For our ice breaker, let us play Among Us

But, before that, here’s how to play the game…

 Only one participant can answer at a time. The first to raise their hand gets the opportunity.
 The player must correctly identify the incorrect word (the "impostor") in the sentence and provide the correct
replacement.
 If the first player's answer is incorrect, other players can continue to raise their hands for a chance to answer.

Without further a do, let’s get started.

Play!

There is one impostor among us.

(Read statement)
What word do you think is the impostor?
(When player finally gets the correct answer…)

___ was an Impostor.

The correct statement is…
(Read answer)

And that is a VICTORY!

Thank you for participating.

And with that, let’s dive into our lesson discussion. To start our lecture, here is Ms. Albania…
Continuing the methods of leveling, we also have the…

 Stadia Leveling
 Stadia leveling combines features of direct leveling with those of trigonometric leveling.
 In what way?
Direct Leveling: used to measure the height difference between two points (elevations) by observing the line
of sight through a leveling rod.
Stadia Leveling: incorporates this aspect by using the level instrument to determine the elevation difference
between the instrument and the target point.
Trigonometric Leveling: involves measuring distances indirectly by observing angles and using trigonometric
principles to calculate distances and elevations.
Stadia Leveling: incorporates this aspect by utilizing the stadia hairs or marks on the rod to measure the
vertical angle between the line of sight and the horizontal plane, which can then be used to calculate the
elevation difference.
 This method is in fact a form of trigonometric leveling.
 It can provide reasonable accuracy for preliminary surveys, mapping, and rough leveling where quick
measurements are needed.
 In stadia leveling, differences in elevation between points are computed from observed vertical angles and
the three intercepts on a rod held at each point backsighted or foresighted.
 Any surveying instrument may be employed in stadia leveling as long as it has a telescope to read vertical
angles and is equipped with stadia hairs in addition to the standard crosshairs.

 Barometric Leveling
 Barometric leveling involves the determination of differences in elevation between points by measuring the
variation in atmospheric pressure at each point by means of barometer.
 Barometer: a scientific instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure, also called barometric pressure.
Atmosphere: is the layers of air wrapped around Earth. That air has a weight and presses against everything
it touches as gravity pulls it to Earth. Barometers measure this pressure.
 a fast and relatively inexpensive surveying technique used for determining elevations of ground stations to
an accuracy of ± 3-5 ft, is a valuable tool for use in reconnaissance surveys or other similar surveys where
great accuracy is not required.
 It is advised to be used in cases in which GREAT ACCURACY is not required. Why do you think so?
 The main principle of Barometric leveling is the difference between the elevation of two points is proportional
to the difference between the atmospheric pressure of the points. Since it is inaccurate, this method of
leveling is rarely used. Because leveling takes time and the atmospheric pressure does not remain constant
throughout the day. Therefore they give only a rough estimation.
 Cross-Section Leveling
 In highways or railroad construction it is often necessary to obtain a representation of the ground surface on
either side of the centerline.
 used to determine the elevations and vertical characteristics of a specific line or route, such as a road,
railway, pipeline, or any other linear infrastructure. This technique is essential for designing, planning, and
constructing such projects, as it provides valuable information about the terrain's topography and how it
varies along the path.

 Borrow-Pit Leveling
 It is a method of determining the relative elevations of points in borrow-pit excavations for the purpose of
calculating volumes of earthwork
 Borrow pits: are excavated areas where construction materials such as soil, sand, gravel, or rock are
extracted for use in nearby construction projects, such as road building, embankment construction, or
landscaping.
 The process involves leveling the floor of the borrow pit to achieve a desired elevation or slope for efficient
material extraction and to meet project specifications.

Surveying encompasses the precise measurement and mapping of the Earth's surface, a critical practice in
various fields. Within this discipline, different types of surveying levels are used to ensure accurate and reliable data
collection. These levels, each tailored to specific tasks, play a crucial role in providing the necessary precision for
diverse projects. In this discussion, we will introduce and explore these various types of surveying levels and their
unique applications.

Surveying levels are diverse tools used in construction, engineering, and land management to measure
heights, angles, and distances accurately. Various types of levels cater to specific surveying needs, from traditional
optical levels to high-tech total stations and laser levels. Each type has distinct features and applications, serving
professionals in their respective fields. This slide presents the pictures of the different types of levels.

The various TYPES OF LEVELS are the following:

1. Dumpy Level
2. Wye Level
3. Builder’s Level
4. Automatic Level
5. Tilting Levels
6. Geodetic Level
7. Transit as a Level
8. Laser Level
9. Hand Level

To explain their uses, we have Ms. Medina and Mr. Malaluan.