Data Analysis Using

SPSS
t-test
 t-test
 Used to test whether there is
significant difference between the
means of two groups, e.g.:
• Male v female
• Full-time v part-time
 t-test
 Typical hypotheses for t-test:
a) There is no difference in affective
commitment (affcomm) between male
and female employees
b) There is no difference in continuance
commitment (concomm) between male
and female employees
c) There is no difference in normative
commitment (norcomm) between male
and female employees
 Performing T-test
Analyze →
Compare Means →
Independent-Samples T-test
 Performing T-test
 Select the variables to test (Test
Variables), in this case:
• affcomm
• concomm
• norcomm

 And bring the variables to the “Test

Variables” box
 Performing T-test
 Select the grouping variable, i.e.
gender; bring it to the “grouping
variable” box

 Click “Define Groups”

 Performing T-test
 Choose “Use specified values”
 Key in the codes for the variable
“gender” as used in the “Value
Labels”. In this case:
1 - Male
2 - Female

 Click “Continue”, then “OK”

T-Test: SPSS Output

Group Statistics

GENDER OF Std. Error

RESPONDENT N Mean Std. Deviation Mean
affcomm MALE 357 3.49720 .731988 .038741
FEMALE 315 3.38016 .696273 .039231
concomm MALE 357 3.18838 .756794 .040054
FEMALE 315 3.15159 .666338 .037544
norcomm MALE 357 3.24090 .665938 .035245
FEMALE 315 3.27540 .647409 .036477
 T-test: SPSS Output

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for

Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Mean Std. Error Difference
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Difference Difference Lower Upper
affcomm Equal variances
1.048 .306 2.116 670 .035 .117040 .055308 .008442 .225638
assumed
Equal variances
2.123 666.213 .034 .117040 .055135 .008780 .225300
not assumed
concomm Equal variances
5.353 .021 .665 670 .506 .036788 .055335 -.071863 .145440
assumed
Equal variances
.670 669.997 .503 .036788 .054899 -.071006 .144582
not assumed
norcomm Equal variances
.656 .418 -.679 670 .497 -.034500 .050813 -.134272 .065271
assumed
Equal variances
-.680 663.726 .497 -.034500 .050723 -.134097 .065096
not assumed
 From the SPSS output, we are
able to see that the means of the
respective variables for the two
groups are:

• Affective commitment (affcomm)

 Male 3.49720 Female 3.38016
• Continuance commitment (concomm)
 Male 3.18838 Female 3.15159
• Normative commitment (norcomm)
 Male 3.24090 Female 3.27540
 T-test: Interpretation
 For the variable “affcomm”
• Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances
shows that F (1.048) is not significant
(0.306)* therefore the “Equal variances
assumed” row will be used for the t-
test.

* This score (sig.) has to be 0.05 or less to be

considered significant.
 T-test: Interpretation
 Under the “t-test for Equality of
Means” look at “Sig. (2-tailed)”
for “Equal variances assumed”.

 The score is 0.035 (which is less

than 0.05), therefore there is a
significant difference between
the means of the two groups.
 T-test: Interpretation

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for

Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Mean Std. Error Difference
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Difference Difference Lower Upper
affcomm Equal variances
1.048 .306 2.116 670 .035 .117040 .055308 .008442 .225638
assumed
Equal variances
2.123 666.213 .034 .117040 .055135 .008780 .225300
not assumed
concomm Equal variances
5.353 .021 .665 670 .506 .036788 .055335 -.071863 .145440
assumed
Equal variances
.670 669.997 .503 .036788 .054899 -.071006 .144582
not assumed
norcomm Equal variances
.656 .418 -.679 670 .497 -.034500 .050813 -.134272 .065271
assumed
Equal variances
-.680 663.726 .497 -.034500 .050723 -.134097 .065096
not assumed
 T-test: Interpretation
 For the variable “concomm”
• Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances
shows that F (5.353) is significant
(0.021)* therefore the “Equal variances
not assumed” row will be used for the t-
test.

* This score (sig.) is less than 0.05, so there

is significant different in the variances of the
two groups.
 T-test: Interpretation
 Under the “t-test for Equality of
Means” look at “Sig. (2-tailed)” for
“Equal variances not assumed”.

 The score is 0.503 (which is more

than 0.05), therefore there is no
significant difference between the
means of the two groups.
 T-test: Interpretation

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for

Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Mean Std. Error Difference
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Difference Difference Lower Upper
affcomm Equal variances
1.048 .306 2.116 670 .035 .117040 .055308 .008442 .225638
assumed
Equal variances
2.123 666.213 .034 .117040 .055135 .008780 .225300
not assumed
concomm Equal variances
5.353 .021 .665 670 .506 .036788 .055335 -.071863 .145440
assumed
Equal variances
.670 669.997 .503 .036788 .054899 -.071006 .144582
not assumed
norcomm Equal variances
.656 .418 -.679 670 .497 -.034500 .050813 -.134272 .065271
assumed
Equal variances
-.680 663.726 .497 -.034500 .050723 -.134097 .065096
not assumed
 T-test: Interpretation
 For the variable “norcomm”
• Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances
shows that F (0.656) is not significant
(0.418)* therefore the “Equal variances
are assumed” row will be used for the t-
test.

* This score (sig.) is more than 0.05, so there

is no significant different in the variances of
the two groups.
 T-test: Interpretation
 Under the “t-test for Equality of
Means” look at “Sig. (2-tailed)” for
“Equal variances assumed”.

 The score is 0.497 (which is more

than 0.05), therefore there is no
significant difference between the
means of the two groups.