Reading assignment

❑Applications of leveling—contouring, Sectioning

❑Inverted levels/sights

❑Precise leveling

❑Digital leveling

❑Reciprocal leveling

❑Trigonometrical leveling

Digital leveling is a technique used in surveying to determine the height difference between two
points. It uses an electronic level instrument that reads the height of a leveling staff or rod held by
the surveyor at each point.

The digital level provides a digital readout of the height difference between the two points,
eliminating the need for manual calculation and reducing the potential for errors. The digital level
instrument can also store the measurements for later analysis and processing.

Digital leveling is generally faster and more accurate than traditional leveling methods, and is
particularly useful for large-scale construction projects, road and railway design, and other surveying
applications where precise height measurements are required.

Inverted levels refer to the measurement of levels of points taken in a survey that are lower than
the instrument station. In other words, the instrument station is set up at a higher elevation than the
point being measured. This is done by subtracting the height of the instrument station from the
reading taken at the lower point. Inverted levels are taken when it is not possible to set up the
instrument at a higher elevation than the point being measured. In such cases, the instrument is set
up at a lower elevation, and the readings are taken by turning the telescope upside down. The
height of the instrument is then added to the reading to obtain the elevation of the point being
measured. This technique is used when a point is located in a depression, such as a culvert or a
sewer.

Precise leveling is a surveying technique used to measure the difference in height between two
points with a high degree of accuracy. This is accomplished by using a precision level instrument and
a series of carefully set up benchmarks, or reference points, to establish a precise vertical control
network. Precise leveling is a surveying technique used to establish a precise network of vertical
control points. This technique is used when high accuracy is required, such as in the construction of
large structures like bridges or dams. Precise leveling requires the use of a precision level
instrument, and a series of benchmarks or reference points are established to ensure that the
measurements are accurate.

Reciprocal leveling is a surveying technique used to check the accuracy of leveling measurements by
taking readings in both directions along a level line. This involves setting up the instrument at a
midpoint along the line and taking readings in both directions, then comparing the two sets of
readings to ensure that they match. Reciprocal leveling: To eliminate collimation errors, it is
important to have sights of equal length. If the length of sight does not exceed 120m, curvature and
refraction errors are negligible. However, there are some instances in leveling when it is not possible
to have equal backsights and foresights or short sight distances. For instance, when a line of levels
has to be taken over a wide gap such as a river. The technique of reciprocal leveling is applied in such
cases. Reciprocal leveling is an alternative to the two-peg test in determining the collimation error of
a level. Reciprocal leveling is a technique used to check the accuracy of leveling measurements. This
technique involves taking readings in both directions along a level line, starting at a midpoint. The
instrument is set up at the midpoint, and readings are taken in both directions. The readings should
be the same in both directions if the measurements are accurate. If there is a difference in the
readings, then there may be an error in the leveling.

When it is not possible to locate the leveling

instrument in between the inter visible points, reciprocal leveling is performed. This case appears in
case of ponds or rivers etc. in case of reciprocal leveling, instrument is set nearer to 1 st station and
sighted towards 2nd station.

Trigonometrical leveling is a surveying technique that uses trigonometry to calculate differences in

elevation between points. This involves measuring the horizontal distance between two points and
the angle of elevation or depression between them, and then using trigonometric functions to
calculate the difference in elevation. This method is often used when it is not possible to use
traditional leveling techniques due to obstacles or difficult terrain.
Trigonometrical leveling is a surveying technique that is used when it is not possible to use
traditional leveling techniques due to obstacles or difficult terrain. This method involves measuring
the horizontal distance between two points and the angle of elevation or depression between them.
The difference in elevation between the two points can then be calculated using trigonometric
functions. This technique is often used in mountainous areas or areas with dense vegetation where
traditional leveling techniques are not feasible