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Vg + D1 C R V I
– ∆iL
iD(t)
–
(V – V) Vg DD'Ts
∆iL = g DTs = I
∆iL
2L 2L
Note that I depends on load, but ∆iL
does not.
0 DTs Ts t
iL(t) +
Vg + D1 C R V
–
iD(t)
– I
∆iL
0 DTs Ts t
Current ripple is
(V – V) Vg DD'Ts
∆iL = g DTs =
2L 2L
Note that I depends on load, but ∆iL I
∆iL
does not. 0 DTs Ts t
Increase R some more, such that I < ∆iL Discontinuous conduction mode
Q1 L iL(t)
iL(t) +
Vg + D1 C R V
–
iD(t)
–
I
(V – V) Vg DD'Ts
∆iL = g DTs =
2L 2L
Note that I depends on load, but ∆iL
does not.
The load current continues to be 0 DTs Ts t
D2Ts
positive and non-zero.
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 5 Chapter 5: Discontinuous conduction mode
Mode boundary
K > Kcrit:
2 2 CCM
K < Kcrit: K > Kcrit:
DCM CCM K = 2L/RTs
Kc ( Kc (
1 rit D) = 1 rit D) =
1 –D 1–D
K = 2L/RTs
0 0
0 1 D 0 1 D
Table 5.1. CCM-DCM mode boundaries for the buck, boost, and buck-boost converters
max ( K crit ) min ( Rcrit )
Converter K crit(D) 0≤D≤1 R crit(D) 0≤D≤1
2L 2 L
Buck (1 – D) 1 (1 – D)T s Ts
4 2L 27 L
Boost D (1 – D)2 27 D (1 – D) 2 T s 2 Ts
2L 2 L
Buck-boost (1 – D)2 1 Ts
(1 – D) 2 T s
vL = 1 vL(t) dt = 0
Ts 0
iC = 1 iC(t) dt = 0
Ts 0
iL(t) L
+ vL(t) – +
iC(t)
subinterval 1 Vg +
–
C R v(t)
Q1 L iL(t) L
iL(t) + +
subinterval 2 + vL(t) – iC(t)
Vg + D1 C R V +
– Vg C R v(t)
–
iD(t)
–
–
iL(t) L
+ vL(t) – +
iC(t)
subinterval 3 Vg + C R v(t)
–
iL(t) L
vL(t) = Vg – v(t) + vL(t) – +
iC(t)
iC(t) = iL(t) – v(t) / R
Vg + C R v(t)
–
Small ripple approximation
for v(t) (but not for i(t)!): –
vL(t) ≈ Vg – V
iC(t) ≈ iL(t) – V / R
iL(t) L
vL(t) = – v(t)
+ vL(t) – +
iC(t) = iL(t) – v(t) / R iC(t)
Vg + C R v(t)
–
Small ripple approximation
for v(t) but not for i(t): –
vL(t) ≈ – V
iC(t) ≈ iL(t) – V / R
iL(t) L
vL = 0, iL = 0 + vL(t) – +
iC(t)
iC(t) = iL(t) – v(t) / R
Vg + C R v(t)
–
Small ripple approximation:
–
vL(t) = 0
iC(t) = – V / R
vL(t)
Vg – V
D1Ts D2Ts D3Ts
0
Ts t
–V
Volt-second balance:
vL(t) = D1(Vg – V) + D2( – V) + D3(0) = 0
Solve for V:
D1
V = Vg note that D2 is unknown
D1 + D2
L iL(t) v(t)/R
node equation:
+
iL(t) = iC(t) + V / R iC(t)
iC = 0 –
hence
iL(t)
iL = V / R
ipk
Vg – V
L –V
must compute dc L
component of inductor <iL> = I
current and equate to load
current (for this buck 0 DTs Ts t
converter example) D1Ts D2Ts D3Ts
iL(t)
peak current:
ipk
Vg – V Vg – V
iL(D1Ts) = i pk = D 1T s
L L –V
L
average current: <iL> = I
Ts
iL = 1 iL(t) dt
Ts 0 0 DTs Ts t
D1Ts D 2T s D3 Ts
triangle area formula:
Ts
V = D1Ts (D + D ) (V – V)
R 2L 1 2 g (from capacitor charge balance)
V = 2
Vg 1 + 1 + 4K / D 21
where K = 2L / RTs
valid for K < K crit
1.0
M(D,K) K = 0.01
0.8
K = 0.1
0.6
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
D
i(t) L D1 i (t)
D
+ vL(t) – +
iC(t)
Vg + Q1 C R v(t)
–
0.15 4
Kcrit ( 13 ) = 27
Vg DTsVg
> for CCM
D' 2R 2L Kcrit(D)
0.15
CCM
DCM CCM
K < Kcrit K > Kcrit
K > K crit(D) for CCM 0.1 K
K < K crit(D) for DCM
where K = 2L and K crit(D) = DD' 2
RTs
0.05
K crit
(D)
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D
i(t) L
+ vL(t) – +
iC(t)
Vg + C R v(t)
subinterval 1 –
i(t) L
+ vL(t) – +
iC(t)
+
subinterval 3 Vg
–
C R v(t)
i(t) L
vL(t) = Vg +
+ vL(t) – iC(t)
iC(t) = – v(t) / R
Vg + C R v(t)
–
Small ripple approximation
for v(t) (but not for i(t)!): –
vL(t) ≈ Vg
iC(t) ≈ – V / R 0 < t < D1Ts
i(t) L
vL(t) = Vg – v(t) +
+ vL(t) – iC(t)
iC(t) = i(t) – v(t) / R
Vg + C R v(t)
–
Small ripple approximation
–
for v(t) but not for i(t):
vL(t) ≈ Vg – V
D1Ts < t < (D1 +D2)Ts
iC(t) ≈ i(t) – V / R
i(t) L
vL = 0, i = 0 +
+ vL(t) – iC(t)
iC(t) = – v(t) / R
Vg + C R v(t)
–
vL(t) = 0
iC(t) = – V / R
(D1 +D2)Ts < t < Ts
vL(t)
Vg
D1Ts D2Ts D3Ts
0
Ts t
Vg – V
Volt-second balance:
D1Vg + D2(Vg – V) + D3(0) = 0
Solve for V:
D + D2
V= 1 Vg note that D2 is unknown
D2
node equation:
iD(t) = iC(t) + v(t) / R D1 i (t)
D
+
capacitor charge balance: iC(t)
iC = 0 C R v(t)
hence
–
iD = V / R
i(t)
peak current:
ipk
Vg Vg
i pk = DT L
L 1 s
Vg – V
average diode current:
L
Ts
iD = 1 iD(t) dt
Ts 0 0 DTs Ts t
D 1T s D2Ts D3Ts
triangle area formula: iD(t)
Ts ipk
iD(t) dt = 1 i pk D2Ts
0 2 Vg – V
L
<iD>
0 DTs Ts t
D1Ts D2Ts D3Ts
1 1 V g D 1 D 2T s
iD = i DT =
Ts 2 pk 2 s 2L
V g D 1 D 2T s V
=
2L R
2 V 2gD 21
V – VVg – =0
K
Use quadratic formula:
V = 1± 1 + 4D 21 / K
Vg 2
Note that one root leads to positive V, while other leads to
negative V. Select positive root:
V = M(D ,K) = 1 + 1 + 4D 21 / K
1
Vg 2
where K = 2L / RTs
valid for K < Kcrit(D)
5
M(D,K)
1
0.0
4
K=
Approximate M in DCM:
0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
M≈1+ D
D
2 K
Table 5.2. S ummary of CCM-DCM characteristics for the buck, boost, and buck-boost converters
DCM
M(D,K) • DCM buck and boost
characteristics are
asymptotic to M = 1 and to
the DCM buck-boost
o st 1)
Bo ×– characteristic
t(
oos 1
c k-b K • DCM buck-boost
Bu
characteristic is linear
1 • CCM and DCM
characteristics intersect at
Buck
mode boundary. Actual M
follows characteristic
0 having larger magnitude
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
• DCM boost characteristic is
D nearly linear