Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Northern Andes
Jan. 25, 2011
Adam C. Nisbet
Georgetown University
LASP-90
Nisbet, 1
Executive Power and Democratization in the Northern Andes
Table of Contents
Introduction 29
Executive Power in the Northern 30
Andes 31
The History of Leadership 31
Literature Review 31
Methodology 32
Democratization 34
Ecuador 37
Recent Elections
Referendums
Outside Influences
Political Participation
Freedom of the Press
Foreign Policy
Colombia
Recent Elections
Foreign Policy
Inner Struggles
Freedom of the Press
Venezuela
Chavez
Foreign Policy
Conclusion
3
8
9
12
13
14
14
15
16
19
21
26
27
28
Nisbet, 2
Executive Power in the Northern Andes
Colombia, and Venezuela was once the first Spanish viceroyalty to break
free from the crown and establish their own independent government 1.
1
Gran Colombia (18) July, 2007.
Nisbet, 3
interdisciplinary study we will discuss the political implications of the rise of
Colombia’s new president, Juan Manuel Santos, and the issues this region of
Latin America is now facing including foreign relations with the United
States, and other regional and foreign influences. World trade and foreign
and propelled substantial growth in the 2000’s. In the midst of Latin
human rights issues, freedom of the press, and the environment in this
2
Burges, Sean W. Building a Global Southern Coalition: the competing
approaches of Brazil’s Lula and Venezuela’s Chavez. Third World Quarterly,
Vol. 28, No. 7, pp 1343-1358. 2007.
Nisbet, 4
or natural rights issues. Colombia alone is still fighting the longest standing
20046, has been the victim of a recent coup attempt perpetrated by angry
pension plans and this has furthered instability 7. On the other hand, Hugo
the United States diplomats accusing the United States of constant meddling
in the region. He has even blamed them for the Ecuadorian coup attempt
stating from his Twitter account: “They’re trying to take down President
country’s progress through the 2000’s and their reach for political stability.
4
Keller, Karen. Critics Fault Former Colombia President Uribe. AOL News.
November 2, 2010. http://www.aolnews.com/world/article/critics-fault-former-
colombian-president-alvaro-uribe/19695763
5
Haugan, Greg. US to give $30M for Colombia land restitution. Colombia
Reports. October 19, 2010.
6
ECUADOR: Correa Success Depends on External Factors. OxResearch Daily Brief
Service. Oxford: pg. 1. August 26th 2009.
7
Kuffner, Stephan and Padgett, Tim. Ecuador: When the Cops Took on the
President. 1 Oct 2010.
http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2023011,00.html?iid=sphere-
inline-sidebar
Nisbet, 5
infrastructure costs, and oil related costs which further complicates political
power structures8. The region has been influenced by many countries during
how their leaders currently define their nations through elections and
border with Ecuador that has been the site of border invasion dispute. To
make the situation even more precarious, Venezuela has been documented
and has broken ties with Colombia over this issue 10. At the same time, this
region is forging many new allegiances with countries such as Iran, China,
and others showing a dynamic and yet questionable future in relations with
the US11. Leaders of the area seem as though they are in a constant dance
8
Burges, Sean W. Building a Global Southern Coalition: the competing
approaches of Brazil’s Lula and Venezuela’s Chavez. Third World Quarterly,
Vol. 28, No. 7, pp 1343-1358. 2007.
9
Washington Post. Terrorist on Video; Colombia proves – again – that Venezuela
is harboring FARC insurgents. July 30, 2010.
10
Chavez Breaks Ties with Colombia. Los Angeles Times. Main News; Foreign
Desk; Part A; pg, 11. July 23, 2010.
11
The Economist. “The Dragon in the Back Yard.” August 15th, 2009.
Nisbet, 6
This study will seek to explain themes in executive leadership in this
region and also explain modern shifts in their constitutional democracies and
having voted in six national elections in the past four years to hold
in the Northern Andes can shed light on how these political systems have
violence and death, can actually be seen as a positive example for the region
governments. And while each country faces internal crises ranging from
indigenous rights and natural rights, to issues involving their rich and mostly
Venezuela and Ecuador lead to protests and tear gas on the streets of their
12
Bowen, James D. Notes on Recent Elections: Ecuador's 2009 presidential and
legislative elections. Electoral Studies, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 186-189, Mar
2010.
Nisbet, 7
respective capitals they will still seek reform and progress with so many
This study will also seek to explain the contrasts and links between
these political systems and their goals for the rights of the individual. As
President Correa has explained in his campaigns, the country should ideally
work: “to keep wages in line with the cost of living; to broaden the reach of
This region of Latin America has had its share of dictators, thieves in
office, and military coup attempts. Recent history has shown that much of
latin American politics is a battle between the military, president, and the
13
The Economist. Hugo Chavez seeks to catch them young. Venezuela’s
Education “Reforms.” Caracas. August 22nd, 2009.
14
ECUADOR: Correa Success Depends on External Factors. OxResearch Daily Brief
Service. Oxford: pg. 1. August 26th 2009.
Nisbet, 8
president. The military is seen as supporting the will of the people, and is
usually the deciding factor of stability. –and now growing social movements.
branches, with each party holding the upper hand at different moments in
time. However, now it appears that changes are being made through
the law and make final decisions pertaining to the legal code.
In this region a push towards Democracy would most nearly mean and
presidential terms, fair and open elections, and fair competition and
been marked by a strong head of state. In Latin America there have been
dozens of strong leaders from the Peron’s to Pinochet, some of them have
Nisbet, 9
been great leaders and some have been hard-handed dictators’ ever
were of the first nations to separate from Spanish rule through the conquest
of Simon Bolivar, a figure that has been celebrated as the liberator. These
while each faces internal crises concerning indigenous rights and natural
rights, for their rich and mostly undeveloped natural resources. And when
proposals for school reform in Venezuela and Ecuador lead to protests and
tear gas on the streets of their respective capitals how can a country seek
reform and progress with so many factional parties staking claim to the
since colonialism that pervade every segment of life from ethnicity, race,
and gender, but each is unique and defined by its own citizens.
Take for instance the situation in Ecuador where the citizens have
voted seven times since 2006, pushing through a new constitution and new
rights for citizens.16 Still there has been coup attempts and struggles for
15
The Economist. Hugo Chavez seeks to catch them young. Venezuela’s Education
“Reforms.” Caracas. August 22nd, 2009.
16
Bowen, James D. Notes on Recent Elections: Ecuador's 2009 presidential and legislative
elections. Electoral Studies, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 186-189, Mar 2010.
Nisbet, 10
power in Ecuador, where President Correa was recently taken hostage, these
demonstrate the democratic will of the people of each country where much
Venezuela, where the United States is the primary importer of oil, has Hugo
Could it be possible that these leaders are right for their specific
nations, as democratically elected by their people, and why would the U.S.
have such a negative outlook for these leaders? It seems that the U.S.’s
and diplomatic ties in the region that is showing a trend of increased imports
and exports, and foreign investment with China and other countries where
each country. Still yet, there are fears that the area has slipped into a
17
The Economist. Briefing: Latin American Geopolitics. August 15th 2009.
18
The Economist. Briefing: Latin American Geopolitics. August 15th 2009.
Nisbet, 11
socialistic ideology that may prove an ever greater threat to capitalism and
open markets in the area, but in a region that has grown tired of economic
and taking care of each citizen has become a new theme on the horizon.
The 2000’s have marked an era in which the executive leadership in the
interests or intervention. With the first election of Hugo Chavez and the
the first time”, Cristina Kirchner, President of Argentina said: “the leaders of
their respective countries look like the people they represent; they are the
Literature Review
and 1990’s, with a few exceptions. Much attention has been given to
19
Stone, Oliver. South of the Border. Cinime Libre Studio. 2009.
20
Stone, Oliver. South of the Border. Cinime Libre Studio. 2009.
Nisbet, 12
country’s governmental institutions, as much as can be provided succinctly,
As well.
Academic and Scholarly articles were used from as many sources and
sources in the Spanish language and from Spanish periodicals and news
changes, and legal documents the source was considered through sources
such as the Political Database of the Americas whose archives contain each
versions.
Methodology
official statements.
contain a bias that is inherent its author due to circumstances beyond his
Nisbet, 13
control but furthered by the limitation of language on preferred academic
addition the author has made every attempt to shed light on the most
linguistic perspectives.
Democratization
ECUADOR
Latin America’s most unstable democracy in the late 1990’s and early
2000’s. Some have claimed that Democratic instability has been further
Jamil Mahuad was his decision to make the official currency of Ecuador the
U.S. Dollar. Critics even today argue whether it was a positive policy for the
country, while others argue that it brought stability to the country as it made
Ecuador a hub for the U.S. currency in Latin America. 22 The history of
21
International Crisis Group. Ecuador: Overcoming Instability? Latin America
Report No. 22. 7 August 2007.
22
International Crisis Group. Ecuador: Overcoming Instability? Latin America
Report No. 22. 7 August 2007.
Nisbet, 14
instability in the country feeds the people’s lack of trust in banking, leaving
Ecuador’s profits from oil sales is not as exuberant and superfluous but does
the countries’ biggest oil field in 2007 economic growth slowed and the
Noboa, a three-time candidate from one of the richest families in Ecuador for
on both sides, and some have accused Noboa’s campaign of blatant populist
the United States, with progressive housing policies, and even cutting
relationships with Cuba. However, in a country that has become more and
more weary of the United States, Naboa’s ideas were not victorious and
today Ecuador is doing much the opposite of Naboa’s platform. Rafael Correa
formed and ran at the top ticket of the Alianza Pais party (AP). 25
23
Romero, Simon. Ecuador, Ever Unstable, Prepares for New Leader’s Plans. New York
Times. April 14, 2007.
24
Ajl, Max. Defeating the “envoy of God.” Ecuador: Rafael Correa. New
Statesman. December 4, 2006.
25
International Crisis Group. Ecuador: Overcoming Instability? Latin America
Report No. 22. 7 August 2007.
Nisbet, 15
Throughout the years since his election Correa’s government has
Venezuela and has further distanced itself diplomatically from the United
States, calling for a closing of the military base in Manta. He stated in jest
that he would allow for the base to remain open if the United States
that closely represented that of Bolivia and Venezuela at the time. And
while his rhetoric has been elevated at moments he has also approached
bilateral talks with the United States. As recently as January 2011 he has
been pushing for a referendum to reform the judicial system in the country,
into one successful model; many of these elements are visible through
examples from Correa’s campaign, showing that he may be the right person
at the right time for Ecuador. Some scholars debate whether Correa is a
26
Ecuador President Pushes for Referendum. CNN News Room Staff. CNN. January, 18 th 2011.
<http://articles.cnn.com/2011-01-18/world/ecuador.referendum_1_judicial-system-rafael-correa-referendum?
_s=PM:WORLD>
Nisbet, 16
would allow him to appeal with specified messages to different constituents
within the last thirty years. The question is whether these, often times
even outside of elections.28 Many theorists had a conflict with the idea that
Latin America, throughout the 1990’s and 2000’s, generally have made
27
De la Torre, Carlos and Conagham, Catherine. The Hybrid Campaign. Tradition
and Modernity in Ecuador’s 2006 Presidential Election. International Journal
of Press/Politics. Volume 14 Number 3. July 2009.
28
De la Torre, Carlos and Conagham, Catherine. The Hybrid Campaign. Tradition
and Modernity in Ecuador’s 2006 Presidential Election. International Journal
of Press/Politics. Volume 14 Number 3. July 2009.
Nisbet, 17
issues. It had become evident that more professionalized campaigns were
needed to cement a majority consensus among citizens, and this meant the
demand for new forms of political campaigns. Many citizens were becoming
individual with a highly personalized story and personality that many can
Urquillas, Jorge and Martin Van Niewkoop. “Defining Ethnodevelopment in Operational
29
Terms: Lessions from the Ecuador Indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian Peoples Project.” LCR
Sustainable Development Working Papers No. 6. World Bank (January 2000) p. 23.
Nisbet, 18
empathize with. This is characterized by politicians who employ such
The 2006 election gives us a clear case of this as well, however the
use of technology and television made this different and Rafeal Correa’s
campaign benefited from his greater ability to work with media and
technology.
“Uphold the rule of law; prepare the Constitutional Amendment election with
by his people for standing up to foreign powers over national debt issues and
30
International Crisis Group. Ecuador: Overcoming Instability? Latin America
Report No. 22. 7 August 2007.
Nisbet, 19
since taking over the presidency in 2006. He has been elected for four more
that choose to operate in Ecuador and has demanded fair value for the
resources extracted from the land, including caveats for natural rights to the
land. 31 Correa proposed the new constitution in 2008 that would give the
president more control over the economy and made far-reaching promises to
citizens including the right for every citizen to have access to clean water,
education through the university level, health care, and other benefits. The
socialist ally Venezuela.32 While some critics argue that the new document
hands over too many controls to Correa, the Miami Herald reported that
were involved in the writing of the new Ecuadorian constitution which even
provides safe haven for FARC military groups.33 Regardless of its political
intentions, the new constitution has provided many platitudes toward ethnic
31
ECUADOR: Correa Success Depends on External Factors. OxResearch Daily Brief Service.
Oxford: pg. 1. August 26th 2009.
32
Brodzinsky, Sibylla. Ecuador votes to lock in its Shift to the Left. Christian Science
Monitor. September 30, 2008.
33
Petito, Margaret. Ecuador vs. Democracy. The Miami Herald. October 19th, 2008.
Nisbet, 20
right that before now had never existed in Ecuador.34 The new constitution
presidency, as in the U.S., the president is limited to two four year terms 35.
While it would be easy to criticize each country only for their negative
traits in terms of the United States foreign policy objectives this study will go
deliberation and dialog. This study will determine contrasts between each
POLITICAL PARTICIPATION
The 1990’s were termed the “decade ganada” for the indigenous
acceptance for peoples traditionally left out of the economic system and
indigenous students in Ecuador than it has ever been. 36 While much of this is
34
Van Cott, Donna Lee. Latin America: Constitutional Reform and Ethnic Right. Latin America. Parliamentary
Affairs.
35
Gallegos, Luis. New Constitution Good for Democracy. The Miami Herald. October 7 th, 2008.
36
Weaver, David. The University and Social Change: University Education for
Indigenous Students in Ecuador. Tulane University. 2010.
Nisbet, 21
due to government policies initiated prior to the Correa administration
although it has been one of his own pursuits as president even more is due
to the effective social movements that took place in the 90’s in Ecuador. To
fully quantify a social movement in these terms, a scholar must take into
pluralistic community group, the government and stated policies, and the
fund their research, but at the same time scholars, seeking social change,
credited to Leonidas Proaño, a priest that devoted his life to the poor
program that taught Spanish over the radio to remote villagers. He was a
influence on political attitudes of the poor and social movements within Latin
America.37
37
Exposicion El Obispo de los Indios Sigue Vigente. Leonidas Proano sigue dejano su
legado. <http://www.laprensa.com.ec/ediciones.asp?notid=5519>
Nisbet, 22
Through the late 1990’s and early 2000’s, Universities in Ecuador have
World Bank.
in Ecuador within the last decade and are becoming more and more relevant
to political decision making moving into the 2010’s. CONAIE even has its
own political party called the Pachacutik that was formed in 1996, although
not a majority they were able to influence the development of the new
38
Weaver, David. The University and Social Change: University Education
for Indigenous Students in Ecuador. Tulane University. 2010.
Nisbet, 23
constitution defining Ecuador as a “pluralcultural” nation. The CONAIE
posts in the cities of Cotacachi, Otavalo, and Aluasi. However, in the 2006
populist party institutions39. In this situation Correa’s party would seem very
through barrios, or the forming of indigenous political groups, has been one
Scott, Beck and Mijeski, Kenneth J. Mainstreaming the Indigenous Movement in Ecuador.
39
Nisbet, 24
they have led the way to build a “civil society” through the organization of
some advances have been made toward fairness, blatant attacks on free
the broadcast weekly in Quito, it seemed that Correa was very ambitious
and determined with his policies and was quite capable of laying down a
during the 2010 World Cup which some foreign onlookers claimed was pure
propaganda.
40
Korovkin, Tanya. Reinventing the Communal Tradition: Indigenous Peoples, Civil Society, and Democratization in
Andean Ecuador. Latin American Research Review, Vol. 36, No. 3 (2001). Pp. 37-67.
Nisbet, 25
The relationship between Ecuador’s executive leadership and the
media has a long rap sheet of offenses. President Rodrigo Borja in 1990
accusations made by the news organization about his family. There has
been a constant struggle between the executive power and the media in
almost every modern day Ecuadorian presidency. These were not purely
conflicts of opinion but instances where the president took excessive power
different.41
Brandt also states it very well: “To be clear: political democracy certainly
may be effectively deepened by the rise of movements that focus largely on
providing voice to the disenfranchised (22).”
41
Barndt, William T. Executive Assaults and the Social Foundations of
Democracy in Ecuador. Latin American Politics and Society; Spring 2010; 52, 1;
ProQuest Direct Complete. pg. 121
42
Latin American Weekly Report, 2007a. Ecuador: Politics. June 14, 4.
Nisbet, 26
protestors threw tear gas and prompted the evacuation of the national
assembly. 43
FOREIGN POLICY
with its neighbors including Peru and Colombia. In July 2010 Ecuador
revealed that Colombia had been wiretapping and spying on the phone calls
of President Correa. While Colombia denied the story, the issue was further
complicated by the fact that Colombia had discovered a FARC camp inside
Ecuador territory and led and ambush there without notifying the president.
According to the Observer, President Uribe, and Juan Manuel Santos, the
new president of Colombia and the head of security forces at that time, were
both briefed on that matter three times and still made no attempt to contact
President Correa.44
43
Romero, Simon. Ecuador, Ever Unstable, Prepares for New Leader’s Plans. New York Times. April 14, 2007.
44
Carroll, Rory. Ecuador: Row over spying ends thaw and turns the heat up on
Colombia. The Observer. Week Pages; Pg. 36. July 4th, 2010.
Nisbet, 27
COLOMBIA
Colombia’s Elections
The previous decade in Colombia, for politics and national identity, was
written by the strong leadership of President Uribe, who almost ran for a
third term in executive office until barred from doing so by a decision made
by the Supreme Court. This election was one of the most progressive and
contributions to the democratic debate and brought more people than ever
While Colombia fights many battles within its borders one happens to
that election journalists face major harassment. Threats on the press are
The message was received after he spoke out about the results of a mayoral
election. Also, in 2005, NACLA reports that three journalists’ lives were
was a security advisor to President Uribe for many years through hard
NACLA Report on the Americas. In Brief. News from Latin America. Colombia: Elections
45
Nisbet, 28
fought battles with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC),
where Uribe’s administration has been hailed nationally for its progress.
Since taking office, it seems that Santos has taken a very pro-
He has used this excuse to move nearly 15,000 troops to the border of
Colombia and has furthered tensions between his Latin American neighbors.
Much of his paranoia is fueled by the fact that Colombia receives much
financial and military aid from the United States, giving the U.S. access to
compared to GDP for Latin American Countries, Jane’s Country Risk reports,
reason for Colombia’s spending on arms is due to their long-term civil war
with narcotic guerillas. Much of the battle concerning the FARC and
46
Strange, Hannah. Landslide Win Boosts Crusade to Finish off Rebels;
Colombia. The Times National Edition. London. June 22, 2010.
47
Strange, Hannah. Landslide Win Boosts Crusade to Finish off Rebels;
Colombia. The Times National Edition. London. June 22, 2010.
Nisbet, 29
narcotics trafficking is taking place on the border between Colombia and
Venezuela, and each side has been bulking up troop presence in the region,
the ideas of his successor, Uribe. Many American critics have looked on in
hopes that the Santos government will even strengthen relations between
The Heritage Foundation reports that the United States has invested
more in the “stability and security” of Colombia far more than any other
Latin American nation within the previous decade. 49 There are also hopes of
48
Strange, Hannah. Landslide Win Boosts Crusade to Finish off Rebels;
Colombia. The Times National Edition. London. June 22, 2010.
49
Walser, Ray. Colombia and Obama’s Latin America Policy: Time to Close Ranks and
Support a Friend. Backgrounder. The Heritage Foundation. No. 2439. July 23, 2010.
Walser, Ray. Colombia and Obama’s Latin America Policy: Time to Close Ranks and
50
Support a Friend. Backgrounder. The Heritage Foundation. No. 2439. July 23, 2010.
Nisbet, 30
undoubtedly, is the reason why there is such a communal relationship
between Colombia and the United States; with the U.S. fitting much of the
region that has increasingly moved toward state ownership of markets and
by the previous administration, President Uribe has left office with the
success of lowering the murder rate by 45% and bringing kidnappings down
respect to the Supreme Courts’ decision to uphold term limits. With Santos’
inauguration came the U.S. foreign policy hopes of better diplomatic ties
impeding and latter rejecting the previous proposed Colombia Free Trade
Agreement hammered out by the Uribe and Bush administrations. The road
ahead for a CFTA looks bleak as Obama has stated in mid 2010 that military
year.51
51
Colombia’s good news; A Pro-American candidate wins a presidential election in a
landslide. Will Washington treat him as an ally? The Washington Post. Pg. A18. June 22,
2010.
Nisbet, 31
VENEZUELA
Since 1974, with the government of President Carlos Andres Perez,
wielding control over the profitable national resources and financial sectors.
Perez was also the first president of Venezuela to nationalize the oil
reported that Carlos Andres Perez embezzled nearly $17 million from the
country.52 Chavez faced his own coup attempt that brought President
within two days with the support of the military Chavez was returned to
considered a Castro style structure where the state owns the markets of “oil,
steel, gas, coal, electricity, and water industries.” These facts could lead to
Venezuela also has problems with protecting a free press, where the
52
Stone, Oliver. South of the Border. Cinime Libre Studio. 2009.
53
Stone, Oliver. South of the Border. Cinime Libre Studio. 2009.
54
Faria, Hugo J. Hugo Chavez Against the Backdrop of Venezuelan Economic and
Political History. The Independent Review. V. XII, n. 4, pp. 519-535. Spring
2008.
Nisbet, 32
agreed to self-censor their broadcasts not to include anything negative about
statements about the devil and Christ when speaking about his political
policy, and core values of the community.” Hawkins has described Chavez’s
discursive populist rhetoric as aligning “Good” with the “Will of the people,”
and “Evil,” as that which opposes it, most commonly the United States or
eliminates term limits for the president and expanded terms to seven
years.57
In July 2010, Hugo Chavez cut ties with Colombia, recalling his
ambassador and cutting off diplomatic relations with the neighboring country
due to disputes that Venezuela had been providing safe harbor and possible
Nisbet, 33
statement: “We have no choice but, out of dignity, to totally break our
58
relations with our brother nation of Colombia.”
While Hugo Chavez has recently announced that he may step down as
opposition party members since Chavez’s rule. They have described him
decreased given that the country’s economy has suffered through the recent
global recession. While the opposition party only holds “67 posts to the 98
held by Chavez supporters” they have won “52%” of the popular vote
allowing some experts to believe that the electorate could choose a different
Chavez Breaks Ties with Colombia. Reuters. Main News; Foreign Desk; Part A; Pg. 11. Los
58
Venezuela’s Chavez may end party leadership. Straitstimes.com. Janurary 22, 2011. AFP
59
< http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/World/Story/STIStory_627066.html>
Minaya, Ezequiel. Venezuela Opposition Lawmakers Vow to Challenge Ruling Party. Wall
60
Nisbet, 34
In the two or so years since Raul Castro has taken power in Havana,
Cuba the communist country has reached out to other Latin American
foreign policy no alliance is held closer to Cuba than their brother country
Venezuela.61
where he exclaimed that Cuba and Venezuela are essentially “the same
country.” Coming out of this tour the two countries foreign ministers even
hinted at the possibility of a Latin American bloc such as the E.U. and since
these meetings Chavez has visited the island nation dozens of times
encouraging trade and oil arrangements between the two nations. In need
of oil per year from oil-rich Venezuela, intending to make Cuba a contender
primary ally and economic partner Cuba is hopeful that the election of
62
Wander, Paul and Erikson, Daniel P. Raul Castro and Cuba’s Global
Diplomacy. Cuba in Transition. ASCE 2008.
Nisbet, 35
favorable policies for the nation. Each of these nations, aside from Ecuador,
investment is its philosophy towards development, which does not seem like
a profitable strategy for the future. Venezuela has been termed an overseas
Conclusion
Each of these governments’ current political institutional models have
developed their own political identity and chosen their own path toward
63
Burges, Sean W. Building a Global Southern Coalition: the competing
approaches of Brazil’s Lula and Venezuela’s Chavez. Third World Quarterly,
Vol. 28, No. 7, pp 1343-1358. 2007.
Nisbet, 36
must take time to build collectively” so that there will be others to carry the
country and not so much power in the hands of one man. 64 Many of these
same level as the presidency then stability will endure. The test will be
when time comes to transfer power to new candidates and new parties, will
the constitutional structure hold up and will the civil society transfer power
leader often the party can fail to sustain itself. However, political
64
Stone, Oliver. South of the Border. Cinime Libre Studios. 2009.
Nisbet, 37
rights in each country and push forward towards a civil society and
communal representation.
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Statesman. December 4, 2006.
Nisbet, 38
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2010.
13. Chavez Breaks Ties with Colombia. Los Angeles Times. Main
News; Foreign Desk; Part A; pg, 11. July 23, 2010.
Nisbet, 39
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Nisbet, 40
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Nisbet, 41
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iid=sphere-inline-sidebar
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http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1878037,00.html
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