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ABM Students!
Most Describes characteristics,
strengths, weaknesses, and
Essential kinds of quantitative research

Learning
Competencie Illustrates the importance of
quantitative research across
s fields
‘Two Truths and a Lie’ Icebreaker
 • Research is a systematic process
of gathering and analyzing
knowledge to improve our
What is understanding of the environment in
general and especially of the
Research? phenomena under study. It begins
with a question, gathering data,
evaluating facts that are essential
and take judgments based on actual
observation
Why study Research?
⦁ To improve and develop new methods.
⦁ To contribute knowledge and progress.
⦁ To develop better understanding of published works.
⦁ To develop independent critical thinking skills along
with oral and written communication skills.

5
 Qualities of a Good Inquirer or
Researcher
 Care - distinct characteristics of a researcher
 Utility Competency - ability to troubleshoot during unexpected scenario
 Technical Competency - ability to use available technologies
 Effort - time and skill
 Service - willingness of the researcher to serve others, to do good
 Patience - intra (within) and extra (outside) group
 Guts and Risk - considering options

6
 RESEARCH PROCESS

Analytical Phase –
Conceptualization Phase – Design Phase - Empirical Phase – data data Dissemination
concept making planning collection analysis/interpretati Phase - utilization
on

Research Process:

7
 Research Approach
Research Approaches
Qualitative
Quantitative Mixed Approach –
Research – approach
Research – approach inquiry involving
for exploring and
for testing objective collecting both
understanding the
theories by quantitative and
meaning individuals
examining qualitative data and
or groups ascribe to
relationship among integrating the two
a social or human
variables. forms of data.
problem.
Characteristics, strengths,
weaknesses, and kinds of
quantitative research
QUANTITATIVE METHOD

A systematic empirical investigation of an observed phenomena

through the use of statistical, mathematical or computational methods
(Given, 2008).

Quantitative research focuses on numeric, specific and detailed data

and deductive reasoning rather than inductive reasoning.
 Characteristics of Quantitative
Approach
• Clearly defined research question to which objective answers are sought.
• Can be used to generalize concepts more widely, predict future results, or
investigate causal relationships.
• All aspects of the study are carefully designed before data is collected.
• The data is usually gathered using structured research instruments. Researcher
uses tools, such as questionnaires or computer software, to collect numerical
data.
• The results are based on larger sample sizes that are representative of the
population.
• Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often arranged in tables, charts,
figures, or other non-textual forms.
• The research study can usually be replicated or repeated, given its high reliability.
 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN

1 2
Experimental Non-experimental
establishes causality and often only establishes the association
used when an intervention is or connection between
being studied variables.
 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN (continued)
• Experimental Research
A type of quantitative analysis method used to assess the results of a specific
action. The subject performs the analysis by presenting one group with a
particular medication and withdrawing it from another group to assess whether
all groups performed on an outcome. Experimental research is classified into
two: (1) true experimental that involves random assignment of the subjects, and
(2) quasi-experimental that used non-randomized assignment (Creswell, 2014).
 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
(continued)

• Non-Experimental Research
This type of quantitative research design seeks to discover the answers to
problem by describing the data quantitatively or numerically. It
determines the relationship of variables but is incapable of establishing
the cause and effect. This type of research lacks manipulation of an
independent variable, random assignment of participants to conditions.
Data is collected through surveys or structured interviews, observations,
review of documents and so on. Non-experimental research is most often
used in the field of social science.
 Example of a Non-experimental Research Design

Flanagan, D. J., & Palmer, T. B. (2021). The intentions of undergraduate business students to someday be an organization’s top
executive: Implications for business school leadership education. The International Journal of Management Education, 19(1),
100455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100455
 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN (continued)
Types of Non-Experimental Research Design
1. Survey Research - This is the most used type of non-experimental research especially in the
field of social science. The data gathering instrument in Survey research is called the survey tool.
The survey is the most common method used for quantitative study and be in a form of
questionnaire or interview. According to Creswell (2010), there are components that we must
consider for a survey plan. There are two types of Survey Research:
(1) Cross-sectional Study a type of survey research that collects data from a population or
subset population through observation, survey or interview at a specific point in time
(2) Longitudinal Study a type of survey research that collects data through observation, survey
or interview of the same subjects over a period of time up and can last up to several years.
 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN (continued)
Types of Non-Experimental Research Design
2. Correlational Research is a type of non-experimental research that is
used to determine the relationship between two variables among a single
group of people. This type of research study does not attempt to
manipulate the variables. Correlations only describe the relationship. They
do not prove cause and effect. The relationship could either be positive or
negative, referred to as positive correlation and negative correlation
 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN (continued)
Types of Non-Experimental Research Design
Correlational Research Studies:
(1) Bivariate Correlational Studies – It obtains score for each subject from two variables, and then
uses them to determine a correlation coefficient. The word bivariate implies correlation of the two
variables (variables are chosen as they are thought to be related).
Example. Student hours of studying (value 1) and student exam score result (value 2).
(2) Prediction Studies – It uses the coefficient of correlation to demonstrate how one variable (the
predictor variable) predicts another one (the prediction criterion).
Example. Among senior high school honor students will top the college entrance exam .
 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN (continued)
Types of Non-Experimental Research Design
Correlational Research Studies:
(3) Multiple Regression Prediction Studies – In an equation that adds together
the predictive power of each defined variable, all variables in the sample will
contribute to the prediction over-all.
Example. Aside from the performance task score of the students, what might
be the other good predictor for college GWA?
 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN (continued)
Types of Non-Experimental Research Design
3. Ex-Post Facto or Causal-Comparative. This type of research is
derived from experiences and events that have already taken place
in the past and now applied to certain dependent variables. This
explains why a phenomenon happens, and how.
 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN (continued)
Types of Non-Experimental Research Design
4. Comparative Research- A type of non-experimental research that examines
the difference between variables. This type of research method is used
depending on the research question of the study. Comparisons are based on
descriptive data, showing that a difference exists but does not imply causation.
Example: Is there a difference in the level of knowledge of grade 11 students
when grouped into age?
 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN (continued)
Types of Non-Experimental Research Design
5. Normative - This defines the characteristics standard level for a
given behavior. For example: if you are conducting research on high
school students' study habits, you can use the score range to define
their study habits' level. The same is true when you would like to
define their academic performance (Mariano, 2019).
 KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGN (continued)
Types of Non-Experimental Research Design
6. Evaluative - This is a method used to assess what occurred during a
specific incident or in an organization. The aim of the assessment is to see
if a particular system works, if an organization performs according to the
objectives set for it or if the original objective was successfully achieved.
In other words, in evaluation decisions, the types of social utility,
desirability or effectiveness of a mechanism can be (Mariano, 2019).
 KEEP IN MIND

ILLUSTRATED BY JAY-AR MARIO V. MARIANO

IMPORTANCE OF
RESEARCH
 (1) the extension of knowledge

IMPORTANCE
OF
RESEARCH
(2) the solution to problem
 Importance of Research

According According to Purpose

According According to the area or field of activity

According According to Goal

According According to Level of Investigation

According According to the types of Analysis

According According to Statistical Content

 Importance of Research

• Predictive or Prognostic the objective of the

Accordin investigation is to evaluate the future function of the
variables in order to better monitor or modify them.

g to • Directive is depending on the outcomes and it

decides what should be done. This is intended to
resolve an unsatisfactory situation, if there is any.
Purpose • Illuminative it concerns the relationship between
the components of the variables under investigation.
 Importance of Research

• 1. Proprietary Research It is done for a limited audience and is

Accordin not shared beyond that documentation.

• 2. Scholarly Research this promotes public access to

g to the knowledge
• 3. Behavioral Research focuses on the idea that objective
insight is gained by deliberately and consistently studying and
area or evaluating what people are doing.
• 4. Phenomenological Research is founded on the idea that
field of what people do depends on what they experience, or on what
their minds think. It focuses on the inner, psychological sense

activity that drives behavior, explains how people interpret their

experience of life, tends to be psychologically created or
inductive, and attempts to shape the theory’s growth.
 Importance of Research

• 1. Basic Research this type of research derives its pattern

and spirit from the physical sciences and aims at discovering
basic concepts and values by investigating the unknown by
using new information and analysis to expand existing
knowledge boundaries.
Accordin • 2. Applied Research this type of research has the most
fundamental research characteristics that use where sampling
g to Goal methods and subsequent inferences about the target
population are used. The aim of this form of research is to
develop a product or method for solving a problem by means
of new applications of scientific knowledge.
 Importance of Research

• Exploratory- the researcher studies the

According variables pertinent to a specific situation.
to Level of • Descriptive- the researcher studies the
relationships of the variables.
Investigatio • Experimental- the researcher studies the
n effects of the variables on each other.
 Importance of Research

Accordin • Analytic Approach- the investigator seeks to

classify and separate components of the study
g to the situation.
• Holistic Approach- this begins with the overall
Types of situation and focuses first of all on the structure
Analysis and its internal relations.
 Importance of Research

• Quantitative or Statistical Research- is one

Accordin where inferential statistics are used to evaluate
g to the study results. To check the hypothesis,
inferential statistics, such as correlation, chi-
Statistica square, variance analysis, are used. This form of
study typically involves studies of comparison,
l Content and relationships between cause and effect.
 Remember

Quantitative research is important in generating evidence-based

knowledge because it relies on precise measurement and
interpretation of data through the use of statistical methods. This
type of study is useful, to understand and explain certain events,
people and concepts in an objective manner. This also allows the
researcher to generalize results to a much larger scale. To use this, the
researcher must use reliable methods and instruments to obtain
objective information. However, in every research approach there are
strengths and weaknesses.
 Strengths and Weaknesses of a Quantitative Research
STRENGTHS
 Can be used when large quantities of data need to be
collected.
 The result is usually numerical (quantifiable) and
hence considered more “objective”.
 The data is considered quantifiable and usually
generalizable to a larger population.
 It can provide a clear and quantitative measure to be
used for grants and proposals.
WEAKNESSES
 Results need to be calculated and analyzed thru
the use of Excel, Access, or data analysis software
(such as SPSS), that may not be always available.
 The larger the sample, the more time it takes to
analyze the data and analyze results.
 The larger the sample the more time it takes to
collect data.
 The quantitative data ignores a very important
human element.
QUESTIONS?
Up next:
Unit I Module 1
Lesson 2: Variables