Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 21:
Illustrating the t-Distribution
What I Know
Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the
chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. In the absence of the population variance and/or if the sample size is small,
which sampling distribution is being used?
a. chi distribution
b. p-distribution
c. t-distribution
d. z-distribution
𝑥𝑥−𝜇𝜇
7. In the estimation of a parameter using the t statistic 𝑠𝑠 , why did we replace
� 𝑛𝑛
√
the population standard deviation, 𝜎𝜎 by the sample standard deviation, s?
a. because the given sample size is small
b. because 𝜎𝜎 and s differ by a very small amount
c. because 𝜎𝜎 is unknown and s is a good estimator of 𝜎𝜎
d. because 𝜎𝜎 is equal to s when we are estimating parameters
8. The t-distribution curve has thicker tails than the normal curve. What does it
imply?
a. The normal distribution has a greater mean than the t-distribution.
b. The t-distribution has lesser variability than the normal distribution.
c. The t-distribution has a greater chance for extreme values than the
normal distribution.
d. Estimation of the parameter using the z-distribution is more accurate
than using the t-distribution.
The CEO of Flying Fire Corporation claims that an average Flying Fire light bulb lasts
300 days. A researcher randomly selects 15 bulbs for testing. The sampled bulbs last
an average of 290 days, with a standard deviation of 50 days.
13. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the t-distribution?
a. The variance of the t-distribution is equal to 1.
b. The t-distribution has thicker tails than the normal distribution.
c. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t distribution tends to normal
distribution.
d. The exact shape of the t-distribution depends on the number of degrees
of freedom.
14. Which of the following probability distribution curves has the lowest peak?
a. the standard normal distribution
b. a t-distribution with 20 degrees of freedom
c. a t-distribution with 15 degrees of freedom
d. a t-distribution with 10 degrees of freedom
15. Which of the following probability distribution curves has the thickest tails?
a. the standard normal distribution
b. a t-distribution with 21 degrees of freedom
c. a t-distribution with 19 degrees of freedom
d. a t-distribution with 20 degrees of freedom
How do you find this pre-test? Did you encounter both familiar and unfamiliar
terms? Kindly compare your answer in the Answer Key on the last part of this module
If you obtain 100% or a perfect score, skip the module and immediately move to the
next module. But if you missed a point, please proceed with the module as it will
enrich your knowledge in t-distribution.
What’s In
Let us review your lesson on the properties of z-distribution. Write “YES” if the
statement is true about the z-distribution and “NO” if it’s not. Then check your
answer by going back to the previous module on z-distribution.
In everything you do, your decision matters. And in every decision you make, you
must be responsible for its consequences or outcomes. In the illustration below, fill
in the missing boxes with “to z” if you think a z-table is required in the distribution
and “not to z” if not.
1
Is the sample size
less than 30?
YES NO
_____________ ____________
YES NO
_____________ ____________
According to the Central Limit Theorem, the sampling distribution of a statistic (like
a sample mean, 𝑥𝑥̅ ) will follow a normal distribution, as long as the sample size (𝑛𝑛) is
sufficiently large. Therefore, when we know the standard deviation of the population,
we can compute a z-score and use the normal distribution to evaluate probabilities
with the sample mean.
But sample sizes are sometimes small, and often we do not know the standard
deviation of the population. When either of these problems occurs, the solution is to
use a different distribution.
Student’s t-distribution
The Student’s t-distribution is a probability distribution that is used to estimate
population parameters when the sample size is small (𝑖𝑖. 𝑒𝑒. 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 < 30) and/or
when the population variance is unknown. It was developed by William Sealy Gosset
in 1908. He used the pseudonym or pen name “Student” when he published his
paper which describes the distribution. That is why it is called “Student’s t-
distribution”. He worked at a brewery and was interested in the problems of small
samples, for example, the chemical properties of barley. In the problem he analyzed,
the sample size might be as low as three.
Suppose you are about to draw a random sample of n observations from a normally
distributed population, you previously learned that,
𝑥𝑥 − 𝜇𝜇
𝑧𝑧 = 𝜎𝜎
� 𝑛𝑛
√
where 𝑧𝑧 is the z-score, 𝑥𝑥 is the sample mean, 𝜇𝜇 is the population mean, 𝜎𝜎 is the
population standard deviation and 𝑛𝑛 is the sample size, have the standard normal
distribution. (Note that if we are standardizing a single observation, the value of n is
𝑥𝑥−𝜇𝜇
1). Hence, the formula becomes 𝑧𝑧 = . You can use this concept to construct a
𝜎𝜎
confidence interval for the population mean, 𝜇𝜇. But in practice, you encounter a
problem: you don’t know the value of the population standard deviation, σ. The
standard deviation σ for the entire population is a parameter and you don’t typically
know its value, so you can not use that in your formula. If that happens, instead of
using the “population” standard deviation, σ; use “sample” standard deviation s to
𝑥𝑥−𝜇𝜇 𝑥𝑥−𝜇𝜇
estimate it. Instead of 𝜎𝜎 , you may use 𝑠𝑠 where s is your sample standard
� 𝑛𝑛 � 𝑛𝑛
√ √
deviation.
𝑥𝑥 − 𝜇𝜇
𝑡𝑡 = 𝑠𝑠
� 𝑛𝑛
√
has the t-distribution with n-1 degrees of freedom. Note that the number of degrees
of freedom is one less than the sample size. So, if the sample size n is 25, the number
of degrees of freedom is 24. Similarly, at t distribution having 16 degrees of freedom,
the sample size is 17.
𝑥𝑥−𝜇𝜇
What does the t-distribution look like? If you look at the statistic 𝑠𝑠 , it looks like
� 𝑛𝑛
√
a z-statistic that has a standard normal distribution except that you replace the
population standard deviation, 𝜎𝜎, by the sample standard deviation s. You are
estimating a parameter with a statistic, so there is a greater variability. Hence, your
t-distribution is going to look like the normal distribution except with greater
variance.
You have here a plot of standard normal distribution in black and t-distributions
with 3, 5, 20, and 30 degrees of freedom in red, green, violet, and blue respectively.
You can see that both the z-distribution and t-distributions are symmetric about 0
and bell-shaped. But the t-distributions have heavier tails (more area in the tails)
and lower peaks.
Properties of t-distribution
2. The t-distribution is bell-shaped like the normal distribution but has heavier
tails. That means it is more prone to producing values that fall far from the
mean. The tails are asymptotic to the horizontal axis. (Each tail approaches
the horizontal axis but never touches it.)
𝑣𝑣
4. The variance is always greater than 1. It is equal to where 𝑣𝑣 is the
𝑣𝑣−2
number of degrees of freedom. As the number of degrees of freedom
increases and approaches infinity, the variance approaches 1. Using the
10 10
formula, if the number of degrees of freedom is 10, the variance is = = 1.25
10−2 8
7. The total area under a t-distribution curve is 1 or 100%. One can say that the area
under the t-distribution curve represents the probability or the percentage
associated with specific sets of t-values.
_________2. The mean, median and mode are all equal to zero.
_________6. Half of the total area under the t-distribution curve is equal to 1.
_________8. The shape of the t-distribution curve depends on the sample mean.
_________9. The tails of the t-distribution curve approach the horizontal axis
but never touch it.
_________10. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t-distribution curve looks more
and more like the normal distribution.
Fill in the blank with the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence.
4. The t-distribution has tails that are asymptotic to the __________________ axis.
7. The t-distribution has _____________ peak and _____________ tails than the
normal curve.
_________________ 6. It has the total area under its curve equal to 1 or 100%.
Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the
chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
The principal of Mapayapa Integrated National High School claimed that the average
salary of their teachers is ₱24, 000 per month. A random sample of 15 teachers in
the school has a mean of ₱23, 220, and a standard deviation of ₱400.
13. The following statements talk about the t-distribution EXCEP __________
a. The standard deviation of the t-distribution is equal to 1.
b. The t-distribution has thicker tails than the normal
distribution.
c. The exact shape of a t-distribution depends on the degrees of
freedom.
d. As the degrees of freedom increase, the t-distribution tends to
normal distribution.
14. Which of the following probability distribution curves has the lowest peak?
a. the standard normal distribution
b. a t-distribution with 5 degrees of freedom
c. a t-distribution with 7 degrees of freedom
d. a t-distribution with 9 degrees of freedom
15. Which of the following probability distribution curves has the thickest
tails?
a. a t-distribution with 25 degrees of freedom
b. a t-distribution with 23 degrees of freedom
c. a t-distribution with 21 degrees of freedom
d. a t-distribution with 19 degrees of freedom
Make a Venn diagram showing the comparison of the t-distribution and normal
distribution. List down the characteristics or properties of the two distributions on
the spaces provided.