AA20303: METEDOLOGI

PENYELIDIKAN
KULIAH MO4: MIXED METHODS

1
Definition

Mixed methods research is both a

method and methodology for
conducting research that involves
collecting, analyzing, and integrating
quantitative and qualitative research
in a single study or a longitudinal
program of inquiry. 2
Purpose:

The purpose of this form of research
is that both qualitative and
quantitative research, in
combination, provide a better
understanding of a research problem
or issue than either research
approach alone.
3
Developments (last 20 years)
 “The emergence of mixed methods as a
third methodological movement in the
social and behavioral sciences began
during the 1980’s.” (Tashakkori & Teddlie,
2003: 697)

 Increasing interest in and advocacy for mixed methods

 Evolving understanding of what is mixed methods research
 Developing designs and innovative techniques

4
 Reasons for “mixing”
 The insufficient argument – either quantitative or
qualitative may be insufficient by itself
 Multiple angles argument – quantitative and qualitative
approaches provide different “pictures”
 The more-evidence-the-better argument – combined
quantitative and qualitative provides more evidence
 Community of practice argument – mixed methods may
be the preferred approach within a scholarly community
 Eager-to-learn argument – it is the latest methodology
 “Its intuitive” argument – it mirrors “real life”

5
 Mixing – Why?
 Validity – to corroborate quan and qual data
 Offset – offset weaknesses of quan and
qual and draw on strengths
 Completeness – more comprehensive
account that qual or quan alone
 Process – quan provides outcomes; qual,
the processes
 Explanation – qual can explain quan results
or vice-versa
6
 Unexpected results – surprising results
from one, other explains
 Instrument development – qual employed
to design instrument
 Credibility – both approaches enhance
integrity of findings
 Context – qual provides context; quan
provides general.
 Utility – more useful to practitioners
7
Framework for viewing
perspectives on mixed methods

Quantitative Data Qualitative Data

Mixed Methods

Method
Methodology
Paradigm
Perspective Use of mixed methods
in other designs 8
A mixed methods researcher…

 Collects both quantitative and qualitative

data
 “Mixes” them
 “Mixes” them at the same time
(concurrently) or one after the other
(sequentially)
 Emphasizes both equally or unequally
Collecting both quantitative and
qualitative data
 Quantitative  Qualitativedata
 Interviews
data
 Observations
 Instruments
 Documents
 Checklists
 Audio-visual
 Records materials

10
Quantitative and qualitative data
analysis

 Quantitative analysis  Qualitative analysis

 Use statistical  Use text and
analysis, images,
 For description  For coding
 For comparing  For theme
groups development
 For relating  For relating themes
variables
11
Typical situations in which mixed
methods is used…
 To compare results from quantitative and qualitative
research
 To use qualitative research to help explain
quantitative findings
 To explore using qualitative research and then to
generalize findings to a large population using
quantitative research
 To develop an instrument because none are
available or useful
 To augment an experiment with qualitative data
How methods can be mixed
Types of mixing Comments

Two types of research question. One fitting a quantitative approach and

the other qualitative.
The manner in which the research Preplanned (quantitative) versus
questions are developed. participatory/emergent (qualitative).

Two types of sampling procedure. Probability versus purposive.

Two types of data collection Surveys (quantitative) versus focus

procedures. groups (qualitative).
Two types of data analysis. Numerical versus textual (or visual).

Two types of data analysis. Statistical versus thematic.

Two types of conclusions. Objective versus subjective

13
interpretations.
Designing a Mixed Methods Study:
Preliminary considerations

 Creating a title
 Posing a general question
 Listing the types of data collection and analysis
 Making explicit your worldview
 Identifying your research design
 Drawing a figure of your design
 Writing a purpose statement
 Writing research questions
 Completing a research plan
 Mixed Methods within Designs

Ethnography Case Study Research Narrative research Experimental

research

Qual ----- Quan Qual----- Quan Qual-----Quan Qual---- Quan

15
Mixing (How)

Converge data:

Qual Results Quan

Connect data:

Qual Quan Results

Embed the data:

Quan data
Qual data 16
Parsimonious Designs (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2007)
Concurrent Mixed Methods Designs
Triangulation Design
QUAN
QUAN QUAL
QUAL
Data
Data&& Data
Data&&
Interpretation
Results
Results
Interpretation Results
Results

Embedded Design

QUAN Intervention QUAN

QUAN QUAN
Pre-test
Pre-test Post-test
Post-test Interpretation
Interpretation
Data
Data&& Data
Data&&
qual
qual
Results
Results Results
Results
Process
Process
17
Sequential Designs Mixed Methods Designs
Explanatory Design
QUAN
QUAN qual
qual
Data
Data&& Data
Data&& Interpretation
Interpretation
Results
Results Following up
Results
Results

Exploratory Design
QUAL
QUAL quan
quan
Data
Data&& Data
Data&& Interpretation
Results
Results Building to
Results
Results Interpretation

Sequential Embedded Design

Before-
QUAN
QUAN After-
Before- Intervention After-
intervention Intervention
intervention Trial intervention
Trial intervention
qual
qual qual Interpretation
Interpretation
qual
18
Example of
A Diagram
19
Complex Mixed Methods
Evaluation Designs
(Nastasi, Hitchcock,
Sarkar, Burkholder,
Varjas & Jayasena, 2007)

Study of mental health

interventions for youth
in Sri Lanka
Mixed methods is not that different
from other methods

Identifying a research problem

Reviewing the literature

Identifying a purpose
and stating questions

Collecting data
Analyzing and interpreting data

Reporting and evaluating the study

21
Three types of research designs
 Qualitative research – exploring and
understanding the meaning individuals or
groups ascribe to a social or human problem.
 Quantitative research – testing objective
theories by examining the relationship among
variables.
 Mixed methods research – an approach to
inquiry that combines or associates both
qualitative and quantitative forms.
22
Sekian sahaja untuk hari ini!!!
Salam sejahtera drp Prof Hashim Awang A.R.
5 Oktober 2017.

23