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CONTENTS
JUPITER'WEATHER.. ..................................1-17
DUST .............................................. 54
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REPIk;9tj.C D T l -,.
ORIGiNAL PAGU 13 POOR
JUPITER'S WEATHER
/
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EARTH
.~ SUN LIGHT
ABSORBED
co HEAT EMITTED
U-
JUPI1 ER
LL
zw c ~HEAT EMITTED,
cc
e:I .I I I I I II
w ABSORBEDX|
0 20 40 60 80
LATITUDE, deg
*DRAMIATIC DIFFERENCE
X between Jupiter's heat balance and Earth's is 'a
-J: shown.
In Earth's atmosphere, heat emission (dotted line) is roughly the same at
all latitudes, while sunlight absorbed (solid line) is far higher at the
equator. Solar heat reaches poles by atmosphere circulation. Since Jupiter
has an internal heat source, it emits about the same heat at poles and
equator, though sunlight is much greater at the equator. To even things
up, extra internal heat moves th~rough the planet's liquid interior and
comes oust at. the poles. Pumps in Jupiter's heat emission line show belts
and zones.
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rotation rate.
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NORTH EQUATOR
rhere, and the belts cool, dry, falling Jovian air. Air
com~inp out of the tops of the zones spreads out toward the
equator and poles, but coriolis forces cause the flow to
0 '
turn 90 . Foleward flow goes east, equatorward flow west.
(See next illustration.) This means that atmosphere in
Lupiter's banded regions flows around the planet, not from
equator to poles, as on Earth.
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NORTH ..
EQUATOR 40
down.
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SIMULATION OF JUPITER ATMOSPHERE FLOW
WITH GREAT RED SPOT
-inore
JUPITER'S 3LOBAL CIRCULATION can be reproduced by applyine
the mathematical model for Earth weather circulation to
Jur'iter conditions. This detailed, numerical computer sirru-
moe
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f,,
MOLECULAR HYDROGEN
liquid
CONVECTION FATTERRNS proposed for flow o' .uriter's hydrogen
interior. Near the ooles, circular flow of liquid
conventional.
by convection (rising of heated material) is series of turning
in equatorial regions, exreriments sueeest a
rolls, parallel to .uriter's rotation axis. Con-
convective hydroren,
vective flow would occur in the zone of molecular
the boundary into the liquid metallic hydrogen
and canno' cross
liouid sphere
region. CnnvoctivP flow in a rapidly rotatine
is different than in a static liquid.
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weather region.
The weather layer's frictionless lower boundary is
believed to be totally unlike the Earth's where winds scrape
against relatively dense liquid water or a rough solid surface
of continents, and in the Americas, a fence of high mountain
ranges almost from pole to pole.
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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - - * . . - H;
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uj 160.1
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X \ TROPOSPHERE,
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AMMONIA CLOUDS (NH 3 )
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10
0I I I I I I I I I IJ
-370 -30G -200 -100 0 100 200
TEMPERATURE, degrees fahrenheit
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II
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I -- A
a
go'I
EAST
time-
THZ GREAT RED SPOT as modeled by computer agrees with
counter-
lapse observations from Earth. The top view shows
either end
clockwise winds around the spot, pointed tips on
of the
of the spot, and east-west wind flow north and south
change
spot. Bottom view shows how smaller dark spots can
came
latitude and begin to recede in the direction they
from. Simulations are by Dr. Andrew Ingersoll, Cal Tech.
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WRP THE
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their energy
2. The mechanism which gives the particles and hence
rotation,
depends in part on Jupiter's high velocity The continuous
the high velocity rotation of its magnetosphere.bag of particles
buffeting and shaking up of this huge spinning
constantly against the
(the magnetosphere), as it bumps and rubs the regular
wind interrupts
continuous pressure of the solar magnetic field
to pole along
mirroring of particles from pole
planet, recirculating
lines and throws them inward toward the
arl energizing them.
moves about two
The outer skin of Jupiter's magnetosphere as the million
axis,
and a half times as fast around Jupiter's from the Sun.
the solar wind as it comes in
mph speed of
squeeze down the
Increases in solar wind pressure often
much as eight times.
volume of tha spinning magnetosphere as
without the
3. The belts would be 100 times more intense
Jupiter's big
soaking up of most of the high energy particles by of
moons and the top of Jupiter's ionosphere, and the squirtingthis
during
particles out of the leaky bag of the magnetosphere
recirculation process.
the belts is
4. The basic source of the particles in (the ionospfere)
probably the ionized top of Jupiter's atmosphere
not the solar wind, Dr. Van Allen believes.
relatively
5. Jupiter's magnetosphere is so big because stretch
top of the ionosphere
low energy particles spun off the force of
by the centrifugal
it out. These particles are thrown The stretching of
Jupiter's rotation far out from the planet. particles
these outflowing ionized
magnetic lines of force by as it would be
than twice as big
makes the magnetosphere more magnetic
Jupiter's
if it were created only by the force of wind away from
gases of the solar
field holding the ionized
the planet.
leaky bag
6. Jupiter's magnetosphere is like a huge says
that appears to be releasing bursts of electrons,
period makes it
Dr. Simpson. The observation of a ten-h1our the offset of
almost certain that the mechanism involves be that the elec-
Jupiter's rotating magnetic field. It may both over the poles
trons escape from Jupiter's magnetosphere magnetosphere as
and through the magnetic boundary of the
the solar wind presses on it.
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..
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M-lagnetosphera Mechanisms
The recirculation of particles
sphere appears to create the in Jupiter's magneto-
radiation belts. It seems to
work something as follows:
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1,
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JUPITER'S MAGNETOSPHERE
\OOW SHOCK
RADIATION BELTS
MAGNETOPAUSE
- -.
MAGNIFTIC
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K
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REPRODUCIhILITY OF THE
ORIGINAT, PA ; E IS o
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JUPITER'S MAGNETOSPHERE
MAGNETOPAUSE
RADIATION
t < BELTS
and move back close to the planet alone the current sheet
field, gaining enerey in the process. They then return to
polar field lines, and repeat the process, gaininr added
energy each time, until eventually their energies become
extremely high,
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A
IV __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ IIt
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Pioneer Findings
Offset - Center of the field does not coincide with the center
of the planet. It is one tenth of a Jupiter radius 7,140
km (4,280 mi.) away from the planet center toward 5.12
degrees N. latitude. This is 700 km (420 mi.) north of
the planet center and 7,100 km (4,400 mi.) outward from
the rotation axis in a direction parallel with the
equator. Because of the field's offset, field strength
over the cloud surface varies from 3 to 14 Gauss.
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Jupiter's Magnetosphere
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ORIGD'U.L 1.S l
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JOVIAN
IONOSPHERE
10 IONOSPHERE NEGATIVECTIVITY
CONDUCTIVITY
SHEATH
IONOSPHERE
POSITIVE-: -ATMOSPHERE
SHEATH
JOVIAN PLASMA
ELECTRONS "- JOVIAN PLASMA
:: IONS
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From this point also, changes were all very slow. The
planet began the process which goes on today--four and a
half billion years of contraction and heat radiation.
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The process left two rocky inner moons and two icy outer
ones. The range of densities for the moons going out from
the planet, 3.5, 3.1, 2.0 and 1.5 grams (.49, .11, .07 and
.05 oz.) per cc (6.25 cu in.) is just what it should be for
a massive long-lasting early flow of heat radiation from
Jupiter.
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Ganymede
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Callisto
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Pioneer 11, en route between Jupiter and Saturn, is now about -'
57.8 million km (93 million mi.) above the plane containing
the Earth and the other planets and so far has seen no major
unexpected phenomena in this sector of the solar atmosphere.
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HELIOSPHERE
SHOCK FRONT
(SHOCK FRONT MAY NOT OCCUR
UNTIL BEYOND ORBIT OF PLUTO)
BOUNDARY\ \
ORI
URANUS'/
INTERSTELLAR ,
VSATUR=N 'S ---- WN
/ | INTERSTELLAR
SPACE
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REPRODUCIBILITY OF THE
PRIGINAL PAGE IS POOR
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As it blows out from thle Sun, thle solar wind does no'U
expand syniunetrically with regular decreases in tempecrturv
as expected.
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QUN.N
S
PATH OF A I\
SOLAR WIND
STREAM
I4
SUN(
SuN
MAGNETIC
FIELDS I
SLOW WIND
REVERSE SHOCK STREAM /
\\\-/ -MAGNETIC
SCATTERING MAGNETIC FIELD
REGION LINE
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Here the two main negative factors are: that the very
large amounts of hydrogen on Jupiter .may lower concentrations
of the building blocks of life (compl'k organic molecules).
And once formed, these molecules are likely to be destroyed
by atmospheric circulation to hot levels.
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DUST
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JUPITER'S IONOSPHERE
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