Model -5

Mixed method research

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• Quantitative research is a way of collecting numerical research or data which then can be
converted into useable statistics.
• It uses measurable data to formulate facts and uncover patterns in research.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• Qualitative research is used to gain a deeper understanding of the subject.
• It helps to develop ideas or hypothesizes. It is used to uncover trends in thoughts and opinions.
Common methods used are focused groups, individual interviews and observations
WHAT IS MIXED METHODS RESEARCH?
 Mixed methods research is a procedure for collecting, analyzing and “mixing” both
quantitative and qualitative methods in a single study or a series of studies to understand
a research problem. -Creswell & Plano Clark(2011).
 The purpose of this form of research is that both qualitative and quantitative research, in
combination, provide a better understanding of a research problem or issue than either
research approach alone
COLLECTING BOTH QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DATA
Quantitative data:
 Questionnaire
 Survey
 Census
 Attendance Record
 Checklists
Qualitative data
 Interviews
 Observations
 FGD
 Documents Studies
 Case-Study
 Audio-visual materials
A MIXED METHODS RESEARCHER
  Collects both quantitative and qualitative data
 “Mixes” them
 “Mixes” them at the same time (concurrently) or one after the other (sequentially)
 Emphasizes both equally or unequally
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS
 Provide the rationale for the design
 Include collecting qualitative and quantitative data
 Consider priority
 Consider sequence
 Match the data analysis to a design
WHAT ARE THE REASON FOR USING MIXED METHODS?
 To explain and interpret.
 To explore a phenomenon.
 To develop and to test a new instrument.
 To complement the strengths of a single design.
 To overcome the weaknesses of a single design.
 To address a question at different levels.
 To address a theoretical perspective at different levels.
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF MIXED METHODS DESIGN?
 THE CONVERGENT PARALLEL DESIGN
The purpose of a convergent of Parallel mixed methods design is to simultaneously collect both
qualitative and quantitative data, merge the data and use the results to understand a research
problem.
Characteristic
 Data Collection Priority (Equal)
 Sequence (Concurrently/ Simultaneously)
 Use of Data (To Compare Similar/Dissimilar)
 THE EXPLANATORY SEQUENTIAL DESIGN
An explanatory sequential mixed methods design consists of first collecting quantitative data
and then collecting qualitative data to help explain or elaborate on the quantitative results.
Purpose: To use qualitative results to assist the findings of a quantitative study.
Characteristic
 Data Collection Priority (Quantitative Data)
 Sequence (First Quantitative Data)
 Use of Data (To Refine, Polish, Elaborate)
THE EXPLORATORY SEQUENTIAL DESIGN Characterized
An exploratory sequential mixed method design involves the procedure of first gathering
qualitative data to explore a phenomenon and then collecting quantitative data to explain
relationship found in the qualitative data.
Purpose: To explore a phenomenon. This strategy may also be useful when developing and
testing a new instrument.
Characteristic
 Data Collection Priority (Qualitative Data)
 Sequence (First Qualitative Data)
 Use of Data (To Refine, Polish, Elaborate)
THE EMBEDDED SEQUENTIAL DESIGN
The embedded design is to collect quantitative and qualitative data simultaneously or
sequentially but to have one form of data play a supportive role to the other form of data.
Characteristic
 Data Collection Priority (Often Quant./Often Qual.)
 Sequence (Sequentially / Simultaneously)
 Use of Data (To Provide additional Source or Argument)
THE TRANSFORMATIVE DESIGN: The Transformative mixed methods design is to use
one of the four designs but to encase the design within a transformative framework or lens.
THE MULTIPHASE DESIGN: The Multiphase Design is a complex design that builds on the
basic convergent, explanatory, exploratory and embedded design which is occur when
researchers or a team of researchers examine a problem or topic through a series of phases or
separate studies.
STEPS IN THE PROCESS OF CONDUCTING A MIXED METHOD STUDIES
STEP-1: DETERMINE A MIXED METHOD STUDY IS FEASIBLE
• Research problem  Content – any topics  Fit the problem to mixed methods (arguments)
• Access to both qualitative and quantitative data
• Background and resources
STEP-2: IDENTIFY A RATIONALE FOR A MIXED METHOD STUDY
 Consider why you are collecting both quantitative and qualitative data.
 Be explicit in this rationale
 Include it early in the research plan or report
STEP-3: IDENTIFY A DATA COLLECTION STRATEGY
  The priority give you will give to quantitative and qualitative data
 The sequence of your data collection, if you do not plan to collect the data
 The specific forms of quantitative data and qualitative data you will collect
STEP-4: DEVELOP QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE AND MIXED METHODS
QUESTIONS
 Identify questions prior to a study or during the study
 Create both exploratory questions and analytic variable question
 Question will emerge depend on the type of design
STEP-5: COLLECT QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DATA
 The sequence of data collection will depend on the type of design
 In all design the presentation of data or information will be will organized
STEP-6: ANALYZE DATA SEPARATELY OR CONCURRENTLY
 Data analyze mainly related to the specific type of design being used
 Analyze data (qualitative and quantitative) separately, concurrently or both
STEP-7: WRITE A REPORT AS ONE- OR TWO-PHASE STUDY
 The report is written in two phases
 The report integrates the quantitative and qualitative phases or the study in each section
HOW DO YOU EVALUATE A MIXED METHOD STUDY?
 Describes that mixed method is the best approach to answer the research questions.
 Incorporates both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis.
 Explicitly combines or mixes two datasets.
 Frames the study one of the mixed method research designs.
 Provides a diagram of the procedure to clarify the timing, priority and mixing within the
study.
 Signals to the reader that the study is using mixed method.
WHAT ARE SOME STRENGTHS?
Can be easy to describe and to report Can be useful when unexpected results arise from a prior
study Can help to generalize qualitative data Helpful in designing and validating an instrument
Can position research in a transformative framework
WHAT ARE SOME WEAKNESSES?
 Time required and Discrepancies between different types of data.
 Can be difficult to decide when to proceed in sequential designs.
 Little guidance on transformative methods.
SOME EXAMPLES OF MIXED METHOD RESEARCH PROBLEM
  “Exploring the Effect of Motivational Feedback given in Continuous on Self- Regulated
learning”
 “The Pattern of Teacher Student Communication at the Primary Level Education in
Bangladesh”
 “A Sequential Explanatory Study of College Student’s Copy-and-Paste Note Talking
Types of Mixed Method

Sequential Explanatory Design *

Sequential Exploratory Design *
Sequential Transformative Design
Concurrent Triangulation Design
Concurrent Embedded Design **

Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Sage
Publications, Incorporated

SEQUENTIAL EXPLANATORY DESIGN

Two phase project

(1) Quantitative Data Collection and Analysis
(2) Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis
Larger focus on quantitative data
 Example: Survey data informs interviews

SEQUENTIAL EXPLORATORY DESIGN

Two phase project

(1) Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis
(2) Quantitative Data Collection and Analysis
 

Larger focus on qualitative data

Example: Focus group shapes survey questions

SEQUENTIAL TRANSFORMATIVE DESIGN

  

Four phase project (two data collection series)

Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis x2

Quantitative Data Collection and Analysis x2

CONCURRENT TRIANGULATION DESIGN
One phase project

Collect qualitative and quantitative data at the same time

Compare results from qualitative data to results from quantitative data
Analysis for quantitative and qualitattive is completed separately