INTRODUCTION

Vertical Control is the general term applied to any various processes by each elevation of points or
differences in elevation are determined. It is a critical operation in the production of data required for
mapping, engineering design, and construction.

Levelling is the determination of the relative height which also known as altitudes between the different
points at the area under survey. A horizontal line of sight is established using a telescope equipped with
cross-hairs which can be rotated on a vertical axis. The difference in consecutive readings taken on a
vertical staff gives the level differences between of two points which can be calculated by finding the
difference between the foresight and back sight of the reading that shown when using the levelling
measurement.

AIM

To fly reduced level from known point (Bench Mark or Temporary Bench Mark) to unknown point.

THEORY

Levelling is a measure process to determine the height from a point to another point on earth’s surface
and level and other additional or extension instrument that could improve the accuracy and time taken for
measurement to be done.

The purpose of levelling measurement is to know the difference of height between two points or altitude
of measured point with reference point or sea level. Other than that, its purpose also to build bench area or
having a reference point for them to refer when they are doing their construction activity such as piling,
ground pile up, digging and more. Then, this also can be used to get the cross section and longitudinal
section that showing ground profile especially for road projects so that all planning can be done. Beside
that, we also be able to use levelling measurement to mark the gradient of the land for specific purpose
such as water flow, drainage system, and sewer with much more efficiency. Not just only that, levelling
also used to determine the height of water reservoir and tank marking the altitude that need to mark for
water tank to be build.
For measuring distances during levelling process, we are not strictly force to use measuring tape for
measuring the distance of dumpy level with our staff due to equation of allowable error which is 20(D) 1/2 ,
its take about 100 meter of our levelling distance to reach 1mm error which mean the foot step is still
considerable way to measure the distance of our dumpy level with our staff as there is no one have
unstable step distance that could reach 100m. Staff bubble also need to fit to the staff that we used during
the levelling process in order to make sure the staff stable to the ground and stand straight pointing
upward in order for us to prevent collimation error by making sure the distance from back sight is the
same as the foresight to make sure the collimation error annihilating each other with equal value.

TBM is point that measure the height, which also known as altitude that was referring on z- axis. For this
measurement, we must go back to the TBM that has been provided by our lecturer in order for us to check
the value of TBM that we want to measure.