JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

DCC20063 ENGINEERING SURVEY

ASSASSMENT : INDIVIDUAL REPORT 1 (LEVELLING)

NAME : KHAIRUNNISA BINTI HAZMI

REGISTER NO. : 05DKA19F2044

GROUP MEMBER :

1. NUR FARDIATUL IZ’ZIATI BINTI ZULKIPLI (05DKA19F2047)

2. NUR IZATUL ADDHA BINTI ABDUL WAHAB (05DKA19F2093)

LECTURER : TIONG HUA SANG

DATE : 5th APRIL 2021

 DECLARATION OF PLAGIARISM

*I/We hereby declare that this assignment / report / project / case study is *my/our original
work. *I/We further declare that:

i. *I/We do not copy from any other students’ work or from any other sources
ii. Cited text and references are from the sources I/we have referred to and made
appropriate acknowledgment of
iii. *I/We have read and understood the Polytechnic regulations and penalties on
plagiarism as stated in Clause 16.2, Clause 17.3 and Clause 17.4 of Polytechnic
Examination & Assessment Rules and Regulation (Diploma) (6th Edition, June 2019)

*whichever is applicable

Signature: Name & Matric No.: Date:

KHAIRUNNISA BINTI HAZMI 5th APRIL 2021
05DKA19F2044
TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..4-5
1.1 DEFINISION
1.2 PURPOSE OF LEVELLING
1.3 OBJECTIVE
1.4 DURATION AND LEVELLING FIELDWORK
1.5 SURVEY EQUIPMENT (OUTLINE OF APPARATUS)
2.0 TWO PEG TEST………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..6
2.1 PROCEDURE
2.2 DATA COLLECTION
3.0 FIELD WORK PROCEDURES…………………………………………………………………………………………7-10
3.1 PROSEDURE
3.2 METHOD
3.2.1 METHOD OF FIELD WORK
3.2.2 METHOD OF COMPUTATION
4.0 DATA COMPUTATIONS………………………………………………………………………………………………….11
4.1 METHOD OF COMPUTATIONS
4.2 ADJUSTED DATA
5.0 PLOT CONTOUR……………………………………………………………………………………………………….12-13
6.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………………………………………..14
7.0 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION…………………………………………………………………………………..14
8.0 REFLECTION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….15
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 DEFINISION
 Levelling or leveling is a branch of surveying, the object of which is to
establish or verify or measure the height of specified points relative to a
datum. It’s also a process of determining the height of one level relative
to another. It is used in surveying to establish the elevation of a point
relative to a datum, or to establish a point at a given elevation relative to
a datum.

1.2 PURPOSE OF LEVELLING

 Levelling is an important operation in producing necessary data for
mapping, engineering design and construction. It also a process of
determining the height of one level relative to another. It is used to find
the elevations of given points with respect to a given datum or to
establish points at given elevations or different elevations with respect to
the given or assumed datum or to establish a point at a given elevation
relative to a datum.

1.3 OBJECTIVE
 Conduct two peg test/Establish a new temporary bench mark/Plot
contour lines

1.4 DURATION AND LEVELLING FIELDWORK

1.5 SURVEY EQUIPMENT (OUTLINE OF APPARATUS)

Automatic levelling An automatic level, also known as a self-

leveling level or a builder's auto level, is a
professional tool that can establish or verify
points in the same horizontal plane.
Builders, contractors, engineers and land
surveyors use these optical levels to plan
structures and developments and ensure
structural soundness.

Level staff A level staff, also called levelling rod, is a

graduated wooden or aluminium rod, used
with a levelling instrument to determine
the difference in height between points or
heights of points above a vertical datum.
The primary function of the tripod is to
ensure a stable instrument setup for
reliable measurement. It cannot be used
without a leveling instrument.

Tripod A surveyor's tripod is a device used to

support any one of a number of surveying
instruments, such as theodolites, total
stations, levels or transits. It’s also use to
measuring rod which land surveyors sight
through a telescope to calculate the slope
or difference in elevation between two
locations.
2.0 TWO PEG TEST
Permanent adjustment of the levelling instrument to check the collimation error. To
ensure that the instrument is in good adjustment and to accurate the reading of
levelling. It’s also can help decide whether the equipment can use or it should be service
before doing the levelling.
2.1 PROCEDURE

1) On a relatively flat site establish 2 staff A and B about 40 meters.

2) Set up the instrument at centre between staff A and B.
3) After levelling and focusing, sight on the staff held vertically at staff A and
take reading.
4) Repeat with the staff held at B and take reading.
5) After that, move the instrument and set up the instrument at back of staff
B about 4 meters.
6) Repeat the observations onto a staff at A and B.
2.2 DATA COLLECTION
3.0 FIELD WORK PROCEDURES
3.1 PROCEDURE
1) The levelling process begins at Temporary Bench Mark (TBM 1). The
reduced level of T.B.M 1 is 33.448m and it is recorded in the equation
table.
2) A distance of 50 m is measured by 40 footsteps from TBM 1 to change
point 1 (CP1).
3) The automatic level with tripod stand is set up at the level position 1
which is 25m from T.B.M 1 and measured by 20 footsteps.
4) The levelling staff is held vertically on the T.B.M 1 and the reading of staff
is taken and recorded in equation table which is 1.376m. This reading is a
backsight, because it is the first staff reading after the instrument is set
up. The remark of the equation table is written as T.B.M 1.
5) Another staff is moved to point CP 1 and the reading of it is taken and
recorded which is 0.840m. This is a foresight, because after this reading
the automatic level will be moved. The remark of the equation table is
written as CP 1.
6) The levelling staff stayed at CP1 and the automatic level is set up at level
position 2, then the staff reading is taken and recorded which is 3.795m.
This is a backsight. By using rise and fall method, the reduced level of CP 1
is calculated and adjusted, 33.984m.
7) The staff is moved to Temporary Bench Mark (G5S2) and the reading is
taken and recorded which is 2.861m. This is a foresight. The remark of the
equation table is written as G5S2.
8) The process of levelling is repeated until we looped back from G5S2 to
TBM 1.
9) The automatic level is set up at level position 3. The staff is levelled at
G5S2 to take the reading. The reading is 0.350m and this is a back sight.
By using rise and fall method, the reduced level of G5S2 is calculated and
adjusted, 36.845m.
10) Another staff is moved to point CP2 and the reading of it is taken and
recorded which is 3.495m. This is a foresight, because after this reading
 the automatic level will be moved. The remark of the equation table is
written as CP2.
11) The levelling staff stayed at CP2 and the automatic level is set up at level
position 3, then the staff reading is taken and recorded which is 1.055m.
This is a backsight. By using rise and fall method, the reduced level of CP2
is calculated and adjusted, 33.700m.
12) The levelling staff is levelled at TBM 1 and a reading of 1.329m is taken
and recorded. This is a foresight as the levelling process end here. The
remark of the equation table is written as TBM 1. The reduced level of
TBM 1 is 33.426m.
13) There are 4 stations in our levelling process.

3.2 METHOD
3.2.1 METHOD OF FIELD WORK
Flying Levelling (Series Levelling)
 Fly leveling is conducted when the benchmark is very far from
the work station. In such case, a temporary bench mark is
located at the work station which is located based on the
original benchmark.
 Flying Levelling is used when the difference in level between
two points are large or when there are no obstructions in
between the two points concerned. Even it is not highly
precise it is used for determining approximate level.
 Levelling Procedure and Booking

 To transfer the Reduce Level (RL) from TBM/ BM to any points

on the ground.
 Only BS & FS reading are needed.
 Levelling job must start from TBM/ BM (known point) & close
with same known points or others known point which the RL is
verify.
 If the job start & close with an unknown point or assume level,
the reduce level must be adjust after connected to the known
point.

3.2.2 METHOD OF COMPUTATION

Rise and Fall Method (Booking)

BS IS FS RISE FAILS REDUCED REMARKS

LEVEL
1.376 33.448 TBM1 :
33.448
3.795 0.840 0.536 33.984 CP1
0.350 0.934 2.861 36.845 G5S2
1.055 3.495 -3.145 33.700 CP2
1.329 -0.274 33.426 TBM
(NEW) :
33.448

ΣBS ΣFS ΣRISE ΣFALL

6.576 6.598 3.397 3.419
ΣBS – ΣFS = -0.022m ΣRISE – ΣFALL = RL LAST – RL START =
-0.022m -0.022m
Criteria

 To determine the difference of elevation between consecutive

points by comparing each point after the first that
immediately preceding it. The difference between there staff
reading indicates a rise fall according to the staff reading at
the point. The R.L is then found adding the rise to, or
subtracting the fall from the reduced level of preceding point.

Method

1) Backsight and foresight readings are entered in the

appropriate columns on different lines.
2) The first reduced level (RL) is the height of Temporary
Benchmark (TBM 1) which is 33.448m.
3) If the foresight is smaller than the immediately preceding staff
reading then the difference between the two readings is place
in the rise column.
4) If the foresight is larger than the immediately preceding staff
reading then the difference between the two readings is place
in the fall column.
5) A rise is added to the preceding reduced level (RL) and a fall is
subtracted from the preceding RL.

Arithmetic check

 The differences between the sum of backsight and the sum of

foresight
 The differences between the sum of rise and the sum of fall
 The differences between the last reading reduced level and
the first reading reduced level
 Formula of arithmetic check
Σ B.S. – Σ F. S. = Σ Rise – Σ Fall = Last R. L. – First R.L.
4.0 DATA COMPUTATIONS
The total levelling distance is 120m
4.1 METHOD OF COMPUTATIONS
Rise and Fall Method
Error and Misclosure
Σ B.S. – Σ F. S. = Σ Rise – Σ Fall = Last R. L. – First R.L.
= 6.576 – 6.598 = 3.397 – 3.419 = 33.426 – 33.448
= – 0.022m
Acceptance Misclose

±20√𝑘
= ±0.020√0.120
= ±0.006m
(The error within ±0.006m is acceptable) Therefore, the levelling is cannot be
accept but the lecturer accept it since it is our first time do the levelling practical.

4.2 ADJUSTED DATA

BS IS FS RISE FALL REDUCED ADJUSTMENT ADJUSTMENT REMARKS
LEVEL REDUCED
LEVEL
1.376 33.448 TBM 1:
33.448
3.795 0.840 0.536 33.984 +0.005 33.989 CP1
0.350 0.934 2.861 36.845 +0.011 36.856 G5S2
1.055 3.495 - 33.700 +0.016 33.716 CP2
3.145
1.329 - 33.426 +0.022 33.448 TBM 1:
0.274 33.448
DISTANCE:
120m
6.576 6.598 3.397 3.419
5.0 PLOT CONTOUR
6.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In this field work procedure, we were required to measure reduce level of 4 change
point. So, this is to make new Temporary Bench Marks (TBM). The Bench Mark (TBM1)
has been held fixed at 33.448m. From there, the back sight (BS) of TBM1 and foresight
(FS) of CP1 are observed and recorded. Then, the automatic level is shifted to obtain BS
of CP1 and FS of Temporary Bench Mark (G5S2). This process is repeated until we looped
back from temporary bench mark (G5S2) to Bench Mark (TBM1) to calculate the error of
gross or misclosure.
Next, the reduced level (RL) is being calculated through two methods which is
Rise and Fall method and Height of Collimation method. To be more accurate, we do
two methods in a row. The final reduced level (FRL) is to make sure that the value is
equal or close to initial reduced level.
Through this report, according to the data we collected, the initial reduced level
is slightly more than final reduced level. Therefore, we know that there is some
misclosure error during our levelling fieldwork process. If error of misclosure occurred,
we must adjust the reduced level by using a formula ± 20√𝐾 where k represents the
number of set up. Loop misclosure is the amount by which the measured height
difference differs from the known height. Then, the error of misclosure must be within
the loop misclosure. Or if else the error is not accepted and we must redo the levelling
again. The misclosure error that we obtained is − 0.022m and the acceptance range of
misclosure error is ± 0.006m . Therefore, our levelling is cannot be accepted.

7.0 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

To sum up, throughout this fieldwork we able to have opportunity to learn the levelling
procedure, establish a new temporary bench mark and plotting contour lines. In
addition, we also manage to calculate the data provided by our lecturer using specialized
site surveying apparatus.
Besides, we also learnt on how to calculate the reduced level by using rise and fall
method, in the same time we learnt on how to adjust the reduce level. Arithmetic check
was applied in this fieldwork to verify the accuracy of our calculation. The levelling was
done from a known BM to unknown TBM and reversed to the known BM again. Then,
we recorded all the data we have during the fieldwork.
Therefore, I would like to thank our lecturer Sir Tiong Hua Sang for being a great
lecturer giving his the best lecture to make us understand either for calculation and
procedure in fieldwork. We truly value the insights and guidance provided.
Last but not least, I would like to share some suggestions for this practical. First of
all, I would like to suggest for the management to provide more levelling tools and
renew the old tools for students to make the practical works more easier and more
accurate. Next, I would like to suggest to increase teaching staff in survey course so it
would be a lot easier to teach the students and keep an eye on the students so nobody
will be left out.
8.0 REFLECTION
During the process in the fieldwork, I have learnt a lot about levelling work. First of
all, I managed to determine which one is the tools for levelling work such as tripod, auto
level and level staff. Next, after Mr Tiong taught about two peg test process, I can
carried out the peg test by myself with the helped of my groupmates. Not enough with
that, Mr Tiong also taught me on how to establish a new TBM and how to do the
calculation for the booking and computation that I can clearly understands and adapted
it in my practical. Meanwhile, for the contour plotting I can do the plotting contour lines
by myself with the reference and notes given by Mr Tiong and the helped that I get from
my classmates also who taught me in understanding the steps to do it. With all the
knowledge Mr Tiong and my classmates have shared with me, I learnt a lot of new things
and I can do my levelling work practical smoothly.