BIOSENSOR

CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Basic components of Biosensor
 Working of Biosensor
 Types of Biosensor
 Applications of Biosensor
 Conclusion
 References
 INTRODUCTION

 It is an analytical device which converts a

biological response into an electrical signal.

 It detects, records, and transmits information

regarding a physiological change
or process.

 It determines the presence and concentration of

a specific substance in any test solution.
 BASIC COMPONENTS

Bio-element

Transducer component
 BIO-ELEMENT

 It is a typically complex chemical system

usually extracted or derived directly from a

biological organism.

 Types :
Enzymes Antibodies
Oxidase Tissue
Polysaccharide Nucleic Acid
 BIO-ELEMENT
 Function
To interact specifically with a target compound
i.e. the compound to be detected.

 It must be capable of detecting the presence of a

target compound in the test solution.

 The ability of a bio-element to interact

specifically with target compound (specificity) is
the basis for biosensor.
 TRANSDUCER

 Function :
To convert biological response in to an
electrical signal.

 Types :
Electrochemical,
Optical,
Piezoelectric
 WORKING OF BIOSENSOR

a- Bio-element
b- Transducer
Figure. Schematic Diagram of Biosensor c- Amplifier
d- Processor
e- Display
RESPONSE FROM BIO-ELEMENT
• Heat absorbed (or liberated ) during the
interaction.
• Movement of electrons produced in a redox
reaction.
• Light absorbed (or liberated ) during the
interaction.
• Effect due to mass of reactants or products.
 TYPES OF BIOSENSOR

 Electrochemical biosensor
 Optical biosensor
 Thermal biosensor
 Resonant biosensor
 Ion-sensitive biosensor
ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSOR

 PRINCIPLE
Many chemical reactions produce or
consume ions or electrons which in turn cause
some change in the electrical properties of the
solution which can be sensed out and used as
measuring parameter.

 CLASSIFICATION
(1) Amperometric biosensor
(2) Conductimetric biosensor
(3) Potentiometric biosensor
 AMPEROMETRIC BIOSENSOR

 Measuring parameter : Electric current

 Based on oxidase enzymes that generate

H2O2 and consume oxygen.

 Formation of H2O2 can be detected by the

help of Pt-electrode.
 GLUCOSE BIOSENSOR
• Glucose reacts with glucose
oxidase(GOD) to form gluconic
acid. Two electrons & two protons
are also produced.
• Glucose mediator reacts with
surrounding oxygen to form H2O2
and GOD.
• Now this GOD can reacts with more
glucose.
• Higher the glucose content, higher
the oxygen consumption.
• Glucose content can be detected by
Pt-electrode.
Clark Oxygen electrode
APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSOR
 In food industry, biosensors are used to
monitor the freshness of food.
 Drug discovery and evaluation of biological
activity of new compounds.
 Potentiometric biosensors are intended
primarily for monitoring levels of carbon
dioxide, ammonia, and other gases dissolved
in blood and other liquids.
 Environmental applications e.g. the detection
of pesticides and river water contaminants.
CONTINEU……
 Determination of drug residues in food, such
as antibiotics and growth promoters.

 Glucose monitoring in diabetes patients.

 Analytical measurement of folic acid, biotin,

vitamin B12 and pantothenic acid.

 Enzyme-based biosensors are used for

continuous monitoring of compounds such as
methanol, acetonitrile, phenolics in process
streams, effluents and groundwater.
 CONCLUSION

 From all these studies, I conclude

that biosensors are cheap, small, and
portable devices.

 They are capable of being used by

semi-skilled operators.
 REFERENCES
 International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry. "Biosensor". Compendium of
Chemical Terminology Internet edition.
 www.lsbu.ac.uk/biology/enztech/optical.html.
 www.lsbu.ac.uk/biology/enztech/biosensors.ht
ml
 www.ornl.gov/ornlreview/rev293/text/biosens.
html
 www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosensor
 Encyclopedia of chemical technology, by Kirth
and Othmer (vol.4) page no.208-220