Practical Research 2 Module PDF

Lesson 1 Characteristics, Strengths,
UNIT 1 Weaknesses, and Kinds of

Quantitative Research
Lesson 1.1 Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Nature of Inquiry and Research OBJECTIVES
The students are expected to:

1. describe the characteristics of quantitative research
A. CONTENT STANDARDS
2. identify the characteristics of quantitative research
described in statements
The learner demonstrates understanding of: 3. complete the Star Diagram in summarizing the
characteristics of quantitative research
a. the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds
of quantitative research LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS!
b. the importance of quantitative research across fields
Quantitative Research is an objective, systematic, empirical investigation
c. the nature of variables of the observable phenomena through the use of computational techniques. It
highlights numerical analysis of data hoping that the numbers yield unbiased
results that can be generalized to some larger population and explain particular
observation. Simple quantitative research is concerned with numbers and its
B. PERFORMANCE STANDARDS relationship with events.
The learner is able to decide on suitable quantitative research in
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
different areas of interest
1. Objective. Quantitative research seeks accurate measurement and
analysis of target concepts. It is not based on mere intuitions and guesses. Data
are gathered before proposing a conclusion or solution to a problem.
2. Clearly defined Research Questions. In quantitative research, the
C. LEARNING COMPETENCIES
researchers know in advance what they are looking for. The research questions
The learner: are well defined for which objective answers are sought. All aspects of the study
are carefully designed before data are gathered.
a. describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and 3. Structured Research Instruments. Data are normally gathered
kinds of quantitative research using structured research tools such as questionnaires to collect measurable
characteristics of the population such as age, socio-economic status, number of
b. illustrates the importance of quantitative research
children etc.
across fields. 4. Numerical Data. Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often
c. differentiates kinds of variables and their uses organized and presented using tables, charts, graphs and figures that consolidate
large numbers of data to show trends, relationships or differences among
variables.
5. Large Sample sizes. To arrive at more reliable data analysis, a
normal population distribution is preferred. This requires a large number of
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population size, depending on how the characteristics of population vary. Random
YOUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS!
sampling is recommended in determining the sample size to avoid researchers’
bias in interpreting the results.
6. Replication. Reliable quantitative research can be repeated to verify On the space provided before the number, identify the characteristics of
and confirm the correctness of the results in another setting. quantitative research being described in each of the following statement. Write
7. Future Outcomes. By using complex mathematical calculations and your answer on the space provided before the number.
with the aid of computers, if-then scenarios may be formulated thus predicting ______________________ 1. In presenting the results in quantitative
future results. research, researchers commonly use
Source: Faltado, R.E., Bombita, M.B., & Boholano H. B. (2017). Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research for SHS) (pp numbers and statistics.
1-2). Cubao, Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc.
______________________ 2. Normally, the researcher uses structured

research tools such as questionnaires to
IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK! collect measurable characteristics of the
population.
Describe each of the characteristics of quantitative research on the space ______________________ 3. In quantitative research, the researcher can
provided below. predict future results through complex
mathematical calculations and with the aid of
1. Objective. - computers.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ ______________________ 4. The researcher must not make the
__________________________________________________________ interpretation of the data with mere intuitions
2. Clearly defined Research Questions. - and guesses.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ ______________________ 5. Quantitative research requires a large
__________________________________________________________ number of population size, depending on
3. Structured Research Instruments. - how the characteristics of population vary.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ ______________________ 6. Conclusions and problem solution are
__________________________________________________________ proposed by the researcher after gathering
4. Numerical Data. - data.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ ______________________ 7. Reliable quantitative research can be
__________________________________________________________ repeated to verify and confirm the
5. Large Sample sizes. - correctness of the results in another setting.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ ______________________ 8. The research questions are well defined and
__________________________________________________________ stated in advance for which objective
6. Replication. . - answers are sought.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ ______________________ 9. All aspects of the study are carefully
__________________________________________________________ designed before data are gathered.
7. Future Outcomes -
__________________________________________________________ ______________________ 10. The researcher used pencil and paper test
__________________________________________________________ to determine the attributes of the
__________________________________________________________ respondents of the study.
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CAN YOU REMEMBER IT ALL? LET’S LOOK BACK.
Name: ________________________________ Date: _____________________

Section: ______________________________ Score: _____________________
Summarize the characteristics of quantitative research by completing the
On the space provided before the number, identify the characteristics of
Star Diagram below.
quantitative research being described in each of the following scenario. Choose
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
the letter of your answer from the choices inside the box.
a) Objective. e) Large Sample sizes.

b) Clearly defined Research Questions. f) Replication.
c) Structured Research Instruments. g) Future Outcomes.
d) Numerical Data.
_________ 1. Cita presents the findings of her study by using frequency,

percentage, and graphs.
_________ 2. Divina makes sure that all of the questions to the data
needed in her study are included in her study.
_________ 3. Even the result of the study is not the same with his
expectations; Mario did not manipulate any data on his
research.
_________ 4. In order to gather data from the respondents, Ace distributed
questionnaires to the participants of his study.
_________ 5. The researcher selected 315 students from the 1500
students in Grade 7
_________ 6. Gene interpreted the data based from the findings collected.
_________ 7. Maria made sure that she has collected the necessary data
before making conclusion.
_________ 8. To determine if there is the same result in Makati City, Martin
repeated the study conducted on the effect of smoking to
pregnant women in Pasig City.
_________ 9. Mina proposed conclusions and solution to problem only
after collecting and analyzing the data.
_________ 10. Diane used the entire target population as participants of her
study.
LET’S TEST YOUR BRAIN! REMEMBER THIS IS RECORDED

Parent’s Signature: ___________________________ Date: ________________
BY YOUR TEACHER… OOOPS NO PRESSURE!
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Lesson 1. 2 Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research • Information are difficult to gather using structured research instruments
specifically sensitive issues like pre-marital sex, domestic violence,
OBJECTIVES among others.
The students are expected to: • If not done seriously and correctly, data from questionnaires may be
incomplete and inaccurate. Researchers must look on respondents who
1. explain the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative are just guessing in answering the instrument.
Source: Faltado, R.E., Bombita, M.B., & Boholano H. B. (2017). Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research for SHS) (pp
research 2-3). Cubao, Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc.
2. classify situations in conducting study whether it is
strength or weakness of quantitative research
3. complete the T-chart in summarizing the strengths IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK!
and weaknesses of quantitative research
What are the strengths of the quantitative research? Cite and explain briefly.
LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS! _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Conducting of quantitative research has both advantages and _________________________________________________________________
disadvantages to the researcher.
What are the weaknesses of the quantitative research? Cite and explain.
Strengths of Quantitative Research _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
• It is objective. Since it provides numerical data, it can’t be easily _________________________________________________________________
misinterpreted. What are the possible solutions to overcome some of the quantitative research’s
• The use of statistical techniques facilitates sophisticated analyses and weaknesses?
allows you to comprehend a huge amount of vital characteristics of data. _________________________________________________________________
• The numerical data can be analyzed in a quick and easy way. By _________________________________________________________________
employing the statistically valid random models, findings can be _________________________________________________________________
generalized to the population about which information is necessary. _________________________________________________________________
• Quantitative studies are replicable, standardized approaches allow the
study to be replicated in different areas or over time with the formulation
of comprehensible findings. YOUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS!
Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
Identify whether the following statement is a strength or weakness of a
quantitative research. Write YES if you consider the item as strength and NO if
• Quantitative research requires large number of respondents, it is
you consider it as a weakness.
assumed that the larger the sample is, the more statistically accurate the
______ 1. Using of questionnaire in collecting data.
findings are.
______ 2. Gathering information using structured research instruments specifically
• It is costly. Since there are more respondents compared to qualitative
on sensitive issues.
research, the expenses will be greater in reaching out to these people
______ 3. Capacity of the respondents to share and elaborate further
and in reproducing the questionnaires.
information.
• The information contextual factors to help interpret the results or to
______ 4. Objective in making conclusions and solution to problem.
explain variations are usually ignored. It does not consider the distinct
______ 5. Using of large number of respondents on collecting data.
capacity of the respondents to share and elaborate further information
______ 6. Possibility to replicate reliable research paper.
unlike the qualitative research.
______ 7. The expenses in reaching out people and in reproducing the
questionnaires.
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______ 8. Analysing data using numbers and statistics.
_______9.The use of statistical techniques in facilitating analyses and LET’S TEST YOUR BRAIN! REMEMBER THIS IS RECORDED
comprehension of huge amount of vital characteristics of data. BY YOUR TEACHER… OOOPS NO PRESSURE!
______ 10. Use of numerical data on making analysis and interpretation.
Name: ____________________________________ Date: __________________
Section: __________________________________ Score: _________________
CAN YOU REMEMBER IT ALL? LET’S LOOK BACK. Identify whether each of the following situations in conducting the
quantitative research is a strength or weakness. Write S if you consider it strength,
Summarize the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research by and W if it is weakness.
completing the T Chart below. _______ 1. The inability of the depressed teenagers to express their answer
using questionnaires.
The Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research _______ 2. Jelo gathers data from large number of earthquake victims in his
province.
Strengths Weaknesses _______ 3. Monique is unable to consider her own opinion and belief in
analyzing and interpreting the data she has gathered from her
participants.
_______ 4. Lucy has to go to Bohol to reach out the participants of her

study at her own expense.
_______ 5. Tricia patterned her study in the study conducted by her

instructor
_______ 6. Jason has to reproduce the questionnaires of his study at his

expense.
_______ 7. Jake needs to use numbers and statistics in analyzing the

correlation of the variables of his study
_______ 8. Manny is required to produce questionnaires in gathering

information about child abuse from his participants.
_______ 9. Michelle shall use statistical techniques in analyzing huge

amount of vital characteristics of data of her respondents.
_______ 10. Maxine utilizes questionnaires in collecting data in her study.
Parent’s Signature: _________________________________ Date: ________________
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Lesson 1.3 Kinds of Quantitative Research Survey Research. It is used to gather information from groups of people by
selecting and studying samples chosen from population.it may be done in various
OBJECTIVES ways like face-to-face, phone, mail, and online. A survey research may be cross-
sectional if the information is collected from a sample in just single point of time
The students are expected to: just like the child-rearing practices of single parents, and population practices of
1. explain each of the kinds of quantitative research unmarried couples. A survey research is considered longitudinal if the researcher
2. classify the statements on kinds of quantitative research collects information on the same subjects over a period of time, sometimes lasting
whether it is true or false many years in order to study the changes through the years. Longitudinal survey
3. complete the Flower Diagram in summarizing the learning on is utilized, for example, to determine the growth of rice yield in the country and the
the kinds of quantitative research rate of promotion of doctorate degree holders five years after earning the degree.
Causal Comparative Research. It is also known as ex post facto (after the fact)
LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS! research. This kind of research derives conclusion from observations and
manifestation that already occurred in the past and now compared to some
The kind of research is dependent on the researcher’s aim in conducting dependent variables. It discusses why and how a phenomenon occurs. For
the study and the extent to which the findings will be used. The following are the example, a researcher is interested in how weight influences stress coping level of
various kinds of quantitative research that a researcher may employ. adults. Here, the subjects would be separated into different group (underweight,
normal weight, over weight) and their stress-coping levels measured. This is an ex
Kinds of Quantitative Research post facto design because pre-existing characteristic (weight) was used to form
the groups.
Descriptive Research. This design is concerned with describing the nature,
characteristics and components of the population or a phenomenon. This design Experimental Research. This research utilizes scientific method to test cause-
attempts to find general attributes of the presently existing situation and determine and-effect relationships under conditions controlled by the researcher. In this case
the frequency with which it occurs. Descriptive research is used if, for example the an effort is made to determine and impose control over all other variables except
research wants to know how many hours senior high school spend in social one. An independent variable is manipulated to determine the effects on the
media, the number of malnourished students who failed in the achievement test, dependent variables. For instance, a teacher would like to know if a new teaching
and how healthy is the food served during the recess in the public school. strategy is effective or not so he/she teaches one section using the new strategy
and teaches another comparable section without the new strategy, then an
Correlational Research. It is a systematic investigation of the nature of achievement test was given to the two sections. The manipulated independent
relationship, or associations between among variables without necessarily variable is the new teaching strategy which is being tested if it has an effect on the
investigating into causal reasons underlying them. It is also concerned with the dependent variable which is the achievement of the students. Notice that the
extent of relationships that exists between or among the variables. For example, if sections are comparable with one another meaning all other variables are
pre-board examination results can be used to predict performance in the controlled by the teacher.
Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET), then the higher the pre-board grade, Source: Faltado, R.E., Bombita, M.B., & Boholano H. B. (2017). Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research for SHS) (pp 3-4). Cubao, Quezon
City: Lorimar Publishing Inc.
the most likely be the score in the LET. Correlational research is employed if you
like to know, for example, if the following factors are related to each other: sex and
mathematical ability, marriage and cancer recovery, occupation and life span.
Evaluation Research. It aims to assess the effects and impacts or outcomes of

practices, policies and programs. Assessing of nursing care in a hospital and
determining the impact of new treatment procedure for patients are examples of
evaluation research.
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IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK! programs.
______ 4. Evaluation research is concerned with describing the nature,
characteristics and components of the population or a
Answer the following questions briefly and comprehensively using your own phenomenon.
words. ______ 5. Correlational research is concerned with the extent of relationships
that exists between or among the variables.
What is descriptive research? ______ 6. Survey research is used to gather information from groups of
people by selecting and studying samples chosen from population.
_________________________________________________________________
______ 7. Experimental research manipulates an independent variable to
_________________________________________________________________ determine the effects on the dependent variables.
______ 8. Descriptive research systematically investigates the nature of
What is correlational research? relationship, or associations between among variables without
_________________________________________________________________ necessarily investigating into causal reasons underlying them.
_________________________________________________________________ ______ 9. Experimental research design used pre-existing characteristic to
form groups.
______ 10. Descriptive research design utilizes scientific method to test cause-
What is evaluation research?
and-effect relationships under conditions controlled by the
_________________________________________________________________ researcher.
_________________________________________________________________
What is survey research? When can we consider that a survey research is cross
sectional? Longitudinal survey?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ Summarize the kinds of quantitative research by accomplishing the
_________________________________________________________________ flower diagram below.
What is causal comparative research? The Kinds of Quantitative Research

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
What is experimental research?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
True or False. Write True if the statement is correct, and False if it is

incorrect.
______ 1. Experimental research attempts to find general attributes of the
presently existing situation and determine the frequency with which
it occurs.
______ 2. Survey research derives conclusion from observations and
manifestation that already occurred in the past and now compared
to some dependent variables.
______ 3. Causal comparative research design is concerned in assessing the
effects and impacts or outcomes of practices, policies and
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Name:____________________________________Date: ___________________
Lesson 2 The Importance of Quantitative
Section:__________________________________Score: __________________
Research Across Fields
Identify the kind of quantitative being described in each of the following
OBJECTIVES
scenario. Choose the letter of your answer from the choices inside the box.
a) descriptive d) survey The students are expected to:
b) correlational e) causal comparative 1. illustrate the importance of quantitative research in different
c) evaluation f) experimental areas of discipline
2. classify research topics to what discipline it contributes
____ 1. The researcher aims to determine the degree of the relationship of 3. complete the Field Matrix in summarizing the learning on the
height to the job applicants’ self esteem. importance of research across fields
____ 2. The researcher aims to determine the impact of K-12 curriculum to

the employment readiness of senior high school graduates. LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS!
____ 3. The researcher aims to know how frequent do the teenagers smoke
in a week The Importance of Quantitative Research
____ 4. The researcher wants to determine how gender affects leadership
performances of SK chairmen of Pasig City. He selects groups of In the area of Accounting, Business and Management (ABM),
participants of different gender and compares its leadership researchers can help design a new product or service figuring out what is needed
performance. and ensure that the development of a product is highly targeted towards demand.
Businessmen can also utilize research results to guarantees sufficient distribution
____ 5. The researcher wants to determine the academic achievement of of their products and also utilize research results to guarantee sufficient
the children in rural areas of Pasig City. distribution of their products and decide where you need to increase their product
6. The researcher wants to determine the effect of ICT if implemented distribution. Conducting researches can also help a business determine whether
____
in the students’ participation in the classroom. He compares the now is the proper time to open another branch or whether it needs to apply for a
students’ participation of two groups (one group with ICT, one group new loan. It may also help a small business decide if a procedure or strategy
without ICT). should be changed to meet the requirements the customer base.
In the field of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
____ 7. The researcher wants to determine the waste management of the (STEM), medical practitioners, for example, conduct researches to obtain
employees in SM Megamall. information about disease trends and risks factors, results of various health
8. The researcher wants to investigate how time schedule affect the interventions, patterns of care and health care cost and use. The different
____
academic achievement of students in Mathematics. He selects 3 approaches to research provide complementary insights. Researchers help in
groups of students taking the Mathematics in different time. determining the effectiveness and even side effect of drugs and therapies in
different populations and various. It is also necessary in evaluating experiences in
____ 9. The researcher wants to investigate the relationship of socio clinical practice in order to develop mechanisms for best practices and to ensure
economic status and academic performance of the STEM students. high-quality patient care. Researches in this field ultimately aim for man’s
longevity. As for engineers, architects, and other builders, research helps in
____ 10. The researcher aims to enhance students’ class participation by
providing designs which are creative, conveniently beautiful and at the same time
employing positive discipline
give more convenience and efficiency as they utilize modern technology to adapt
the ever changing society. New materials and procedures may be developed so
as to further strengthen the structural materials that can withstand various
Parent’s Signature: _______________________________________ Date: ____________________ calamities and disasters.
Page | 8
In the discipline of Humanities and Social sciences, research aims to YOUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS!
provide solutions to the social problems directly felt by people. Researchers in this
field deal more on societal behaviors and social issues such as stress, worker The following are research topics. Identify the field where such research
ethics, organizational commitment, leadership style and child labor, teenage topics can make contribution. Write ABM if it contributes to Accounting, Business
pregnancy, human trafficking, to drug addiction and other forms of criminality. and Management, STEM if you consider it helpful in the field of Science,
Social science researches lead to the understanding of social interactions that Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, and HUMSS if it contributes to
may lead to the formulation of new theories and practices that can contribute to Humanities, and Social Sciences.
societal development and welfare.
As a whole, research can help us understand and assess the things and ____________ 1. adultery
occurrences around us. It provides us the rationale and justifications for one’s ____________ 2. building designs which are more convenient and
decisions and actions. It gives us the opportunity to discover various means of efficient
identifying problems, find ways of dealing with life’s challenges and to come up ____________ 3. Cyber bullying
with innovative materials and mechanism that can improve the quality of life.
____________ 4. decision to increase product distribution
Source: Faltado, R.E., Bombita, M.B., & Boholano H. B. (2017). Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research for SHS) (pp 4-6). Cubao, Quezon ____________ 5. depression
____________ 6. development of structural materials that can
withstand various calamities and disasters.
IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK! ____________ 7. effectiveness and side effect of certain drugs
Answer the following questions briefly and comprehensively using your ____________ 8. procedure or strategy to meet the requirements of the
own words. customers
____________ 9. risks factors of certain disease
What are the benefits does research provide in the area of Accounting, Business ____________ 10. sufficient distribution of products
and Management (ABM)?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ CAN YOU REMEMBER IT ALL? LET’S LOOK BACK.
_________________________________________________________________
Summarize the importance of quantitative research across fields by
How does research become beneficial in the field of Science, Technology, accomplishing the Chart matrix below.
Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)?
_________________________________________________________________ The Importance of Quantitative Research across Fields
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
In the field of In the field of In the field of
ABM STEM HUMSS
How does research help people in the field of Humanities and Social Sciences
(HUMSS)?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
How does research help the people in the field of Technical Vocational
Livelihood?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Page | 9
Lesson 3
BY YOUR TEACHER… OOOPS NO PRESSURE! The Nature of Variables
Name: ___________________________________ Date: ___________________ Lesson 3.1 Variables and Its Types
Section: _________________________________ Score: __________________ OBJECTIVES
Illustrate on the box below the importance of Quantitative The students are expected to:
Research across fields by making an info graphics. 1. discuss the variable and its types
2. categorize the variables according to its type
3. complete the Square Matrix in summarizing the learning on
variables of quantitative research
LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS!
A variable is a central concept in research. It is measurable characteristic

that changes in value. It may vary from one group to another group, one person to
another or even with the same person over time.
A variable is anything that may assume varied numerical or categorical
values. For instance, sex is a variable, it may be male or female but it would not
be applicable as a variable if the setting is an exclusive school for girls. Socio
economic status is a variable; it may range from zero to billion pesos. Educational
attainment of parents is another variable, it may be from did not attend school to
post-doctorate degree.
Types of Variables
The two types of variables are continuous and discrete variables.
Continuous variable. A variable that can take infinite number on the

value that can occur within a population. Its values can be divided into fractions.
Examples of this type of variables include age, height, and temperature.
Discrete variable. Known as categorical or classificatory variable, on the
other hand, is any variable that has limited number of distinct values and which
cannot be divided into fractions such as sex, blood group, and number of children.
Types of Continuous Variables
Continuous variables can either be interval variable or ratio variable.

Interval variable is a measurement where the difference between two
Parent’s Signature: ________________________________ Date: ______________ values does have meaning such as temperature, age, exam result, grades and
etc.
Page | 10
Ratio variable possesses the properties of interval variable and has a
clear definition of zero indication that there is none of that variable such as height, YOUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS!
weight and distance.
Types of Discrete Variables On the space before the number, write I if the variable is Interval, N if
Discrete variables can either be nominal variable or ordinal variable. nominal, R if Ratio and O if ordinal.
Nominal variable is a variable with no quantitative value. It has two or
more categories but does not imply ordering of cases like eye color, business ______ 1. Body temperature in Celsius
type, religion, sex (dichotomous). ______ 2. Citizenship
Ordinal variable is a variable that has two or more categories which can ______ 3. Cups of rice consumed in a day
be ranked like educational attainment using coding; elementary = 1 , high school = ______ 4. Distance travel in an hour
2, college undergraduate = 3, college graduate = 4 and graduate studies = 5 ______ 5. Emotion
______ 6. Fast food chain
______ 7. Strand taken
______ 8. Grade in Physical Education
______ 9. Score in short quiz
______ 10. Year level
IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK!
Answer the following questions briefly and comprehensively using your own
words.
What is variable?
_________________________________________________________________ Summarize the types of variables by accomplishing the Square Matrix
_________________________________________________________________ below.
_________________________________________________________________
The Types of Variables
What are the two types of variables? Discuss each.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ Interval Variable Nominal Variable
_________________________________________________________________
What are the types of continuous variables? Discuss each.

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Ratio Variable Ordinal Variable
What are the types of discrete variables? Discuss each.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Page | 11
LET’S TEST YOUR BRAIN! REMEMBER THIS IS RECORDED Lesson 3.2 Dependent and Independent Variables
OBJECTIVES
Name: ____________________________________ Date: __________________ The students are expected to:
Section: ________________________________ Score: ___________________ 1. discuss the dependent and independent variables
2. locate the dependent and independent on research topics
Given the choices below, classify what type of variable are the following. 3. complete the Venn Diagram showing the similarities and
Write the letter of your answer on the space provided. differences of dependent and independent variable
A. Interval
B. Nominal
C. Ratio
D. Ordinal
Dependent and Independent Variables
______1. Age as of January 2019 Dependent variable also called as outcome variable; it is a result or
effect of the changes brought about by another variable
______2. Brand of shampoo
Independent variable. The cause variable or the responsible for the
______3. College Course
conditions that act on something else to bring about changes
______4. Gender
______5. Hair color In a certain study, a group of students was subjected to aroma therapy
using essential oils while reading, and another group with normal conditions, then
______6. Internet Usage in a day
after a month both groups took a reading comprehension test. In this case, the
______7. Music Genre
reading comprehension test score is the dependent variable and exposure to
______8. Number of Years in Service aroma therapy is the independent variable. This is because the test score is
______9. Occupation dependent on whether or not the student was exposed to aroma therapy. The
______10. Periodical test score independent variable exposure to aroma therapy is independent variable because
it is something that brought about the change.
Parent’s Signature: ______________________ Date:_________________

Answer the following questions briefly and comprehensively using your own
words.
What is dependent variable?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Page | 12
LET’S TEST YOUR BRAIN! REMEMBER THIS IS RECORDED BY
What is independent variable? YOUR TEACHER… OOOPS NO PRESSURE!
_________________________________________________________________ Name: ____________________________________ Date: _________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ Section: __________________________________ Score: _________________
Supply the information needed below.
YOUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS! Research Topic Independent Variable Dependent Variable
1. The relationship of Parents’
Classify the each of the underlined variables whether it is Independent Educational Background to the
or Dependent of the following research topics. Write your answer on the space Academic Performance of the
provided. Elementary Students
2. The influence of texting in
1. Developing critical thinking with the use of logical thinking
Independent: _______________________________ decreasing the students’
Dependent: ________________________________ grammatical competence
2. Effectiveness of Exposing Classical Music on Consumer’s Behavior. 3. The impact of Koreanovelas on
Independent: _______________________________
the Filipino value system
Dependent: ________________________________
3. Impact of ICT on Student Achievement in Accounting 4. The relationship of corrupt
Independent: _______________________________ practices and the resignation of
Dependent: ________________________________ the employees
4. Increasing Reading Interest through Paired Reading.
5. The use of Eco Brick Project in
Independent: _______________________________
Dependent: ________________________________ Waste Management Performance
5. The collaborative learning in increasing communicative competence of HUMSS students
Independent: _______________________________ 6. Time spent studying and its
Dependent: ________________________________
effects the test scores of TVL
CAN YOU REMEMBER IT ALL? LET’S LOOK students
BACK. 7. Relationship between disposable

Using the Venn diagram, show the similarities and differences of income and location amongst
dependent and independent Variable young adults
Independent Dependent 8. Salary and job satisfaction among
Greenwoods residents
9. Number of hours invest in the
gym to the body built of the male
employees
10. The skin color and the self-
esteem of the Facebook users
Parent’s Signature: _______________________________________ Date: ____________________
Page | 13
SUMMARY SHOW US WHAT YOU’VE GOT!
Quantitative research has seven characteristics which include: (1) objective - ANSWER THIS UNIT TEST.
impartial, unbiased and neutral type of research; (2) Clearly defined questions – definite
questions like what, which, how much, and the like are asked and collected); (3) structured
research instruments – this type of research surveys, questionnaires, software in collecting
Name: ___________________________________ Date: __________________
data from participants; (4) numerical data – this uses numbers and statistical treatment
which produce unbiased results; (5) large sample size –to represents the population (6) Section: _________________________________ Score: __________________
replication - high reliability of the study to determine stability and consistency; and (7) future
outcomes - new concepts and further studies can be formulated by using calculations. Modified True or False. Write TRUE if the statement is correct but if it is false,
change the underlined word or group of words to make the whole statement true.
Quantitative type of research is beneficial to researchers in some ways. Since it is
numerical, the researcher maintains its objectiveness in interpreting data. With the use of (1 point each)
statistical techniques, data become easy to analyse and interpret even it requires large
sample size. Additionally, it is replicable, thus, ensures high reliability of results. However, ______________________ 1. Dependent variable is a variable in
quantitative research can be burden somehow to its researcher specifically on the number of research that causes a change especially
sample which requires the researcher to become financially and physically capable to handle on other variables.
expenses in reaching out participants and reproducing instrument. Moreover, the fact that ______________________ 2. Continuous variables can either be nominal
quantitative research uses structured instruments, the participants are limited in expressing variable or ordinal variable.
further information specially to sensitive topics, and are most likely to make fun guessing the ______________________ 3. Nominal variable is any variable that has
answers. limited number of distinct values and which
There are 6 kinds of quantitative research the researcher may utilize. (1) cannot be divided into fractions.
Descriptive Research which focuses on describing the nature, characteristics and ______________________ 4. Researchers in the field of Science,
components of the population or a phenomenon. (2) Correlational Research is a Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
systematic investigation of the nature of relationship, or associations between among (STEM) deal more on societal behaviors
variables without having investigation into causal reasons underlying them. (3) Evaluation and social issues.
Research is used to assess the effects and impacts or outcomes of practices, policies and
______________________ 5. In the area of Humanities and Social
programs. (4) Survey Research where researcher gathers information from groups of
people by selecting and studying samples chosen from population done in various ways like Sciences, researchers can help design a
face-to-face, phone, mail, and online. A survey research may be cross-sectional and new product or service figuring out what is
longitudinal survey. (5) Causal Comparative Research (also known as ex post facto/after needed and ensure that the development
the fact research) derives conclusion from observations and manifestation that already of a product is highly targeted towards
occurred in the past and now compared to some dependent variables. It discusses why and demand.
how a phenomenon occurs. (6) Experimental Research utilizes scientific method to test ______________________ 6. Correlational Research is also known as ex
cause-and-effect relationships under conditions controlled by the researcher. post facto (after the fact) research.
Quantitative research is beneficial across fields. It can help people understand and ______________________ 7. Evaluation Research aims to assess the
assess the things and occurrences around them. It provides them the rationale and effects and impacts or outcomes of
justifications for decisions and actions they may do. It leads the people to discover various practices, policies and programs.
means of identifying problems, finding ways of dealing with challenges and coming up with ______________________ 8. In descriptive research, the researcher
innovative materials and mechanism that can improve the quality of lives. manipulates the independent variables to
A variable is measurable characteristic that changes in value. It may vary from one determine its effects on the dependent
group to another group, one person to another or even with the same person over time. The variables.
two types of variables are continuous (a variable that can take infinite number on the value ______________________ 9. Data are normally gathered using
that can occur within a population) and discrete variables (categorical or classificatory structured research tools such as
variable, any variable that has limited number of distinct values).Continuous variables can questionnaires to collect measurable
either be interval variable (a measurement where the difference between two values does
characteristics of the population
have meaning) or ratio variable (has a clear definition of zero indication that there is none of
that variable). On the other hand, discrete variables can either be nominal variable (does ______________________ 10. Information are difficult to gather using
not imply ordering of cases) or ordinal variable (can be ranked). structured research instruments specifically
sensitive issues like pre-marital sex,
In research, variables can be dependent variable (also called as outcome domestic violence, among others.
variable; it is a result or effect of the changes brought about by another variable) and
independent variable (the cause variable or the responsible for the conditions that act on
something else to bring about changes).
Page | 14
Classification. Classify the following variables whether it is Interval, Nominal, _________ 23. Neri did not based his study on guess work
Ratio or Ordinal. Write your answer on the space provided before the number. (1 _________ 24. Roger wants to ensure the correctness and verify the
point each) findings of different but reliable already conducted study.
_________ 25. Roel used survey forms in collecting data for his study.
______________________ 11. Civil status For 26 -30 Kinds of Quantitative Research
______________________ 12. Milktea flavor
A. Descriptive Research D. Survey Research
______________________ 13. Mobile data consumed in a day B. Correlational Research E. Causal Comparative
C. Evaluation/Assessment F. Experimental
______________________ 14. Room temperature in Fahrenheit
Research
______________________ 15. year level in college
_________ 26. Eric assesses the food sanitation in a fast food chain.
_________ 27. Mr. Cruz is interested in determining how age influences
Identification. Each of the underlined word/phrase is variable. Indicate whether it maturity level of call center agents. He separated
is dependent or independent. Write DV if you consider it dependent variable, and participants into different age group (25 and below, 26-40,
IV if you consider it independent variable 41 and above) and their maturity levels measured.
_________ 28. Ms. Guzman would like to know if music therapy is effective
______________________ 16. Effects of k-12 curriculum on professional or not in the academic performance of high school students
growth of academic track students so she teaches one section using music therapy and
______________________ 17. Gender and leadership performance of teaches another comparable section without music.
school administrators in Makati City _________ 29. Ms. Lorenzo wants to know how many fresh education
______________________ 18. How does parents’ employment status graduates failed the Licensure Examination for Teachers.
influence the academic performance of _________ 30. Tomy would like to know if family background and life span
elementary students are related to each other.
______________________ 19. The effect of climate on classroom
attendance of Home Economics students
______________________ 20. Time spent playing online games of the For 31 -35 Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
high school students and its effect on the
their academic performance
A. Strength
B. Weakness
Multiple Choice. Given the choices in the box, identify the word/phrase being
described on each of the statement/situation below. Write your answer on the
space provided before the number.
_________ 31. You have to look on respondents who are unserious in
For 21 -25 Characteristics of Quantitative Research answering the questionnaire
_________ 32. You have to use questionnaire in gathering data about
domestic violence.
A. Objective. E. Large Sample sizes. _________ 33. You have to use numerical data in analysing and interpreting
B. Clearly defined Research F. Replication. data.
Questions. G. Future Outcomes. _________ 34. You have to use large number of participants in conducting
C. Structured Research the study.
Instruments _________ 35. You have to spend more money and time in reaching out
D. Numerical Data. respondents and reproducing questionnaires.
_________ 21. In order to arrive at more reliable data analysis, Maine used
standardized number of participants to represent the
population.
_________ 22. Mario presented his data in the form statistics
Page | 15
UNIT 2
Sketch. Make a sketch showing the importance of quantitative research across
fields. (5 points)
Identifying the Inquiry

and Stating the Problem
The learner demonstrates understanding of:
a. the range of research topics in the area of inquiry

b. the value of research in the area of interest
c. the specificity and feasibility of the problem posed.
B. PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
The learner is able to formulate clearly statement of research problem
The learner:
a. designs a research useful in daily life.

b. writes a research title
c. describes background of the research
d. states research questions
e. indicates scope and delimitation of research
Parent’s Signature: ________________________ Date: ________________
f. cites benefits and beneficiaries of research
g. presents written statement of the problem.
Page | 16
Lesson 1
5. It should be of researcher’s interest and researcher must be with the topic
Research Useful in Daily Life 6. It should be a modest one for a beginner to be carried on within a limited period
of time.
7. It should be clear, not ambiguous.
8. It should be specific, not general.
OBJECTIVES 9. It should consider the training and personal qualifications of the researcher.
10. It should consider the availability of data involved in the study and the
The students are expected to: methods and techniques to be employed in gathering them.
1. discuss the research topic /problems 11. It should consider the availability of effective instruments for gathering the
2. classify statements about writing research topic whether it data and their treatment.
is true or false 12. It should consider the financial capacity of the researcher to support the
3. make a concept map summarizing their learning on project.
research topic 13. It should consider the time factor involved in the undertaking

A research topic or problem is an intellectual stimulus calling for an

answer in the form of scientific inquiry. Topics or problems are general questions IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK!
about relations among variables, or characteristics of the phenomenon which a
researcher needs to undertake. (Birion et.al, 2005, p.7 in Faltado, Bombita &
Based on the concept you have read above, answer the following
Boholano , 2017)
questions briefly using your own words.
Sources of Research Topics or Problems
What is Research Topic?
1. Prevailing theories and philosophy
_________________________________________________________________
2. Observations, intuitions or a combination of both _________________________________________________________________
3. Different subjects taken and from them identify a problem that interest a _________________________________________________________________
student-researcher most Where can we get research topics?
4. Fields of interest or specialization or event from related studies _________________________________________________________________
5. Existing problems in the classroom/school/campus/university which one may _________________________________________________________________
want to solve are good sources of research problems _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
6. Existing needs of the community
What are the characteristics of the research topic?
7. Repetition or extension of investigations already conducted or may be an _________________________________________________________________
offshoot of studies underway (Angeles, 1996, p 86) _________________________________________________________________
8. Related studies and literatures _________________________________________________________________
9. Advice of authorities or experts from funding agencies _________________________________________________________________
10. Offshoots of friendly conversations
11. Incidental from interesting topics of professors during the course What are the requirements for someone to do a certain research topic?
_________________________________________________________________
meeting/session.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Selecting Research Topic _________________________________________________________________
1. It should be new or different from what has already been written about.
2. It must be original What are the other important factors to consider in selecting research topics?
3. It should be significant to the field of study or discipline _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4. It must necessarily arouse intellectual curiosity
_________________________________________________________________
Page | 17
YOUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS! LET’S TEST YOUR BRAIN! REMEMBER THIS IS RECORDED
True or False. Write True if the statement is correct, and False if
incorrect. Name: _________________________________ Date: ____________________
Section: _______________________________ Score: ___________________
______ 1. Authorities may advice research topics
______ 2. Financial capacity of the researcher to support the project must
also be considered Classify the following research topics whether it is Good or Bad. Write
______ 3. Research problems can be developed from friendly your answer on the space provided before the number.
conversations
______ 4. Research problems should be ambiguous ________________ 1. Factors that Cause Tardiness of Students
______ 5. Research topic must be general in Rizal High School in their Academic
______ 6. Research topic must be of research adviser’s interest. Performance
______ 7. Research topic should be the same with what has already been
written about. ________________ 2. How to make bracelet from beads
______ 8. Researcher may extend the research already conducted.
______ 9. Researcher should consider the availability of data involved in ________________ 3. How to start a small business
the study and the methods and techniques to be employed in gathering them in
selecting the topic.. ________________ 4. Filipino customs
______ 10. Time factor must be considered in choosing the research topic.
________________ 5. My Significant Experience Last Summer
________________ 6. Organ transplant

________________ 7. The Academic Achievement of Students
On the space provided below, make a concept map summarizing what in Public Elementary Schools
you have learned from a research topic.
________________ 8. The effects of marijuana in one’s health
________________ 9. The Parliamentary Form of Government
________________ 10. The Psychic Phenomena
Parent’s Signature: ______________________________ Date: _____________
Page | 18
Lesson 2 The Research Title
OBJECTIVES questions briefly using your own words.

What are the components of the research title?
1. discuss the guidelines in writing research title _________________________________________________________________
2. write correct research title _________________________________________________________________
3. complete a graphic organizer summarizing the learning on _________________________________________________________________
research title
What is the required length of the research title?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS! _________________________________________________________________
What are the words to be avoided in formulating research title?

_________________________________________________________________
Selected Guidelines in the Formulation of a Research Title
_________________________________________________________________
1. The Title must contain the ff. elements: _________________________________________________________________
a. the subject matter or research problem
b. the setting or locale of the study How does the researcher write the title if it contains more than one line?
c. the respondents or participants involved in the study _________________________________________________________________
d. the time or period when the study was conducted. _________________________________________________________________
2. The title must be broad enough to include all aspects of the study but
should be brief and concise as possible. What to capitalize in writing the research title?
3. The use of terms as “Analysis of “, “A study of”, “An Investigation of” and _________________________________________________________________
the like should be avoided. _________________________________________________________________
4. If the title contains more than one line, it should be written in inverted _________________________________________________________________
pyramid.
5. When typed or encoded in the title page, all words in the title should be in
capital letters. YOUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS!
6. If possible, the title should not be longer that 15 substantive words.
7. Avoid a long, detailed title that gives too much information.
8. To shorten the title, delete the terms assessment or evaluation if these Write the correct form of the following research title.
are already emphasized in the text. Given the following elements, write a good research title.
1.
Research problem : An Investigation on the Level of the Acceptability of
Worksheets for Film-Clippings
Locale : University of Rizal, Antipolo City
Respondents : Teachers of English
Time : S.Y. 2019-2020
Page | 19
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
Main Idea
2.
Research problem : Evaluation Study on the Leadership Practices
Locale : Pasig City Four Important Details:
Respondents : Supervisors of Mc Donald’s, Jollibee, Greenwich and
1. __________________________________________________________
Chowking
__________________________________________________________
Time : Year 2019
__________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
______________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________
Research problem : Assessment on the Impact of Tertiary Education on the
Quality of Life 3. __________________________________________________________
Locale : Pasig Catholic College, Pasig City __________________________________________________________
Respondents : 20 student assistants living below the Poverty threshold __________________________________________________________
Time : School Year 2019-2020 ______________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ 4. __________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
______________________________
One sentence summary:

CAN YOU REMEMBER IT ALL? LET’S LOOK
BACK. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Summarize your learning on writing research title by accomplishing the _________________________________________________________________
following graphic organizer. _________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
Title:
_____________________________________________________________
Page | 20
BY YOUR TEACHER… OOOPS NO PRESSURE! 4.
Research problem : An Analysis on the Impact of Playing Mobile Legends on
Name: __________________________________ Date: ___________________ Students’ Study Habits
Section: ________________________________ Score: __________________ Locale : Mabini High School, Bulacan
Respondents : 451 students from Grade 7, Grade 8, Grade 9, and Grade
10
Write the correct form of the following research title. (2 points each)
Time : School Year 2015-2016
1. __________________________________________________________
Research problem : An Assessment on the Effectiveness of Literacy Program __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Locale : Barangay Caniogan, Pasig City
__________________________________________________________
Respondents : Street Children __________________________________________________________
Time : Year 2015 __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ 5.
__________________________________________________________
Research problem : An Investigation on the Medicinal Effects of Guava Leaves
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ Locale : Province of Rizal
__________________________________________________________ Respondents : Residents of Rizal Province
__________________________________________________________ Time : Year 2016
2. __________________________________________________________
Research problem : Investigation on the Stress Management Skills of __________________________________________________________
Overseas Filipino Workers __________________________________________________________
Locale : Hongkong __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Respondents : 250 OFW in the Hongkong
__________________________________________________________
Time : Year 2019 __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ Parent’s Signature: ____________________________________ Date: _______________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
3.
Research problem : Teaching Practices of Bachelor of Secondary Education
Major in Filipino
Locale : University of Philippines, Diliman
Respondents : 300 Education Students
Time : School Year 2015-2016
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Page | 21
Lesson 3 The Background of the Research Based on the concept you have read above, answer the following questions
briefly using your own words.
OBJECTIVES
What is the content of the Background of Research/Introduction?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4. discuss the content of the background of research (introduction)
_________________________________________________________________
5. classify ideas on writing research background whether it must be
included or not
What are the questions to be answered in writing the introduction?
6. make a concept map summarizing their learning on background of
_________________________________________________________________
research
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS! For a good background/introduction, what can you specify?
_________________________________________________________________
Background of Research _________________________________________________________________
This part of the research includes information which would focus _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
attention on the importance and validity of the problem. It is the general orientation
of the problem area. A brief rationale to justify the problem must be provided. This What must be discussed in the background/introduction?
is the present state of knowledge regarding the problem. Answer these questions: _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
what facets of the problem (phenomenon) are known and what need further
_________________________________________________________________
investigation? What approaches have been used previously in research of the _________________________________________________________________
problem?
For a good background, the researcher can state the antecedents of the
reasons why this topic is proposed relative to previous studies.
Decide whether the following ideas are to be included in the background of
The background includes: the study or not. On the space before the number, write IN if you consider it
1. discussion of the problem in general and specific situations as included, and write OUT if it is excluded.
observed and experienced by the researcher (macro to micro approach)
________ 1. Approaches previously used in research of the problem
2. concepts and ideas related to the problem including clarification of
important terminologies; and ________ 2. Clarification of the important terms
3. discussion of the existing or present conditions and what is aimed to ________ 3. Coverage of the study
be in the future or the gap to be filled – in by the research. ________ 4. Description of the instrument to use in the study
________ 5. Discussion of general and specific problem
Source: Faltado, R.E., Bombita, M.B., & Boholano H. B. (2017). Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research for SHS) (pp ________ 6. History of the problem
________ 7. Present condition of the problem
Page | 22
________ 8. Recommendation to other researchers
________ 9. The process of how data shall be gathered
________ 10. The solution/answer to the problem Name:_______________________________________Date: ________________
Section:_____________________________________Score: _______________
A researcher conducts his study on determining the perception of Junior
CAN YOU REMEMBER IT ALL? LET’S LOOK BACK. High School student-leaders of the prevailing school organizational climate of
Rizal High School as well as the administrators’’ leadership style during the school
Summarize your learning on this lesson by developing a concept map on year 2018-2019.
writing the background of the study below. Decide whether the researcher has done a good introduction as he has
done the following actions. On the space provided before the number, write
Title: ____________________________________________________ AGREE if you consider the action correct, and DISAGREE if you consider the
action inappropriate.
____________ 1. He briefly stated the findings of his study.
____________ 2. He clearly gives detail on the step by step process of
conducting his study
____________ 3. He discussed of his reason of conducting the study in
the Rizal High School
____________ 4. He discussed the need of finding solution to his problem
____________ 5. He explained the statistical treatment he is going to use

in his study
____________ 6. He expressed the parameters that prevent him from
pursuing further studies due to time and budgetary
constraints.
____________ 7. He mentioned the beneficiaries of his study
____________ 8. He provided suggestions in his introduction for the other

researchers
____________ 9. He stated some research studies conducted in relation
to school climate and leadership style
____________ 10. The researcher clarifies the terms “school climate” and
“leadership style”
Parent’s Signature: _____________________________ Date: ____________________
Page | 23
Lesson 4
1.1.4
computer education seminar/training
Research Questions attended?
1.2 Student-respondents
1.2.1 sex
1.2.2 monthly family income
OBJECTIVES 1.2.3 accessibility to computer; and
1.2.4 performance in English and Mathematics?
The students are expected to: 2. What is the extent of the Computer Education Program
1. discuss how research questions are formulated implementation as perceived by the teacher-respondents with
2. critique the sample statement of the problem respect to:
1.1 objectives and content of instruction;
3. make a concept map summarizing the learning on writing 1.2 teaching competencies;
the statement of the problem 1.3 learning competencies;
3. What is the extent of the Computer Education Program
LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS! implementation as perceived by the student-respondents with
respect to:
a. objectives and content of instruction;
Research Questions / Statement of the Problem b. teaching competencies;
c. learning competencies
There are two problems to be stated: (1) the major (general or main)
problem, and (2) the minor (specific) problems or sub-problems. The general Sources:
Ariola, M. M. (2006). Principles and Methods of Research (p 135) Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc.
problem consists of the general purpose of the study which is usually patterned Faltado, R.E., Bombita, M.B., & Boholano H. B. (2017). Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research for SHS) (pp 19-20).
from the research title. The general problem is then broken down to specific Cubao, Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc.
problems or sub-problems in order to be researchable units. Usually, the general

problem starts with the phrase: “This study” while the sub-problems start with:
“Specifically, this study”.
The following are the guidelines in using the sub-problems of the study IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK!
1. It is arranged in a logical order from factual to analytical order following
the flow in the research paradigm. Based on the concept you have read above, answer the following
2. It should be specifically, correctly, and grammatically worded in the questions briefly using your own words.
language of research.
3. It should not duplicate or overlap the other sub-problems (mutually What are the two problems to be stated in the Statement of the Problem? Discuss
exclusive dimensions).
each.
4. It is not answerable by yes or no.
5. Each specific problem has a corresponding statistical tool. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Example:
_________________________________________________________________
This study attempted to evaluate the status and extent of _________________________________________________________________
implementation of the Computer Education Program in the Division of _________________________________________________________________
Rizal SY 2015-2016 as perceived by teacher and student respondents.
Specifically this sought answers to the following questions:
What are the guidelines in writing the subproblems?
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 Teacher-respondents _________________________________________________________________
1.1.1 sex _________________________________________________________________
1.1.2 field of specialization _________________________________________________________________
1.1.3 length of service; and
_________________________________________________________________
Page | 24
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
On the space provided below, make a graphic presentation summarizing
what you have learned from the formulation of research questions.
Check the column that speaks of the quality of the given quantitative
research questions. Accomplish the last column too.
This study aims to determine the integration of Information and

Communication Technology (ICT) in teaching Mathematics to Grade 7 learners in
Rizal High School
Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:
1. Has the integration of ICT helped in teaching Mathematics to
Grade 4 students?
2. How old are the respondents?
3. How many are older?
4. Do they belong to the rich family?
5. How many are male and female among the respondents?
6. How good are the Grade 7 students in Mathematics before
integrating the ICT?
7. Do the students perform better when the ICT was integrated in
teaching Mathematics?
Guidelines Good Bad Reason/Comment
1. logical order
2. language of research.
3. not duplicating or
overlapping to the other
sub-problems
4. not answerable by yes or

no.
5. corresponding statistical
tool.
Page | 25
Lesson 5 Scope and Delimitation of Research
Name:____________________________________Date: _________________
Section:__________________________________Score: __________________ OBJECTIVES
Classify the following research questions whether it is Good or Bad.
Write your answer on the space provided before the number. 1. discuss the scope and delimitation of research
2. classify statements whether to include or exclude from scope
Research Title: Effect of Music Therapy on the Academic Performance of and delimitation
3. make a concept map summarizing the learning on scope and
Students in Mathematics delimitation
________________ 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS!
1.1 Age; and
Scope and Delimitation of Study
1.2 Gender?
The scope describes the coverage of the study. It specifies what is
________________ 2 Is Music Education effective as a therapy in covered in terms of concept, number of subjects or the population included in the
learning? study, as well as the timeline when the study was conducted.
Delimit by citing factors or variables that are not to be included and the
________________ 3 What is the performance of the respondents in
boundary in terms of time frame, number of subjects, participants or respondents
the who are excluded. Specify that which you will not deal within the study.
3.1 Pre-test; and This section discusses the parameters of the research in paragraph. It
answers the basic questions:
3.2 Post- test?
1. What – the topic of investigation and the variables included
________________ 4 Do the students perform better when Music 2. Where – the venue or the setting of the research
Education as a therapy is applied? 3. When – the time frame by which the study was conducted
________________ 5 Is there a significant difference in the pre and post 4. Why – the general objectives of the research
5. Who – the subject of the study, the population and sampling
test results of the two groups of respondents? 6. How – the methodology of the research which may include the
________________ 6 Are the students good in Math? research design, methodology and the research instrument
________________ 7 Is there a significant difference between the post
It may also discuss why certain variables were not included in the research.
test results of the two groups of respondents?
Example:
________________ 8 Based on the result of the study, what music
instructional strategy may be proposed in learning The main purpose of the study is to provide information regarding metro-
Math? sexuality and how being a metrosexual affects the lifestyle of the student. The
________________ 9 What difficulties they encounter during the study considers the student’s personal information such as their name (optional),
summer class in Mathematics? gender, age, and section.
________________ 10 What are the factors that cause students low The researchers limited the study to 80 males and female secondary education
performance in Mathematics? students enrolled in the second semester of school year 2015-2016 of
Technological Institute of the Philippines. Each of the respondents was given a
Page | 26
questionnaire to answer. The students selected came from four different sections YOUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS!
to prevent bias and get objective perceptions.
Decide whether the following ideas are to be included in the Scope and
Delimitation of the Study. On the space before the number, write INSERT if you
21-22). Cubao, Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc. consider it included, and write OMIT if it must be excluded.
__________ 1. A brief statement about previously conducted study
related to the present study
IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK! __________ 2. The definition of the topic
__________ 3. The findings of the study
Based on the concept you have read above, answer the following __________ 4. The formulated hypothesis of the researcher
questions briefly using your own words. __________ 5. The main purpose of conducting the study
__________ 6. The method of selecting the participants
What does the “scope” mean in the Scope and Delimitation of Study? What does it
__________ 7. The participants of the study
specify?
__________ 8. The place where the study is conducted
_________________________________________________________________ __________ 9. The topic and the variables included in the study
_________________________________________________________________ __________ 10. Time frame by which the study was conducted
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
What does the “delimit” mean in the Scope and Delimitation of Study? What does
it specify?
Summarize your learning on writing Scope and Delimitation by
_________________________________________________________________ accomplishing the following graphic organizer.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ Title:
_____________________________________________________________
How does the researcher discuss the parameters in the Scope and Delimitation?
_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ Main Idea
_________________________________________________________________
Four Important Details:
What are the basic questions to answer in writing the Scope and Delimitation? 1. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
What other information you may include in the Scope and Delimitation?
One sentence summary:
____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Page | 27
Lesson 6 Benefits and Beneficiaries of
Name: __________________________________ Date: ___________________
OBJECTIVES
Research
Section: ________________________________Score: ___________________
As the researcher conducts his study on determining the perception of Junior
High School student-leaders of the prevailing school organizational climate of Rizal 1. discuss the significance of the study
High School as well as the administrators’’ leadership style during the school year 2. classify statements whether to include or exclude from significance
2018-2019, decide whether he has done a good the Scope and Delimitation of Study of the study
3. make a graphic presentation summarizing the learning on
as he does the following actions. On the space provided before the number, write
significance of the study
AGREE if you consider the action correct, and DISAGREE if you consider the action
inappropriate.
______ 1. He explained the need to measure the school climate with its
corresponding leadership style as exhibited by school
administrators. Significance of the Study
______ 2. He defined terms used in the study operationally for clearer In this part of the research, the researcher defines who will benefit out of
understanding of the study. the findings of the study. He/ She describes how the problem will be solved and
______ 3. He discussed the significant relationship between the prevailing specifically pinpoints who will benefit from such findings or results. Usually the
leadership stlyes of administrators and perceived school climate
beneficiaries of the study are those experts concerned about the problem, the
______ 4. He gave the details on the focus of his study which include administrators or policy-makers who make the decisions or implement programs,
identifying of leadership styles, the kind of school climate exists,
and relationship between those variables the subject themselves, future researchers and those who are directly or indirectly
affected by the problem. One may also look into any contribution of the study to
______ 5. He included the beneficiaries of the study including students,
teachers, school administrators, and Department of Education. the field of specialization or discipline, any advancement or new knowledge that
the study contributes to the science or the state-of-the-art. In this portion of the
______ 6. He included the fact that Rizal High School has more than
11,000 students with more than 500 teaching and non-teaching study one may also state the specific sectors who will benefit from the study. This
staff.
part also justifies the rationale of the undertaking.
______ 7. He mentioned that he used Multifactor Leadership Questinnaire
(MLQ-5x short) bought from mindgarden.com to measure the
leadership style Tips in Writing the Significance of the Study
1. Refer to the statement of the problem.
______ 8. He stated that he used descriptive of the prevailing condition of
school climate as well as the leadership styles of administrators Your problem statement can guide you in identifying the specific
contribution of your study. You can do this by observing a one-to-one
______ 9. He stated that the study was limited only to Junior High School
Student Leaders who were enrolled in Rizal High School-Pasig correspondence between the statement of the problem and the
City for School Year 2018-2019
significance of the study.
______ 10. He stated the program he may be proposed to improve the
organization climate of Rizal High School
Page | 28
2. Write from general to specific. The researcher hopes that the result of this study would also be a great help to
Write the significance of the study by looking into the general contribution future researchers\s and to all people who are interested to know more about
of your study, such as its importance to society as a whole, then to teenage pregnancy-their causes and the possible effects on their educational
individuals which may include yourself a researcher. development.
Example:
The study must be conducted to find out the major causes of teenage Source: Faltado, R.E., Bombita, M.B., & Boholano H. B. (2017). Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research for SHS) (pp
pregnancy and the extend of the effect of teenage pregnancy on the development
of students and out-of-school youth in Maramag, Bukidnon. The result of this
study is beneficial to student and out-of-school youth, to the parents, teachers, to
the community, school administrators, researchers, and other interested
individuals because this can give empirical data as bases for suggestions on
minimizing teenage pregnancy in the community.
The study will benefit students who are still a school because it will give them In significance of the study, what does the researcher focus on?
information about the causes of teenage pregnancy and its possible effects on _________________________________________________________________
their studies. This paper will guide them to focus first their attention on their _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
studies.
The study will also benfit the out-of-school youth in the sense that they are Who are the beneficiaries to be included in the significance of the study?
make aware of the causes of teenage pregnancy and are helped to avoid the _________________________________________________________________
same to increase their chances to participate in the Alternative Learning System _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
(ALS) or increase their chances to go back to the formal school.
Aside from the people involve, what are the other possible beneficiaries to be
This study will also benefit the parents to enable them realize their role in
included?
educating their teenagers, protecting and diverting them from indulging premarital
_________________________________________________________________
sex. This study, too, will make the parents aware that education about the use of
_________________________________________________________________
contraceptives will start also at home. _________________________________________________________________
This study will also benefit the teachers on the steps to take for they could be
informed how important education is to the development if children to YOUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS!
manhood/womanhood. This enables them to guide and identify the major causes
of teenage pregnancy especially in Maramag, Bukidnon.
This study will also benefit school administrators; it will provide them information Decide whether the following ideas are to be included in the significance of
on the importance of knowing the major factors behind early pregnancy and the study or not. On the space before the number, write IN if you consider it
possible effects on educational development of teenagers. It is one way that included, and write OUT if it is excluded.
administrators will intensify sex education in their school; improve the knowledge ________ 1. any contribution of the study to the field of specialization or
of their teachers through seminars so that they can deal well with students to
discipline
avoid pregnancy at an early age.
Page | 29
________ 2. experts concerned about the problem
________ 3. future researchers

Name: ___________________________________ Date: ___________________
________ 4. parents who supports the researchers
Section: _________________________________ Score: __________________
________ 5. people who are directly or indirectly affected by the
As the researcher conducts his study on determining the perception of Junior High
problem.
School student-leaders of the prevailing school organizational climate of Rizal High School
________ 6. the administrators or policy-makers who make the as well as the administrators’’ leadership style during the school year 2018-2019, decide
decisions or implement programs whether he has done a good the Significance of the Study as he did the following actions.
________ 7. the research advisers On the space provided before the number, write AGREE if you consider the action correct,
________ 8. the specific sectors who will benefit from the study and DISAGREE if you consider the action inappropriate.
________ 9. the statistician who expertly treats the data gathered

____________ 1. He specified that the significant results of the study could motivate
________ 10. the subject of the study other prospective researchers to focus on the school climate as
well as leadership styles that exist in their respective school
and/or organizations for further improvement/enhancement.
____________ 2. He added that the students and student-leaders should undergo a
CAN YOU REMEMBER IT ALL? LET’S LOOK BACK. transformational leadership training program in order to contribute
to school improvement.
____________ 3. He indicated that the student’s perception should be given priority
as they may give helpful feedback on their school climate and
Summarize your learning on this lesson by developing a concept map on leadership towards school improvement.
____________ 4. He mentioned that Department of Education could gain helpful
writing the significance of the study below. insight from the research study by looking into school’s
Title: organizational climate enabling the agency to acquire useful data
legalizing policies and rules for better school function.
____________________________________________________ ____________ 5. He mentioned that the teacher’s leadership skills should be
assessed so teachers may re-examine and practice the best
leadership style in their respective classrooms.
____________ 6. He pointed out that school administrators should engage in a
transformational leadership training to further develop their skills
and styles in leadership as they perform their duties for students
and student-leaders.
____________ 7. He revealed that the Department of Education should launch a
Transformational Leadership Training Program not only for the
teachers but also to students to achive positive climate towards
school improvement.
____________ 8. He specified that the result of the study will benefit students
because findings of the study are useful to improve both school
climate and leadership styles of not only leaders but also
members of the organization
____________ 9. He stated that educational administrators would examine their
school climate and leadership styles which could help them foster
the needs of the organization, to re-evaluate their leadership
styles and to promote harmonious professional and working
relationship among its members and clientele.
____________ 10. He stated that teachers will benefit from the improvement plan on
school climate as well as leadership style of administrators made
based from the results of the study.
Parent’s Signature: _____________________________ Date: _________________
Page | 30
SUMMARY SHOW US WHAT YOU’VE GOT!
The research topic is a problem that needs to be solved using scientific inquiry.
ANSWER THIS UNIT TEST.
These can be formulated from prevailing theories and philosophy, observations, intuitions or
a combination of both, different subjects taken, fields of interest or specialization or event
from related studies, and/or existing problems in the classroom/school/campus/university. Name: __________________________________ Date: ____________________
Research problems can also be from existing needs of the community, repetition or
Section: ________________________________ Score: ___________________
extension of investigations already conducted or may be an offshoot of studies underway,
related studies and literatures, advice of authorities or experts from funding agencies,
offshoots of friendly conversations, and interesting topics of professors during the course Modified True or False. Write TRUE if the statement is correct but if it is false,
meeting/session. change the underlined word or group of words to make the whole statement true.
In selecting the research topic, the researcher has to make sure that he is going to (1 point each)
choose new or different from what has already been written about. It must be original,
significant to the field of study or discipline, and necessarily arouse intellectual curiosity. It _____________ 1. The research topic consists of the general purpose of
has to be of his interest, clear and specific. It should be a modest one for a beginner. The the study which is usually patterned from the research
researcher has to consider his training and personal qualifications. The availability of data
title.
involved in the study and the methods and techniques to be employed in gathering them, the
availability of effective instruments for gathering the data and their treatment, the financial _____________ 2. Beneficiaries of the study include those experts
capacity to support the project and time factor involved in the undertaking should also be
concerned about the problem, the administrators or
considered.
In formulating the research title, the researcher must include the subject matter or
policy-makers, the subject themselves, future
research problem, the setting, respondents, and the time or period when the study shall be researchers and those who are directly or indirectly
conducted. It should be brief and concise as possible. The use of terms as “Analysis of “, “A affected by the problem.
study of”, “An Investigation of” and the like should be avoided. If the title contains more than
one line, it should be written in inverted pyramid. All words in the title should be in capital _____________ 3. The scope describes the coverage of the study.
letters when typed or encoded in the title page
The Background of Research includes information which would focus attention on
_____________ 4. Scope is done by citing factors or variables that are not
the importance and validity of the problem. It includes: (1) discussion of the problem in to be included and the boundary in terms of time frame,
general and specific situations as observed and experienced by the researcher (macro to number of subjects, participants or respondents who are
micro approach); (2) concepts and ideas related to the problem including clarification of excluded.
important terminologies; and (3) discussion of the existing or present conditions and what is
aimed to be in the future or the gap to be filled – in by the research. _____________ 5. The general problem is then broken down to specific
The statement of the problem contains (1) the major (general or main) problem, problems or sub-problems in order to be researchable
and (2) the minor (specific) problems or sub-problems. The general problem consists of the units.
general purpose of the study which is usually patterned from the research title. The general
problem is then broken down to specific problems or sub-problems in order to be _____________ 6. The research objective specifies who will benefit out of
researchable units. Sub-problems have to be: arranged in a logical order; specifically, the findings of the study.
correctly, and grammatically worded in the language of research; not duplicate or overlap the
other sub-problems (mutually exclusive dimensions); not answerable by yes or no; and with _____________ 7. For a good background, the researcher can state the
corresponding statistical tool. antecedents of the reasons why this topic is proposed
The scope and delimitation of the study discusses the parameters of the research relative to previous studies.
in paragraph including: the topic of investigation and the variables included; the venue or the
setting of the research; the time frame by which the study was conducted; the general _____________ 8. The research topic contains (1) the major (general or
objectives of the research; the subject of the study, the population and sampling; and the main) problem, and (2) the minor (specific) problems or
methodology of the research which may include the research design, methodology and the sub-problems.
research instrument. Reasons for not including certain variables must be discussed as well.
The Significance of the Study specifies who will benefit out of the findings of the study. _____________ 9. The scope and delimitation of the study discusses the
Beneficiaries of the study include those experts concerned about the problem, the parameters of the research in paragraph
administrators or policy-makers, the subject themselves, future researchers and those who
are directly or indirectly affected by the problem.
Page | 31
_____________ 10. The Significance of the Study includes information ____ 24. the coverage and/or factors or variables that are included in the
which would focus attention on the importance and study.
validity of the problem.
____ 25. The general purpose of the study which is usually patterned from the
research titleS
Classification. Classify the following research topics whether it is Good or Bad.
Write your answer on the space provided before the number.
________________ 11. Philippine Government TITLE WRITING. Given the following elements, write a good research title.
________________ 12. Exploring the solar system 26.

research : Concepts and experiences in Cyber bullying of students
________________ 13. Effect of Online games to students’ study problem
habits locale : Rizal High School, Pasig City
________________ 14. Making a program script respondents : Grade 7 students from sections of EBEC, STE, SPA, and
SPS
________________ 15. Developing a time machine time : S.Y. 2019
MULTIPLE CHOICE. The following are research contents. Decided to what _________________________________________________________________
section of the research paper each should be included. Choose your answer from _________________________________________________________________
the choices below. _________________________________________________________________
A. Introduction _________________________________________________________________
B. Statement of the Problem _________________________________________________________________
C. Scope and Delimitation
D. Significance of the Study 27.
research : Devotional Practices and the Meanings of such practices to
____ 16. All questions to be categorically stated, and answered. problem people
locale : Quiapo, Manila
____ 17. Any advancement or new knowledge that the study gives contribution respondents : Black Nazarene Devotees
time : 2019
____ 18. Beneficiaries of the study who are those experts concerned about the
problem _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
____ 19. Description how the problem will be solved and specifically pinpoints _________________________________________________________________
who will benefit from such findings or results. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
____ 20. Discussion of the problem in general and specific situations as
observed and experienced by the researcher 28.
research : Cultural Practices using Herbal Plants
____ 21. Information which would focus attention on the importance and
problem
validity of the problem.
locale : Nine Barangays in Tanauan, Leyte
____ 22. Reasons why certain variables were not included in the research. respondents : Residents of 9 barangays
time : 2019
____ 23. Specific problems or sub-problems arranged in a logical order from _________________________________________________________________
factual to analytical order following the flow in the research paradigm _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Page | 32
UNIT 3
29.
research : Influence of social media like facebook on writing skills
problem
locale : Bataan Peninsula State University
Learning from Others and

respondents : Grade 10 students
time : 2019
Reviewing the Literature

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ A. CONTENT STANDARDS

30.
research problem : Speaking anxiety of students in English Language a. the criteria in selecting, citing, and synthesizing related
locale : Bataan Peninsula State University literature;
respondents : Grade 10 students b. the ethical standards in writing related literature;
time : 2019 c. the formulation of conceptual framework;
d. the research hypotheses (if applicable); and
_________________________________________________________________ e. the definition of terms as used in the study
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ B. PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ The learner is able to:
a. select, cite and synthesize judiciously related literature and use

sources according to ethical standards
b. formulate clearly conceptual framework, research hypotheses (if
applicable), and define terms used in the study
c. present objectively written review of related literature and
conceptual framework
C. LEARNING COMPETENCIES/OBJECTIVES
The learner:
a. selects relevant literature

b. cites related literature using standard style (APA, MLA, Chicago
Manual of Style)
c. synthesizes information from relevant literature
d. writes coherent review of literature
e. follows ethical standard in writing related literature
f. illustrates and explain conceptual framework
g. lists research hypotheses (if appropriate)
h. defines terms used in the study
Page | 33
Lesson 1
➢ To connect the past researches, thesis or dissertation to your current
Selecting Relevant Literature research study.
➢ To know the connectedness of your paper to the current situation of the
country and of the world.
OBJECTIVES
Types of Literature Reviews
At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to:
1. select relevant literature, You are aware that there are two types of literature review:
2. discuss the steps on how to evaluate the articles, and TRADITIONAL and SYSTEMATIC. In qualitative, you have used traditional
3. cite the purposes of writing a literature review. literature while here in quantitative you will use the systematic literature.

Systematic Review under
Traditional Review under Quantitative research begins
A literature review is a major part of any research paper because it
Qualitative research begins with with research question (major
encapsulates the parallel ideas from books, magazines, scholarly papers, and any
other sources to your research topic. In such, a coherent review of the summary, research question, but these and sub-questions) that aim at
description, synthesis and evaluation can be written as a basis of the study. are open-ended and subjective obtaining exact, specific and
questions. objective answers.
As stated by USCLibraries (2019), a literature review may consist of
simply a summary of key sources, but in the social sciences, a literature review It is also called “a
usually has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis, question-driven methodology”
often within specific conceptual categories.
A literature review can include the following:

✓ Give a new interpretation of old material or combine new with old How to Evaluate Articles
interpretations,
Once you have found the articles, books or information, you need to
✓ Trace the intellectual progression of the field, including major debates,
examine the materials. To help you in choosing the right reference, see these
✓ Depending on the situation, evaluate the sources and advise the reader
guidelines:
on the most pertinent or relevant research, or
✓ Usually in the conclusion of a literature review, identify where gaps exist 1. Examine the title – A good title should be specific and contains the major
in how a problem has been researched to date. variables of the study.
2. Screening for inclusion – This includes the applicability of the studies
Purpose of a literature review previously identified and selecting or excluding them.
3. Extracting data – This involves gathering applicable information from
Aside from giving support to the topic, these are the purposes of
each primary studies included in the review.
literature review according to Baraceros (2016):
4. Analyzing and synthesizing data – This last step requires the authors to
➢ To know the different concepts, ideas, theories that are related to your organize, compare, collate, summarize, aggregate or interpret the
study and learn from them through connecting them with your own information previously extracted in order to suggest a new contribution to
research paper. the body of knowledge.
➢ To have more basis in proving that your research topic is correct and
relevant.
➢ To learn more terms, especially the unfamiliar ones, that are related to IMPORTANT!
your study. In doing these guidelines, you must be selective in choosing the right context.
With this, you do not have to write or copy everything, you should only choose the
Page | 34
words, terms or phrases that is highly relevant and helpful to your topic. Never to OUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS!
omit important ones.
Note Taking Technique Choose the correct references needed for the given title. Draw a line from the title
Notes Frame and Layout to the chosen reference/s.
Category / Classification / Heading / Sub-Headings
Source information (Bibliographic reference) and location Improving the Academic Achievement of Rizal High School
Notes Own thoughts / Comments Students Through the Use of Learning Commons
Canadian Learning Commons Network (n.d) Canadian Learning

Source: Prieto, et.al., 2017 Commons Network. Retrieved from: canadianlearningcommons.ca
Characteristics of Materials Cited
Samo, as cited in Prieto (2017), enumerated the different characteristics of the

literature and studies to be acknowledged in the present studies: YourDictionary (2009) LoveToKnowCorp. Retrieved from
www.yourdictionary.com
1. Materials must relevant to the research topic.
2. Materials must be as objective and unbiased as possible.

Rawal, J. (December 2014). Libraries of the Future: Learning
3. Materials must be as recent as possible, up to 10 years back. Commons. A Case Study of a State University in California.
Humboldt State University

Cicchetti, R. (February 2015). Transitioning a High School
To check your understanding, give the objectives of writing a literature Library to a Learning Commons: Avoiding the Tragedy of the
review in a research study and explain. Commons. Boston, Massachusetts. Northeastern University.
__________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Loertscher D.V. & Koechlin C. (March/April, 2004) Climbing to
_________________________________________________________________ Excellence: Defining Characteristics of Successful Learning
_________________________________________________________________ Commons. Retrieved from www.ala.org
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Page | 35
CAN YOU REMEMBER IT ALL? LET’S LOOK BACK. Name: _______________________________ Date: ______________________
Section: _____________________________ Score: _____________________
Write the steps on how to evaluate and write a literature review. Read and analyze the references below. Write GO if the reference is suited on the
article and write STOP if it’s not. (2 pts each)
TITLE: Organizational Climate of Rizal High School and Leadership Style of

its Administrators as perceived by the Students, S.Y. 2017-2018: Basis for
Transformational Leadership Training Program
References to choose from:
________1. Organizational Climate of the School and Teacher Performance

Improvement in the 21st Century
February 2018 by John Rafafy Batlolona
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322937269_Organizatio
nal_Climate_of_the_School_and_Teacher_Performance_Improve
ment_in_the_21st_Century
________2. Measuring School Climate, School Climate and Outcomes, Issues

Trends and Controversies
March 2009 by WAYNE K. HOY
https://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2392/School-
Climate.html
________3. Workplace Climate

Regents of the University of Minnesota
https://cyfar.org/workplace-climate
January 2019
________4. The Role of Organizational Climate and Culture in the School

Improvement Process: A Review of the Knowledge Base
14 September, 2015
http://www.opentextbooks.org.hk/ditatopic/17174
________5. Determination of High Schools Organizational Climate

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
Volume 46, 2002, Pages 2947-2950
Gunes Ceyda and Peker Sevinc
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.595
Page | 36
Lesson 2
(exception: capital for every capitalized
Citing Related Literature Using Standard Styles Writing the copyright
proper noun)
Written after the author’s Written after the
date name publisher’s name
OBJECTIVES When your quote is longer than 40 words,
At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to: ✓ Start the quote on a new line
1. cite related literatures using standard style, ✓ Indent the entire quote by 5 spaces (1/2 of an inch if you use the ruler in
2. identify different citation style guide, and Microsoft Word)
3. give the importance of acknowledging the author/s. ✓ Don’t use quotation marks
✓ Double-space the quote (just like the rest of the paper)
✓ Use brackets enclosing ellipses [ ] to represent omitted text
✓ If your quote contains a quote, use double quotation marks “ “ around the
shorter quote
In taking down notes for your review of related literature, you should also
include where you get those details so that you can acknowledge the creator. Referencing Sources
There are different format in citing sources for the research paper. Here are some Remember that to write a literature review successfully, you must
of the most common citation styles: carefully search the sources. You have to do this systematically and ethically.
Though you will have lots of references to find and combine, you should still use
✓ APA (American Psychological Association). APA is an author/date- your own words and explanations. And if you will use other people’s exact words,
based style. This means emphasis is placed on the author and the date never forget to cite them. Citing the authors and publishers are important for these
of a piece of work to uniquely identify it. (Author, date) Author (Date) reasons:
1. Adds authority to your work by supporting it with previous researches.
✓ MLA (Modern Language Association). MLA is most often applied by 2. Demonstrates reading and understanding of relevant literature
the arts and humanities particularly in the USA. It is probably the most 3. Enables the reader to track down the original sources to check its quality
used of all citation styles. (Author page), Author (page) 4. Ensures that you write in an ethical manner by giving credit to the original
authors. (Prieto, et.al., 2017)
✓ AMA (American Medical Association) or Vancouver. The Vancouver
system is mainly used in medical and scientific papers. WEBSITES
Source Format for APA Reference Style
Examples: Website with Lastname, F. M. (Date published). Title of the page.
author Retrieved from URL
✓ APA – (Author, Year) or Author (Year)
✓ MLA – (Author page) Kraizer, S. G. (2005). Safe child. Retrieved from
✓ AMA/Vancouver – numbering with either square [ ] or curved brackets ( ) http://www.safechild.org
can be used as long as it is consistent
Website with Organization name. (Date published). Title of page.
corporate author Retrieved from URL
Aspect APA System MLA System
Writing the Author’s Last name(,) first name and Last name(,) First name Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
name middle name initials(.) and middle name Administration (SAMSHA). (February 15, 2008). Stop
(optional) underage drinking. Retrieved from
Writing the title of the Italicized title with only the Underlined or italicized http://www.stopalcoholabuse.gov
reading material beginning word capitalized title with all content words
Page | 37
Website with Title of the page. (Date published). Retrieved from URL academic motivation. Journal of Educational Research,
unknown author 95(1), 24-35.
Penn State Myths. (2006). Retrieved from
http://www.psoedu.ur/about/myths ARTICLES FOUND on the OPEN WEB
Source Format for APA Reference Style
BOOKS
Source Format for APA Reference Style With Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume if
one available (issue if available), pages if available. Doi: OR Retrieved
Book by a Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book. Publication author from URL
single City, State: Publisher.
author Swedin, E. G. (2006). Designing babies: A eugenics race with China.
Rollin, B.E. (2006). Science and ethics. New York, NY: Cambridge The Futurist, 6(7). Retrieved from
University Press. http://www.thefuturist.com/designingbabiesCHINA/
Book by
two With Norem, J. K., & Chang, E. C. (2012). The positive and negative gram
authors Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book. Publication City, State: two bacteria. Journal of Medicine and Genetics, 58(2), 993-1001. doi:
Publisher. authors 10.1002/jclp.10094
Sherman, C., & Prince, G. (2011). The invisible web: Uncovering

information sources search engines can’t see. Melford, NJ: Cyber With 3 Author1, F.M., Author2, F. M., Author3, F. M., Author4, F. M.,
Age Books. to 6 Author5, F. M., Author6, F. M. (2018). Chemistry is Life. Journal of
authors the Scientist, 51(17), 29-30.
Book by List all the authors in order they appear in the title page
three to six
authors Goodpaster, K.e., Nash, L.l., & Benites, H. (2006). Business Ethics: With List all the first 6 and the last author.
Policies and Person. New York, NY: McGraw Hill. more
than 7 Author1, F.M., Author2, F. M., Author3, F. M., Author4, F. M.,
More than List all the first 6 and the last author. Author5, F. M., Author6, F. M…Finalauthor, F. M. (Year). Title of
authors
7 authors article. Title of Journal, volume (issue), pages
Author1, F.M., Author2, F. M., Author3, F. M., Author4, F. M.,
Author5, F. M., Author6, F. M…Finalauthor, F. M. (Year). Title of
book. Publication City, State: Publisher
Edited Editor, F. M. (Ed.). (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book. Publication ELECTRONIC BOOK
book City, State: Publisher Source Format for APA Reference Style
Tyler, H. R. & Travis, S. J. (Eds.). (2019). The Philippines handbook Electronic Mc Kernan, B. (2001). Digital cinema: the revolution in
of positive methodology. Quezon, Metro Manila: Corbano University Book cinematography, postproduction distribution. New York, NY: Mc-
Press. Graw Hill. Retrieved from www.netlibrary.com
Post, E. (1923). Etiquette in society, in business, in politics and at

ARTICLES FOUND in PRINT home. New York, NY: Funk & Wagnalls. Retrieved from
Source Format for APA Reference Style http://www.books.google.com/books
With one author Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal,
volume (Issue), pages.
Parajes, F. (2001). Toward a positive psychology of

Page | 38
IMAGES _________________________________________________________________
Source Format for APA Reference Style _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
With Creator, F. M. (Date created). Title of image [Description of image].

creator Retrieved [date] from URL
listed OUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS!
Swanbrow, D. (2008, July 23). A happiness ranking of 97 nations
[table]. Retrieved January 21, 2010 from
Direction: Below are literatures taken from different sources and all are related to
http://www.ur.emich.edu/0708/july14_08/23.php
the topic, “Introduction of Learning Commons as a New Face of Traditional
Library”. Paraphrase and use the APA in-text citation for each literature.
With no Title of image [Description of image]. (Date created). Retrieved [date]
creator from URL
listed The Literatures:
1. 21st century learners were raised together with technology that is why we
can’t question their interest in fast-facing changes in the environment.
Source: Prieto, et.al., (2017), University Libraries
(http://www.uri.libraries.com/cite/apa6edition They have used to immediate access to anything they want or need.
(Torres, 2015)
Laying out your Reference Section __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Once you are done with the literature review, the last thing to do is to __________________________________________________________
collate all the references you’ve used and make a reference list. Reference list __________________________________________________________
lists only the sources you refer to in your writing. It is important to note that listing __________________________________________________________
all your evidences allow your sources to be found by your reader and of course for __________________________________________________________
them to be acknowledged. All references cited in the text must appear in the __________________________________________________________
reference list, except for personal communications (such as conversations or __________________________________________________________
emails) which cannot be retrieved.
(https://aut.ac.nz.libguides.com/APA6th/referencelist). 2. School libraries should support the changes in the K-12 schooling that
are needed for schools to be the center of 21st century learning. (Michael
Oberg, September 2015)
IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK! __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
To check your understanding on the different styles guides, define each __________________________________________________________
and give two (2) examples. __________________________________________________________
APA: __________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
MLA: 3. A learning common is more than a website or a room. A learning
_________________________________________________________________ common is about changing the school culture and transforming the way
_________________________________________________________________ of teaching and learning to be better. (Loertscher, Roechlin and
Rosefield, no date)
Page | 39
__________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
3. University of New South Wales, College of Fine Arts. Adaptability.
4. Two reasons why libraries are changing are the shift to digital technology Sydney, Australia: McGraw Hill, Inc.
and the changing student population. (Gardner and Peterson, 2005) _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
4. Van Fenema, Jayson. A critical look at Malaysian art. In S.Jones. (Ed.),
5. The design of the learning common is based on the need of the students, Southeast Asian art today. (pp 62– 118). Roseville, New South Wales,
teachers and patrons they will cater. (Chicetti, October 2018) Australia: Roeder Publications. 1996.
__________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
CAN YOU REMEMBER IT ALL? LET’S LOOK BACK. 5. Dekker, S. W. A., Hancock, P. A., & Wilkin, P. (2013). Ergonomics and
sustainability: Towards an embrace of complexity and emergence.
Direction: Arrange the following references according the to the correct APA Ergonomics, 56(3), 357-364. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2012.718799
reference style format. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
1. Chicago, Jonathan, Through the flower homepage. Retrieved from _________________________________________________________________
http://www.judychicago.com. No specific date given. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. Hunter, Ian. Rethinking the school: subjectivity, bureaucracy, criticism.

St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia. Allen & Unwin. 1994.
Page | 40
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
As the library ceases to be the de facto center of information on campus amid the
Name: __________________________ Date: ________________
growing popularity of learning management systems, ebooks and ejournals, online
Section: ________________________ Score: _______________
textbooks, Amazon, Google, and a host of other competing commercial services,
librarians must assert or reassert their role in the teaching and learning process.
Direction: Below are literatures taken from different sources and all are related to For well over a century, librarians have been trained in the organization,
the topic, “Effects of “Learning Commons” on the Academic Achievement of maintenance, access, and retrieval of information, and our profession has a long
Senior High School Students of Rizal High School: Basis for Proposed history of public service and commitment to the information seeker and learner.
Action Plan. Paraphrase and use the APA in-text citation for each literature. The blended librarian takes these traditional skills and values and enhances them
with the latest developments in information technology and instructional design in
One major problem in the profession has been the low number of professional order to meet the needs of the 21st-century learner. Bryan Sinclair (2009). The
staff in the library. Both in academic libraries and in the K–12 arena, we are Blended Librarian in the Learning Commons: New Skills for Blended Library.
beginning to see a reaching out to other specialized professionals in the College & Research Libraries News.
organization. Thus, the professional staff of the learning commons might include
not only a lead school librarian, but also a reading specialist, a technology- _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
integration specialist, a curriculum specialist, a student success professional, and
_________________________________________________________________
perhaps even a counselor. Loertscher D.V. & Koechlin C. (April, 2014) Climbing to
_________________________________________________________________
Excellence: Defining Characteristics of Successful Learning Commons.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ There are a few issues related to our current practices involving libraries. For the
most part, our libraries, in their current structure, represent an early 20th century
_________________________________________________________________
model of information storage and retrieval. Whether in search of fiction or non-
_________________________________________________________________
fiction materials, the student must physically visit the library and while there, abide
_________________________________________________________________
by a set of rules and procedures created to ensure control of the collection and the
Leading Learning is focused on the concept of the new school library learning space. This model has been slow to change with the changing nature of
commons which responds to the needs of 21st century learners. School libraries information access and the changing nature of learners. Implementing Library
are measured by the transformative changes in knowledge and learning they Transformation: Creating a Learning Commons. (2013). Alberta. Chinook’s Edge
encourage and support. In the document, learning commons are positioned as School Division.
centres of teaching expertise which is achieved through a combination of
_________________________________________________________________
resources, technologies, collaborative strategies, and physical and virtual learning
spaces that support all learners as they evolve. Canadian Library Association _________________________________________________________________
(2014) Leading Learning: Standards of Practice for School Library Learning _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Commons in Canada, 2014.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Page | 41
Lesson 3
Review of related literature and studies should include all the evidences
Synthesizing Information from Relevant and references as it will serve as the foundation of your study. Readers will
understand your reasons in conducting the research if you will provide a
Literature substantial information. This review will serve as a guide as well in determining the
OBJECTIVES gap between studies and how it will be filled in the succeeding chapters.
At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to: This section of the paper, therefore, analyzes and synthesizes the related
1. synthesize the information from relevant literature, and literature in the light of the problem and the research framework of the study. It
2. discuss the steps on how to write a synthesis further points out the results which are proven and accepted as facts.
How to Write a Synthesis

1.
Gather literature that addresses your research question
2.
Review literature and take notes: describe, summarize, analyze, and
Now that you know how to give credits to your sources, let us proceed in identify key concepts
creating your literature review. Our next topic is about synthesizing all the 3. Synthesize literature: compare & contrast, critically evaluate, interpret, so
information you have gathered from the sources. Synthesize means combining (a that you can draw conclusion
number of things) into a coherent whole. The ‘things’ you will synthesize are Remember: the literature review is an iterative process!
definitely from the references you have found and from the notes you have taken.
You will not just summarize each idea from each source but you will examine, Source: https://guides.library.harvard.edu/literaturereview
evaluate and analyze them individually and combine them to compare, contrast, Techniques for Writing a Synthesis
conclude and generalize.
A lot of papers will be used from taking down notes to synthesizing them. 1. Summary. It is the simplest way of organizing a synthesis. Here, you
You will need more analysis skills and patience as you go through all the write one after the other the most relevant information and sources you
information. gathered.
2. Example or Illustration. It is a reference to a particularly illuminating
Types of Syntheses example or illustration that you have included in your review.
1. Explanatory synthesis. It helps the readers understand a topic. Its 3. Two (or more) reasons. This approach can be effective method by
primary aim to present the facts in a reasonably objective manner. simply stating your thesis, then give reasons why it is true. Your reasons
Writers explain when they divide a subject into its component parts and need to be supported by evidence from your data and sources.
present them to the reader in a clear and orderly fashion. Explanations 4. Comparison and Contrast. These techniques will lead to examining two
may entail descriptions that re-create in words some object, place, event, subjects or data in terms of one another. Comparison considers
sequence of events, or state of affairs. The purpose in writing an similarities while contrast, highlights differences.
explanatory essay is not to argue a particular point, but rather to present
the facts in a reasonably objective manner. The explanatory synthesis Creating a Synthesis Matrix
does not go much beyond what is obvious from a careful reading of the
sources. Topic:
Source/s:
2. Argument synthesis. The purpose of an argument synthesis is for you
to present your own point of view - supported, of course, by relevant Source #1 Source #2 Source #3 Source #4
facts, drawn from sources, and presented in a logical manner. The thesis
of an argumentative essay is debatable. It makes a proposition about Main Idea A
which reasonable people could disagree, and any two writers working
Main Idea B
with the same source materials could conceive of and support other,
opposite theses. Source: Prieto, et.al., (2017) and https://libguides.cmich.edu/lit_review/LR_synthesize
Source: https://msu.edu/~jdowell/135/Synthesis.html
Page | 42
You must fill out the table with notes or idea discussed from the source
you have mentioned.
Main
Idea B
Differentiate Argument and Exploratory synthesis using your own words
and base on your understanding from the class discussion.
__________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

OUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS!
Write the steps on how to write a synthesis on each ladder step.
3
Create a synthesis matrix using the information below. You can use a
separate paper if the space provided is not enough.
Topic: E-Learning as an Alternative form for Saturday classes
Sources:
http://www.elearningnc.gov/about_elearning/what_is_elearning/
http://www.readfast.co.uk/what-is-electronic-learning/
2
1
https://elearningindustry.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-elearning
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/e-learning
Source #1 Source #2 Source #3 Source #4
Main
Idea A
Page | 43
Lesson 4 Writing Coherent Review of Literature
Name: _______________________________ Date: ______________________
Section: _____________________________ Score: ______________________ OBJECTIVES
Create a synthesis matrix using the information below. Use the back At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to:
page if necessary. 1. write coherent review of literature, and
2. identify and discuss the three parts of literature review.
Topic: Teenage Pregnancy
Sources: LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS!

https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/36/2/368/718213
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2135261 In the previous lesson, it was emphasized that writing a literature review
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953600001775 helps the reader to have a sufficient information about your topic. It was also
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-8624.00569 included there how to synthesize the ideas you gathered. In this lesson, we will
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1992-16134-001 learn how to coherently write them to get the most out of those notes you’ve taken
down.
Source #1 Source #2 Source #3 Source #4
Putting together the Literature Review
Main Combining separate ideas or elements into a whole is the dictionary
Idea A definition of synthesis. It is a way to make connections among and between
numerous and varied source materials. A literature review is not an annotated
bibliography, organized by title, author, or date of publication. Rather, it is
grouped by topic to create a whole view of the literature relevant to your research
question.
After doing the synthesis matrix, the next step is to conclude those ideas
and critically weight them which one to be used and which one to be set aside.
Once done on this part, you can organize them by topic and then chronologically
by author. Remember that you have to identify the information that are similar and
Main those that are not. As you combine them, you also need to conclude each topic.
Idea B As you organize the summarized documents into a logical structure, you
are also appraising and synthesizing complex information from multiple sources.
Your literature review is the result of your research that synthesizes new and old
information and creates new knowledge.
Working with Coherence

We frequently mention coherence in previous lessons and to define the
word, it is the quality of forming a unified whole that is consistent and logical. You
can never make a coherent review if you aren’t familiar with the topic and if you
did not make any synthesis on the references. It is difficult, yes. But, all the sweats
and late nights will be worthy once you successfully write this chapter.
Parent’s Signature: _____________________________ Date: ____________________ Writing the literature review requires that you carefully evaluate the
effectiveness of the rhetorical elements of your document that tell the reader about
its structure and about the relationships among the elements. The use of
Page | 44
subheadings is a great help. Transitional expressions and other kinds of rhetorical ✓ Reinforces the research purpose or objectives, and establishes the
markers also help to identify the connection among the different sections such as potential significance or importance of your proposed research, relative
‘the next example’ or ‘in a related study’. to the current state of knowledge.
The literature review is an informative, critical and useful synthesis of a Source: Prieto, et.al., (2017)
particular topic that helps identify what is known in the subject area: identify areas
of controversy, knowledge gaps or debate and formulate questions that need Sample Literature Review
further research. On the study of Rawal (2014), he noted library as holistic commons thus
making it as what we are all know as learning commons. Learning commons is a
Guidelines/Tips in writing your review of related literature central facility, usually an academic library that provides the space, technology
and services to support learning (Canadian Library Association, n.d.). It is the
1. Use the statement of the problem as guide to structure the sequence of ‘third place’ for every individual. A place where you can collaborate with other
topics individuals or a place where you can study alone. It is designed for every
2. Avoid ‘copy/cut and paste’; all literature cited must form a coherent whole individual’s needs not just for learning but for collaborating and socialization.
3. Last part highlights gaps in literature specifically addressed by your study Additionally, as noted by Canadian Library Association (2014), learning commons
4. Use appropriate format for citations and references is more than a website or a room. A learning commons is about changing school
5. In-text citations should be congruent to bibliography entries culture, and transforming the way teaching and learning occur (Loertscher,
Roechlin & Rosenfled, 2012).
Sections of a Literature Review The 21st century learners are raised together with technology that is why
There are three main components found in most of the literature review we can’t question their interest in fast-facing changes in the environment, their
and they are: passion for new technologies and their love for the upgraded version of ‘traditional
things’ around them. Learning commons is created for them; for our current
INTRODUCTION generation learners. For them to have a place where they can do anything they
✓ Introduces the general topic and provides an appropriate scholarly or want (related to schooling). We want to return that advantage of a library to
societal context for the review; and student achievement like what International Association of School Librarianship
✓ Identifies the overall state-of-knowledge about the topic (e.g., the (2008) said that libraries make difference in student achievement, written in
conflicts in theory, methodology, evidence and conclusions; gaps in Canadian Library Association (2014) site. We want the library to be the heartbeat
research and scholarship; or the specific policy or practice problem) again, thus a make-over is necessary. As emphasized by Canadian Library
BODY Association (2014), school libraries could support changes in K-12 schooling that
✓ Address previous research on the topic, grouped according to theme, are needed for schools to be center of 21st century learning (Oberg, 2014).
theoretical perspective methodological approach or chronological
development;
✓ Draw together the significance of previous, individual studies by IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK!
highlighting the main themes, issues, and knowledge gaps;
✓ Use strong ‘umbrella’ sentences at the beginning and end of each List the three (3) sections of the literature review and explain each.
paragraph;
✓ Include brief ;so what’ sentences at intermediate points in the review to __________________________________________________________
connect the literature to the proposed research objectives; and _________________________________________________________________
✓ Describe previous work you have accomplished related to the proposed _________________________________________________________________
research _________________________________________________________________
CONCLUSION __________________________________________________________
✓ Provides a summary statement of the overall state of knowledge about _________________________________________________________________
the topic, including gaps in knowledge and understanding, reconnecting _________________________________________________________________
to your introduction; and _________________________________________________________________
Page | 45
__________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Complete the diagram by filling out the guidelines in writing the literature
review.
Direction: Using the synthesis matrix on the previous activity (Lesson 4),
make a coherent review on the given topic “E-Learning as an Alternative form for
Saturday classes”
__________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Page | 46
Lesson 5 Following Ethical Standards in Writing Related
Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________
Section: _____________________________ Score: ______________________
OBJECTIVES Literature
Direction: Below are literatures taken from different sources and all are related to
the topic, “Introduction of Learning Commons as a New Face of Traditional At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to:
Library”. Make a coherent literature review using the literatures shown. 1. follow ethical standard in writing related literature,
NOTE: This is the scoring table so you will be guided in writing the 2. list the basic principles of ethical practice, and
review. Also, some of the references are fictitious and will be used only for the 3. discuss the importance of following the ethics in writing related
purpose of this activity. literature.
MAXIMUM POINTS LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS!

STANDARDS
POINTS EARNED
1. All five of the available references were used. 3

By definition, ethics is moral principles that govern a person's behavior or
2. Review is coherent and complete. 5 the conducting of an activity. We don’t only follow ethics in conducting a research
but in almost every task we are doing. However, it is mostly important to be strict
3. The paper follows prescribed citation format. 2 in following ethics in writing any paper because it is easier for some to plagiarize
4.The output was submitted on or before the 3
than to be original.
deadline. In this lesson, we will discuss the ethics in writing a research paper, and
Highest Possible Score / Total Points Earned 13 presents the principles of research.
The Literatures: Understanding Ethics in Research

Dempster and Hannah as cited in Prieto, et.al., (2017) emphasized that
21st century learners were raised together with technology that is why we can’t
research ethics are standardized rules that guide the design and conduct of
question their interest in fast-facing changes in the environment. They have used
research. When you are writing or doing your research paper, you must always
to immediate access to anything they want or need. (Torres, 2015)
think “what is right” so you will be guided in doing the correct procedures.
School libraries should support the changes in the K-12 schooling that are needed Literature review is sometimes the center of plagiarism especially on the
for schools to be the center of 21st century learning. (Michael Oberg, September lower school levels as the students are not fond of searching the correct articles
2015) and reading the whole literature. Students nowadays are more tempted to copy
everything from the internet (with no citation) and submit it to the teacher. These
A learning common is more than a website or a room. A learning common is about principles in writing would help the students to realize how important it is to give
changing the school culture and transforming the way of teaching and learning to credits and to be original.
be better. (Loertscher, Roechlin and Rosefield, no date) According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, to "plagiarize"
means:
Two reasons why libraries are changing are the shift to digital technology and the
✓ to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own
changing student population. (Gardner and Peterson, 2005)
✓ to use (another's production) without crediting the source
The design of the learning common is based on the need of the students, teachers ✓ to commit literary theft
and patrons they will cater. (Chicetti, October 2018) ✓ to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an
existing source
Page | 47
Remember that if there is a word-for-word copying beyond a short phrase OUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS!
of someone else’s text, that selection should be enclosed in quotation marks
and referenced at the location of the article. Direction: Write a story for each picture. Include “what happened” and
“what should be done”.
Ethics in Literature Review
Ethics is important in the literature review because as mentioned, it is the

foundation of your research; it is where the readers will get information about the
background and same concepts of the current study. If the researcher will
‘copy/cut and paste’ all the related literature, then it won’t make a budge. It will
definitely not be considered and will just be a waste of time. But, following ethics is
not just be exercised in literature review but also in every chapter or part of the
paper. The study should be free from plagiarism and must be an original creation
of the researcher.
When you are doing a literature review, consider the following key ethics
questions:
1. How will you ensure you treat the work of existing researchers accurately
and fairly?
2. Does the research you are reviewing raise ethical questions that you
need to address?
Protecting the Intellectual Property of the Philippines

Philippine copyright law is enshrined in the Intellectual Property Code of
the Philippines, officially known as Republic Act No. 8293. Under this law, original
intellectual creations in the literary and artistic domain are copyrightable. These
include books, pamphlets, articles and other writings, etc.
Using your own words, define plagiarism and give an example scenario
of when plagiarism is usually committed.
__________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Page | 48
CAN YOU REMEMBER IT ALL? LET’S LOOK BACK. BY YOUR TEACHER… OOOPS NO PRESSURE!
Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________

Define these terms based on how they were discussed during the class Section: _____________________________ Score: ______________________
lecture and their importance in research writing.
Direction: Below is an original source followed by quotations and paraphrases of the
original source. Write OH NO! on the line if the quotation or paraphrased passage is an
example of plagiarism. Write WOW! on the line if the quotation or paraphrase is not
plagiarized then explain your answer. (2 pts each)
APA citation
PLAGIARISM Akin, A., and Iskender, M. (2011). Internet addiction and depression, anxiety and
stress. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 3(1), 138-148.
Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Murat_Iskender/publication/264550590
_Internet_addiction_and_depression_anxiety_and_stress/links/549aa8ee0cf
2d6581ab26eb7.pdf
Original Source Material:

In terms of the relationship between internet addiction, anxiety, and stress, there
is no research evidence to demonstrate this relationship. However, since the greater
use of the internet is associated with some social and psychological maladaptive
variables such as, declines in the size of social circle, loneliness, lower self-esteem and
RESEARCH life satisfaction, sensation seeking, poor mental health, and low family function, the
internet addiction may enhance anxiety and stress.
ETHICS ______1. Though they see no correlation between internet addiction, anxiety and
stress, there are other factors that can affect the increasing cases of anxiety and stress
related to excessive exposure to internet (Akin & Iskender). _____________________
______2. The greater use of the internet is associated with some social and
psychological maladaptive variables, the internet addiction may enhance anxiety and
stress (Akin & Iskender). ________________________________________________
______3. In the study of Akin and Iskender, internet addiction, anxiety and stress has
no direct correlation. However, internet addiction seems to have indirect correlation as
there are factors under overuse of internet that affect the anxiety and stress.
_____________________________________________________________________
PRINCIPLES
______4. Though they see no correlation between internet addiction, anxiety and
stress, there are other factors that can affect the increasing cases of anxiety and stress
related to excessive exposure to internet. ____________________________________
______5. There is no significant relationship between internet addiction, anxiety and

stress. _______________________________________________________________
Page | 49
Lesson 6
Procedure in writing your conceptual framework
Illustrating and Explaining Conceptual Framework
1. Choose your topic. Decide on what will be your research topic. It should
be within the field of your specialization. Make sure that you know the
OBJECTIVES objectives of your study by heart.
2. Do a literature review. Go over relevant and updated studies related to
At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to: your own research. Use reliable sources of information and use
1. illustrate and explain conceptual framework, appropriate documentation.
2. create a conceptual framework out of the statement of the 3. Isolate the important variables. Identify the specific variables
problem, and mentioned in the literature and show their interrelationships.
3. cite the importance of writing the framework of the study. 4. Generate the conceptual framework. Build your conceptual framework
using the variables studies in the scholarly articles you have read.
Ensure that all aspects of your conceptual framework are related to the
LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS! objective of your study.
Nature and Purposes

In this lesson, the conceptual framework will be discussed. Conceptual A conceptual framework is used in research to outline possible courses
framework serves as the outline that you can follow in doing your research. It is of action or to present a preferred approach to an idea or thought.
also useful in analyzing a particular research or study. It is sometime called the The purposes of the framework are as follow:
‘blueprint’ of the research as it shows the overview of the research or the ‘plan’ in ✓ To clarify concepts and propose relationships among the concepts in a
doing the research. It is mostly presented through diagram, chart or map, and study
rarely through a narrative form. However, in case of including a diagram, you ✓ To provide a context for interpreting the study findings
should always present an explanation or narrative after. The narrative should ✓ To explain observations
summarize the variables and explore how they may change your hypothesis and ✓ To encourage theory development that is useful and practical
this is considered as an adaptable guide.
Example of a Conceptual Framework
Writing a Conceptual Framework
In this diagram, you will notice the frequent format of a conceptual

framework. It is called the IPO diagram (Input – Process – Output).
Example from a research paper
Title: IN FOCUS: COLLEGE OF EDUCATION GRADUATES LICENSURE

EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET) PERFORMANCE
Page | 50
Statement of the Problem Here is the summary of their differences:
Conceptual Framework Theoretical Framework
This study closely scrutinized the performance of Bachelor of Secondary Based on the understanding of the Gives and explains the theories,
Education graduates of Bulacan State University CY 2013-2015. researcher on how the research will be principles, generalizations and research
processed findings which have connections to the
Specifically, this answered the following questions: study
Enables readers to clearly see the Makes people know and understand
1. How is the performance of BSEd graduates be compared to the national
basic structure of the research and the evidence-based truths, concepts,
performance?
relationships of variables speculations, and assumptions
2. How is the performance be described in the following:
underlying each aspect of the research
a. General Education (Gen.Ed.);
and the relationships of these features
b. Professional Education (Prof. Ed.); and
with one another
c. Major courses?
The broad outline plan to carry out the Basis or foundation of research
3. What intervention/s can be devised to further improve t the performance
research
of the graduates in LET?
Conceptual Framework (example) IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK!
Write here the importance of conceptual framework in a research study.

__________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Conceptual Framework (example cont.) DIRECTION: Create a conceptual framework out of the given statement of the
This study follows the I-P-O process where the input are the LET results problem.
of BSEd graduates from 2013-2015. The process used was documentary Research Question: Does a SHS student’s academic performance in Math have
analysis, and the output is an analysis of LET performance of BSEd graduates of any association with his/her stress tolerance?
College of Education of Bulacan State University, in the Gen. Ed., Prof. Ed., and Statement of the Problem:
major courses and the implications to curriculum development, activities and This study generally aims to determine if a SHS students’ academic performance
inputs for the LET performance. in Mathematics have any association with his/her stress tolerance.
Specifically, this study shall seek answers to the following questions:
Conceptual Framework vs. Theoretical Framework 1. What is the demographic profile of Grade 11 students of DLSAU in terms
These two are the types of Framework of the Study. Though the most of:
commonly used framework is the conceptual as it is based on the researcher’s 1.1. sex?;
understanding on how his/her research will be done. 1.2. SHS strand?; and
1.3. final grade in General Mathematics?
Page | 51
2. What is the level of stress tolerance of Grade 11 students of DLSAU?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the DLSAU Grade 11 students’
final grade in General Mathematics and their level of stress tolerance? Name: _______________________________ Date: ______________________
Section: _____________________________ Score: _____________________
DIRECTION: Create a conceptual framework out of the given statement of the
problem.
Research Question: What is the relationship between students’ awareness of the

7S of Good housekeeping to their study habits.
Statement of the Problem:

The research aims to identify grade 12 ICT students’ level of awareness of 7s of
good Housekeeping and its effects to their study habits.
Specifically, the study wants to answer the following questions:

1) What is the level of awareness of students about the 7s of Good
Housekeeping?
2) What are the common study habits do students possess?
3) How do student practice 7s of Good Housekeeping in their study habits?
4) What is the relationship of 7s of Good Housekeeping and study habits?
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
LET’S TEST YOUR BRAIN! REMEMBER THIS IS RECORDED Parent’s Signature: _____________________________ Date: __________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________ Page | 52
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Lesson 7
Purpose and Importance of Hypothesis in Research
Listing Research Hypothesis
Hypothesis serves a very important role in conducting a research. Here
are the importance and purpose of hypothesis:
✓ Provides tentative explanation of phenomena and facilitates the
OBJECTIVES extension of knowledge in the area.
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to: ✓ Provides the investigator with a relational statement or relationship
1. lists research hypothesis, between variables that is directly testable in a research study.
2. differentiate null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis, and ✓ It provides a direction to the research. It provides a framework for
3. cite the importance of making hypotheses. reporting conclusions of the study.
✓ It could be considered as the working instrument of theory. It can be
deducted from theory and from other hypotheses.
LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS! ✓ Proves the existence of relationship of variables and the effects of
independent variable on the dependent variable
Hypothesis is a prediction of what might be the answer to your research
question/s and it typically focused on the relationship of two different variables
Categories of Hypotheses
used in the study (Crossman, 2019). Formulating hypothesis is one of the most
tedious task in writing a research paper. The hypothesis gives directions to the Null Hypothesis (H0) – represents a theory that has been put forward, either
collection and interpretation of data thus it should be well grounded and written because it is believed to be true or because it is to be used as basis for argument
before the said actions. but has not been proven. It shows the absence of the relationship or effects.
Prieto, et.al., (2017) stated that the hypothesis is written in declarative
format stating expected relationships between the phenomena to which our Alternative Hypothesis (Hi) – is a statement of what a hypothesis test is set up to
concepts refer. Also, a hypothesis is a tentative explanation that accounts for a set establish. This is the opposite of null hypothesis and can only be reached once the
of facts and can be tested by further investigation. null hypothesis is rejected. Mostly, alternative hypothesis is the actual desired
answer of the researcher/s.
Examples of a well-written hypothesis:
Example:
✓ Replacing the battery yearly can make my car to run more miles.
H0 – There is no difference between the two medicines on average.
✓ The more vegetables I eat, the healthier I become.
Ha – The two medicines have different effects, on average.
✓ Watering the plants everyday makes them grow faster and greener.
✓ Playing mobile legends has negative effects on my sleeping pattern.
Types of Hypotheses
✓ Smartphone helps people communicate better than the traditional letters.
1. Theory-driven vs. Data-driven hypotheses – a hypothesis that is based
on existing theory to explain the relationship of variables and the effects
Characteristics of Hypothesis (Prieto, et.al., 2017 , Prasad, et.al., 2001) of one variable on the other (theory-driven). Based on the findings of the
previous research studies (data-driven)
✓ It can be tested – verifiable or falsifiable 2. Directional (one-tailed) vs Non-directional (two-tailed) hypotheses –
✓ It is logical directional states the relationship of two variables as well of the
✓ It is directly related to the research problem relationship of these variables. Non-directional states the relationship of
✓ Hypotheses are not moral or ethical questions variables but not the direction of the relationship.
✓ It is neither too specific nor too general 3. Descriptive vs. Causal hypotheses – Descriptive specifies the
✓ It is a prediction of consequences relationship between two variables due to the influence of something.
✓ It sets the limits of the study Causal specifies the relationship between two variables due to cause-
✓ It is considered valuable even if proven false effect relationship.
Page | 53
Research Question: Does the use of social media have an effect on senior
high school students’ attention span in class?
Null Hypothesis:
___________________________________________
Enumerate the purposes of including hypothesis in a research paper. ___________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ Alternative Hypothesis:
_________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Fill out the boxes below by defining/describing null and alternative
YOUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS! hypothesis. Provide an example for each hypothesis. (12 points)
Write the null and alternative hypothesis for each given research Null Hypothesis Example
questions. (15 points)
Research Question: Does senior high school student’s academic
performance in Math have any association with
his/her stress tolerance?
Null Hypothesis:
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis:
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis Example
Research Question: Can a new packaging improve the selling power of
Tide?
Null Hypothesis:
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Alternative Hypothesis:
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Page | 54
Lesson 8 Defining Terms in the Study
Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________
Section: _____________________________ Score: ______________________ OBJECTIVES
Write the hypothesis, and identify the dependent and independent At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to:
variable for each research question. 1. define terms used in the study,
2. discuss the two types of definition of terms, and
1. What effects does studying with music have on student test scores? 3. state the importance of including the unknown terms in the
Hypothesis: research paper.
__________________________________________________________
Independent variable: ______________________________ LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS!
Dependent variable: _______________________________
To complete the research, it is imperative to unlock terms used in the
2. What effect does food color have on the amount of food fish eat? paper especially if there are jargons used. Definition of terms will help clarify the
Hypothesis: purpose and direction of the study being conducted.
__________________________________________________________
Independent variable: _______________________________ Organizing Definitions
Dependent variable: ________________________________ An important part in writing a research in an academic paper is to give
definitions of key terms. There are two types of definitions:
3. What is the effect of watering plant on their growth height?
Hypothesis: ✓ Conceptual definition – the meaning of the term is usually taken from
__________________________________________________________ the dictionary
Independent variable: _______________________________ ✓ Operational definition – the definition based on an observed
Dependent variable: ________________________________ characteristics and how it is used in the study
4. Does acid rain in water affect the fish population? These are the few principles to keep in mind:
Hypothesis: ________________________________________________
1. Make sure that in the definition, you focus on what something is, not just
Independent variable: _______________________________
what its effects are or what it is used for.
Dependent variable: ________________________________
2. Extend the definition so that it exactly covers what you want the reader to
understand. Never assume that if the term appears to be quite common,
5. Does the presence of salt on cakes affect the sweetness of its taste?
everyone knows what it means. And, do not overload your definition.
Hypothesis: ________________________________________________
3. It is helpful to supplement a definition, where appropriate, to clarify
Independent variable: _______________________________
further the meaning of the term.
Dependent variable: ________________________________
4. You are advised not to invent a definition for any term which has a clear
and accepted definition in place. However, the term should be defined as
used in the study or research or within the content being discussed.
5. Finally, once you establish a definition, so not change its meaning in the
middle of the article or the paper.
Page | 55
Example of Definition of Terms Operational Definition:
_________________________________________________________
From: Baraceros (2017) 3. WORD: _____________________
1. Temperature Conceptual Definition:
o Conceptual Definition: heat flowing between infinite reservoirs _________________________________________________________
o Operational Definition: define temperature in relation to Operational Definition:
operations with gas thermometers _________________________________________________________
2. Electric Current 4. WORD: _____________________
o Conceptual Definition: force between two parallel conductors Conceptual Definition:
o Operational Definition: mention the device, current balance, to _________________________________________________________
measure electric current Operational Definition:
3. Anger _________________________________________________________
o Conceptual Definition: Intangible; not directly measured by 5. WORD: _____________________
observation Conceptual Definition:
o Operational Definition: mention facial expressions, vocabulary, _________________________________________________________
or voice tone to measure anger Operational Definition:
_________________________________________________________
6. WORD: ______________________
IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK! Conceptual Definition:
_________________________________________________________
To check your understanding, compare and contrast the two types of Operational Definition:
definition and give an example for each. _________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ 7. WORD: ______________________
_________________________________________________________________ Conceptual Definition:
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ Operational Definition:
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ 8. WORD: ______________________
_________________________________________________________________ Conceptual Definition:
_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
Operational Definition:
_________________________________________________________
OUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS! 9. WORD: ______________________
Conceptual Definition:
Direction: Write at least 10 jargons (terms you use in your strand), and _________________________________________________________
give its operational definition. Operational Definition:
1. WORD: _____________________ _________________________________________________________
Conceptual Definition: 10. WORD: ______________________
_________________________________________________________ Conceptual Definition:
Operational Definition: _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________ Operational Definition:
2. WORD: _____________________ _________________________________________________________
Conceptual Definition:
_________________________________________________________
Page | 56
Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________
Direction: Compare and contrast the two ways on defining terms. Give Section: _____________________________ Score: ______________________
two examples for each category.
Direction: Match the term/word to its meaning.
Conceptual Definition Operational Definition
a. A plan that projects both the revenue, that the
1. University business anticipates and the expenses for a
set period of time
2. Baking powder
b. The cordial and generous reception and
3. Hospitality entertainment of guests, either socially or
4. Lubricating Oil commercially
5. Networking cables c. class of oils used to reduce the friction, heat,
6. Budget and wear between mechanical components
7. Concierge that are in contact with each other
8. Transmission d. is a large instrumental ensemble typical of
classical music
9. Social Worker e. a hotel employee whose job is to assist guests
10. Orchestra by arranging tours, making theater and
restaurant reservations, etc.
f. used to increase the volume and lighten the
texture of baked goods.
g. used to connect one network device to other
network devices or to connect two or more
computers to share printers, scanners etc.
h. he mechanism by which power is transmitted
from an engine to the wheels of a motor
vehicle.
i. academic discipline and profession that
concerns itself with individuals, families,
groups and communities in an effort to
enhance social functioning and overall well-
being.
j. an educational institution designed for
instruction, examination, or both, of students in
many branches of advanced learning,
conferring degrees in various faculties, and
often embodying colleges and similar
institutions
k. postsecondary educational institution that
provides instruction beyond the 12th grade
level in programs that satisfy the requirements
for a degree at the associate, baccalaureate or
graduate level
Page | 57
SHOW US WHAT YOU’VE GOT!
SUMMARY ANSWER THIS UNIT TEST.
In this chapter, we have discussed the different information in Name: _______________________________ Date: ____________________
learning from others and writing a literature review. Section: _____________________________ Score: ___________________
By definition, research is the systematic investigation into and

Direction: Read and analyze each sentence carefully. Encircle the letter of your
study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new chosen answer.
conclusions. Also, it is an investigation that is done systematically. With 1. A form of hypothesis that tells a positive-predicted answer to the
this, we can say that doing research follows certain steps and procedure. research question.
It can’t be done by just collecting everything you see, putting them a. Nall hypothesis c. Alternative hypothesis
together and submit it. There is a process and this process makes the b. Null hypothesis d. Alternate hypothesis
2. A type of definition that is from the dictionary.
research a way of sharing valid and accurate information.
a. Operational definition c. Conceptual definition
One of the hardest part of doing a research is writing a literature
b. Contextual definition d. Occasional definition
review. It is where readers see how literate, interesting, knowledgeable
3. A literature review that discusses theories related to your study.
and comprehensive the researcher is. You must be well aware of your
a. Integrative review c. Historical review
topic from smallest detail to the largest one. Other than the skill of b. Theoretical review d. Methodological review
selecting the correct literatures and articles, the researcher should 4. A citation format that is common to medical and scientific paper.
carefully analyze and evaluate each. After which, the literature review will a. APA c. Vancouver
be written coherently. b. MLA d. Harvard
Part of writing the literature review is the citation. Citation is very 5. It provides guidelines in conducting and writing a research paper.
a. Research ethics c. Paper Ethics
important, as it will give your paper a valid impression. Aside from that,
b. Ethics d. Research format
you will avoid the most common violation in writing a paper; plagiarism.
6. It is defined as copying other people’s work without acknowledging the
Philippines has its own law about the intellectual property of individuals or
author.
original creators. This act is protecting the rights and the original craft of
a. Plagiarist c. Plagiarism
the authors not just the written articles but any work like a new machine, b. Plagarasm d. Plaguer
book, painting, etc. 7. What is the republic act number of Intellectual Property Code of the
Following the steps in doing a literature review plus the ethical Philippines?
procedures will make your paper a better one. a. R.A. 8294 c. R.A. 8093
b. R.A. 8293 d. R.A. 8290
8. Arrange the information into a bibliographical entry using APA style.
Punctuation marks, indention and capitalization must be properly
observed.
Page | 58
a) New York, 1982, Language Power, Random House, Carol Botz and 13. How do we distinguish between research ethics and plagiarism?
Dorothy Seyler a. Plagiarism is using of someone else’s words or ideas without
b) Carol Botz and Dorothy Seyler, 1982, Language Power, Random acknowledging the author while research ethics supports this doing.
House, New York b. Plagiarism is using of someone else’s words without acknowledging
c) Carol Botz and Dorothy Seyler. Language Power. New York: the author while research ethics provides guidelines for the
Random House. (1982) responsible conduct of research
d) Botz, C., & Seyler, D. (1982). Language Power. New York: Random c. Plagiarism is using of someone else’s words and acknowledging the
House. author while research ethics provides guidelines for the responsible
e) Botz, Carol & Seyler, Dorothy (1982). Language Power. New York: conduct of research
Random House. d. Plagiarism is using of someone else’s words or ideas and
9. In writing the conceptual framework, the researcher has to observe the acknowledging the author while research ethics doesn’t provide any
following guidelines except _________________ guidelines.
a) identify the problem and the solution to it 14. Ise defined smile as “when person’s mouth curves upward; when the
b) explain the schematic diagram in narrative form person’s lips are apart showing one or more teeth”. This type of definition
c) draw the schematic diagram which shows the overall outline of the is called:
entire research a. Operational definition c. Operating definition
d) explain the relationship of the boxes, circles, arrows in order to b. Conceptual definition d. Contextual definition
clearly understand its significance 15. In the title ‘Effects of Social Media to Student’s Performance inside the
10. If cited resource doesn’t provide a publication or copyright data, which of Classroom’, what is the alternative hypothesis?
the following options is correct? a. Social Media use has no significant effect to students’
a) No citation is necessary c. (Lastname, n.d., p.x) classroom performance.
b) (Lastname, no date, p.X) d. None of the above b. Social media use has significant effect to students’ classroom
11. A type of literature review that examines the body of theory that has performance.
accumulated in regard to issue, concept, theory or phenomena. c. Social media use can cause failure to students’ grades.
a) Methodological Review c. Historical Review d. Social media use can give students high grades.
b) Integrative Review d. Argumentative Review 16. Which of these is NOT true in writing a synthesis?
12. Which of the following is NOT a correct format for APA a. Gathering of literature that addresses the research question
citation/referencing? b. Comparing and contrasting information gathered
a. Prieto (2000), said that… c. Copying and pasting the information that answers the research
b. (Prieto, 2000): said that… question
c. As stated by Prieto (2000), research is… d. Reviewing the literatures and taking down notes
d. Prieto, T. (2000). Practical Research 2. Manila: Philippines
Page | 59
UNIT 4
17. These are the contents of a synthesis matrix EXCEPT:
a. Main idea c. Supporting idea
b. Sources d. Topic
18. This part of literature review discusses the previous work you have
accomplished related to the proposed research.
Understanding Data and Ways to
a.
b.
Introduction
Background
c. Body
d. Conclusion Systematically Collect Data
19. “To summarize, Learning Commons is necessary to every schools with
21st century learners. We should make the library the heart of every A. CONTENT STANDARDS
school again.” What part of literature is this? The learner demonstrates understanding of:
a. Introduction c. Body f. the quantitative research design
b. Background d. Conclusion g. the description of sample
20. What does IPO stand for? h. the instrument development
i. the description of intervention (if applicable)
a. Input – Process – Outcome
j. the data collection and analysis procedures such as survey,
b. Input – Process – Output interview, and observation
c. Incoming – Processing – Output k. the guidelines in writing research methodology
d. Input – Procedure – Outsource

The learner is able to describe adequately quantitative research
designs, sample, instrument used, intervention (if applicable),
data collection, and analysis procedure
The learner:
a. chooses appropriate quantitative research design

b. describe sampling procedure and the sample
c. construct an instrument and establishes its validity and reliability
d. plans data collection procedure
e. plans data analysis using statistics and hypothesis testing (if
applicable)
f. presents written research methodology
Page | 60
Lesson 1 Quantitative Research Design Example: Finding the correlation between mental ability and grade in
math; gender and math performance; and advertising cost and sales.
Lesson 1.1 Descriptive Research Design

3. Descriptive Evaluative Studies. This study focuses on judging the
OBJECTIVES “goodness of a criterion measure”. It can be done in short or long period
of time.
Longitudinal Studies. It is a study that establish changes in
i. discuss descriptive research design and its type
criterion measure over a long period of time. Example, the
2. summarize the uses and application of descriptive research
researchers want to study the changes in IQ of 9-10 years old
design using diagram
kids over a five-year period, the researchers must test the same
3. identify the type of descriptive research design applied in
group of subject over the five-year period.
different situation.
Cross-sectional Studies. It is a study designed to evaluate
changes over time by comparing at the same point of time, but
LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS! different subject representing different stages. Example, the
researchers test children IQ simultaneously, 9-10, 11-12, 13-14,
15-16, 17-18 years old to see changes in criterion.
Descriptive research design is a research method that describes the
characteristics or behavior of the subjects or phenomenon that is being studied. It
4. Assessment/ Evaluation Study. It is undertaken to assess the worth,
involves overall overview of the variables without influencing or manipulating it in
success, effectiveness, or efficiency of a certain policy, or practices when
any way. This design does not attempt to answer “why” and is not used to
applied to a group of subject. Assessment studies imply measurement of
discover inferences, make predictions or establish causal relationships (Bhat,
certain key indicators without attaching any judgement to them, however
2012).
evaluation implies putting judgment and valuing too the measurements
obtained. Assessment and evaluation always go together for one cannot
Types of Descriptive Research Design
go together without basis for such.
1. Descriptive Normative Survey. This type attempts to establish norms

Example: A research on measuring the effectiveness of K-12 program six
based on a large number of survey data. It is used to describe trends in a
years from today on the basis of such factors such as cost, efficiency and
large population of individuals. The survey data may be demographic
impact on quality.
data or data on average perception of a set of respondents.
Example: A group of researchers wants to know the profile of all 5. Descriptive Comparative Studies. This is a study design to establish a
principals of public and private schools in the Philippines, they may formal procedure to compare and conclude that one variable is better
include in their instruments variables like age, sex, educational than the other if significant difference exists. It endeavors to find the
attainment, IQ, languages spoken, civil status, average family size, and significant differences between two or more groups of subjects on the
others. basis of a criterion measure.
2. Correlational Research Study. This design is used when the Example: gender (male vs. female), preschool attendance vs. no
researcher wishes to find out the extent of which different variables are preschool attendance, or children with working mom and without working
related to one another. In this design, you will have two or more mom.
quantitative variables in the same group of subjects. It is design to find
the similarities of the variables, not a difference between their means. Sources:
Correlational does not mean causation. It does not follow that one Faltado, R.E., Bombita, M.B., & Boholano, H.B. (2017) Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research for SHS) (pp.61-63). Cubao,
Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc
variable causes to other.
Page | 61
_____ 8. Cross-sectional study takes a long period of time to be done.
IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK! ____ 9. Descriptive normative survey involves a wide class of data when
establishing norms or standard on it.
____ 10. Descriptive Evaluative determines the degree of the relationship of two
What is descriptive research design? Explain in your own understanding. variables.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
What are the different types of descriptive research design? Explain briefly each
based on your own understanding. Summarize the types descriptive research design by completing the
diagram below.
1. __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ Types of Descriptive Research Design
2. __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________
1
__________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________ 2
__________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
True or False. Write T if the statement is correct and F if the statement is 3

incorrect. Write your answer on the space provided before each number.
____ 1. Descriptive research design focuses more on the “what” of the research
subject rather than the “why” of the research subject.
____ 2. Assessment/evaluation study is a study which focuses on judging the
“goodness of a criterion measure”.
____ 3. Correlational research attempts to find out how one variable causes
changes to other variable.
____4. Descriptive comparative desired to determine significant difference 4
between two or more groups. 5
____ 5. Correlational research study determines similarities between variables.
____ 6. Survey is one data collection method used in descriptive normative study.
____ 7. Descriptive research involves correlational, observational and
experimental.
Page | 62
Lesson 1.2 Experimental Research Design
Name:_______________________________Date: _______________________
OBJECTIVES
Section: _____________________________ Score: ______________________
1. discuss experimental research design and its type
2. summarize the types experimental research as well as the
Identify the type of descriptive research design best use in each of the
factors affecting the experimental plan using diagram
following situation. Choose the letter of your answer from the choices inside the
3. identify the types of experimental research as well as the
box.
factors affecting the experimental applied in different
A. Descriptive Normative Survey E. Descriptive Comparative
situations.
B. Correlational Study F. Evaluation Study
C. Longitudinal Study
D. Cross-sectional Study LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS!
____ 1. A group of students wishes to correlate the performance of the STEM Experimental research is used to investigate cause and effect
relationship between the variables. It also known as intervention because you do
students between Science and mathematics.
more than just observe the subject. This design manipulates one variable
____ 2. Seron wants to know the efficiency of digital devices to the learning of the (dependent variables) to see if it has an effect to the other variable (dependent
ICT students. variables). A factor treatment is introduced into the research investigation and the
____ 3. Mr. Gahit wants to know if the percentage of women diagnosed with researcher attempt to isolate the effects of such treatment by means of control.
breast cancer increases with age. He gathers three groups of women with Types of Experimental Research Design
different age and conducts a survey at same point of time.
____ 4. The teacher wants to know if there is a significant difference between the 1. Pre-test/ Post-test Control Group Design. This designs requires two
groups in equal standing: one is control group; and the other is
performance of children living with their parents and living with their relatives.
experimental group. Both groups will be given pre-test. During the
____ 5. Researchers would want to observe participants from childhood to experimental period, only the experimental group will receive the
adulthood to understand how growing up in different environment influences traits, treatment. After the experimental period, both group will be given post-
test. Then the researcher may now compare the result of the post-test of
habits, and personality.
both groups.
____ 6. Some researchers want to compare the effectiveness of three groups of Take note: This design is threatened by certain factors: maturation; test-
managers A, B and C and determine if there is significant difference between their wiseness; and natural attrition.
management strategy. Group Pre-test Treatment Post-test
Experimental O X O
____ 7. Rita and her friends conduct a study involving the demographic profile of
Control O O
the respondents. Legend: O= Observation; X= Treatment
____ 8. Mrs. Soles conducts a research study on the English Proficiency of the
2. Single Group Pre-test/ Post-test Design. It is used when there is a
Grade 10 students and compare the result to the standards of DepEd.
limited number of respondents in the study. The single group will be
____ 9. Allison wants to determine the effectiveness of school portal to the given a pre-test followed by the usual practices then post-test will be
students and parents in accessing school news and information. administered. Afterwards, same group will be given a pre-test followed by
____ 10. Gaby conduct a study to know if there is a significant relationship exist in treatment and then post-test.
Take note: This design is threatened by certain factors: maturation; test-
student’s anxiety in math on their class performance in math class. wiseness; and natural attrition.
Page | 63
Group Pre-test Treatment Post-test 8. Differential Selection. Selection of individuals with different previous
Group A O X O knowledge or ability which would affect the final measurement of the
Group A O O O study.
Legend: O= Observation; X= Treatment 9. John Henry Effect. Henry outperformed a machine under an
experimental setting because he was fully aware that his performance
3. Solomon Four Group Design. It makes use of four group in equal was compared with that of a machine. The subject in the controlled group
standing (two experimental group and two control group). The first two is aware of their disadvantage, thus working harder to outperform the
group followed the pretest post-test controlled group. The third group is experimental group.
Sources:
given no pre-test but has treatment and post-test. The last group given
no pre-test and treatment but has post-test. Faltado, R.E., Bombita, M.B., & Boholano, H.B. (2017) Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research for SHS)
(pp.64-68). Cubao, Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc.
Group Pre-test Treatment Post-test

Experimental A O X O
Control A O O IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK!
Experimental B X O
Control B O
Legend: O= Observation; X= Treatment What is experimental research design? Explain in your own understanding.
Factors Affecting Experimental Plan _________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________
1. History. Unexpected events that occur during first and second Differentiate the Pre-test/Post-test Controlled Group Design from Single Pre-
measurement during experimental period that affect the results of the test/Post-test Design.
experiment. _________________________________________________________________
2. Maturation. It is the process of maturing of the participants either _________________________________________________________________
biological or psychological during the course of experiment regardless of
the event may affect the result of the study. For example, if the project When do the researchers use Single Pre-test/Post-test Design? Explain briefly.
lasts a few years, most participants may improve their performance _________________________________________________________________
regardless of treatment. _________________________________________________________________
3. Testing. The subject may be aware of the contents of post-test because
of the same contents in pre-test. So the subject learns from pre-test What are the factors that can affect the experimental study? Cite at least three
rather than the treatment. and explain briefly.
4. Mortality. The loss of the subject from comparison group could greatly _________________________________________________________________
affect the results of the study. The subject may drop out of the _________________________________________________________________
experimental plan or suddenly disappeared during the course of the _________________________________________________________________
study. _________________________________________________________________
5. Interaction Effect. It means that the result of the study was affected by
the extraneous factors such setting, time and condition of the
experimental set-up. YOUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS!
6. Measuring Instrument. Changes in calibration of instrument, observers,
and scorers may cause changes in the measurements of the variables. Identify the word/s being described in each statement. Write your answer
7. Statistical Regression. It is when the pre-test of the subjects is on the space provided.
extremely far from their score in post-test. This threat is caused by the ______________________1. A factor that affects experimental plan due to the
selection of subjects on the basis of extreme scores or characteristics. loss of the subject.
Page | 64
______________________ 2. An experimental research design that requires a
large number of subjects.
______________________ 3. It is a design used when there is a limited number
of respondents. Name: ___________________________________ Date: ___________________
______________________ 4. A group in experimental research that does not Section: _________________________________ Score: __________________
receive treatment. Modified True or False. Write TRUE if the statement is correct, if false,
______________________ 5. A factor that affects the experimental plan when the change the underlined word/s to make the statement correct.
subject from control group outperform the subjects from experimental group.
______________________ 6. Experimental design that requires one control
_____________ 1. Experimental research seeks to test and answer hypothesis.
group and one experimental group.
______________________ 7. A factor that affects experimental plan due to the
selection of subjects with different previous knowledge or ability. _____________ 2. Mortality is when a subject suddenly disappeared during the
______________________ 8. A factor that affects experimental plan due to the
experimental plan.
biases which may result in selection of comparison groups.
______________________ 9. A group of subject that receives treatment during _____________ 3. In experimental study, the group that receives treatment is called
the experimental plan.
control group.
______________________10. A scientific method that establishes the cause and
effect relationship between the variables. _____________ 4. A super typhoon occurred during the experimental plan where in the
result of the study is affected. This factor is called history.

_____________ 5. Testing happens when the subject is aware of the contents of post-test
in the form of pre-test.
Summarize the types experimental research design with the factors that
affect each type by completing the square matrix below. _____________ 6. The subject in experimental study needs to be different before and
after the experiment
Experimental Research Design
_____________ 7. Interviewers are very careful to their first numbers of interviewees, but
Pretest/Post-test Single Group Solomon Four Group eventually got tired after 10th interviewee which affect their scoring. This
Control Group Design Pretest/Post-test Design is example of measuring instrument.
Design
______________ 8. Single group pre-test/post-test design eliminates Howthorne effect,

effect of maturation and attrition but requiring a large number of
respondents.
______________ 9. Differential selection is the selection of individuals with different

previous knowledge or ability which would affect the final measurement
of the study.
______________ 10. Mortality is a factor that affects experimental plan when the
participants in controlled group outperform the experimental group.
Page | 65
Lesson 2
The sample size can be obtained using the formula
Description of Sample n=
𝑁
where n = sample size; N = total population; e=
1+𝑁𝑒 2
margin of error
Lesson 2.1 Sample Size Determination using Slovin’s Formula
Example 1: A researcher wants to conduct a survey. The population of a big
school where the researcher wishes to get his respondents is 11,000. Find the
OBJECTIVES sample size if the margin of error is 5%.
The students are expected to: Step 1. Using the Slovin’s formula, substitute the given data.
1. discuss sample, population and sampling frame
11,000
2. explain the reason of using sample in research n= 5% → 5 → 0.05
1+(11,000)(0.05)2
3. calculate sample size using Slovin’s formula
Take note: Change percent number to decimal number
LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS! Step 2. Solve the denominator part first. Follow PEMDAS.
11,000 11,000 11,000
n= → n= → n=
1+(11,000)(0.0025) 1+27.5 28.5
Before you proceed to this lesson, take note of the following terms first:
Step 3. Divide the data to get the sample size
• Sample. An individual that represent the entire population of a target
respondents of the study. This is the subgroup of the population n=
11,000
→ n= 385.96 or 386
• Population. A group of individuals that the researcher is interested in 28.5
studying that usually has common or similar characteristics. Then the sample size that the researchers need is 386.
• Sampling frame. A complete list of all cases in the population from
Source: Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C., & Carey, T.G. (2017). Practical Research 2: Quantitative. (pp. 101-102). Cubao,
which the sample will be drawn. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc.
It is important that the researchers know the sample size of their study. It is a
waste of resources if the researchers include all the elements in their target IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK!
population. The following are some reasons for the use of samples:
In research, why do we use sample instead of the total population?
• Using sample saves time compared to complete census
Explain your answer.
• Using sample saves money because it is less costly
• It allows more particular attention to be given to a number of _________________________________________________________________
elements than doing a census _________________________________________________________________
• Less sampling error in survey _________________________________________________________________
Slovin’s Formula
How to determine the accurate sample size?
Slovin’s formula is a statistical formula used to obtain an accurate sample _________________________________________________________________
size (n) given the population (N) and margin of error (e). Margin of error (e) is the _________________________________________________________________
allowable error margin in research. Slovin's Formula calculates the number of _________________________________________________________________
samples required when the population is too large to directly sample every
member. Why is it important to have an accurate sample size in quantitative research?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Page | 66
YOUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS! LET’S TEST YOUR BRAIN! REMEMBER THIS IS RECORDED
A. Put O if the statement is correct and X if not. Write your answer on the
space provided before each item Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________
Section: _____________________________ Score: ______________________
___ 1. Sample is a subgroup of population.
A. Based on the given problem, supply the needed information in the box below.
___ 2. Selecting sample from population is called sampling.
___ 3. An accurate sample size means getting the equal half of the total Mr. X conducts his study on Brgy. Caniogan, Pasig City. The total
number of residence b is 3,800 according to the residence list in barangay. Mr. X
population. uses five percent margin of error to come up with the total number of participants
___ 4. Slovin’s formula is used to determine accurate sample size. of his study which is 367.
___ 5. Using sample is costly and timely. Sample: Population: Margin of error:
Sampling Frame: Formula to be used:

B. Solve the sample size of given problem. Show your complete solution (5
pts each).
Suppose that you have a group of 1,000 city government
employees and you want to survey them to find out which tools are best B. Solve for the sample size of given problem. Show your complete solution (5 pts
suited to their jobs. Find the sample size using 2% margin of error. each).
Solution:
1. In your study, the size of your population is 27,150. What is the size of
your sample if you allow 5% margin of error?
Solution:
Enumerate the advantage of using sample by completing the diamond

diagram below.
Advantage of Using Sample in Research
2. In your research, your population is 10,000 and the margin of error you
allow is 5%, what is your representative sample?
Solution:

Page | 67
Lesson 2.2 Probability Sampling Technique c. Start counting from the number you choose in letter b, you
take every kth of the number counts.
OBJECTIVES Example: Population= 500
Sample size= 100 500 ÷ 100 = 5 (I will count
The students are expected to: every 5th in the list)
1. discuss probability sampling technique and its type
2. create a graphic organizer that summarize the concept of For instance, I choose 4 from 1-5. Therefore, my sample will be
probability sampling technique the student number 4, 9, 14, 19, 24… until it reaches the maximum
3. identify the type of probability sampling technique applied in number which is 500.
different scenarios
3. Stratified Random Sampling. The population is divided into groups
(strata) then simple random sampling is applied in selecting samples
LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS! from each group.
The selection of components of the sample that will give a representative Example: The target population is 1200 junior high school with the desired
view of the whole is known as sampling technique. Selecting sample can be sample size of 300. The researcher will get the number of students per level.
biased or unbiased. This lesson focuses on selecting sample unbiasedly. This is Divide each number of students per level by the total population of 1200 and
called probability sampling. then multiply by the desired sample size of 300.
Probability Sampling refers to a sampling technique in which samples are Sample Size =
JHS Population =1200
obtained using some objective chance mechanism, thus involving randomization. 300
Please take note that (1) If your population is LESS THAN 50, go away from
1st year 350 88
probability sampling and (2) your sample size should be AT LEAST 30. 1styear=350/1200 X 300 = 88
2nd year 300 75
After determining the sample frame and solving for sample size, it is time 2nd year = 300/1200 X300 = 75
to for deciding on how to select the sample of the study. There are different types 3rd year 280 70
of selecting respondents under probability sampling. These are:
4th year 270 67
1. Simple Random Sampling. The basic probability sampling design in
which the chance of selection is the same for every member of the
4. Cluster Sampling. The largest scale surveys used cluster sampling
population.
method. It is used when the target respondents in a research study is
Two ways of selecting samples: spread across a GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION. In this method, the
population is group into what we called CLUSTER. Simple random
• by means of a TABLE OF RANDOM NUMBERS sampling is used in selecting the cluster.
• by using the LOTTERY TECHNIQUES 5. Multi- Stage Sampling. Refers to the procedure as in cluster sampling
2. Systematic Random Sampling. A sampling that follows regular which moves through a series of stages.
intervals from a list. It has a specific steps and procedures in doing the Population → group into ten cluster → randomly select one cluster
random selection of the samples.
randomly select five cluster from the selected onecluster
Steps to follow:
Sources:
a. Divide population to the desired sample size (population ÷
sample size= kth) Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C., & Carey, T.G. (2017). Practical Research 2: Quantitative. (pp. 104-106). Cubao, Quezon
b. Choose one number from 1 to value you obtain from letter a Faltado, R.E., Bombita, M.B., & Boholano, H.B. (2017) Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research for SHS)
Page | 68
_____________ 4. The sampling technique use when the target population is
IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK! scattered in different geographical area.
_____________ 5. The process of selecting sample that represents the total
What is probability sampling technique? Explain base on your understanding. population.
_________________________________________________________________ _____________ 6. In stratified random sampling, the population is divided into

_________________________________________________________________ groups called
Is it required to use Slovin’s formula in determining sample size once you have B. In each of the following situation, identify the sampling method being used then
decided to use probability sampling technique? Explain your answer. explain your answer (2 pts each).
_________________________________________________________________
1. A group of volunteers has a list of the 100 senators. They decided to survey
_________________________________________________________________
every 10th senator on the list about their position on farm subsidies.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
What are the types of Probability sampling techniques? Explain briefly each type. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
1. __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ 2. The president of a college randomly selects two students from each department
__________________________________________________________ to serve on a board.
2. __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________ CAN YOU REMEMBER IT ALL? LET’S LOOK BACK.
4. __________________________________________________________
Create a graphic organizer/concept map showing your understanding on
__________________________________________________________
Probability Sampling Techniques.
__________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
A. Identify the word/s being described in each statement. Write your answer on
the space provided.
_____________ 1. A sampling technique that use fish bowl method.

_____________ 2. It includes a series of stages before arriving to the final
samples.
_____________ 3. In cluster sampling, the population is divided into groups called
Page | 69
Lesson 2.3 Non-Probability Sampling Technique
OBJECTIVES
Name: _______________________________ Date: ______________________
Section: _____________________________ Score: _____________________ The students are expected to:
1. discuss non-probability sampling technique and its type
A. Matching Type. Match statement in Column A to its correct terms in Column B. 2. summarize the concept of non-probability sampling
technique using square matrix
COLUMN A COLUMN B 3. identify the type of non-probability sampling technique
__1. A type of probability sampling where the chance a. Simple Random applied in different situations
of selection is the same for every member of the

population.
__2. A type of probability sampling when you choose b. Stratified Random There is a time where a researcher encounters some hindrances on his
research where it is not possible to draw random probability sampling due to lack
every “nth” individual to be a part of the sample. of time or budget. This is where the non-probability sampling can be useful.
__3. A sampling technique that divides the population c. Systematic Sampling
If probability sampling gives equal chance of selection to all members of
in group and randomly select one group. the population, non-probability sampling is a sampling technique that does not
__4. A type of probability sampling where the d. Cluster Sampling give all the samples in the population equal chances of being selected. The
selection of sample is based on the subjective judgement of the researchers.
respondents are divided into groups and in each
group the research selects samples. Types of Non-Probability Sampling
B. In each of the following situations, identify the sampling method being used 1. Convenience Sampling. This is a method of selecting samples that are
then explain your answer (2 pts each). conveniently available to participate to the researchers’ study. This
method is also called availability sampling.
1. Peter decided to divide the private company in NCR into five groups. He
Example: The researchers conducted survey on public area like mall and
randomly picks two company and interview all the workers of that company.
park to quickly obtain public opinion on an issue about election of public
_________________________________________________________________ officials.
_________________________________________________________________
2. Purposive Sampling. This is also called judgmental or subjective
2. The girl decided to make a study about the effectiveness of APK application to sampling. In this method, the researcher chooses only those respondents
the productivity of the employees. She randomly picks name of participants from that he thinks suitable to the study.
the full list of the workers in SMX Company. Example: The researchers conducted a study on why Grade 11 chooses
TVL tracks over Academic tracks. They find samples by asking first the
_________________________________________________________________________
question “Are you planning to go to the university?”, Those who will say
_________________________________________________________________________
“No” would not be included in the study.
3. The secretary of Education randomly selects 10 school out of 150 schools in
NCR for testing and 40 student names are randomly selected from a student list in 3. Quota Sampling. A sampling technique wherein the researcher makes
each 10 selected schools. sure of equal or proportionate representation of subjects depending on
which trait is considered as basis of the quota. The bases of the quota
_________________________________________________________________________ are usually age, gender, education, race, religion and socioeconomic
_________________________________________________________________________ status.
Page | 70
Example: If basis of the quota is college year level and the researcher
needs equal representation, with a sample size of 100, he must select 25
1st year students, another 25 2nd year students, 25 3rd year and 25 4th
year students. Identify what is being described in each item. Choose the letter of your
answer on the box.
4. Snowball Sampling. A sampling technique wherein the researcher looks
for a respondent to participate in the study then ask that respondent to a. Non- Probability Sampling f. Quota Sampling
b. Biased g. Randomization
refer another respondent who can participate in the study. This is used c. Judgmental Sampling h. Subjective
when researcher finds it difficult to locate special numbers of a d. Convenience Sampling i. Quota
population.
Example: The researcher conduct research involving eight ethnic group
e. Snowball Sampling j. Qualitative Research
called Mangyans maybe 8,000 according to official records. But it is
difficult to locate those subject because of distance and some have little _____________ 1. The type of research which commonly uses non-probability
contact with outside world. sampling
_____________ 2. Probability sampling is to objective; non-probability sampling is
Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc. to _
_____________ 3. The selection of sample in non-probability sampling

_____________ 4. The kind of sampling where in the researcher select samples
based on researcher’s knowledge and credibility.
What is non-probability sampling technique? Explain base on your own
understanding. _____________ 5. A type of sampling technique that does not give all members of
population equal chances of selection.
_________________________________________________________________
_____________ 6. Also known as availability sampling
_________________________________________________________________
_____________ 7. The limitation that researchers set in quota sampling
Differentiate non-probability sampling from probability sampling. Cite some
example for comparison. _____________ 8. The non-probability sampling is different from probability
_________________________________________________________________ sampling because it does not follow ___
_________________________________________________________________
_____________ 9. The sampling that use referral method because the researcher
What are the types of non-probability sampling techniques? Explain briefly each asks respondents to refer another possible respondent.
type. ____________ 10. A type of non-probability sampling where the researcher
1. __________________________________________________________ divides the population into group with the basis of quota.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Page | 71
Name: _______________________________ Date: ______________________

Summarize the concept of Non- Probability Sampling Techniques by Section: _____________________________ Score: _____________________
filling up the square matrix below.
A. In each of the following situation, identify the sampling method being used then
explain your answer (2 pts each).
1. A group of students wishes to conduct a study on a certain university with 5000

students. Their target respondents are 100. They simply stand at the main gate of
the school and ask 100 persons that pass by on that area.
__________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. The researcher wanted to investigate a certain issue regarding same sex
marriage. He then asks someone who is suitable to his study, then ask that
respondent to give him someone else who can also participate in his study.
_______________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. A group of NGO volunteers are conducting a research regarding good lifestyle
of people. They conducted their study on a certain mall and ask people who dress
good and look healthy. ________________________
Non-Probability _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Sampling 4. A group of researchers wants to study the career goal of the grade 11 to 12 on
their school with a total of 6,000 students. They found out that 60% of this are
grade 11 and 40% are grade 12. Their target sample is 500. The researchers get
the 60 and 40 percent of 500 to come up with to their sample size.
______________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
5. Mr. Yu makes a study about the environmental engineers but can only name 5.
He asks these engineers if they knew any others. They give him some others who
in return make additional contacts. In this way, Mr.Yu manages to contact 50 other
environmental engineers._______________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Parent’s Signature: _____________________________ Date: ___________________
Page | 72
Lesson 3
Here is some example of Likert Scale
Instrument Development Frequency of Use Agreement Frequency of Occurrence
Always Strongly Agree Very Frequently
Often Agree Frequently
Sometimes Undecided Occasionally
Lesson 3.1 Designing the Instrument Rarely Disagree Rarely
Never Strongly Disagree Very Rarely
OBJECTIVES
1. discuss instrument and instrumentation • Generate questions based on the objectives of the research study. These
2. state the do’s and don’ts in constructing questions are the guidelines in developing questions for your questionnaire:
3. identify the types of questions use in a survey questionnaire ▪ The questions should be clear, concise and simple. Avoid
lengthy and confusing questions
▪ Classify question under each statement based on your problem
LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS! statement
▪ Questions should be consistent within the needs of study
▪ Avoid sensitive and debatable question
One of the important part of research study is the instrument because the ▪ Avoid jargon or unfamiliar words
quality of the research findings depends on the quality of research instrument. In
research, instrument is the general term use by the researcher for measuring • Choose type of questions in developing the statement. It can be:
device such as surveys, questionnaire, test, and etc. On the other hand, ▪ Dichotomous questions. A question with only two choices
instrumentation is the action which is the process of developing, testing and using such as “Yes/No” or “Like/Dislike”.
the instrument. Take note that instrument is the device while instrumentation is ▪ Open-ended questions. A question that normally answers the
course of action (Prieto, Naval, & Carey, 2017). question “why”.
Background Example: What do you like most about your school?
____________________________________________________
Do a basic research on the chosen variables or construct of the research ______
study. Choose a construct that you can use to craft the objective of the ▪ Closed questions. It is also called multiple-choice questions. It
questionnaire. Construct means the characteristics that you wish to measure or consists of three or more choices.
evaluate (e.g. weight, academic performance, etc.). After identifying the construct,
Example: What is the highest education of your mother?
it is easily to state the purpose or objective of the questionnaire and the research
questions as well. There are five types of variables: dependent variables; ___ elementary ___ high school ___ college
independent variables; control variables; continuous variables; and discrete
variables. ▪ Rank- order Scale questions. A type of question that ask for
ranking the given choices or items.
Questionnaire Conceptualization
Example: Rank the following base on their importance in work as
• Choose response scale where the respondents answer the question in SHS student. (3= highest and 1=lowest)
your study. __ doing homeroom activities
Example of scales are:
▪ Yes / No __ going to library
▪ Yes / No / Neither __ using computer
▪ Likert Scale. It is used to measure behavior
quantitatively.
Page | 73
▪ Rating Scale questions. It is the Likert scale form. ____________ 5. A type of question that allows the respondents to share their
Example: thoughts.
Statement 3 2 1
____________ 6. Type of question that has three or more choices.
I feel lazy doing homework
I am motivated to learn because of interesting ____________ 7. Type of question that asks the respondents to rate answers
learning tools based on their own perspective.
____________ 8. A type of question with two choices only.

Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc. ____________ 9. It is the process of developing, testing, and using the
instrument.
IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK! ____________ 10. Type of question that asks the respondents to rank the items
on each statement.
Based on the concept discussed above, answer the following questions
briefly.
What is instrument? Why is its importance to research?
__________________________________________________________ Summarize the guidelines (do’s and don’ts) in constructing questions in

_________________________________________________________________ questionnaire by filling up the T Chart below.
INSTRUMENTATION
Differentiate instrument from instrumentation.
__________________________________________________________ Do’s Don’ts

_________________________________________________________________
What are types of questions in developing statements in questionnaire? Explain

each of the type base on your understanding.
__________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Identify the word/s being described in each statement. Write your answer
on the space provided.
____________ 1. A type of question answerable by yes or no.

____________ 2. It is used to measure behavior of each respondent
quantitatively.
____________ 3. It refers to the traits of that is being measured in the study.
____________ 4. A variable that causes change to the dependent variables.
Page | 74
BY YOUR TEACHER… OOOPS NO PRESSURE! 5 4 3 2 1
Registrar’s Office
Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________
Section: _____________________________ Score: ______________________ Canteen
Student Information System (SIS)

A. Modified True or False. Write TRUE if the statement is correct, if not, change
the underlined word/s to make the statement correct. Comfort Rooms
____________ 1. Avoid making lengthy and confusing questions in your survey Classroom Ventilation
questionnaire.
Cashier’s Office
____________ 2. Open-ended questions usually answer the question “what”. College/ Department staff
____________ 3. The quality of the research findings depends on the quality of

the research instrument used.
4. Please rate the following personal goals to Senior High School (SHS) in order of
____________ 4. Dichotomous questions are questions where three or more importance from 1 to 6 with 1 indicating most important goal, 2 second most important goal
choices are provided. and so on.
____________ 5. Likert scale is use in measuring the perspective or behavior of _______ To pursue college education
the respondents qualitatively. _______ To be employed after graduation
B. Based on the sample research instrument below, identify the type of research _______ To enhance my self-esteem
questions used.
_______ To become a useful citizen
STUDENT SATISFACTION ON STUDENT SERVICES IN A PRIVATE SECONDARY SCHOOL
_______ To develop good attitudes
Dear student, thank you for being a respondent for this survey. Please help us improve our services
_______ To be socially and intellectually mature
by completing this survey.
___________________________________________________________________________
Gender: ___ Female ___ Male
__
Age: ___ 15-16 y/o ___ 17-18 y/o ___19-20 y/o ___21 & above
CHOICES:
1. What is your overall satisfaction rating with our school services?
• Dichotomous Question
___ Very Satisfied
• Open - ended Question
___ Somewhat Satisfied
___ Neither Satisfied nor Dissatisfied • Close- ended Questions
___ Somewhat Dissatisfied • Rating Scale Question
___ Very Dissatisfied • Rank-order Scale Question
2. Please explain your answer.

__________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Gender ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Age ________________________________________
________________ 3. Question #1 ________________________________________
4. Question #2 ________________________________________
5. Question #3 ________________________________________
3. Please rate your level of satisfaction in the quality of student services provided by your school. 6. Question #4 ________________________________________
5= Very Satisfied 4= Somewhat Satisfied 3= Neither Satisfied nor
Dissatisfied
2= Somewhat Dissatisfied 1= Very Dissatisfied Parent’s Signature: _________________________ Date: ___________________
Page | 75
Lesson 3.2 Establishing Validity and Reliability of the Instrument low in instrument measuring motivation and instrument
measuring self-efficacy)
OBJECTIVES ▪ Predictive validity. The instrument that has correlation with
future criterion. (e.g. score of high efficacy test related to
The students are expected to: preforming task should predict the likelihood of completing task)
1. discuss validity and reliability and ways of assessing validity • Construct Validity. Defines how well a test measures what it claims to
and reliability of an instrument measure. It is used to know whether the operational definition of a
2. summarize the concept of validity and reliability using construct align to the true theoretical meaning of a concept. There are
butterfly diagram three types of construct validity:
3. write the importance of assessing validity and reliability of ▪ Homogeneity. This means that the instrument measures one
an instrument construct only.
▪ Convergence. The instrument measures construct similar to
other instrument.
▪ Theory evidence. This is when behavior is similar to theoretical
propositions of the construct measured in the instrument.
In the previous lesson, you learned how to conceptualized a
questionnaire. The next step is establishing the validity and reliability of the Establishing the reliability of the questionnaire
questionnaire or instrument. This lesson discusses the general criteria of good
research instrument which are the validity and reliability. Reliability refers to how accurate and precise the measuring instrument.
It yields for consistent responses over repeated measurements. In order to have a
Establishing the validity of the questionnaire reliable instrument, you need to have questions that yields consistent scores when
asked repeatedly.
Validity refers to a degree to which the instrument measures what it
intends to measure. It involves collecting and analyzing data to assess the Here are ways to assess the reliability of an instrument:
accuracy of an instrument.
• Stability or Test-retest reliability. This is the simplest type of reliability
Here are ways to assess the validity of a set of measurement: where in the same questionnaire is administered twice and correlation
between two set of score is computed.
• Face Validity. A subjective type of assessment. This is the simplest and
easiest type of validity where in the validator skim the surface of the • Split-half method. Also called equivalent or parallel forms. This is done
instrument in order to form an opinion. Moreover, it is often criticized as by administering two different set of questionnaire but with same topic
the weakest form of validity (Stephanie, 2015). and correlation between two set of score is computed.
• Content Validity. It refers to the appropriateness of the content of an • Internal consistency. This is when the instrument measures a specific
instrument. A type of validity that most often includes expert or people concept. It is estimate based on a single form of test administered on a
familiar with the construct being measured. The expert make judgement single occasion.
about the degree to which the items in the questionnaire match the
objective of the study. Pilot testing of the questionnaire
• Criterion Validity. This type of validity measures how well the Once you have done assessing the validity and reliability of instrument,
relationship between a measure and an outcome. It can be measured in the next step to take is to pilot test the questionnaire before distributing it to the
three ways: target respondents of the study. Pilot testing is like pre-testing the instrument. You
▪ Convergent validity. Shows instrument is highly correlated with may find 10-15 people to answer the questionnaire. In this process, participants
instruments measuring similar variables. (e.g. geriatric suicide could put remarks on some questions. This could help you to enhance your
correlated to depression) questions.
▪ Divergent validity. Shows the instrument is poorly correlated to
instruments that measure different variables. (e.g. correlation is
Page | 76
Revise the questionnaire
After identifying some problem in your questionnaire, revise the 1. It is a degree to which a test measure what it intends to measure.
questionnaire based on the feedback of the participants during pilot testing. 2. It measures the relationship between measure and outcome.
However, do not forget that the questionnaire should match the research
objective. 3. The process of pre-testing the instrument before distributing to the target
respondents.
Sources:
4. Testing reliability by giving the test twice and correlating two set of score.
Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C., & Carey, T.G. (2017). Practical Research 2: Quantitative. (pp. 112-114). Cubao, Quezon
5. A series of questions where the respondents provide their responses.
Faltado, R.E., Bombita, M.B., & Boholano, H.B. (2017) Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research for SHS)
6. The subjective form of validating instrument.
7. It refers to whether the operational definition of a variable actually reflects the
IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK! true theoretical meaning of a concept
8. It refers to how accurate and precise the measuring instrument.
9. A process of validating with the help of experts.
What is validity? Why does an instrument need to be validated? 10. Also called equivalent or parallel forms.
_________________________________________________________________
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
_________________________________________________________________
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
What are the types of validity? Briefly explain each.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
What is reliability? Why do we need to ensure reliability of our research
Summarize the concept of validity and reliability of instrument by filling up
instrument?
the Butterfly diagram below.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
What are the types of reliability? Briefly explain each.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
What is the purpose of doing pilot testing of research instrument?
RELIABILITY
VALIDITY
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Identify the word/s being described in each statement. Choose the letter
of your answer in the box. Write the letter on the space provided above each
number.
i. Validity n2. Content Validity n1. Criterion related Validity
T1. Test-retest Reliability u. Face Validity t2. Split-half method
m. Construct Validity r. questionnaire

Page | 77
e. Reliability s. Pilot testing

Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________

Lesson 4 Data Collection Procedure
Section: _____________________________ Score: ______________________
OBJECTIVES
Match the definitions/examples with the correct type of reliability or
validity. Technically there may be more than one correct answer for each The students are expected to:
definition/example, but each term is intended to be used only once. 1. discuss data collection and different methods of collecting
data
a. Split- half method f. Predictive Validity 2. summarize the advantage and disadvantage of each data
b. Stability g. Validity collection methods using square matrix
c. Content Validity h. Pilot Testing 3. apply the concept of data collection to a real life situation
d. Construct Validity i. Criterion Validity
e. Reliability j. Convergent Validity
The following are the definitions and examples: LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS!
____1. The Psychological Scale have a high correlation with self-esteem. Data collection refers to the process of gathering information. In
quantitative research, data collection method relies on random sampling and data
____2. Ten people write their comments on the questionnaire regarding of the collection instruments that fit various experiences into predetermined responses
questions that they don’t understand. categories that produce results that are easy to summarize, compare and
generalize.
____3. The degree to which a test actually measures what it intends to.
Sources of data
____4. The consistency of results across repeated measurement.
• Primary sources. Are known as raw data which can be collected from
____5. A high score in math anxiety truly reflects the high degree of math anxiety
original source like experimental test results, questionnaire survey, and
of the subject. What type of validity is this?
observation.
____6. An English class takes an EPT then take it again after a week so the • Secondary sources. Data that has already been collected by someone
instructor can assess the ___ of the test. else such as books, reports, journals, magazines, and others.
____7. The degree to which a test predicts another variable it should predict, such There are various methods in collecting data that will be discussed in this
as the National Assessment score predicting success in a specialized field of the lesson, along with its advantage and disadvantage.
student.
1. Interview
____8. A type of validity that refers to appropriateness of the content of an
instrument. This method of collecting data involves presentation of verbal reply from
the respondents. This is done by asking questions to the respondents verbally.
____9. An instructor distributes a set of test to his class, a few days after, he This method assumes that the participant’s point of view is more meaningful and
distributes another set of test but on same topic as the first set of test. This their perspectives affect the success of the project.
method of assessing reliability is called ___.
Here are the types of interviews that could be used by the researchers:
____10. This type of validity measures how well the relationship between a
measure and an outcome. • Structured Interviews. The researcher asks a standard set of questions
and nothing more. The researcher follows a specific format with the same
line of questioning. This is to ensure that each interview is delivered in
Parent’s Signature: _____________________________ Date: ____________________ the same format and same order to every respondent. It usually performs
by well-experienced researchers.
Page | 78
1. Respondents identification data. It includes the profile of the
Advantages: Disadvantage: respondents.
- The information at greater - Time consuming and 2. Introduction. It may include the researcher’s request for help, and
depth expensive purpose of study.
- Chance to clarify questions to 3. Instruction. The respondent’s direction on how to move through the
the respondents questionnaire.
4. Information. The series of questions and statements that seek response.
• Face-to-face interviews. This is the most frequently used in quantitative

research method and it can be done anywhere where. Here are the types of questionnaire that could be used by the researchers
Advantages: Disadvantages:
• Paper-pencil questionnaire. This method is commonly used by the
- Establish rapport between - Time consuming and
researchers. It can be sent to large number of respondents and save
researcher and participants expensive
researcher’s time and money.
- Chance to clarify ambiguous - Impractical when large
questions to the respondents samples involved
Advantage: Disadvantage:
- Respondents are truthful to - Some of the respondents do
their response because their not return the questionnaire
• Telephone Interviews. It is used when the researchers have no time to responses are anonymous
meet the respondents personally. However, the response rate of the
respondents is not as high as the face-to-face interview.
• Web-page questionnaire. It is an internet based research where in the
respondents will receive an email which contain an address that would
Advantage: Disadvantages:
take them to a secure web-site to fill in the questionnaire.
- Less time consuming and - Biased to those with
less expensive telephone only
Advantage: Disadvantages:
- Little time given to the
- Much quicker than pencil- - Exclusion of people who do not
respondents
paper method have computer
- Bias information may be
- Not sure of the accuracy of
more
respondent’s responses
• Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing. A form of personal interview

• Self-administered questionnaire. Usually distributed through mail, filled
where in the interviewer bring along laptop and directly enter the
out and administered by respondents where they return this to the
information or response of the participant to the database.
researchers via email. It can be used to elicit detailed information from
Advantages: Disadvantages: respondents who might not be accessible.
- Save researchers in bringing - Expensive to set up
hundreds of questionnaires - Required the interviewer Questionnaires usually make use of checklist and rating scale to help
- Save time in processing data to have laptop researchers simplify and quantify respondents’ behaviors and attitude.
3. Observations
2. Questionnaire
This is way of collecting data by watching behavior, events or noting
Its main purpose is to extract data from the respondents. It serves a physical characteristics in natural setting. This method is usually used in in the
standard guide of the researchers in asking information from the respondents. situation where the subjects are unwilling or unable to provide the needed data
There are normally four sections in a questionnaire namely: through survey or interview. Observation can be as follows:
Page | 79
• Overt Observation. An observation where the respondents are aware that What is the difference between covert and overt? direct and indirect observation?
they are being observed.
_________________________________________________________________
• Covert Observation. An observation where the respondents are unaware
_________________________________________________________________
that they are being observed.
_________________________________________________________________
• Direct Observation. The observation occurs during the interaction.
_________________________________________________________________
• Indirect Observation. The observation occurs on the result of the
interaction. As a researcher, why do you need to choose the data collection method that is
suitable to your study?
Observation can make use of recording sheet and checklist which is the
standardized way of collecting data. Field notes are least standardized way of _________________________________________________________________
collecting observation data. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4. Tests _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
This method provides a way to assess subject’s knowledge and capacity
to apply knowledge to new situations. There are various forms of test depending
on the needs of the researchers in their study.
• Norm-referenced test. Provides information on how the subject performs

against a normative group.
on the space provided.
• Criterion-referenced test. Determine whether or not the subjects have
attained mastery of skills. ____________ 1. It is a method usually used by observing the subject of the
• Proficiency test. Provides an assessment against level of skills study.
attainment, but includes standards for performance at varying levels of
proficiency. ____________ 2. A method used to assess the knowledge of the subject.
Source: Faltado, R.E., Bombita, M.B., & Boholano, H.B. (2017) Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research for
SHS) (pp.82-87). Cubao, Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc. ____________ 3. A type of interview that requires laptop to the researcher during
data collection.
____________ 4. The section in questionnaire where you can find the series of
IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK! questions and statements.
Based on the concept you have read above, answer the following ____________ 5. It refers to the process of collecting data.
____________ 6. This is the type of interview that includes list of names from
What is data collection procedure?
telephone directory.
_________________________________________________________________ ____________ 7. A type of test that determine if a certain skill is achieved or not.
_________________________________________________________________
____________ 8. A type of questions with two choices only.
What are the different data collection methods? Enumerate and explain each.
____________ 9. An observation where the respondents are not aware that they
_________________________________________________________________ are being observed.
_________________________________________________________________
____________ 10. This method of collecting data involves presentation of verbal
_________________________________________________________________
responses from the respondents.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Page | 80

Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________
Section: _____________________________ Score: ______________________
Summarize the advantage and disadvantage of each data collection
methods by accomplishing the Square Matrix below. Identify the kind of quantitative being described in each of the following scenarios.
Choose the letter of your answer from the choices inside the box, then explain
your answer. (2 pts each)
Interview Questionnaire
Criterion Reference Test Web-based questionnaire
Face-to-face Interview Computer-Assisted Personal Interview
Covert Observation Telephone Interview
Paper-pencil Questionnaire Overt Observation
1. A representative from Department of Education watched ten random classes

through video recording to observe if teachers teaching strategy meet the
objectives of curriculum competencies. ___________________________
Explanation:_______________________________________________________
2. A researcher wishes to identify the mastery skill level of the Technical-
Vocational students in Rizal High School. He administered an assessment to the
target subject of the research to gather data. ___________________________
Explanation:_______________________________________________________
Observation Test 3. A company conducts a quick interview based on the list of people on their
landline directory. ___________________________
Explanation:_______________________________________________________
4. A group of researchers conduct study on the effectiveness of Audio-Visual

Learning to the academic performance of Senior High Students in Rizal High
School. They distributed a copy of questionnaire to the students that are involved
to their study. ___________________________
Explanation:_______________________________________________________
5. A researcher does a house visit to conduct interview regarding the lifestyle of a
teenage mom. He directly encodes information from his interviewee to his
electronic device. ___________________________
Explanation:_______________________________________________________

Page | 81
• Inferential Data Analysis. This is used to test hypotheses about a set of
Lesson 5
data to reach conclusions and generalizations beyond merely describing
Data Analysis using Statistics the data.
The commonly used inferential statistics includes test of
significance of difference such as t-test, and ANOVA. Also the test of
Lesson 5.1 Quantitative Data Analysis relationship such as Product Moment Coefficient or Correlation or
Pearson r, Spearman rho, regression, and Chi-square test.
OBJECTIVES
The students are expected to: Quantitative Analysis in Evaluation
1. discuss the data analysis strategies and level of It is important to determine the level of measurement of quantitative data
measurement scales before proceeding with analysis of data.
2. summarize the concept of quantitative data analysis by
creating a graphic organizer The following are the levels of measurement scales:
3. identify the measurement scales used in different situations
• Nominal Scale. It is used for labeling variables. It also called categorical
variables. The number assigned to the variables have no quantitative
LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS! values.
Example: If you want to categorize respondents based on
After collecting the data needed for the study, it’s now time to organize
gender, you could use 1 for male and 2 for female.
then and get ready for the data analysis. A researcher should always ensure that
• Ordinal Scale. It assigned order on items on the characteristics being
the data are complete, accurate, and valid and has been organized properly.
measured. Numerical value or quantity has no value except its ability to
Quantitative data analysis is a systematic approach of investigations during which
establish ranking among set of data. However, the difference in order
numerical data are collected and the researchers transform what are collected into
between the rank are not specified.
numerical data.
Example: order in honor roll (first honor, second honor, third
Purpose of Data Analysis Plan honor)
• Interval Scale. It has equal units of measurement, thereby, making it
• Describe data sets; possible to interpret the order of scale scores and the distance between
• Determine the degree of relationship of variables; them. However, interval scale does not have a “true zero”. Variables can
• Determine the differences between variables; be added and subtracted, but cannot multiplied and divided.
• Predict outcomes; and • Ratio Scale. It is considered as the highest level of measurement. It has
• Compare variables. characteristics of an interval scale but it has a “zero point”. All descriptive
and inferential statistics can be applied on ration scales. Variables can be
Data Analysis Strategies added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided.
• Exploratory Data Analysis. This is used when it is not clear what to Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc.
expect from the data. It makes use of numerical and visual

representation such as graphs. Since the research interest is new, it is
possible to find some inconsistencies. IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK!
• Descriptive Data Analysis. This is used to describe or summarize data in
a meaningful way leading to a simple interpretation of data.
The commonly used descriptive statistics are those that analyze What is the purpose of data analysis plan in quantitative research? Explain briefly.
distribution of data such as: frequency, percentage, measure of central
tendency (mean, median, mode), and dispersion (range, average _________________________________________________________________
deviation, standard deviation). _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Page | 82
Compare and contrast descriptive data analysis and inferential data analysis.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ Create a graphic organizer that summarizes the concept of this lesson
using your coloring materials.
What are the level of measurement scales in quantitative data? Cite and explain
each.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

True or False. Write T if the statement is true and F if not. Write your
answer on the space provided before each number.
___ 1. Ordinal scale is a measurement scale that ranks the variables.

___ 2. Data analysis plan refers to describing how the data will be cleaned,
transformed, and analyzed.
___ 3. The weakest level of measurement scale is ratio scale.
___ 4. Percentage is categorized as descriptive statistic.

___ 5. Descriptive analysis includes t-test and ANOVA.
___ 6. Exploratory data analysis is used when it is not clear what to expect from
the data.
___ 7. Inferential data analysis is used when there is testing of hypothesis.

___ 8. Interval scale is also called categorical variables.
___ 9. Inferential statistics includes the mean, median, and mode.

___ 10. The highest level of measurement scale is the ratio scale.
Page | 83
Lesson 5.2 Descriptive Data Analysis
OBJECTIVES
Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________ The students are expected to:
Section: _____________________________ Score: ______________________ 1. discuss descriptive data analysis and its purpose in
research
A. Determine what type of data analysis are statistical tools given in each item. 2. summarize the concept of descriptive data analysis using
Choose the letter of your choice below. Venn diagram
3. analyze problem involving descriptive data analysis
A. Descriptive Data Analysis B. Inferential Data Analysis
_____1. Chi-square _____6. Pearson r LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS!
_____2. Mean _____7. Mode
Descriptive data analysis provides simple summaries about the sample
_____3. Range _____8. Standard Deviation
and the measures. Different statistical measures are used to analyze data and
_____4. T-test _____9. Spearman rho draw conclusions under descriptive data analysis (Trochim, 2006).
_____5. ANOVA _____10. Percentage For the present study, the following statistical measures of descriptive
analysis were used to compute further statistical testing:
B. Indicate which level of measurement is being used in the given scenario.
Choose the letter of your choice below. 1. Measures of Central Tendency.
A. Nominal Scale C. Interval Scale Central tendency is sometimes called ‘measures of location’, ‘central
B. Ordinal Scale D. Ratio Scale location’, or just ‘center’. It is a way to describe what’s typical for a set of data.
There are three major ways to show central tendency: mean, mode and median.
____ 1. Mr. Abalos enlists the top 10 greatest movie of all time.
____ 2. The nurse records the gender of each patient. 1.1 Mean. The mean is the average of a set of numbers. It is the most widely
____ 3. A veterinary clinic keeps record of the weight of their patient dogs. used and simplest measure of central tendency. It is frequently used for
interval or ratio variables. The mean is calculated by getting the summation of
____ 4. The organizer of the basketball lists down the jersey number of all players.
all observation divided by the number of observation.
____ 5. A PAGASA officer record the temperature in degree Celsius for the month
of September. Formulas:
∑𝒙 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
____ 6. Meteorologist lists the temperature in degrees Kelvin for the month of Ungrouped Data X = → mean =
𝒏 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒃𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
∑ 𝒇𝒙𝒎 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒙 𝒎𝒊𝒅𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕
August. Grouped Data X= → mean =
____ 7. The teacher of a class of tenth graders records the letter grade for ∑ 𝒇𝒙 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒙 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
Weighted Mean X = → mean=
mathematics for each student.
____ 8. The teller keeps track the amount of his client’s saving account. 1.2 Median. The median is the middle value of a given set of measurements,
____ 9. The researcher records the family income of his subject for two provided that the values are arranged in increasing or decreasing order. It is
also the most appropriate measure of central tendency for ordinal data.
consecutive months.
____ 10. A car magazine lists the most expensive hotels in United States. For Ungrouped Data
The median may be calculated from ungrouped data by doing the
following steps:
1. Arrange the items or scores from lowest to highest.
Page | 84
2. Count to the middle value. If there are two middle numbers, average where; Σ is Sigma, which means to sum up ;
the two. | | (the vertical bars) mean Absolute Value
x is each value
For Grouped data
If the data are grouped into classes, the median will fall into one of the x is the mean
𝑛
classes and the ( )th value.
2 n is the number of values
n
−𝐹𝑐
Formula: median ( )=L+i (2 )
𝑓𝑚
2.3. Standard Deviation. The standard deviation (SD) is a measure of spread or
Where: L = exact lower limit of the class containing the median class variation of data about the mean. SD computed by calculating the average
i = interval size
distance that the average value is from the mean. It is used to measure the
n = total number of items/observation
confidence in statistical conclusion.
Fc = cumulative frequency in the class preceding the
∑( 𝑥− 𝑥 )2
median class Formula for Ungrouped Data SD = √
𝑛−1
fm = frequency of the median class where; x is each value
x is the mean
1.3 Mode. The mode is the most appropriate measure of central tendency when n is the number of values
data are on nominal scale. It is also the quick approximation of average but Source: Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C., & Carey, T.G. (2017). Practical Research 2: Quantitative. (pp. 121-130). Cubao,
the weakest measure of central tendency. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc.
In cases where there is more than one observation which is the
highest but with equal frequency, the distribution is bimodal (with 2
highest observations) or multimodal with more than two highest
observations. In cases where every item has equal number of
What is descriptive data analysis? Explain its purpose in research.
observations, there is no mode.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. Measures of Dispersion
_________________________________________________________________
Dispersion in statistics is a way of describing how spread out a set of
Differentiate measures of central tendency from measures of dispersion.
data is. It is important for describing the spread of the data, or its variation around
a central value. It is also called measure of variability. _________________________________________________________________
The measures to be considered are the range, average or mean _________________________________________________________________
deviation, standard deviation and the variance. _________________________________________________________________
2.1. The Range. The range is the difference between the largest and the smallest What are the three major ways to show central tendency? Explain each briefly.
values in a set of data. However, it only gives us knowledge of the spread of data
but it does not tell us about the disperse of values from central tendency. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2.2. Average (Mean) Deviation. The mean absolute deviation of a dataset is the _________________________________________________________________
average distance between each data point and the mean. It gives us an idea Compare and contrast average deviation and standard deviation.
about the variability in a dataset. Absolute value is used to disregard the positive
or negative value of data. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
| 𝑥− 𝑥 |
Formula for Ungrouped Data AD = ∑ _________________________________________________________________
𝑛
Page | 85
on the space provided. Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________
Section: _____________________________ Score: ______________________
____________ 1. It is also called measure of variability.
A. Modified True or False. Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false,
____________ 2. It refers to measures of spread of data about the mean.
change the underlined word or phrase to make the statement correct.
____________ 3. A mode that has two observations.
________________ 1. Range is used to know how much data can vary.
____________ 4. It refers to the midpoint of distribution.
________________ 2. To understand the dispersion of data from a measure of
____________ 5. A statistical symbol that disregard the negative values of a data. central tendency, we can use mean deviation.
____________ 6. The absolute deviation of a dataset is the average distance
________________ 3. Measures of dispersion is also called measures of location.
between each data point and the mean
____________ 7. It refers to the most frequently occurred value in a set of data. ________________ 4. In order to know the most appearing data in a set,
researcher must use mean.
____________ 8. It is the sum of all observed data divided by the number of
observation. ________________ 5. Standard deviation is used when the researchers wish to
know the measure of confidence in statistical conclusion.
____________ 9. It is sometimes called measure of central location.
____________ 10. It refers to the difference between the highest value and lowest
B. Indicate the appropriate descriptive statistical treatment to use in a given
value.
scenario. Explain your answer.
1. The teacher collected the scores of her students in their remedial test. Data
CAN YOU REMEMBER IT ALL? LET’S LOOK BACK. showed that three students scored 82, five students scored 90, four students
scored 85, and one student scored 81. Using statistical tools, the teacher come up
Summarize the concept of descriptive data analysis by accomplishing the with the answer 85.
Venn Diagram below.
a. How did the teacher get 85? Explain. (3pts)
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Measures of Central Measures of Dispersion _________________________________________________________________
Tendency
b. What is the statistical treatment that the teacher used in the set of scores
Descriptive Data
(mean, median, mode, range)? (2pts)
Analysis
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Page | 86
Lesson 5.3 Inferential Data Analysis o For correlated/ dependent samples (when the same set of
respondents or paired sets of respondents are involved)
OBJECTIVES t=
𝑑− 𝜇𝑑
𝑠𝑑 √𝑛
(df = n-1)
• Between Proportions or Percentages
o For independent samples
1. discuss inferential data analysis and its use in research (𝑝1 − 𝑝2 )−(𝑝1 − 𝑝2 ))
2. summarize the concept of inferential data analysis using z= 𝑝𝑞 𝑝𝑞
√𝑛 + 𝑛
1 2
dialogue cloud
3. analyze problem involving descriptive data analysis
o For correlated/ dependent samples
𝐷−𝐴 𝑝1 −𝑝2
z= or z=
√𝐴 + 𝐷 √
𝑎+𝑑
𝑁
• Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Inferential data analysis is used to determine if there is a relationship
This is used when significance of difference of means of three
between an intervention and an outcome as well as the strength of that
or more groups are to be determined at one time. ANOVA relies on the
relationship. Inferential Statistics refers to statistical measures and techniques that
F-ration to test the hypothesis that the two variances are equal; that is,
allow us to use samples to make inference and generalizations about the
the subgroups are from the same population. “Between groups” refers to
population from which the samples were drawn. Below are the common statistical
the variation between each group mean and the grand or overall mean.
measures to measure significant differences and relationships between variables:
o One-Way ANOVA. A one-way ANOVA has just one
independent variable. Example:
1. Test of Significance of Difference (T-test)
1. A difference in IQ can be assessed by Country, and County
A t-test is a type of inferential statistic used to determine if there is a can have 2, 20, or more different categories to compare.
significant difference between the means of two groups, which may be related in Sample Table:
certain features (Kenton, 2019).
• Between Means.
o For independent samples (when respondents consist two
different groups)
Case 1: 𝛿1 𝛿2 unknown or n1 ≥ and n2 30 o Two-Way ANOVA. Also known as factorial ANOVA. It refers to
(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )−(𝜇1− 𝜇2 )
z= ; Z-TEST an ANOVA using two independent variables. Two-way ANOVA
𝛿2
1 𝛿2
2 can be used to examine the interaction between the two
√ +
𝑛1 𝑛2
independent variables. Interactions indicate that differences are
Case 2: 𝛿1 ≠ 𝛿2 unknown or n1 < 30 and n2 < 30 not uniform across all categories of the independent variables.
Example:
(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )−(𝜇1− 𝜇2 )
t= df = smaller of n1 - 1 and n2 – 1 1. Examining differences in IQ scores (the dependent
𝑠2
1 𝑠2
2
√
𝑛1
+
𝑛2
variable) by Country (independent variable 1) and Gender
(independent variable 2).
Case 3: 𝛿1 = 𝛿2 unknown or n1 < 30 and n2 < 30
2. Females may have higher anxiety scores overall compared
(𝑛1 −1)𝑠2 + (𝑛2 −1)𝑠2
to males, but this difference could be greater (or less) in
(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )−(𝜇1− 𝜇2 )
t= where: 𝑠𝑝2 = 1 2
western countries compared to northern countries.
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 −2
𝑠2 𝑠2
√ 𝑝 +
𝑝
𝑛1 𝑛2
Page | 87
2. Test of Relationship What are the statistical tools you can use if you want to test the relationship of the
variables? Explain each based on your understanding.
• Spearman Rank-Order Correlation or Spearman Rho. It is used when
data available are expressed in ranks (ordinal variables). _________________________________________________________________
6 ∑ 𝐷2 _________________________________________________________________
𝜌 = 1−
𝑁 (𝑁 2 −1) _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
• Chi-Square Test for Independence. It is used when data expressed in
_________________________________________________________________
terms of frequencies or percentage (nominal variables).
(0−𝐸)2 _________________________________________________________________
x2 = ∑ [ 𝑑𝑓 = ( 𝑟 − 1 )(𝑐 − 1)] _________________________________________________________________
𝐸
• Product – Moment Coefficient of Correlation or Pearson r. This is used

when data are expressed in terms of scores such as weights and heights
or score in test (ratio and interval variables).
o Case 1. When deviation from the mean are used.
∑(𝑥−𝑥)(𝑦−𝑦)
r= True or False. Write T if the statement is true and F if not. Write your
[∑(𝑥−𝑥)]2 [∑(𝑦−𝑦)]2
o Case 2. When raw score from original observation are used. answer on the space provided before each number.
𝑛 ∑ 𝑥𝑦−(∑𝑥)(∑𝑦)
r=
√[𝑛 ∑ 𝑥 2 −(∑𝑥)2 ] [[𝑛 ∑ 𝑦 2 −(∑𝑦)2 ] ___ 1. Inferential statistics is used when the researchers want to test hypothesis.
___ 2. T-test is used to determine the relationship of two variables.

• T-test to test the significance of Pearson r. This is used to determine if
the value of computed Pearson r is significant. ___ 3. Pearson r is a statistical tool for determining relationship between variables.
𝑛−2
t=r √ ___ 4. T-test is used to determine the significance of relationship between
1− 𝑟2
variables.
Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc . ___ 5. Spearman rho is used when the data are in ordinal scale.
___ 6. T-test is also used to determine the significance of relationship in Pearson
r.
IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK! ___ 7. Chi-square is used when data are in interval scale.
Read and write your answer on the space provided. ___ 8. Both ratio and interval variables are applicable in Pearson r.
What is inferential data analysis? When to use this kind of data analysis? ___ 9. Inferential data analysis is used to determine if there is a relationship
between an intervention and an outcome.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ ___ 10. ANOVA is used when finding significant difference between three or more
_________________________________________________________________ groups at one time.
_________________________________________________________________
Compare and contrast T-test and ANOVA. B. The researchers want to determine the relationship of the Educational
attainment of the Parents to their socioeconomic status. What statistical test is
_________________________________________________________________
best to use in this study? Explain your answer briefly.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Page | 88
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________
Section: _____________________________ Score: ______________________
CAN YOU REMEMBER IT ALL? LET’S LOOK BACK. A. Analogy. Choose the answer from the box. Choose the letter of your answer in
the box.
Summarize the concept of inferential data analysis by completing the 1. Pearson r : ___________ a. Nominal Scales
b. Significant Difference between
dialogue cloud below. 2. Chi- square : ___________ two groups
c. Ordinal Scales
3. Spearman rho : ___________ d. Interval Scales
4. T-test : ___________ e. Ratio Scales
f. Significant Difference between
5. ANOVA : ___________ two or more groups
B. Indicate the appropriate descriptive statistical treatment to use for each of the
given scenarios. Explain your answer. (5 pts each)
1. The researcher aims to know the relationship of females’ height to their age.
What statistical treatment is best to use in this problem?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. The CEO of a certain mobile application has a successful app which runs on
the two common operating systems. He wants to decide in which operating
system to build new app by determining which system has users that spend more
money. He randomly picks sample users from each operating system and
measures how much money they spent on the app in the past month. What
statistical treatment should he use in this study?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Page | 89
5.4 Hypothesis Testing • Null hypothesis is the one that is always tested by researcher. It always
indicates the there is no significant relationship or difference between the
OBJECTIVES group means.
• Alternative hypothesis indicates that there is a true relationship or
difference between the group means.
1. discuss hypothesis testing
• Results will show that:
2. summarize the concept of hypothesis testing using the
dialogue box 1. There is a meaningful relationship or difference between two groups,
3. analyze problem involving hypothesis thus reject the null hypothesis
2. The difference or relationship between the two group is not large
enough to conclude that the groups are different or correlated thus
LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS! you fail to reject null hypothesis.
Hypothesis testing is a process in statistics by testing an assumption

regarding a population parameter. The methodology used depends on the nature Type I and Type II Errors
of data used and reason for analysis (Majaski, 2019). The goal of hypothesis • Type I error is committed when researcher rejected null hypothesis when
testing is whether to reject or accept the hypothesis that the researcher formulated in fact it is true.
in the study. It is used when data needs inferential analysis. • Type II error is committed when the data produce a results that fail to
reject the null hypothesis when in fact the null hypothesis is false and
Population and Sample need to be rejected.
• Parameter a measure based on a population (population mean and
denoted by 𝜇) Parametric and Nonparametric Statistics
• Statistics a measure based on a sample (sample mean and denoted by • Parametric test is used for interval and ratio scales of measurement. It
x) requires that the samples are drawn from normally distributed population
and the selection of each case should be independent of the other.
Inferential statistics requires that sample be drawn by random sampling Population should have equal variances.
because bias sampling have a tendency to give wrong inferences. Testing • Nonparametric test does not specify normally distributed population and
statistical significance is very important to determine if the inference is valid. similarity of variance. It is used for nominal and ordinal data.
Statistical Significance Steps in hypothesis testing

• Statistical Significance refers to the relationship of variables caused by
1. State the hypothesis.
something.
Null hypothesis (H0) X=Y
• Significance means probably true (not due to chance).
Alternative hypothesis (Ha) X>Y/ X<Y
• Level of significance means that there is a chance that finding is true. 2. Choose the statistical test and perform the calculation.
• Statistical hypothesis testing is used to determine whether the result of a A researcher must determine the measurement scale, the type
data set is statistically significant. of variable, the type of data gathered, and the number of
groups.
Hypothesis 3. State the level of significance for the statistical test.
• Hypothesis is a preconceived idea, assumed to be true and has to be Alpha (∝) is a symbol used to denoted significance. The level
tested for its truth or falsity. most frequently use are .05, .01 and .001
• Inferential statistics could be a test for relationship or test for difference. 4. Compute the calculated value.
• Hypothesis has two types namely: null hypothesis; and alternative Used appropriate formula (lesson 5) for the significance test.
hypothesis. 5. Determine the critical value that the test statistics must attain to be
significant.
Page | 90
Look for critical value in appropriate table for the distribution. • Parametric and Nonparametric test
Critical value defines the region of rejection from acceptance of __________________________________________________________
null hypothesis. Example of distribution using ∝=.05 _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Rejection region acceptance region

Rejection region A. True or False. Write T if the statement is true and F if not. Write your answer on
6. Make a decision. the space provided before each number.
If the calculated value is greater than critical value, reject the ___ 1. Parametric test uses interval and nominal scales.
null hypothesis. If critical value is larger, you failed to reject the
null hypothesis. ___ 2. Hypothesis testing is done in inferential data analysis.
Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc. ___ 3. Null hypothesis denotes that there is no significant relationship between the
variables.
IS YOUR BRAIN FULL? LET’S CHECK! ___ 4. Hypothesis is a pre-assumption of the researchers that does not need to be
tested.
___ 5. Parameter is measured based on the population.
What is hypothesis testing. Explain based on your own understanding.
B. Complete the table by supplying the information needed.
_________________________________________________________________ Research Data:
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ School Administration wants to know the beneficial effect of computerization in
_________________________________________________________________ TVL class. A sample is taken to 200 sample students. Data results: z-test = -1.46,
∝= 0.01, Critical value = 2.58
Compare and contrast the following
•Parameter and Statistics

Step 1. State the hypothesis
__________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ H0=
_________________________________________________________________
Ha=
•Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis
__________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ Step 2. Define the following:
_________________________________________________________________ - Measurement scale:
• Type I and Type II error
- Statistical test to perform:
__________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ Step 3. State the level of significance for statistical test:
Step 4. Computed data results:
Page | 91
Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________

Step 5. Determine the critical value: Section: _____________________________ Score: ______________________
A. Modified True or False. Write T if the statement is true and if not, change the
underlined word/s to make the statement correct.
___ 1. Critical value defines the region of rejection from acceptance of alternate
hypothesis.
Step 6. Make a decision (reject or accept the hypothesis):
___ 2. Null hypothesis is the one that is always tested by the researchers.
___ 3. Inferential statistics requires biased selection of sample.
___ 4. Type I error is happened when researcher rejected null hypothesis when in
fact it is true.
___ 5. Nonparametric test needs to use normally distributed population and
similarity of variance.
Summarize the concept of hypothesis testing by sharing what have you
learned in this lesson.
B. Complete the table by supplying the information needed.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ Research Data:
___________________________________________________________ A researcher conducts an experiment to know if a caffeine drug has an effect

___________________________________________________________ to the spider. After series of test, he knew that the mean response time for spider
___________________________________________________________
not injected by caffeine drugs is 1.2 seconds (𝜇=1.2s) and the mean score for
___________________________________________________________
100 injected spiders is 1.05s. Results shows that SD= 0.05, z=3, ∝= 0.05
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Step 1. State the hypothesis
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ H0=
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ Ha=
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ Page | 92
__
Lesson 6
Step 2. Define the following:
- Measurement scale:
Guidelines in Writing Methodology
- Statistical test to perform:
OBJECTIVES
Step 3. State the level of significance for statistical test:
1. discuss the guidelines in writing methodology
2. summarize the information in methodology chapter using
graphic organizer
3. write research methodology
Step 4. Computed data results:
Part of the research paper is discussing the methods you used in

Step 5. Determine the critical value: Shade the rejected region. accomplishing your study. It discusses the type of research you used, your
process of collecting and analyzing the data, the materials you used, and your
rationale for doing those methods.
Here are the guidelines in writing quantitative research methodology

(McCombes, 2019):
1. Explain your methodological approach. Begin with discussing the

research problem you are investigating, and the kind of data you need to
Step 6. Make a decision (reject or accept the hypothesis): answer it. In experimental research, it requires a carefully designed study
that can be replicated by other researchers.
2. Describe your methods of data collection. Give full details of the tools,
procedures and materials used to gather data, and the standard used to
select participants or sources for study.
Surveys. Describe where, when and how the survey was conducted.
The following question might be helpful:
• How did you design your instrument (e.g. Likert Scale)?

Parent’s Signature: _____________________________ Date: ____________________ • How did you find and select participants?
• Did you conduct surveys by phone, mail, online or in person, and
how long did participants have to respond?
• What was the sample size and response rate?
You might include the survey questionnaire in the appendix part so

the reader can see how was the data collected.
Page | 93
Experiments. Give full details of the tools, techniques and procedures YOUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS!
you used to conduct the experiment. It is especially important to give
enough detail for another researcher to reproduce your results.
A. True or False. Write T if the statement is true and F if not. Write your answer on
3. Describe your method of analysis. Discussed the process of analyzing the space provided before each number.
data. However, avoid discussing any of the result of the study. In ___ 1. Methodology discusses the design used in the study.
quantitative research, analysis of data is based on numbers. It might
include the software you used to analyze the data (e.g. SPSS) and the ___ 2. Methodology includes the procedure on how the data was collected.
statistical methods you used (e.g. regression analysis). ___ 3. Methodology should be written in present tense.
4. Evaluate and justify your methodological choices. Justification is
more needed if your approach used is not based on standard knowledge. ___ 4. Methodology discusses the related literature in the study.
Discuss why the methods were suitable for your objectives, and show ___ 5. Methodology discusses the statistical treatment used in data.
that this approach might contribute to the body of knowledge.
B. The following is some of the information that may be included in the
Take note of the following (Faltado, Bombita, & Boholano, 2017): methodology chapter. Check the blank that are included in methodology.
___ Sampling procedure used ___ Materials used
• Design. Explain if your study is within or between group design. Include
the variables included and approach you used in the study. ___ Background of the measures ___ The limitation of the study
• Participants. Describe the participants in your study including their total
___ Statistical data used ___ Period of investigation
number and the process of selecting them.
• Procedures. Properly explained your procedure. It includes the
procedure you have done before, during and after gathering data.
• Always write your methods in past tense. CAN YOU REMEMBER IT ALL? LET’S LOOK BACK.
• Provide enough details when doing experimental research. It is for the
other researchers to replicate your work. Summarize the information needed in methodology chapter by making a
• Used proper APA format. graphic organizer. Includes a short description for each content.
• Take a rough draft of your work with your research teacher for additional
assistance.
• Always proofread your paper.
Read and write your answer on the space provided.
What is the purpose of writing methodology in research?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Page | 94
LET’S TEST YOUR BRAIN! REMEMBER THIS IS RECORDED Writing Research Methodology
Present your research methodology based on the principles and

Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________
guidelines discussed in this Unit. Discussed all the important information in every
Section: _____________________________ Score: ______________________
part of your research methodology.
A. Fill in the blanks. Fill the broken statement with correct word to complete the Research Design
idea in each item. Choose your answer in the box below.
__________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
instrument past design experimental
_________________________________________________________________
teacher APA appendix irrelevant _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
participants procedure aims proofread _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
1. Methodology should be written in __________ tense.
_________________________________________________________________
2. Use proper __________ format in writing your methods.
_________________________________________________________________
3. Always seek assistance with your research __________ to help improve
_________________________________________________________________
your work.
_________________________________________________________________
4. Place your full questionnaire in ___________ part so the reader can see
how you collect your data. Population and Sample
5. Always ___________ your works to check your grammars and spelling
__________________________________________________________
error.
_________________________________________________________________
6. Make sure to provide enough details when doing ___________ research
_________________________________________________________________
so that the other researchers can replicate your work.
_________________________________________________________________
7. Discuss the ____________ of your study including their total number and
_________________________________________________________________
the process of selecting them.
_________________________________________________________________
8. The methods must be appropriate to fulfilling the overall __________ of
_________________________________________________________________
the study.
_________________________________________________________________
9. Avoid including ___________ information your methods.
_________________________________________________________________
10. Explain how your ___________ were made and validated.
_________________________________________________________________
Instrumentation
__________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Page | 95
Validation of Instrument SUMMARY
__________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
This unit discussed understanding data and ways on systematically collect it. It
_________________________________________________________________ focused on the methodology that the researchers can employ to their research study.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ It discussed the research design appropriately use in quantitative research. It is
important to remember that the research problem determines the research design. The two
_________________________________________________________________
major research design in quantitative research are the: (1) descriptive research design which
_________________________________________________________________ is used to describe characteristics of the phenomenon; and (2) experimental research design
_________________________________________________________________ which is used to examine the cause and effect relationship of the variables. Descriptive
_________________________________________________________________ research can be correlational study, normative survey, evaluative study, assessment/
evaluation study, and comparative study, while the experimental research can be
Data Gathering Procedure pretest/post-test controlled group, single pretest/post-test controlled group, or Solomon four
group.
__________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ This unit likewise discussed the concept of sample size determination and
sampling procedure. Sample is the individual that represent the entire population. The
_________________________________________________________________
researcher needs to select sample size accurately and systematically. A good sample
_________________________________________________________________ should be accurate and precise. One way of having accurate sample size is with the use of
_________________________________________________________________ Slovin’s formula. In selecting samples, there are two techniques that the researchers can
_________________________________________________________________ used namely probability and nonprobability sampling techniques. Probability sampling
_________________________________________________________________ techniques give every member of the population equal chances of selection, while
nonprobability sampling have no specific chance for a member of the population to be part of
_________________________________________________________________
the sample. The methods of probability sampling discussed in this unit are simple random
_________________________________________________________________ sampling, stratified random sampling, systematic random sampling, cluster sampling, and
_________________________________________________________________ multi-stage sampling. The nonprobability sampling techniques discussed here were
_________________________________________________________________ convenience sampling, purposive sampling, snowball sampling, and quota sampling.
_________________________________________________________________
This unit also discussed the concept of designing an instrument and establishing
_________________________________________________________________ validity and reliability. There are different types of questions that a researcher can used in
constructing an instrument. These are the dichotomous questions, open-ended questions,
close-ended questions, rating scale questions, and raking scale questions. It is important
Statistical Treatment of Data that the researcher ensure the validity and reliability of a research instrument. Validity refers
to a degree to which the instrument measures what it intends to measure. The four types of
__________________________________________________________ validity discussed here were face validity, content validity, construct validity, and criterion
validity. On the other hand, reliability refers to accurateness and preciseness the measuring
_________________________________________________________________
instrument. Some of the way of assessing reliability are test-retest, split-half method, and
_________________________________________________________________ internal consistency. It also discussed some data collection methods such as doing and
_________________________________________________________________ interview, distributing survey questionnaire, making an observation, and administering test.
_________________________________________________________________
Also, this unit discussed the four measurement scale types which are used to
_________________________________________________________________
classify or quantify data. These are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. It is important that
_________________________________________________________________ the researcher know the type of measurement scale he have on his study so that he can
_________________________________________________________________ select appropriate statistical test for the data he have. Data analysis has two strategies, the
_________________________________________________________________ descriptive data analysis and inferential data analysis. Lastly, this unit introduced the
_________________________________________________________________ guidelines in writing quantitative research methodology.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Page | 96
SHOW WHAT YOU’VE GOT! 9. A quantitative research design that manipulates one variable in order to
ANSWER THIS UNIT TEST observe if it cause changes to other variable.
a. Phenomenological Research c. Descriptive Research
Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________ b. Experimental Research d. Case Study
Section: _____________________________ Score: ______________________
10. This is a type of question with two choices given.
a. Open-ended question c. Dichotomous question
Multiple Choices. Read the statement and encircle the letter of the correct
b. Multiple choices question d. Rating Scale
answer.
1. It refers to a degree to which an instrument measures what it intends to 11. A group of researchers wants to determine the improvements in math
measure. subject of selected 4th grader. They decided to observe and record the
a. Pilot Testing c. Reliability performance of the participants from their 4th grade to 6th grade. This type
b. Questionnaire d. Validity of study is
a. Descriptive Normative Survey c. Longitudinal Study
2. This is type of interview used when the researcher has no time to visit the b. Correlational Study d. Cross-sectional Study
participants personally.
a. Telephone Interview c. Face-to-face Interview 12. The following are the reason of pilot testing the instrument except one
b. Structured Interview d. CAPI a. To ensure that that the content of the instrument is well-aligned to
the aim of the study
3. Which statistical test is not included in descriptive data analysis? b. To make sure that the questions in the instrument is understandable
a. T-test c. Standard Deviation to the respondents
b. Range d. Weighted mean c. To identify questions that are unclear to the subjects
d. To enhance the questions in the instrument
4. This is a used to measure the spread of the data set.
a. Measure of central point c. Measurement of dispersion 13. Meteorologist list the temperature in degrees Kelvin for the month of
b. ANOVA d. Chi-square March. The scale used is
a. Nominal Scale c. Interval Scale
5. A group representative conducted a study about gender bullying. He b. Ordinal Scale d. Ratio Scale
selects their respondents that based on people he thinks experience
gender bullying. What sampling technique did he apply to their study? 14. The following are to be discussed in the methodology section except for
a. Cluster Sampling c. Judgmental Sampling one.
b. Systematic Sampling d. Convenience Sampling a. Selection of participants of the study c. Statement of the
problem
6. A star section class takes math test then take it again after a week so the b. Data analysis used d. Data gathering
instructor can assess the ___ of the test. procedure
a. Stability c. Validity
b. Internal consistency d. Face validity 15. A sampling technique wherein the researcher looks for a respondent to
participate in the study then ask that respondent to refer another
7. This is committed when researcher rejected null hypothesis when in fact respondent who can participate in the study.
it is true. a. Purposive Sampling c. Snowball Sampling
a. Type I and II error c. Type I error
b. Convenience Sampling d. Quota Sampling
b. Type II error d. None
16. Methodology should be written in what tense of verb?
8. The researchers proceed to three people who are expert in the field
a. Present tense c. Future tense
related to their study. They ask him to assess the validity of their
b. Past tense d. Past progressive tense
instrument. What type of validity is this?
a. Criterion Validity c. Construct Validity
b. Face Validity d. Content Validity
Page | 97
17. Which of the following scenarios is best example of simple random 24. Spearman rho is used when data available are expressed in ranks.
sampling? Which of the following can be used in this statistical test?
a. A researcher selects 20 respondents from each department of the a. Color of the eyes of the foreigner c.The height of the patient
company b. Level of Satisfaction of Customers d. Room temperature
b. A researcher picks 100 respondents from a list of all students in
grade 12 25. It says that correlational does not mean causation. Causation in this
c. A researcher selects one respondents and then ask that respondent statement means
to recommend another person to be part of the study a. The action of causing something c. The action of comparing
d. A researcher draws 2 schools from division of Pasig and includes all b. The action of relating to something d. The action of sharing
the teachers in that selected school.
26. A type of validity that most often includes expert or people familiar with
18. Which mathematical symbols used to indicate null hypothesis? the construct being measured.
a. A > B c. A = B a. Construct Validity c. Face Validity
b. A < B d. A ≠ B b. Criterion Validity d. Content Validity
19. Why does the researcher need to provide detailed information in 27. This method provides a way to assess subject’s knowledge and capacity
presenting methodology when using experimental type of research? to apply knowledge to new situations.
a. To be more relevant to the other field of study a. Observation c. Interview
b. To be more clear to the readers b. Test d. Survey
c. To be able to replicate by other researchers
d. All of the above 28. This is a sampling techniques that give equal opportunity to all subjects
to be selected in the study.
20. A group of researchers conduct study and distributed a copy of survey a. Probability Sampling c. Non-Probability Sampling
questionnaire to the students that are involved to their study. What kind b. Sampling Frame d. Snowball Sampling
of data collection procedure they have employed in their study?
a. Face-to-face Interview c. Overt observation 29. The teacher collected the scores of her students in their remedial test.
b. Paper and Pencil Questionnaire d. Proficiency Test Data showed that three students scored 80, four students scored 90, and
one student scored 85. If the teacher come up with the answer 86, what
21. The following are the factors that affect Single Pre-test/ Post-test design is the statistical treatment that the teacher used in the set of scores?
except for one. a. Mean c. Mode
a. Test-wiseness c. Mortality b. Median d. Range
b. Maturation d. John Henry Effect
30. Which of the following is true about samples?
22. A group of researchers wishes to conduct a study regarding on the a. Using samples make the quality of research result poor
impact of pricing of vendors in Pasig Mega Market to the consumers. In b. Using samples is more expensive than using complete census
selecting their respondents, they position on the area that most of people c. Using samples is less time consuming compare to complete census
passed by and ask 100 persons. What sampling technique they d. All of the above
employed on their study?
a. Simple Random Sampling c. Stratified Sampling
b. Availability Sampling d. Quota Sampling
23. This is a statistical tool that used to determine the significant difference Parent’s Signature: _____________________________ Date: ____________________
between two or more group at the same time.
a. Pearson r c. ANOVA
b. T-test d. Spearman-rho
Page | 98
UNIT 5 Lesson 1 Collects Data Using Appropriate
Instrument
Finding Answers through OBJECTIVES
Data Collection
1. Determine the appropriate instrument in different type of
research.
2. Discuss the data collection process based on their
experience in doing their chosen study.
3. Summarize the type of research and its appropriate
instrument using diagram.
4. Appreciate the importance of using the correct instrument in
collecting data.
a. data collection procedures and skills using varied instrument LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS!
b. data processing, organizing, and analysis
Using research instrument play a crucial role in collecting data, according
to Yaya (2014) that it is significant for every researcher to know what kind of data
should be collected and what method should be used. Methods that researchers
use in collecting desired data is called measurement instrument.
The learner is able to gather and analyze data with intellectual honesty,
using suitable techniques Quantitative data gathering strategies
Data Collection Description
C. LEARNING COMPETENCIES Questionnaires Questionnaires often make use of checklist

and rating scales. It is usually sent by mail,
- Paper-pencil- email or personally given to the
The learner: questionnaires respondents.
a. collects data using appropriate instruments It can be sent to a large number of people
b. presents and interprets data in tabular and graphical form and saves the researcher time and money.
c. uses statistical techniques to analyze data—study of It could be open ended format or multiple
differences and relationships limited for bivariate analysis choice format.
Open ended
Allows the respondents to answer any way.
- Web based
questionnaires A new and inevitably growing methodology
is the use of internet based research. The
respondents will answer online questions
Page | 99
such as the use of Survey monkey. Classification of Research Based on Data Collection Instrument
Interview Interview can be use at any stage of Type of Research Data Collection Instrument
evaluation process. Two types on
interviews are used in evaluation research: 1 Applied Questionnaire, Interview and
structured interviews, in which a carefully Observation.
worded questionnaire is administered, and
2 Survey Questionnaire, Focus Group, Interview
in depth interviews, in which the interviewer
and Observation.
does not follow a rigid form. Interview will
supplement the data gathered through
questionnaires. 3 Case Study Questionnaire, Interview, focus group
discussion and Observation.
Personal interview are done when people
usually respond when asked by a person
4 Ethnographic e.g. Observation, questionnaire, focus
but their answer may be influenced by the
correlational research group discussion and interview.
interviewer.
Telephone interviews are less time 5 Historical Observation, focus group discussion
consuming and less expensive and the and interview.
researcher has ready access to anyone on
the planet who has a telephone.
6 Evaluation Focus group discussion, interview and
Experiments Attempts to determine a cause and effect observation
relationship between two or more variables.
7 Pure Science Experiment and observation
Blind Experiment- the test subjects do not
know if they are getting the experimental 8 Action Questionnaire and interview
treatment or the placebo.
9 Longitudinal Questionnaire, observation, focus
Double Blind Experiment- neither the test group discussion, interview and
subject nor the experimenter measuring the experiment in case of pure science
response knows to which group the test research.
subjects have been assigned (treatment or
placebo). 10 Exploratory Questionnaire, observation and
interview.
Observations Observational techniques are methods by
which an individual or individuals gather Source: Japheth Yaya, 18th June, 2014
first hand data on program, processes, or
Read and study the example below:
behaviors being studied.
Source: Practical Research 2 (2016) by Faltado, Bombita, Boholano and Pogoy

Langos, S., (2014), Athens as an international tourism destination: An empirical
investigation to the city’s imagery and the role of local DMO’s. Chapter 3-
methodology: Data collection method and research tools. Published in
file:///C:/Users/Admin/Downloads/RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY_Datacol
lectionmethodandResearchtools.pdf
Page | 100
Athens as an international tourism destination: An empirical ______________________________________________________________
investigation to the city’s imagery and the role of local DMO’s ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Spyros Langos
A. Identify the type of research and the appropriate data collection method
to be used.
Research Title Type of Research Data Collection

Instruments
Computer-Based 1. 4.
Instruction (CBI) as a Way
of Reducing Math Anxiety
Information Systems 2. 5.
Security design: A case
Study Based Approach
The Impact of Using Word 3. 6.

Walls in Teaching Fifth
Graders Content
Vocabulary in Science.
Read and write your answer in the space provided.

B. Write a draft of your Data Collection Process in your chosen research
1. Based on your own understanding, what is a research instrument? study.
__________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2. Why is it important to choose the correct method in collecting desired __________________________________________________________
data? __________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
3. Does questionnaire appropriate in all type of research? Explain your __________________________________________________________
answer.
Page | 101
\
CAN YOU REMEMBER IT ALL? LET’S LOOK BACK. Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________
Section: _____________________________ Score: ______________________
Summarize the different measurement instrument in research and the appropriate

type of research where it will be used. A. Modified True or False: Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If
false, change the underlined word or phrase to make the statement true.
Focus Group ___________1. Interview can be sent to a large number of people and saves the
researcher time and money.
Survey ___________2. A new and inevitably growing methodology is the use of internet
based research called web questionnaire.
Case Study ___________3. Methods that researchers use in collecting desired data is called
measurement instrument.
Correlational ___________4. Using questionnaire is appropriate in all type of research study.
___________5. Observational techniques are methods by which an individual or
individuals gather first hand data on program, processes, or behaviors being
Historical studied.
B. Analogy: Choose the answer from the box.
1. Questionnaire : Survey Form E-mail
2. Interview :_____________ Schedule and Question guide
3. Observation :_____________ Observation Schedule
4. Focus Group Discussion :_____________ Checklist and Question Guide
5. Experiment :_____________ Scientific tools and

equipment
6. Web based questionnaire :_____________
Parent’s Signature: _____________________________ Date: _________________
Page | 102
Lesson 2
Graphical Methods of Presenting Data
Presents and Interprets Data in A good graph should include the following:
1. A graph or chart portrays the visual presentation of data using symbols
Tabular and Graphical Form such as lines, dots, bars or slices.
2. It depicts the trend of a certain set of measurements or shows
OBJECTIVES comparison between two or more sets of data or quantities.
The students are expected to: 3. A good graph or chart shows that the x and y axis has a heading and
1. Determine the different type of graphs units are included.
2. Make tables and graphs out of the given data. 4. The figure number of the title are usually placed below the figure.
3. Summarize the characteristics of a good data table and graphs. 5. The known value is plotted on the x-axis and the measured value is
plotted on the y-axis. This description of a good chart excludes pie
charts.
An example is shown below, which uses three sets of data, grouped by four
categories. This might, for example, be men, women, and ‘no gender specified’,
Tabular Presentation of Data grouped by age
Tables present clear and organized data. A table must be clear and simple but categories 20–29, 30–
complete. 39, 40–49 and 50–59.
A good table should include the following parts:
➢ Table number and title- these are placed above the table. The title is
usually written right after the table number.
➢ Caption subhead- this refers to columns and rows
➢ Body- It contains all the data under each subhead
➢ Source- it indicates if the data is secondary and it should be
acknowledged.
Sample of Data Table with Textual Analysis:
An alternative to a histogram is a line chart, which plots each data point and joins
them up with a line. The same data as in the bar chart are displayed in a line
graph below.
Page | 103
It is not hard to draw a histogram or a line graph by hand, as you may • Identify figure axes by the variables under analysis;
remember from school, but spreadsheets will draw one quickly and easily once • Quote the source which provided the data, if required;
you have input the data into a table, saving you any trouble. They will even walk
• Demonstrate the scale being used; and
you through the process. You can also display grouped data in a pie chart, such
• Be self-explanatory.
as this one.
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4008059
Based on your own understanding, what is data presentation?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Pie charts are best used when you are interested in the relative size of each
group, and what proportion of the total fits into each category, as they illustrate Why do we need to present the collected data using tables and graphs?
very clearly which groups are bigger.
_________________________________________________________________
Source: https://www.skillsyouneed.com/num/simple-statistical-analysis.html
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
BASIC RULES FOR THE PREPARATION OF TABLES AND GRAPHS Does textual analysis of data tables and graphs necessary in presenting your
collected data? Explain your answer.
Ideally, every table should:
_________________________________________________________________
• Be self-explanatory; _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
• Present values with the same number of decimal places in all its cells
(standardization);
• Include a title informing what is being described and where, as well as
the number of observations (N) and when data were collected; YOUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS!
• Have a structure formed by three horizontal lines, defining table heading
and the end of the table at its lower border;
Read and follow the instruction. Write your answer in the space provided. Each
• Not have vertical lines at its lateral borders;
number is equivalent to 5 points.
• Provide additional information in table footer, when needed;
• Be inserted into a document only after being mentioned in the text; and
• Be numbered by Arabic numerals. 1. The researcher collected data from the profile of the students
according to gender. There are 160 male students and 140 female
students with the total of 300. Give the frequency and percentage of
Similarly, to tables, graphs should:
the data using table and show your textual analysis.
• Include, below the figure, a title providing all relevant information;

• Be referred to as figures in the text;
Page | 104
2. The National Statistics Office (NSO) released the following data on CAN YOU REMEMBER IT ALL? LET’S LOOK BACK.
the rates of unemployment from 2001 to 2010. Present the data
given below through line graph and show your textual analysis.
Complete the Venn diagram below. Write the characteristics of a good
YEAR PERCENTAGE RATE data table and graphs and its similarities.
2001 11.1%
2002 11.4%
2003 11.4%
2004 11.8% TABLE GRAPH
2005 7.8%
SIMILARITIES
2006 8.0%
2007 7.3%
2008 7.4%
2009 7.5%
2010 7.4%
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2. The researcher collected data of the basic literacy rates in the Philippines
from 1990-2008.Present the data given below through bar graph and
show your textual analysis.
Name: _______________________________ Date: ______________________
Section: _____________________________ Score: _____________________ Year Female Male
1990 93.2 94
A. Modified True or False: Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If 1994 94 93.7
false, change the underlined word or phrase to make the statement true. 2000 92.3 92
2003 90.4 86.8
__________1. A table is a visual presentation of data using symbols such as 2008 96.1 95.1
lines, dots, bars or slices.
__________2. Line graph is best used when you are interested in the relative size
of each group, and what proportion of the total fits into each category, as they
illustrate very clearly which groups are bigger.
__________3. Table number and title are placed above the table. The title is
usually written right after the table number.
__________4. An alternative to a histogram is a line chart, which plots each data
point and joins them up with a line. The same data as in the bar chart are
displayed in a line graph below.
__________5. The known value is plotted on the x-axis and the measured value is
plotted on the y-axis. This description of a good chart includes pie charts.
B. Read and follow the instruction. Write your answer in the space provided. Each
number is equivalent to 5 points.
1. The researcher collected data from the profile of the students according to
grade level. There are 90 grade 7 students, 51 grade 8 students, 54 grade 9
students, 45 grade 10 students, and 60 grade 11 students with the total of 300.
Give the frequency and percentage of the data using table and show your textual
analysis.
Page | 106
Lesson 3 Uses statistical techniques to analyze data
(Study of differences and relationships

limited for bivariate analysis)
OBJECTIVES
1. define and describe statistical techniques to analyze data.
2. calculate the correlation coefficient of a collected data
3. summarize the uses of statistical techniques in analyzing
data. A key feature in a scatterplot is the association, or trend between X and Y .
4. state the importance of using correct statistical techniques
in analyzing data. Higher January temperatures tend to be paired with higher June temperatures, so
these two values have a positive association.
LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS! Higher latitudes tend to be paired with lower January temperature decreases, so
these values have a negative association.
What is Bivariate Data?
If higher X values are paired with low or with high Y values equally often, there is
When you conduct a study that looks at a single variable, that study no association.
involves univariate data. For example, you might study a group of college Suppose we would like to numerically quantify the trend in a bivariate scatterplot.
students to find out their average SAT scores or you might study a group of
diabetic patients to find their weights. Bivariate data is when you are studying The most common means of doing this is the correlation coefficient (sometimes
two variables. For example, if you are studying a group of college students to called Pearson’s correlation coefficient):
find out their average SAT score and their age, you have two pieces of the
puzzle to find (SAT score and age). Or if you want to find out the weights and 1. The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (Pearson r)
heights of college students, then you also have bivariate data. Bivariate data could The correlation coefficient, also commonly known as Pearson correlation, is a
also be two sets of items that are dependent on each other. statistical measure of the dependence or association of two numbers. When two
sets of numbers move in the same direction at the same time, they are said to
When one measurement is made on each observation, univariate analysis is have a positive correlation. When one series of numbers moves up as the other
applied. If more than one measurement is made on each observation, multivariate moves down, they are said to have a negative correlation. This will result in a
analysis is applied. negative correlation coefficient. https://www.myaccountingcourse.com/financial-
ratios/correlation-coefficient
1. The most important graphical summary of bivariate data is the
scatterplot. This is simply a plot of the points (Xi,Yi) in the plane. The Formula:
following figures show scatterplots of June maximum temperatures where: r = coefficient of correlation
against January maximum temperatures, and of January maximum
temperatures against latitude. n =number of samples
x = first set of variables
y = second set of variables
Page | 107
4. Chi-Square (X2)
2. The spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient (Spearmen Rho) The most used method of comparing proportions. It is particularly useful in
tests evaluating a relationship between nominal or ordinal data. Typical situations
The statistics being used based on ranks or position is the Spearman Rank or settings are cases where persons, events, or objects are grouped in two or
Correlation Coefficient represented here by rs. It is a measure of relationship more nominal categories such as “Yes-No” responses, “Favor-Against-Undecided”
between two variables by ranking the items or individuals under study according to or class “A,B,C, or D”.
their position. It represents the extent to which the same individuals or events
occupy the same relative position on two variables.
Formula:
where: rs = Spearman rank correlation
D = difference between the two ranks
of an individual in the variables
studied
n = number of individuals
Note: Refer to pp. ___ for computation examples.
3. Simple Linear Regression Analysis
Linear regression is the simplest and commonly used statistical measure for
prediction studies. It is concerned with finding an equation that uses the known
where: fo = observed number of classes
values of one or more variables, called the independent or predictor variables, to
estimate the unknown value of quantitative variable called the dependent criterion. fe = expected number of cases
It is a prediction when a variable (Y) is dependent on a second variable (X) based
on the regression equation of a given set of data. Note: Refer to pp. ___ for computation examples.
Formula: 5. One-Sample Z-test
Y = α + bX where: α = is called Y-intercept of the line (the value of Y when It is used when we want to know whether the difference between a sample mean
and the population mean is large enough to be statistically significant, that is , if it
X is equal to zero) is unlikely to have occurred by chance. This test can be used only if the
background assumptions are satisfied such as the population mean and standard
b = is the slope of the line called the regression (the rate
deviation must be known and the test statistic should follow a normal distribution.
of change of Y per unit change in X).
Page | 108
Note: Refer to pp. ___ for computation examples. Independent Sample T-test: Equal Variance Assumed
The independent-measure hypothesis test allows researchers to evaluate

One-Sample T-test or to compare the mean difference between two populations using the data from
two separate samples. Generally, σ2 is unknown and is being estimated from the
This test is used when we have a random sample and we want to test if it data. Hence, the t-test is used. Computed Test Statistic t:
is significantly different from a population mean or we compared a single
sample mean (X) to a known or hypothesized population mean (µ). This
test can be used only if the background assumptions are satisfied such
as sample observations should be random and the population standard
deviation is not known.

7. One-Way Analysis of Variance
6. Independent Sample Z-test : Equal Variance Not Assumed It is used to when you want to compare the means of more than two groups.
This test can be used only if the background assumptions are satisfied such that it
Similar to the test on single mean, the Z-test is used for testing two means has independent random samples, population are normal and population variance
when the variance is known and T-test if the variance is unknown. are equal.

Page | 109
2. Solve for the correlation coefficient of the following paired ranks:
A B
Based on your own understanding, describe bivariate analysis? 1 10 1 1

2 9 2 2
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ 3 8 3 3
_________________________________________________________________ 4 7 4 4
Why do we need to use statistical technique to analyzed data? 5 6 5 5
6 5 6 6
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________ 7 4 7 7
_________________________________________________________________ 8 3 8 8
How do you identify the correct statistical techniques for a research study? Explain 9 2 9 9
your answer. 10 1 10 10
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
YOUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO Summarize the Statistical techniques for bivariate analysis by completing
THIS! the diagram below.
Solve the following problems completely as directed:
1. The mental ages (x) and the score on the mathematics aptitude test (y)
of fifteen (15) boys were as follows:
Compute the correlation coefficient using Spearman Rank-Order

correlation coefficient
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Page | 110
LET’S TEST YOUR BRAIN! REMEMBER THIS IS RECORDED The ranks of the height and weight of seven male senior high school students are
BY YOUR TEACHER… OOOPS NO PRESSURE! given below. Calculate the correlation coefficient.
Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________

Section: _____________________________ Score: ______________________ Student
A 7 3.5
B 6 1
Multiple Choice: Read the statement and choose the best answer. C 5 3.5
1. It involves more than one measurement on each observation. D 4 5.5
a. Multivariate analysis E 3 5.5
b. Univariate analysis F 2 7
c. Textual analysis G 1 2
d. None of the above
2. The correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the dependence or
association of two numbers which commonly known as.
a. ANOVA
b. Chi-Square
c. Pearson r
d. Spearman Rho
3. The most used method of comparing proportions. It is particularly useful
in tests evaluating a relationship between nominal or ordinal data.
a. ANOVA
b. Chi-Square
c. Pearson r
d. Spearman Rho
4. It is a measure of relationship between two variables by ranking the items
or individuals under study according to their position. It represents the
extent to which the same individuals or events occupy the same relative
position on two variables.
a. ANOVA
b. Chi-Square
c. Pearson r
d. Spearman Rho
5. It is used to when you want to compare the means of more than two
groups. This test can be used only if the background assumptions are
satisfied such that it has independent random samples, population are
normal and population variance are equal.
a. ANOVA
b. Chi-Square
c. Pearson r
d. Spearman Rho
Page | 111
SHOW WHAT YOU’VE GOT!
SUMMARY ANSWER THIS UNIT TEST
Name: _______________________________ Date: _______________________

This unit contains the discussion on how to collect data Section: _____________________________ Score: ______________________
using appropriate instruments; presents and interprets data in
tabular and graphical form; and uses statistical techniques to A. Multiple Choice: Multiple Choice: Read the statement and encircle you think is
analyze data limited to bivariate analysis. the best answer.
Measurement instrument is necessary in collecting desired

1. The simplest and commonly used statistical measure for prediction
data to answer the inquiries of a study. Questionnaires most of the studies. It is concerned with finding an equation that uses the known
time involved the use of paper and pen. However, with the values of one or more variables, called the independent or predictor
emerging technology use nowadays, the researchers can easily variables, to estimate the unknown value of quantitative variable called
communicate to the target respondents through email the dependent criterion.
a. Chi-Square c. Linear Regression
questionnaire. Another one is the interview method that usually use b. Independent sample t-test d. One-Sample z-test
schedule interview or list of questions to be asked to the
respondents. Observation uses observation schedule or checklist 2. It is used when we want to know whether the difference between a
that will be accomplished based on the target factors to be sample mean and the population mean is large enough to be statistically
significant, that is , if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance.
observed. After collecting desired data it should be presented in an
a. Chi-Square c. Linear Progression
organized form through tables and graphs. Tables and graphs b. Independent sample t-test d. One-Sample z-test
should be self-explanatory, it Identify figure axes by the variables
under analysis; quote the source which provided the data, if 3. The independent-measure hypothesis test allows researchers to evaluate
required and demonstrate the scale being used. or to compare the mean difference between two populations using the
data from two separate samples.
Presenting the desired data in an organized manner a. Chi-Square c. Linear Progression
b. Independent sample t-test d. One-Sample z-test
involves the process of statistical techniques. Bivariate data is
when you are studying two variables and identify its difference or 4. An alternative to a histogram is a line chart, which plots each data point
relationship. There are several statistical method that a researcher and joins them up with a line.
can use such as Pearsons r, Spearman Rho, Linear progression, a. Bar graph c. Pie graph
Chi-square, z-test, t-test and ANOVA. b. Line graph d. Pictograph
5. It is best used when you are interested in the relative size of each group,
and what proportion of the total fits into each category, as they illustrate
very clearly which groups are bigger.
a. Bar graph c. Pie graph
b. Line graph d. Pictograph
Page | 112
B. Create a scatterplot for the following data. Then comment on the scatterplot’s C. A private school owner had been working to improve students’ satisfaction in
direction, form, strength, and presence of outliers. Label and scale axes. her school. He predicted that she met her goal of increasing student satisfaction
from 65% to 80%. Sampled school students from four level were asked if they
were satisfied with the quality of life and services of the school. The results are
shown on the following table:
1st year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year
Satisfied 32 28 25 23
Not satisfied 15 10 5 3
Total 47 38 30 26
Use the Chi-square to determine whether the results support or reject

the school owner’s prediction.
Parent’s Signature: _____________________________ Date: __________________
Page | 113

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Lesson 1 Characteristics, Strengths,

UNIT 1 Weaknesses, and Kinds of

Nature of Inquiry and Research OBJECTIVES

The students are expected to:

______________________ 2. Normally, the researcher uses structured

Name: ________________________________ Date: _____________________

a) Objective. e) Large Sample sizes.

_________ 1. Cita presents the findings of her study by using frequency,

LET’S TEST YOUR BRAIN! REMEMBER THIS IS RECORDED

_______ 4. Lucy has to go to Bohol to reach out the participants of her

_______ 5. Tricia patterned her study in the study conducted by her

_______ 6. Jason has to reproduce the questionnaires of his study at his

_______ 7. Jake needs to use numbers and statistics in analyzing the

_______ 8. Manny is required to produce questionnaires in gathering

_______ 9. Michelle shall use statistical techniques in analyzing huge

_______ 10. Maxine utilizes questionnaires in collecting data in her study.

Parent’s Signature: _________________________________ Date: ________________

Evaluation Research. It aims to assess the effects and impacts or outcomes of

What is causal comparative research? The Kinds of Quantitative Research

What is experimental research?

YOUR BRAIN NEEDS EXERCISES. DO THIS!

True or False. Write True if the statement is correct, and False if it is

____ 2. The researcher aims to determine the impact of K-12 curriculum to

LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS!

A variable is a central concept in research. It is measurable characteristic

The two types of variables are continuous and discrete variables.

Continuous variable. A variable that can take infinite number on the

Types of Continuous Variables

Continuous variables can either be interval variable or ratio variable.

What are the types of continuous variables? Discuss each.

Parent’s Signature: ______________________ Date:_________________

What is dependent variable?

CAN YOU REMEMBER IT ALL? LET’S LOOK students

BACK. 7. Relationship between disposable

Parent’s Signature: _______________________________________ Date: ____________________

Identifying the Inquiry

The learner demonstrates understanding of:

a. the range of research topics in the area of inquiry

The learner is able to formulate clearly statement of research problem

a. designs a research useful in daily life.

LET’S FEED YOUR MIND. READ THIS!

A research topic or problem is an intellectual stimulus calling for an

________________ 6. Organ transplant

________________ 9. The Parliamentary Form of Government

________________ 10. The Psychic Phenomena

Parent’s Signature: ______________________________ Date: _____________

OBJECTIVES questions briefly using your own words.

The students are expected to:

What are the words to be avoided in formulating research title?

One sentence summary:

____________ 5. He explained the statistical treatment he is going to use

____________ 8. He provided suggestions in his introduction for the other

Parent’s Signature: _____________________________ Date: ____________________

problems or sub-problems in order to be researchable units. Usually, the general

This study aims to determine the integration of Information and

Guidelines Good Bad Reason/Comment

4. not answerable by yes or

Parent’s Signature: _______________________________________ Date: ____________________

________ 3. future researchers

________ 9. the statistician who expertly treats the data gathered

Parent’s Signature: _____________________________ Date: _________________

________________ 12. Exploring the solar system 26.

Learning from Others and

Name: ____________ Date: _

Parent’s Signature: _________________ Date:

Parent’s Signature: ______ Date:_

Parent’s Signature: ___________________ Date:

Parent’s Signature: __________________ Date: _

Parent’s Signature: _________ Date:

Parent’s Signature: ___________________ Date:

Parent’s Signature: _____________ Date: _

Parent’s Signature: _________ Date:

Name: _________ Date: _

Parent’s Signature: _________ Date:

Parent’s Signature: _________ Date:

Parent’s Signature: _________ Date:

_____________________________________________________ _ 6. In stratified random sampling, the population is divided into