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a&eHavmifpmaps;BuD;jrifhrIESifh pm;oHk;oD;ESHaps;BuD;jrifhrI
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2008 rwfvavmufrmS awmh tajccHvt kd yfcsujf zpfwhJ pm;oH;k oDEaHS ps;awGjrifw h ufvmrI
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pD;yGm;a&;vdt k yfcsuq f E´ukd qlqn l n
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tJ'(D 4)vydik ;f twGi;f urÇmx h yd w
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&NyDjzpfw,f/ rMumrSDu usif;ycJhwJh tm&SzGHYNzdK;a&;bPf (Asian Development Bank - ADB )
ESpfywfvnf tpnf;ta0;wGif pm;oHk;oD;ESHaps;wufrIaMumifh tm&Sa'owGif vloef;wpfaxmifausmf
tBuD;tus,ftxdemukefaMumif; urÇmhqif;&JrIwdkufzsufa&; t½HI;tEkdif tqHk;tjzwfwdkufyGJ[m
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bufrmS pm;oH;k oD;ESaH wGo;kH &vdjYk zpfw,fponfjzifh ½Ia'gift h rsKd ;rsKd ;rS tajzxkwaf eMuw,f/
4-7-2008 t,f*smZD;,m;owif;Xmeu urÇmhbPfaemufqHk;tpD&ifcHpmt&
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 2

pma&;ol&JYoHk;oyfawGU&Sdcsufuawmh txufygwifjyrIrsm;[m t"dutaMumif;&if;

rsm;r[kwfyg/ aemufqufwGJtusdK;qufrsm; ( Consequences Results )omjzpfygw,f/
t"dutaMumif;&if;uawmh tar&duefESifhOa&myEdkifiHBuD;rsm;rSm ajrc,lajrcpm;
vl w ef ; pm;ud k , f p m;vS , f r sm;u ppuf uf r I t &if ; &S i f v l w ef ; pm;vuf x J r S Ed k i f i H t mPmud k
Oya'wG i f ; enf ; eJ Y Nid r f ; csrf ; pG m tmPmod r f ; NyD ; ( Constitutional Coupdetat )
t&if ; &S i f p epf & J Y usef t *F g eJ Y zGJUpnf;yHkawGjzpfwJh vGwfvyfwJhaps;uGuf ( Free Market )?
vGwfvyfwJhwkNydKifrI ( Free Competition) eJY vGwfvyfwJhtvkyfwm0efcJGa0rI ( Free Dividion
of Labor ) awG u d k zsuf q D ; ypf v d k u f w J h t wG u f ,ck v d k urÇ m h E S i f h c sD w J h u yf B uD ; awG
ab;'ku©awGay:vm&wmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'Duyfab;BuD;awGxJrSm 'DuaeYtar&dueftpdk;&&JU
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tdrfajraqmufvkyfzdkYaiGacs;olawGjyefrqyfEdkifvdkY tdrfajraygifESHaiGacs;vkyfief;bPfBuD;awG
a'0gvD c H & rvrvddkjzpfNyD; tar&dueftpdk;&b@ma&;Xmeu0ifu,f&wJhb0a&mufvmrI ponf
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ajz&Si;f enf;rsm;(rlv-y#dyu©-orl[) ( Thesis-Antithesis-Synthesis)udw k ifjyvdu k yf gw,f/
tar&d u ef E S i f h O a&myor*¾ w d k Y r S m oG , f 0 d k u f a jrcawG (Implied Ground Rent)
,laewJah jrcpm;vlwef;pm;awGu Nird ;f csr;f wJeh nf;eJY tmPmodr;f ,lxm;wJh 'DuaeYurÇmph ;D yGm;a&;jyóem
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 3

urÇmhpm;oHk; oD;ESHtMuyftwnf; ((Global Food Crisis))

jrpd r f ; a&mif a wmf v S e f a &;( Green Revolution)(od )(od k Y ) vl o m;u obm0tay:

tEdkif,lvdkufEdkifNyD qdkwJh 'dXoufao
1960 jynfhvGefumvrsm;qDu urÇmhvlOD;a&wdk;EIef;[m oD;ESHtxGufEIef;xuf
ausmfvGefvmNyD; tiwfuyftEÅ&m,f zGHYNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;tay: Ncdrf;ajcmufvmw,f/ tJ'DpOfu
csr;f omEdik if rH sm;[m qif;&JEidk if rH sm;eJY vufwNJG y;D oD;ESx H u G w f ;kd a&;BuKd ;yrf;cJMh uw,f/ tdE, ´d ? ygupöwefwrYkd mS
txGuw f ;kd rsKd ;opfawG? qnfarsmif;awG? ajrqDvmT pDrcH suaf wG tBu;D tus,af pmufcsvyk u f ikd cf MhJ uw,f/
'g&JUtusdK;quftjzpf oD;ESHtxGufEIef;[m vlOD;a&wdk;EIef;xuf ausmfvGefvmcJhNyD; 1980jynfhvGefwGif
tiwfab;tEÅ&m,favsmeh nf;oGm;cJw h ,f/
txuf y gurÇ m h v H k ; qd k i f & mud k , f y d k i f t awG U tBuH K t& vl o m;tEG , f w &yf v H k ; &J U
tajccH v d k t yf c suf w pf & yf j zpf w J h pm;eyf & d u © m jyóemrS m acwf r S D e nf ; ynmeJ U
t&if ; tES D ; awG & S d a eMuwJ h csrf ; omEd k i f i H B uD ; rsm;uom a&S U aqmif y g0if & if tcuf t cJ a wG u d k
rkcsausmfeif;atmifjrifrSmaocsmw,f qdkwm jyoaeygw,f/ 'gayr,fh csrf;omEkdifiHBuD;rsm;rSm
pm;ukefoD;ESHxkwfvk yfrIjyóemudk b,fvdkudkifwG,f ajz&Sif;cJhMuygovJ/
tar&duefEidk if rH mS 1932 ckEpS rf t S pjyKvYkd tpd;k &tzGUJ tqufqufw[ Ykd m oD;xGuv f eG v f Ykd
t½HI;ay:rIrSxGufayguftjzpf tar&duefpdkufysdK;cif;orm;(awmifolv,form;)awG&JU pdkuf{u
yrmPwpf&yf udk rpdkufrysdK;bJyvyfxm;zdkY&m axmufyHhrIawGpwifjyKvkyfcJhMuw,f/ pdkufysdK;a&;
u@&JUa&mif;tm;udk vuf&0dS ,ftm;ESit hf Murf;tm;jzifh wlnaD tmifqcJG sxm;cJMh uw,f aps;EIe;f awGukd
pdkufcif;orm;tukefcHxm;&wJh tcsdefESifhaiGtwGufoifhawmfw,fvdkY pdkufcif;orm; xifwJhtae
txm;rSm&Sad eapcJw h ,f/
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twGufaxmufyHhaMu;[m a':vm(4)bDvsHtxda&mufvmawmhw,f/
tJ h ' D t wG u f tar&d u ef p m;oH k ; ol r sm;[m tpm;tpmtwG u f pm&d w f E S p f x yf
wd;k ay;ae&w,f/ wpf&yfuawmhvw G v f yfwahJ ps;uGurf mS ay;&rSmxuf ydw k ahJ iGukd vufiif;0,f,&l mrSm
ay;ae&rI&,f?tpdk;&axmufyHhaMu;xkwfay;&ef tcGefaumufcHrIrSwqifhay;aqmif&aiGwdkYjzpfw,f/
'gaMumifh 1973-ckEpS w f ek ;f u &oH;k aiGpm&if;'g½du k wf mcsm;½SL;pfu pdu k cf if;yHyh ;kd vkyif ef;pOfukd zsuo f rd ;f vku d &f if
tpm;tpmtwGufay;&wJh(4.5)bDvsHoufomavsmhusoGm;r,fvdkYajymbl;w,f/(wdkif;r*¾Zif; 26-2-
1973)
'DvdkeJYyJ tar&dueftpdk;&tqufqufwdkY[m tar&duefpkdufysdK;ukeftxGufudk
jynfwGif;0,dvdktm;&,furÇmhaps;uGuf0,fvdktm;&,fwdkYESifh rwdrf;r,drf;avmufom&Sdaeatmif
tar&duefpu kd cf if;orm;awGxH axmufyahH Mu;ay;Ny;D pdu k af jrawGyvyfcikd ;f xm;w,f/
 4

tar&duefpdkufcif;orm;awG[m wpfbufuvJ 'DaxmufyHhaMu;&ovdk aps;uGufrSm

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tJ'DaxmufyHhaMu;awG[m 2002-ckESpfwGif a':vmbDvsH(200)yifjzpfvmcJhygw,f/
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(300)wefOya'Murf;w&yfukd wifoiG ;f zdjYk yifqifaeMuygNy/D
tar&duefEidk if [ H m 2007 ckEpS w f iG f pdu
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tcsKyq f &kd &if tar&duef[m urÇmt h v,fwiG f acwfrpDS ufreI nf;ynmawGa&SUwef;a&muf
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awGukd ud, k pf m;jyKumuG,af y;aewJt h yk pf Bk u;D ( Farm Block ) &Sad eNy;D tar&duefor®wtqufquf[m
pdu
k cf if;axmufyahH Mu;Oya'awGukd twnfjyKay;ae&w,f/ tar&dueftcGex f rf;awG&UJ tcGeaf iGawGukd
pkukd cf if;u@odYk yHyh ;kd ay;ae&w,f/
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0,fvt kd m;ESichf sed Nf y;D pDru H ed ;f csxwk v f yk af pzdjYk zpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'DuaeYtar&duefpu kd yf sKd ;a&;pepf[m
tar&dueftpdk;&awGa<u;aMumfaewJh vGwfvyfwJhaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf vGwfvyfpGm,SOfNydKifwJhpepf
r[kwb f J jynfwiG ;f 0,fvt kd m;ESihf urÇm0h ,fvt kd m;wdu Yk kd r0a&pmtqifrh mS omxm;Ny;D vuf0g;Bu;D tkyf
aps;eJUtjrwfxw k af ewJh ajr,mvufo;D qkyaf y:vpD ajr&Sipf ;D yGm;a&;pepf (Tight fisted Farm Policy )u
t&if;&Sipf epftay:tompD;& vTr;f rd;k cs,v f , S af ewJph epfomjzpfaeygawmhw,f/
'gaMumifh [dkwpfcsdefu ta&SUtkyfpkqdk&S,fvpfpDrHudef;pD;yGm;a&;pepfqdkwm[m
olwdkYjynfwGif;udkom'ku©ay;EkdifwmjzpfNyD; 'DuaeYtar&dueftpdk;&&JU vGwfvyfwJhaps;uGuf'Drdkua&pD
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'ku©ay;aewmjzpfw,f/
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tJ'v D akd jr,mtusKd ;pD;yGm;awG[m Nird ;f csr;f wJeh nf;? Oya'wGi;f enf;awGeUJ tmPmodr;f cJw h m 'DuaeYtxdyif
jzpfawmhw,f/( Constitutional Coup detat )
tar&duefor®wtqufquf[m urÇmwGifwefcdk;MoZmt&SdqHk;vdkYxifjrif&ayr,fh
txufatmufvGwfawmfESpf&yf&Sd ajr,mtusdK;pD;yGm;awG&JU a&SUarSmufrSmawmh jym;jym;0yfemcHae&
ygawmhw,f/
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( Rentier Class ) qdk&if [dk 17-18-19 &mpkurdrdydkifeufay:&SdoD;pm;orm;awGqDuajrcppfppf
(Absolute Rent) ud&k ,laewJah jr&Siu f o kd m jrifMuodMuw,f/ 'gayr,fh tar&duef pdu k cf if;orm;vdk
acwfrSDt&if;&Sifajr,mpdkufcif;awGeJUwGJbufxm;NyD; wbufrSmawmh vGwfvyfwJhaps;eJU vGwfvyfpGm
wkNyKd irf t I &if;&Sit f ajccHw&m;awGukd azgufusL;aewJh rpdu k rf ysKd ;zdyYk vyfxm;&if tpd;k &uaxmufyahH Mu;
ay;rIawG? oGi;f ukecf eG yf akd umufraI wGtp&Sw d hJ tar&duefEiS hf urÇmv h x l ak wG&UJ aiGaMu;awGeUJ oG,0f u kd Nf y;D
ajraxmufc ( Implied ground rent ) ,laewmudak wmh odjrifEikd pf rG ;f r&Sjd zpfaeMuao;w,f/
 5

tar&dueftpd;k &tqufquf[m pdu k yf sKd ;oD;ESxH w k v f yk af &;rSm vGwv f yfwahJ ps;uGuEf iS hf

vGwv f yfpmG wkNyKd irf (I Free marked and Free Competition)vGwv f yfpmG tvkycf aJG 0rI (Free Division
of labar )wdkYudkcGifhrjyKbl; tJ'Dt&if;&Sifabm*aA'w&m;oHk;&yfudk zGifhay;vdkufygu a&mif;tm;u
0,fvt kd m;xufyv kd eG v f mrSmjzpfygw,f/ ( Overproduction)? tJ'v D u kd ek x
f wk yf vkd eG f aygufurJG jI zpfay:&if
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awG&,f olwdkY&JUudk,fpm;vS,fvTwfawmfESpf&yftwGif;u ( Farm Block )ajr,mtusdK;pD;yGm;
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2/ NAdwdoQa&eH (t*Fvef)
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7/ 'def;rvm;? c½dkufpmvm (tar&duef *smrPD)
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