Additional Mathematics Module Form 4

Chapter 2- Quadratic Equations SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

CHAPTER 2- QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

2.1 INTRODUCTION
1. General form of quadratic equation is ax 2 + bx + c = 0 where :
(i) x is unknown
(ii) a, b and c is constant
(iii) a ≠ 0
(iv)The powers of x are positive integers up to a maximum value of 2.

2. Roots are the value of the unknown that satisfy the equation.

Example 1:
x 2 − 2x − 3 = 0
( x + 1)( x − 3) = 0
x + 1 = 0 or x − 3 = 0
x = −1 or x = 3

root

2.2 SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

1. Factorization method

Example 1:
x 2 − 2x − 3 = 0
( x + 1)( x − 3) = 0
x + 1 = 0 or x − 3 = 0
x = −1 or x = 3

Example 2:
x 2 − 3x − 4 = 0
( x + 1)( x − 4) = 0
x + 1 = 0 or x − 4 = 0
x = −1 or x = 4

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 2- Quadratic Equations SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

2.Completing the square method To solve the quadratic equation by completing the square
method, the coefficient of x2 must be 1. If (−1) 2 − (−1) 2 , we
Example:
know that the solution is equal to zero. For this example the
x 2 − 2x − 3 = 0 coefficient of x is -2 so -2 is divided by 2 and become -1.
x 2 − 2 x + ( −1) 2 − ( −1) 2 − 3 = 0 (−1) 2 − (−1) 2 is added between term bx and c.
( x − 1) 2 − 1 − 3 = 0
( x − 1) 2 − 4 = 0
The concept of completing the square
( x − 1) 2 = 4 method is the coefficient of x which is b is
x − 1 = ±2 divided by 2 and the number is squared
x − 1 = 2 or x − 1 = −2
x = −1 or x=3
If the coefficient of x is -4 so -4 is divided by 2
and become -2. So the equation will become
2 2 like this x2 − 4x + ( − 2)2 − ( − 2)2 − 3=0. If the
Part x − 2 x + (−1) is factorized and becomes
coefficient of x is 6 so 6 is divided by 2 and
( x − 1) 2 while − (−1) 2 − 3 = 0 is solved. become 3. So the equation will become like
this
x2 + 6x + (3)2 − (3)2 − 3=0.
3. By Using formula

ax 2 + bx + c = 0
b c
x2 + x + = 0
a a
b b b c
x 2 + x + ( )2 − ( )2 + = 0
a 2a 2a a
2
b b c
(x + ) 2 − 2 + = 0
2a 4a a How to obtain the formula? To
2
b b c( 4a ) obtain the formula is by using
(x + ) 2 = 2 −
2a 4a a( 4a ) completing the square method.

b 2 b 2 − 4ac
(x + ) =
2a 4a 2

b b 2 − 4ac
x+ =±
2a 4a 2

b b 2 − 4ac
x+ =±
2a 4a 2

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 2- Quadratic Equations SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

b b 2 − 4ac
x+ =±
2a 2a

b b 2 − 4ac This is the formula. We can just substitute the

x=− ±
2a 2a value of a, b and c from the equation based on

2
the general form ax 2 + bx + c = 0 to find the
− b ± b − 4ac values of x
x=
Example: 2a

Example:
Solve the equation x 2 − 2 x − 3 = 0 by using quadratic formula.

Solution:
From the equation, we know that a = 1 , b = −2 and c = −3 .
So, we can just substitute the value into the formula,
− (−2) ± ( −2) 2 − 4(1)(−3)
x=
2(1)
2 ± ( 4 + 12
x=
2
2 ± (16
x=
2

2±4 The value of ± 4 is 4 and -4. So convert

x=
2 the equation into two where the
2+4
2+4 2−4 equation x = and the other one
x= or x = 2
2 2

x = 3 or x = −1

EXERCISE 2.2
1. Find the roots of the quadratic equation 2 x 2 = 4 x − 1 by using completing the square method. Give
your answer correct to 2 decimal places.

2. Solve the following quadratic equation using the quadratic formula.

(a) x 2 − 5 x − 3 = 0
(b) 2 x 2 = 7 − 4 x
3. Factorize the following quadratic equations and hence, state their roots.
(a) x 2 − 5 x − 3 = 0 (b) 2 x 2 = 7 − 4 x

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 2- Quadratic Equations SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

2.3 FORMING QUADRATIC EQUATION FROM THE GIVEN ROOTS

Given roots are − 1 and 4 ,
1 x = 4 or x = −1 2 Sum of roots = 4 − 1
x − 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 =3
( x + 1)( x − 4) = 0 Product of roots = 4 . − 1
x 2 + x − 4x − 4 = 0 = −4
x 2 − 3x − 4 = 0 The general form is x 2 − ( S .O.R ) + ( P.O.R ) = 0
Substitute S.O.R = 3 and P.O.R = − 4
x 2 − (3) x + (−4) = 0
x 2 − 3x − 4 = 0
EXERCISE 2.3
1. Write quadratic equations with roots 3 and 5.
3
2. Form a quadratic equation whose roots are -3 and
4
3. Write quadratic equations with roots 1 and -2.

2.4 SUM OF ROOTS (S.O.R) AND PRODUCT OF ROOTS (P.O.R)

If the roots are a and b,

x = a or x = b What is the general form?
x − a = 0 or x − b = 0
( x − a )( x − b) = 0
x 2 − ax − bx + ab = 0
x 2 − (a + b ) + ab = 0
a and b is the roots so in the equation, a + b is the sum of roots and ab is the product of the roots

Hence, the general form is

x 2 − ( S .O.R ) + ( P.O.R ) = 0

Example:
The roots of the equation 2 x 2 − 4 x + 1 = 0 are m and n. Find the equation whose roots are 3m and 3n.

Make the equation in the general form

Solution:
2x 2 − 4x + 1 = 0 x 2 − ( S .O.R) + ( P.O.R) = 0 by divide all terms by 2. This
1 is because in the general form, the value of a must be 1.
x 2 − 2x + = 0
2

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 2- Quadratic Equations SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

From the equation above, we know that General form is x 2 − ( S .O.R) + ( P.O.R) = 0 . For this
S.O.R = 2
1
1 question, the equation is x 2 − 2 x + = 0 . Compare
P.O.R = 2
2
these two equations.
Given the roots are m and n. Hence,
m+n=2 1
1
mn = 2
We know that the sum of roots of the equation is 2 and
2
1
If the roots are 3m and 3n, the product of roots of the equation is . Given that m
2
S.O.R = 3m + 3n
1
= 3(m +n) 3 and n is the roots, so m + n = 2 and mn =
2
P.O.R= 3m . 3n
= 9mn 4

Substitute 1 into 3 and 2 into 4 ,

S.O.R = 3(2)
=6
1
P.O.R = 9( )
2
9
=
2
the equation whose roots are 3m and 3n is
9
x 2 − 6x + =0 9
2 We can leave the equation with x 2 − 6 x + =0
2 x 2 − 12 x + 9 = 0 2
but it is better to let the equation without fraction so
we multiply all terms with 2.

EXERCISE 2.4
1. Given that a and 3 are roots of the quadratic equation px 2 + 3 x + 18 = 0 , find the value of a and p.

2. One of the roots of the quadratic equation x 2 + px + 8 = 0 is half the value of the other root. Find
the possible values of p.

3. Given that the value of one root is 3 times the other for the quadratic equation 3 x 2 − 2 x + p = 0 .
find
(a) the value of p
(b) the two roots

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 2- Quadratic Equations SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

2.5 CONDITIONS FOR THE TYPES OF ROOT OF QUADRATIC EQUATION

− b ± b 2 − 4ac
1.From the formula x = , we know that the part b 2 − 4ac is called the discriminant of
2a
quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 .
2. The value of the discriminate will determine the types of roots of a quadratic equation.
3. We can solve a quadratic equation by factorization if the value for b 2 − 4ac is a perfect square.

Types of root of Quadratic Equation

1- If b 2 − 4ac > 0 , then the quadratic equation has two different roots(also known as two distinct
roots)
x 2 − 2x − 3 = 0 b 2 − 4ac = (−2) 2 − 4(1)(−3)
( x + 1)( x − 3) = 0 = 16
x + 1 = 0 or x − 3 = 0 b 2 − 4ac > 0
x = −1 or x = 3

2- If b 2 − 4ac = 0 , then the quadratic equation has two equal roots

x 2 − 10 x + 25 = 0 b 2 − 4ac = (−10) 2 − 4(1)(25)
( x − 5)( x − 5) = 0 =0
2
x−5 = 0 b − 4ac = 0
x=5

3- If b 2 − 4ac < 0 , then the quadratic equation has no real roots(or no roots)
2 x 2 − 3x + 10 = 0 b 2 − 4ac = (−3) 2 − 4(2)(10)
= 9 – 80
= - 71
b 2 − 4ac < 0

4- If b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0 , then the quadratic equation has real roots.

Example 1:
Given that 3 and k are roots of the quadratic equation x( x + 1) = 12 has two equal roots. Find the value
of h.
When compare the equation x 2 − ( S .O.R) + ( P.O.R) = 0 and
Solution: x 2 − (−1) x + (−12) = 0 , we would know sum of roots and
x 2 + x − 12 = 0 product of roots for the equation.

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 2- Quadratic Equations SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

x 2 − (−1) x + (−12) = 0

From the equation above, we know that

S.O.R = − 1
P.O.R = − 12

Given 3 and k are roots,

S.O.R= k + 3
From the equation, we know that S.O.R and P.O.R are − 1 and
P.O.R= 3 . k
− 12 respectively. From the given roots, we know that S.O.R
= 3k
and P.O.R are k + 3 and 3k respectively. Hence compare both
Hence,
of them to find the value of k.
k + 3 = −1 or 3k = −12
k = −4 or k = −4
k = −4

Example 2:
Given that the equation x 2 − 4 x + k + 1 = 0 has two different roots, find the largest integer of k.

Solution:
From the equation x 2 − 4 x + k + 1 = 0 , we know that a = 1 , b = −4 and c = k + 1 .
Two different roots:
b 2 − 4ac > 0
(−4) 2 − 4(1)(k + 1) > 0
16 − 4(k + 1) > 0 Integer is a positive or negative number including 0. k is less
that 3 so the k= 2,1,0,-1,-2 and so on. Hence, the largest
16 − 4k − 4 > 0
integer of k is 2
− 4k > −12
k <3
Hence, the largest integer of k is 2.

Example 3:
One of the roots of the equation x 2 + kx + 12 = 0 is thrice the value of the other. Find the possible
values of k.

Solution:
We can choose other unknown to be the roots but it is better
x 2 + kx + 12 = 0 to do not put x as the roots. But we cannot put k as the root.
Let the roots be m and 3m. This is because in this case, k acts as the S.O.R.
From the equation,
S.O.R = − k
P.O.R = 12

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 2- Quadratic Equations SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

From the roots,

S.O.R = 3m + m
= 4m
P.O.R = 3m x m
= 3m2
Hence, From the equation, we know that S.O.R and P.O.R are − k and
4m = − k 12 respectively. From the given roots, we know that S.O.R and
k = 4m 1
P.O.R are 4m and 3m 2 respectively. Hence compare both of
them to find the value of k.
3m 2 = 12
m2 = 4
m = ±2

Substitute m = ±2 into 1 ,
(i) m = 2 (ii) m = −2
k = 4(2) k = 4(−2)
k =8 k = −8

So, k = ±8

Example 4:
Given that x 2 − 5 x + 5 = h( x − 1) has equal roots, find the values of h.

Solution:
x 2 − 5 x + 5 = hx − h
x 2 − 5 x − hx + 5 + h = 0
x 2 − (5 + h) x + (5 + h) = 0
From the equation above, we know that a = 1 , b = −(5 + h) and c = 5 + h .

Equal roots: b 2 − 4ac = 0

[−(5 + h)]2 − 4(1)(5 + h) = 0
(5 + h) 2 − 4(5 + h) = 0
h 2 + 10h + 25 − 20 − 4h = 0
h 2 + 6h + 5 = 0
(h + 5)(h + 1) = 0
h + 5 = 0 or h + 1 = 0
h = −5 or h = −1

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 2- Quadratic Equations SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

Example 5:
Find the largest integer value of k if kx 2 + (2k − 7) x + k = 0 has real roots.

Solution:
kx 2 + (2k − 7) x + k = 0
Real roots: b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0

(2k − 7) 2 − 4(k )(k ) ≥ 0

4k 2 − 28k + 49 − 4k 2 ≥ 0
28k ≤ 49
3 In Form One, We have learned about integer.
k ≤1 Integer is a positive or negative number that is a
4
The largest integer value of k is 1. whole number. Such as 1, 2 and so on. Fractions
and decimals are not integer.

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 Additional Mathematics Module Form 4
Chapter 2- Quadratic Equations SMK Agama Arau, Perlis

CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISE

1. Solve the equation 2 x 2 + 5 x = 6 .

1
2. Given − and 4 are roots of a quadratic equation state the equation in the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0
3
where a, b and c are integers.
3. Find the range of values of p of the equation x( x − 2) = p + 5 has two different roots.

4. Find the values of k such that equation (k − 1) x 2 − 3(k − 6) x + k − 6 = 0 has equal roots. Hence, find
the roots of the equation based on the larger value of k.
5. Given that m + 3 and n − 1 are roots of equation x 2 + 6 x = −5 , find the possible values of m and n.
6. The quadratic equation 2 x 2 + mx + k = 0 has roots − 7 and 4 . Find
(i) the values ok m and k
(ii) the range of values of p so that 2 x 2 + mx + k = p does not have real roots

7. Given that equation 2 x 2 − 6 x = 2k − 1 has different roots, find the range of values of k.
8. Given that α and β are roots of equation x 2 + kx + 3 = 0 , whereas 2α and 2β are roots of
equation x 2 − 7 x + m = 0 . Calculate the possible values of k and m.
9. Given that the roots of the quadratic equation ( x − 2)( x + 5) = 0 are p and q. Form a quadratic
equation with roots p + 1 and q + 1 .
10. The quadratic equation x( x + 4) = 2 p − 3 has two distinct roots. Find the range of values of p.
1
11. Form a quadratic equation with the roots − 2 and .
3
12. Given that the quadratic equation x 2 − 5mx + n 2 = 0 has two equal roots. Express n in terms of m.
13. Determine the type of roots for the quadratic equation 2 x 2 − 3x + 3 = 0
14. Find the value of h if the straight line x + y = k is a tangent to the curve y = 8 − x 2 .

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