processing
enabled horizontal rotation and compensator mechanism to read the bar-coded rod which is
rotation of about 4 deg in its making it more precise than its converted into elevation and
vertical plane. manual counterparts. distance the instrument.
 DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING

Differential leveling is the process of determining the difference in elevation between two or more points some
distance apart. It requires a series of setups of the instrument along a general route and, for each setup, a rod
reading back to the point of known elevation and forward to a point of unknown elevation are taken.
 PROFILE LEVELING
DEFINITION
Profile leveling is the process of
determining differences in elevation
along a fixed-line at designated short
measured intervals. It is executed to
provide data from which a vertical
section of the ground surface can be
plotted. A profile is necessary for the
design and construction of roads,
railroads, canals, sewer lines, etc.
 CROSS-SECTION LEVELING

DEFINITION

Cross-sections are short profiles

taken perpendicular to the
centerline of projects such as a
highway, railroad, irrigation canal,
or sewer line. They may also be
taken for borrow-pits and
excavations required for buildings,
structures, and quarries.
 TRAVERSE SURVEY
Traverses are a series of established stations that are tied together by angle and distance. The
angles are measured using theodolites, or total stations, whereas the distances can be measured
using total stations, electronic distance measurement (EDM) instruments, or steel tapes.
Traverses can be open, as in route surveys, or closed, as in a closed geometric figure.
 USES OF TRAVERSES
IN ENGINEERING WORK

locate topographic detail lay out (locate) engineering process earthwork and
for the preparation of plans works other engineering quantities
 CLOSED TRAVERSE
Either one that begins and ends at the same
point or one that begins and ends at points
whose positions have been previously
determined. In both cases, the angles can be
closed geometrically, and the position closure
can be determined mathematically.
OPEN TRAVERSE
A series of measured straight lines (and angles)
that do not geometrically close. This lack of
geometric closure means that there is no
geometric verification possible with respect to
the actual positioning of the traverse stations.
 BALANCING THE TRAVERSE
When all the interior angles of a closed field traverse are summed, they may not precisely equal the number of
degrees required for geometric closure. This is due to systematic and random errors associated with setting
the instrument over a point and with making sightings. There are two common methods to balance a traverse:
the COMPASS RULE and the TRANSIT RULE.
 A five-sided closed field traverse has the following angles: A = 106º28'30",
B = 114º20'00"; C = 90º32'30"; D = 109º33'30"; E = 119º07'00". Determine the
angular error of closure and balance the angles by applying equal corrections to
each angle. Tabulate the data and your answers.

SEAT
WORK
끝.