SURVEY

CAMPING
2080

PRESENTATION BY
GROUP-E
SURVEY IS THE FIRST STEP OF EVERY CIVIL
ENGINEERING DISCOVERIES
-JOHN BRADFIELD
 • ASHWIN SHRESTHA

• MILAN GIRI

• KISHAN BHARDWAJ
TEAM
MEMBERS OF • BISWA PRAKASH PARASAR
GROUP -E
• ADARSHA SAPKOTA

• GAURAV GHIMIRE
 INTRODUCTION TO SURVEY CAMPING

• Survey camping simply refers to the civil engineering training course for
2/3 weeks usually after completion of 4th semesters of bachelor of
technology that consist of 10-15 days working in field and 6/7 days of map
plotting manually or using different engineering software.
 OBJECTIVES OF SURVEY CAMPING

BASIC OBJECTIVE
• To give students an opportunity to improve theoretical and practical knowledge in surveying under
actual field conditions

• To familiarize in handling different survey instruments and to be familiar with team work .

• Collection of data in systematic way and learn in time management in professional surveying period.

ADVANCED OBJECTIVE
• To conduct topographical survey and prepare topographical map of the area as per given technical
specifications.
• To conduct bridge and road site survey and prepare their respective reports .
 Field works
TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

ROAD SITE SURVEY

BRIDGE SITE SURVEY

SURVEY CAMPING SCHEDULE
 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY- 6 DAYS

 BRIDGE SITE SURVEY- 2 DAYS

 ROAD ALIGNMENT SURVEY- 2 DAYS

6:30 AM to 7:30 AM: Theory Discussion class by Tula Ram Bhandari Sir
8:00 AM to 10:30 AM: Survey work
10:30 AM to 11:30 PM: Brunch
11:30 PM to 5:00 PM: Survey work
 SATELLITE VIEW OF LOCATION AREA

IOE PURWANCHAL CAMPUS Sardu River

INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING
• Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of point on, above or
beneath the surface of the earth by means of angular and linear
measurements.
• The main objective of surveying is to prepare plans and maps of areas.

PRINCIPLE OF SURVEYING:
• Working from whole to part
• Location of point by measurement from two points of reference

• Consistency of work

• Independent check
 CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING
BASED ON INSTRUMENTS USED

Chain surveying Compass surveying Plane table surveying Theodolite surveying Photographic
surveying
BASED ON METHODS USED
• Triangulation surveying
• Traverse surveying
 ERROR AND ACCURACY
IN SURVEY

Types of error:
q Mistakes(carelessness, inexperience)
q Accidental Errors(Compensating Errors)
q Systematic Errors(cumulative )

Sources of error:
q Instrumental Error
q Personal Error
q Natural Error
TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY
 •Topographical surveying is the process of determining the
positions of existing features of the locality by means of
conventional signs on a topographical map.
•Topographic surveys are three-dimensional or 3D
TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY( i.e traversing and levelling). They provide the
SURVEY techniques of plane surveying and other special techniques to
establish horizontal and vertical control.( Traversing gives
the horizontal control and levelling gives vertical control.)
MAIN PRINCIPLE: •Objectives:
1)TRAVERSING • To prepare the topographic map
2) LEVELLING • To determine the positions of both horizontal and vertical
control on plan and elevation
3)DETAILING
•Description of the Area:
•The topographical survey was performed in IOE
PURWANCHAL CAMPUS . The major traverse runs
through the campus boundary , which covered 40% of the
total area of the campus. The minor traverse run within the
major traverse through the plot of the given map.
 TRAVERSING

PART ONE
 TRAVERSING
• Traverse is a series of connecting lines
whose length and bearing are known.
• It is also a method of control surveying
as we create control networks in the field.
• TRAVERSING consists of the measurement of :

1. Angles between successive lines and bearings of

each line
2. The length of each line.

PART ONE
Types of Traverse:
a) Open Traverse
b) Closed Traverse

Based on Instruments used:

a) Chain traversing
b) Compass traversing
c) Plane table traversing
d) Theodolite traversing
e) Tacheometric traversing
 Theodolite traversing:

 The traverse in which angular measurements between traverse sides are made
with a theodolite, is known as theodolite traversing.
 The straight line between two consecutive traverse stations is called a traverse
leg.
 The angle at any station between two consecutive traverse legs is known as
traverse angle.
 If the coordinates of the first station and the bearing of the first line are known, the
coordinates of all successive points can be computed as follows:
yB = yA + Lcosθ ;xB = xA + Lsinθ
 METHODOLODY

The methodology of Topographical survey is based on the principle of surveying:

• Reconnaissance; selection and marking of stations

• Measurement of horizontal angles and length of traverse

• Two Peg Test and Levelling

• Measurement of Bearing

• Calculation and Plotting

• Detailing and drawing

The methodology of Topographical survey is based on the principle
of surveying:

Reconnaissance:
Reconnaissance (Recce) means the preliminary inspection of the area before
commencing the actual detail survey, for the purpose of fixing the survey
stations and forming a general plan for the network of the chain lines.

While selecting the major and minor control points following points should be
considered:
• The adjacent stations should be clearly inter-visible and cover the whole area with least
number of stations as far as possible
• The stations should provide minimum level surface required to set up the tripod of the
instrument.
• The traverse line of sight should not be near the ground level to avoid the refraction.•
Measurement of Traverse (Length and Angle)
Traverse Length:
 After completion of recce survey, Legs of the major traverse are measured
by Total station or EDM.
 Leg ratio of 2:1 for major and 3:1 for minor was checked.
 To attain the accuracy required of 1:5000 for major traverse length and
1:3000 for minor traverse length a two way measurement was done.
 Fixing major and minor stations
After RECCE ,we can use SATELLITE VIEW for rough mind setup of
traverse stations so that it gives clear view of the area to be surveyed.
Major station=
Minor station=

NORTH
 DISCREPANCY AND LINEAR MISCLOSURE:
 In order to measure the lengths of the sides of the traverse, two ways measurement (forward and
backward) is done.

 The difference in values obtained by forward and backward measurement is called discrepancy.

 The reciprocal of the mean of the two measurements divided by the discrepancy is called
precision.

 Both the discrepancy and the precision for each traverse leg should be within the given limits.

Mathematically,
Discrepancy = | Forward length - Backward length |

Linear precision =
 MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLES:
It was done in the following way-:
 At face left temporary adjustment was done.
 After setting zero to the first station the second station was sighted by unclamping the
upper screw.
 For better accuracy and exact bisection horizontal angle was measured at the bottom of
the ranging rod .
 Now again changing the face the horizontal angle was taken .

 Now setting the reading to ninety at the first station again one set of horizontal angles
was taken.
 For major traverse : more precision required so two set data was taken.

 For minor traverse : Less precision is acceptable so one set of data was taken.
(NOTE: Difference between FL and FR angle shouldn't be greater than 20" or least count
of theodolite and mean of 2 set shouldn’t be greater than 1' )
 LEVELLING

Part 2
 LEVELLING

•Levelling is an art of determining relative altitudes of points on the surface of the earth or
beneath the surface of the earth.
•It is used to find the elevation of given points with respect to a given or assumed datum
and to establish points at a given elevation or at different elevations with respect to a given
or assumed datum.
METHODS OF LEVELLING
Direct Levelling: Indirect Levelling:
• Differential Levelling • Reciprocal Levelling
• Check Levelling
• Profile Levelling
• Cross-section Levelling
Temporary adjustments of Level:
• Selection of suitable position.
• Fixing level with tripod stand.
• Approximate levelling by legs of tripod stand.
• Perfect levelling by foot screws.
• Focusing the eye piece.
• Focusing the object glass.
• Take the staff readings.

Permanent adjustments of Level:

• To check for the permanent adjustments of level two-peg test method
should be performed.
TWO PEG TEST
The collimation error of the level machine can be determined by two peg test.
Collimation error occurs when the line of sight of leveling instrument is not
parallel to the horizontal axis of instrument. Before we start levelling job, two
peg test need to be carried out to ensure the instrument in a good condition. The
main error occurs when the line of sight is not horizontal and this will leads to an
incorrect staff reading. So two peg test helps to identify the collimation error of
the level machine and make us aware at what accuracy the work is to be done by
using that level machine.
PROCEDURE OF TWO PEG TEST
 At first the instrument was setup at the middle C between A and B on the line and again both
staff readings on A and B was taken.

 Then the instrument was setup on the line near A or B and both staff readings (Top, Middle,
and Bottom) were taken.

 Then computation was done in order to check whether the adjustment was within the
required accuracy or not.(i.e collimation error should be less than 1:10,000)
TWO PEG TEST DATA
 Booking of reducing levels:

Height of the Instrument method

Arithmetic Check:
∑B.S. – ∑F.S. = Last R.L. – First R.L.
Rise and fall method
Arithmetic Check:
∑B.S. – ∑F.S. = ∑Rise –∑Fall = Last R.L. – First R.L.

Among the two methods, Rise and fall method was used.
 FLY LEVELLING
 The fly levelling was carried out between TBM and C.P
1.
 The RL of TBM was found by transferring the level from
known BM located at Mahedev chowk by the process of fly
levelling.
 The R. L of the temporary benchmark was then
transferred to the control stations of the major and
minor traverse.
 The closing error was found to be within the permissible
limits. The misclosure was adjusted in each leg of the
leveling path by using the following formula:
 Permissible error = ±25√k mm (Where k is the total perimeter
in Km)
 DAY-3

CALCULATIONS PART
YEHA SAMMA KISAN LE
 CALCULATION FOR GALES TABLE:
ADJUSTMENT OF ANGULAR ERROR:
 In a closed traverse, by geometry, the sum of the interior angles should be equal to (2N-4)*90˚.
 If the angles are measured with the same degree of precision, the error in the sum of the
angles may be distributed equally among each angle of the traverse.

CALCULATION OF BEARING:
 At first Bearing of one line was measured.

 From bearing of one line , bearings of other lines were calculated as:

 Bearing of forward line = bearing of previous line + included angle +/- 180 or –540
 For anticlockwise traverse: Bearing of forward line = bearing of previous line + included angle
where included angle=interior angle.
 For clockwise traverse: Bearing of forward line = bearing of previous line + included angle where
included angle = (360- interior angle)
COMPUTATION OF CONSECUCTIVE
CO-ORDINATES:

 LATITUDE OF LINE = L*cosθ

 DEPARTURE OF LINE =L*sinθ

COMPUTATION OF CLOSING ERROR:

If a closed traverse is plotted according to the field measurements, the end of the traverse will
not coincide exactly with the starting point. Such and error is known as closing error.
Mathematically,
Closing error (e) = √ {(ΣL)2 + (ΣD) 2}
The relative error of closure = e / p
 1. Bowditch's method:
 The total error in the latitude and departure is distributed in
proportion to the lengths of the sides.
BALANCING OF  It is mostly used to balance a traverse where linear and
TRAVERSE: angular measurements are of equal precision.
 Correction to latitude (or departure) of any side
There are two = (Total error in latitude (or departure)*length of that side)
/Perimeter of traverse
methods of balancing
of traverse: -
1. Bowditch's
2. Transit method:
method  The total error in latitude & departure is distributed in
proportion to the latitude & departure of its side.
2. Transit method
 This rule is adopted when angular measurements are precise
rather than linear measurements.

 Correction in Latitude (or Departure) of any side = Total error

in latitude or departure * latitude (or departure) of that line
/Arithmetic sum of latitude (or departure)
Gales table
PLOTTING OF MAJOR AND MINOR TRAVERSE AND
STARTING DETAILING
• After computing the co-ordinate of each of the control points, they were
plotted in A1 size grid paper.
• Both major and minor traverses were plotted to 1:1000 scales over which
detailing was done which is just a reference for the final detailing which will
be plotted in scale of 1:500 .
• The plotted traverse was made at the center of the sheet with the help of
least co-ordinates and highest co-ordinates.
NORTH
 CONTOURING​
 The method of representing the nature of the ground by the help of contour line is called
contouring.​
​
 A contour is defined as an imaginary line passing through the points of equal elevation .
 The vertical distance between two consecutive contours is called contour interval. ​

 Counter index are the bold or thicker lines that

appear at every fifth contour line .

 The least horizontal distance between two consecutive

contours is called the horizontal equivalent.
METHOD OF CONTOURING:

1)Direct method​
 points with the same elevations are found out by setting out the instrument at
a point and by hit and trial method of searching the points which gives the
same required staff reading.​
 Contours are located and directly plotted in field and are more tedious.
​2)Indirect method​
 some suitable guide points are selected and
surveyed.
 It is mainly done by :
1)square method 2) Tacheometric
method.
CONTOUR INTER POLATION
 It is the process of spacing the contours between the plotted points .

 While interpolating contour it is assumed that the slope of ground between

two points is uniform.

 It is done by :
1) By eye judgement
2) By arithmetic method
CONTOUR
CHARACTERISTICS
ü Two contour lines do not intersect: each other except
in the case of overhanging cliff.
ü Contour overlap or unit in a single line in case of
vertical cliff.
 If the contour lines are parallel and distance apart
it shows that ground is gentle slope.
 If contour line are spaced closer and non uniform then it
shows steep and undulated ground.

 A contour line cannot spilt into 2 contour line.

 Contours do not have sharp turnings.

THANK YOU
YEHA SAMMA AADARSHA LE
 BRIDGE SITE SURVEY

PART 3

PART TWO
 Introduction
 Bridges are the structures that are constructed with the purpose of connecting two places separated by
deep valleys or rivers and streams. ​
​
 For places, where the ground is uneven and undulated and where the number of rivers is large,
​ bridges are the most economic, efficient and convenient way.
​
 Bridges are usually a part of roads, making them shorter and hence economical.

q MAIN COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE:

• Foundation
• Substructure
• Superstructure
DIFFERENT TYPES OF BRIDGES CONSTRUCTED IN NEPAL

Beam Bridge
(Narayani River, Chitwan) Truss Bridge (Ramdi)

Suspension Bridge
Tied Arch Bridge Cantilever Bridge
(Kushma)
(Bijulibajar, Kathmandu) (Budhigandaki River, Gorkha)
 Objectives of bridge site survey
⮚ To select the possible bridge site and axis for the construction of bridge .

⮚ To collect the preliminary data i.e. normal water flow level, high flood level .

⮚ To study about the geological features of the ground.

⮚ To carry out surveying for topographical mapping, longitudinal and cross sections at both
the upstream and downstream side of the river.
Site description
The bridge site survey was done
over Sardu River. But there was no
flow of water. There is plain
ground as well as sloping ground
places which surrounds the river.
The site is surrounded with sand
and stone boulders available in the
river. The width of river is not so
big but flood level covers slightly
bigger area. Watermarks on the
rock shows that the highest flood
level is quite high at sometimes.
 Equipment & Accessories

Arrows
Total station Ranging Rods Pegs
Measuring Tape

Levelling Machine
& Staffs Prism Compass
 The various methods performed during the bridge site
survey were:​

 Site selection ​
 Topographic Survey

 Leveling (fly levelling and reciprocal levelling)​

Methodology​
 Profile levelling at (20-20)m interval and
crossection at (5-5)m interval.

 Detailing by Total Station

 BASIC PRINCIPLE =TRIANGULATION
• Triangulation is the process of measuring
the angles of a chain or a network. ​

•​ The main purpose of the triangulation was

to determine the length of the bridge axis.

• The triangulation also serves as the control

points for detailing.
​
• Formation of ill conditioned triangle is not allowed.

(Note: A triangle in which an angle of the triangle is less than 30 or greater than 120 is known as is ill
conditioned triangle.)
SATELLITE VIEW OF CONTROL STATIONS

NORTH
YEHA SAMMA BISWA LE
 LEVELLING
Transferring R.L. from B.M. to control points:
•R.L. was transferred to the control station from the
B.M. by fly leveling by taking the back sight-reading
to the bench mark which should be within the given
accuracy.
• The R.L. was transferred to the opposite bank of
the river by reciprocal leveling.
 Reciprocal Levelling
 This method is applicable when taping
is obstructed but not the vision.

 For transferring the RL across the bridge

reciprocal leveling was performed.

 This method eliminates the error due to

focusing, collimation, earth’s curvature
and refraction of atmosphere.
L-Section (Profile )& Cross Section
• L-section is carried out for:
Gaining an idea about bed slope.
Nature of the riverbed.
Variation in the elevations of the different points along the length
of the river.
• Cross-section of a river at a particular point is the profile of the
lateral sides from the centerline of the river cut transverse to the
L-Section at that point.
• The cross section can be used to calculate the volume and
discharge of water at the particular section if the velocity at the
cross section is known.
 Detailing:​
• Total station was used for detailing of the entire bridge site. ​

• The reading was taken from the different station .

• The detailing was done with respect to the skeleton formed by

triangulation.​
•​ The vertices of triangles serve as a control point. ​
• The details were booked, up to 200m upstream and 100m
downstream. ​
 Computation and Plotting
 The use of total station makes the detailing process easy and fast. The total
station gives the direct values of the horizontal distances and vertical height
difference between the station point and the detailing point. ​

 The RLs of point can be calculated by following :

​ RL of detail = RL of station + HI -Target Height​
​
• The topographic map, the longitudinal section and the cross section were plotted
on the respective scales after the completion of calculations. By taking an A1
grid sheet, control stations were plotted accurately. Then all details as well as
contours were plotted with reference to the control station by the method of
angle and distances.​
​
PROFILE LEVELLING GRAPH
BRIDGE PLOTTING

NORTH
 COMMENTS AND CONCLUSION
 Design of bridge depends upon the economy and duration.

 The bridge axis should be designed such that the span length should be minimum and the location is
safe.

 The bridge axis should not be smaller than the highest flood level of both bank of river.

 The centerline and High flood level of river was taken during detailing.

 Profile is taken in centerline at (20-20)m interval and crossection were taken.

THANK YOU
YEHA SAMMA ASWIN LE
ROAD ALIGNMENT SURVEY

PART 4
 INTRODUCTION
 A survey conducted for determining the route, grades of highway , road is known as road
alignment survey.

 A road is identified route or path that connects two or more places.

 Before the construction of the road, preliminary survey is done .

 The most important point to be noted during road survey is selection of intersection point
and deflection angle .

 Construction of road is considered as one of the most important aspect for the rapid
development of the nation.
DESCRIPTION OF LOCATION AREA
The ROAD alignment s survey was done over Sardu River but
there was no high flow of water. There is plain ground as well as
sloping ground places which surrounds the river. The site is
surrounded with sand and stone boulders available in the river.

Geology Hydrology & Soil:

There were boulders and rocks of many kind along the
proposed site. The soil is uniform throughout the whole
length of the road. Finally the starting and ending point of
the road has elevation difference. We found soft clayey soil
on the proposed route.
POINTS TO KEEP IN MIND DURING ROAD INVESTIGATION
 Total population of that area should be benefited by that project .

 More numbers of villages, towns, industrial places, etc must be connected .

 Agricultural products, industrial products, medicines etc are likely to be conveyed

through the proposed road and thus helps in development of trade in the country.

 Must promote tourism in the country.

 METHODOLOGY
 Reconnaissance

 Fixing of IP

 Measurement of deflection angle and length between stations

 Setting of Curve

 R.L transfer on Stations

 L-Section & Cross section

FIXING OF INTERSECTION POINT & MEASUREMENT OF
DEFLECTION ANGLE
IP5

IP4

IP3
DEFLECTION
ANGLE
IP1 IP2

IPo
 Curve Setting:
 A regular curved path followed by highway or railway alignment is curve.

 It is introduced wherever it is necessary to change the direction of motion due to the nature
of terrain.

 A curve may be circular, parabola or spiral and is always tangential to two straight
directions.

 There may be different types of curves: Simple curve, Compound curve, Transition curve.
IP

BC= Beginning of curve

BC MC EC
MC= Midpoint of curve
EC= Endpoint of curve
SIMPLE CURVE
 HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT

The radius was assumed according to the deflection angle.

 Tangent length (T) = R x Tan (Δ/2)

 Length of curve (L.C) = Π x R x Δ/180

 Apex distance = R x( 1/(Cos (Δ/2)-1)

CALCULATION OF CHAINAGE
PROFILE CHART
CROSS SECTION CHART
 CONCLUSION
 Survey of the road alignment is done to make safe, easy, short and economical road.
Geological stability and soil stability are also taken into account. Horizontal curves are set
according to Road Design Standards for comfort and other factors.

 While setting the road alignment, it should be kept in mind that the minimum IP points
should be taken as far as possible and deflection angles should be minimum as far as
possible.
THANK YOU
ANY QUERIES ??
YAHA SAMMA MILAN LE