ENCYCLOPEDIA OF EARTH SCIENCES SERIES

ENCYCLOPEDIA
of EUROPEAN and
ASIAN REGIONAL
GEOLOGY
edited by

ELDRIDGE M. MOORES and

RHODES W. FAIRBRIDGE

CHAPMAN & HALL

London • Weinheim • New York • Tokyo • Melbourne • Madras
 Contents

Contributors x Caucasus 127

Preface xvii V.E. Khain and N.V. Koronovsky
Afghanistan 1 China 136
H.-P. Wittekindt, R. Wolf art and E.M. Moores P.-F. Fan
Albania 7 China: Tibet 149
L. Beccaluva, M. Shallo, M. Coltorti, I. Premti and F. Siena P.-F. Fan
Alpine Orogeny 16 Croatia 155
R. Triimpy M. Herqk
Andorra *. 26 Cyprus 160
P. G. Oliver and E. M. Moores A.H.F. Robertson and C. Xenophontos
Armenia 26 Czech Republic 171 ,
R.G. Gevorkian and A.T. Aslanian Z. Misaf ;-r
Asia 34 Denmark 183
A.M.C. §engor E. Hdkansson and F. Surlyk
Austria 51 Estonia 193
P. Faupl V. Puuar and A. Raukas
Azerbaijan 60 Europe 201
V.E. Khain W. Schwan
Bangladesh 64 Faeroe Islands 228
M. Alam C.E. Lesher and A. Noe-Nygaard
Belarus 72 Finland 230
R.G. Garetsky A. Simonen, J.J. Donner and I. Laikakari
Belgium 78 France 236
B.L. Mamet and A. Preat / . Debelmas
Bhutan 83 France: Quaternary Period 246
!
A. Gansser G. Montjuvent
Bosnia and Hercegovina 86 France: Spain: Pyrenees 251
/ . Vamit and I. Jurkovic C.A. Hall
British Isles 93 Georgia 256
N. Rast I. P. Gamkrelidze
Brunei 100 Germany 261
R.B. TateandG.E. Wilford W. Franke
Bulgaria 103 Gibraltar 273
P.V. Tchoumatchenco and D.V. Ager E. Burns and R. W. Fairbridge
Burma 109 Great Britain: Channel Islands 276
R.J. Varga G.M. Power
Cambodia 122 Great Britain: England 277
D.R. Workman G.M. Bennison and A.E. Wright
 CONTENTS

Great Britain: Isle of Man 285 Maldive Islands 534

G.M. Bennison and A.E. Wright E. Burns
Great Britain: Scotland 285 Malta 535
A.E. Wright H. M. Pedley and E. M. Moores
Great Britain: Shetland and Orkney Islands 294 Moldova 537
D. Flinn A.V. Drumea
Great Britain: Wales 296 Monaco 540
A.E. Wright R.W. Fairbridge
Greece 301 Mongolia 540
M. Dermitzakis, M. Triantaphyllou and H. Drinia Z. Mi'saf
Himalaya 321 Nepal 545
P. Le Fort G. Fuchs
Hong Kong 332
Netherlands 549
C.L. So
Th.H.M. van Doom, C.W. Dubelaar and J.W. Verbeek
Hungary 333
Norway 558
/ . Fulop
A. Andresen
Iceland 341
Norway: Jan Mayen 565
S. Steinthorsson and S. Thorarinsson
P. Thy
India 352
Norway: Svalbard 567
M.N. Saxena, B.R. Naini and M.S. Krishnan
W.B. Harland
Indochina: Regional review 372
H. Fontaine and D.R. Workman Pakistan 577
R.A.K. Tahirkheli and M.J. Khan
Indonesia 376
R. Sukamto and M.M. Purbo-Hadiwidjoyo Philippines 591
S.D. Lewis
Iran 384
M. Davoudzadeh Poland 604
M. Ksiqzkiewicz and K. Birkenmajer
Ireland 405
P.M. Briick Portugal 611
414 A. Ribeiro and J.B. Silva
Italy
C. Doglioni and G. Flores Portugal: Azores 618
436 E.M. Moores
Japan
Y. Ogawa, K. Tamaki, Y. Isozaki and N. Shikazono Portugal: Macao 620
Kazakhstan 450 C.L. So and M.L. Ribeiro
A. Yakubchuk Portugal: Madeira 621
Korean Peninsula 465 R.W. Fairbridge, R.C. Mitchell-Thome and E.M. Moores
K.-H. Chang Romania 624
Korea: South Korea 473 /. Ichim and M. Sandulescu
A.J. Reedman and D.-H. Kim
Russia 631
Kyrgyz Republic 483 V.E. Khain and A. Nikishin
V.S. Burtman
San Marino 653
Laos 493 G. Flores
D.R. Workman
Singapore 653
Latvia 498 J. Pitts
A. Dreimanis and O.L. Karklins
Slovakia 656
Liechtenstein 504 M. Misik
P.J. Kindle and F. Allemann
Slovenia 664
Lithuania 506 K. Bezuh
P. Musteikis and A. Brazauskas
Spain 666
Luxembourg 515
E. Martinez-Garcia
R.C. Mitchell-Thome
Macedonia 517 Spain: Balearic Islands 683
M. Arsovski and K. Bogoevski V. Rossello, B. W. Sellwood and R. W. Fairbridge

Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia 525 Sri Lanka 686

T. Suntharalingam P.G. Cooray
Malaysia: Sabah 530 Sweden 690
N.S. Haile and D.T.C. Lee M.B. Stephens, C.-H. Wahlgren and P. Weihed
Malaysia: Sarawak 532 Switzerland 704
N.S. Haile and C.H. Kho R. Trtimpy
 CONTENTS

Taiwan 711 Ukraine 760

C. Biq P. Shpak and J. Teslenko
Tajikistan 71 8 Uzbekistan 766
E.M. Moores P. Mukhin
Thailand 718
Vietnam 774
D.R. Workman
H. Fontaine and D.R. Workman
Tien Shan 727
A. Yin Yugoslavia 783
M.D. Dimitrijevic and B. SikoSek
Turkey 732
A.M.C. Sengor
Author Index 790
Turkmenistan 743 Location Index 792
L. Rastsvetaev Subject Index 794