Lethality To Humans Due To Blast Effects Morris

Scientific
Research
Corporation
Introduction
Lethality to Humans Due to Blast Effects

from Buried Landmines
Sponsored by
U. S. Army
Project Manager Instrumentation, Targets and
Threat Simulators (PM ITTS)
Presented by
Scientific Research Corporation
Norman Morris, Sr. Engineer
2002 Mines, Demolition and

Non-Lethal Conference Lethality to Humans - Page 1 June 4, 2002
Scientific
Research
Corporation
Motivation: Threat Minefield System (TMS)
TMS supports countermine testing and training with
real time position and sensor data collection and analysis.
TMS
Legend
Ok
Too fast
Uncovered
Foot
Coordinates of sensor head and soldier feet

location (x, y, z) are transmitted and
plotted in real time within TMS.

Scientific
Research
Corporation
Threat Minefield System Overview
Operator Vehicular
Instrumentation Instrumentation
TMS will Enable:
• Actual and Virtual Minefield Environments
• Real-time Operator Analysis Capability for Training
• Testbed for De-mining Instrumentation Development
User Specific Detector Specific Site Specific

Requirements Requirements Requirements DIS/HLA
Flexible Site Enhanced Mine Virtual THREATS
Selection Simulations Interface NODE
Post Phase 1 Enhancements

Pre-Exercise Graphics & Display
Sensor Input
Setup Evaluator
Real-Time Workstation
Event Output
Analysis
Mine Properties
2-Way Remote Post-Exercise
Database Mass Storage
Surveyor Communications Analysis
Instrumentation Phase 1 Requirements / Capabilities

Scientific
Research
Corporation
TMS Real and Virtual Processing
• ALERTS TMS PROCESSOR

• Detector sweeps
• PD
VIRTUAL ANALYSIS,
• PFA
MINE STATISTICS, • Evaluations
MODELS & GRAPHICS • Blasts & effects
• (X,Y,Z)
• ALARMS (x,y,z), shape, ...
REAL
TMS PROCESSOR • Sweeps

• PD
• ALERTS • PFA
ACOUSTIC • Eval.
OUT
FEEDBACK • Blasts
(x,y,z), shape, EM responses of
DIS / targets, soil & clutter, ...
HLA
IN
VIRTUAL ANAL., STATS

• (X,Y,Z)
• ALARMS
MINE & GRAPHICS
VIRTUAL MODELS
Scientific
Research
Corporation
LETHALITIES DUE TO SHOCK WAVES

Scientific
Research
Corporation
TMS/MISP Blast Effects System - Shock Wave
When a mine detonation occurs:
Threat Minefield System (TMS)

Entity Mine loc. Mine shock parms
loc.
Compute
Blast
Compute Overpressure Lovelace
Range to kth R Foundation
plethal
Battlefield Lethality
Compute
Entity Analysis
Blast
Duration
MISP* Shock Wave Analysis Component
*Mine Interaction Simulation Program

Scientific
Research
Corporation
Peak Overpressure vs. Distance (Mahn)
Pover ~ 29/Z + 552/Z2 + 1106/Z3 where:

10000000000 Z = (dist. from explosive) ÷ (wt. of TNT to match explosive effect) 1/3
1000000000
100000000
10000000
Peak Overpressure (psig)
1000000
100000
10000
1000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Distance (ft)

Scientific
Research
Corporation
Shock Wave Duration vs. Distance (Baker)
10
I II III
1
Scaled Duration
Rscaled=[R(p 0)1/3]/E 1/3

Tscaled=[Tsa0(p0)1/3]/E 1/3
where:
0.1 a 0= ambient sound speed (ft/s)
E = explosive energy (in-lb)
p0 = ambient pressure (psi)
R = dist. from explosive
Ts = side-on duration (s)
0.01
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Scaled Distance

Scientific
Research
Corporation
Lethality Due to Shock Waves (Lovelace)
1000
99%
90%
50%
Overpressure (psi)
10%
1%
100
Graphs and equations also available

for parallel blast winds. All formulas
listed in Appendix B of paper
10
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Duration (msec)
Scientific
Research
Corporation
Use of Lovelace Foundation Analyses
104
103
Overpressure
PLethal
102
10
0.1 1 10 102 103 104
Duration

Scientific
Research
Corporation
II
LETHALITIES DUE TO CASE

(PRIMARY) FRAGMENTATION

Scientific
Research
Corporation
TMS/MISP Blast Effects System - Fragmentation
Threat Minefield System (TMS)

Detonated mine parms Battlefield Entity parms
Extract
Random
Fragments
Ahlers &
Fragment Trajectory Analyses:
• Torso impact tests
Feinstein plethal
Flight
Angles • Impact velocities Lethality
Analysis
Gurney
Initial
Velocity
Impacting Fragment
MISP Fragment Analysis Component Mass & Velocity

Scientific
Research
Corporation
Mott’s Distribution of Fragments
E{Total number of hurled fragments} = A

1000
A = M0 /(2B) where:
M0 = total casing mass
(No. of fragments)
800 B = f{casing thickness, diameter and explosive}

N
600 N(m)=Aexp(-Bm½), Mott
N(m)=Aexp(-Bm), Exponential
400
200
0
m (mass)
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
N
∑m
i =1
i = M0

Scientific
Research
Corporation
Illustrative Example for Mott’s Usage
•
• 53 Fragments of mass > 0.49
•
52 Fragments of mass > 0.50
53
52
•
51 •
•
1000 0.49 0.50 0.525
(No. of fragments)
0.493 0.508
800 Nearest integer
600 representation
N
400 Inverse map
200
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2
N
m (mass) ∑m
i =1
i = M0
Scientific
Research
Corporation
Ejected Fragment Flight Angles and Densities
Assume:
• Fragments eject at right angles to the surface.
• Fragment density is uniform on casing.
Projected patch
(incremental area)
Ground
θ θ
Fragment Ejecta
Obstruct Angle
Scientific
Research
Corporation Initial Fragment Velocity Formula (Gurney)
2E
V0 =
12000 (11 / 20 + M / C )
where :
11000 2 E = 8000 fps (for TNT, Gurney’ s Velocity)
Initial Velocity
M = mass or weight of casing

10000 C = mass or weight of charge
9000
Cylinder
8000
Sphere
7000
6000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
M/C

Scientific
Research
Corporation
TMS/MISP Blast Effects System - Fragmentation

SRC trajectory algos:
Threat Minefield System (TMS) • Runge-Kutta
• Closed-form approx.
Detonated mine parms Battlefield Entity parms
Extract
Random
Fragments
Ahlers &
Fragment Trajectory Analyses:
• Torso impact tests
Feinstein plethal
Flight
Angles • Impact velocities Lethality
Analysis
Gurney
Initial
Velocity
Impacting Fragment
MISP Fragment Analysis Component Mass & Velocity

Scientific
Research
Corporation
Trajectories & Velocities
Runge-Kutta vs. Closed-Form
Component Velocities Trajectory
Case: θ0 = 10°, v0 = 677 m/sec
Vx (m/sec)
Runge-Kutta 4th
Order simulation
Runge-Kutta 4th
time (sec) Order simulation
Z (m)
Closed form Closed form
approximation approximation
Vz (m/sec)
time (sec)
X (m)
Runge-Kutta 4th
Formulas andOrder simulation
algorithms for above
approaches listedand
Formulas in algorithms
AppendixforA of paper.
above approaches listed in Appendix A of paper.

Scientific
Research
Corporation
Lethality Due to Fragment Impact (Ahlers)
1000
Kill Rate: Abdomen and Limbs
90%
50%
10%
Terminal Velocity (fps)
Injur
y Thr
eshold
100
Graphs and equations also available for

head and thorax impacts; all formulas
listed in Appendix B of paper
10
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Fragment Weight (lbs)

Scientific
Research
Corporation
Use of Ahlers & Feinstein Analyses
Ahlers & Feinstein Analyses Algorithm
1000
Velocity, v
100
Inj
ury P(Lethal|Hit)
Th
res
ho
ld
10
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Weight, w

Scientific
Research
Corporation
Summary
• Motivation...The Threat Minefield System (TMS)

• Shock wave lethality
- Shock wave duration (Baker)
- Shock wave overpressure (Mahn)
- Lethality computations (Lovelace Foundation)
• Fragmentation lethality
- Mass distribution (Mott)
- Ejection angle of flight (geometry)
- Fragment initial velocity (Gurney)
- Fragment trajectories & impact velocities (SRC)
- Lethality computations (Ahlers & Feinstein)
Scientific
Research
Corporation
Backup (Support) Slides
Backup

Scientific
Research
Corporation
TMS
TMS ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS
ELEMENTS
TMS Master CSCI
Op Data
IEEE 1394 IDD
(Raw)
Data Comms/DSP CSCI Mass
Instrumentation
L
Ethernet IDD Storage
•Pre-Exercise (Cumulative)
M
CSCI
RS-232 IDD States •Exercise •RAID

N Op Data (Raw) •Post-Exercise •Internal HD
•Position{x,y,z(t)} •Position File (Cumulative) •R/W CD
•alarm/event (binary)
•Sensor I/Q/Video
•Firewire HD
•Alarm File (Cumulative)
•Audio / Video TSMO
DIS/HLA
CTMS IDD
Op Data (Reduced) THREATS
CTMS CSCI Comms CSCI Node
Shared
•Evaluation/User Interface Memory Mine Interaction
•Ground Truth File (Survey)
Resource
Simulation
•Mine Image JPG Files CSCI (Dynamic)
•Op Data Program CSCI
•MISP Results
•MS Access Reports •Interface Flags
(Static)
VMM Database CSCI
(Static)
Wand Survey CSCI •VMM Data •Political •Statistical
(Ground Truth) •Ground Truth
• Site Data (Pos., Envir.) •Physical - Research
• Target Data (Pos., Envir.) - Ops
• Mode Data

Scientific
Research
Corporation
MISP System for Lethal Probabilities
Foot/Wheel
Position
Sensor
Data/Comms Next Operator

i++
RGM
{Poper}i=1,2,...,N Estimate
Y Shock Lovelace
MISP ri Duration
i=1 ri=|{Poper}i - Pmine| Foundation
Detonation And Analysis {PLethal }i
Yes/No? Over-
N
Mine pressure
No Action
shock
params
Mine VMM/RGM
position, Pmine

Scientific
Research
Corporation
Lethality Due to Shock Wave (Lovelace)
10000
99%
90%
50%
Overpressure (psi)
10%
1000 1%
100
10
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Duration (msec)
Scientific
Research Lethality Due to Fragment Impact (Feinstein)
Corporation
1000
Kill Rate: Head
90%
Injury Thr 50%
eshold 10%
100
10
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

Scientific
Research
Lethality Due to Fragment Impact (Feinstein)
Corporation
10000
Kill Rate:
90% Thorax
50%
10%
1000
100
Inju
ry T
hres
hold
10
1
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

Scientific
Research
Corporation
Determination of the Weight-Velocity Curve
10000
f1(w), linear curve based on MV2 hits
f2(w), linear curve based on MV4 hits

1000
Velocity (fps)
100
V(w)=min {f 1(w), f2(w)}, used
for injury assessment
10
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

Scientific
Research
Corporation
Some Gurney Energy Constants (Henry)
EXPLOSIVE 2E, fps

Baratol - 33 TNT, 67 BA(NO 3)2 5200
Tritonal - 20 Aluminum, 80 TNT 7200
TNT 8000
HBX-1 - 11 TNT, 67 Comp B,
8100
17 Aluminum, 5 D-2
Comp B - 40 TNT, 60 RDX 8800
Cyclotol - 30 TNT, 70 RDX 8860
Cyclotol - 25 TNT, 75 RDX 8900
Comp A3 - 9 wax, 91 RDX 9000
RDX - 3 wax, 97 RDX 9200
RDX - 100% 9300
Black powder - 10 S, 16 C, 74 KNO3 3100
Smokeless powder - double base 5500

Scientific
Research
Corporation
Trajectory Equations of Motion
r
v
r
Fdrag r
= − kvv
m
Fdrag y Fdrag
= sin(θ ) = − kv 2 sin(θ ) = − kvv y
m m
θ Thus v& y = − kvv y − g
Y v&x = − kv 2 cos(θ ) = − kvv x

Where k ≡ 12 ρAC d / m, C d = C d (mach)
X
t
{v x , v y , x, y} = ∫ {v&x , v& y , vx , v y }dt

0
Which integration is performed by 4th-order Runge-Kutta*
*Note: Closed form exact solutions do not exist. Runge-Kutta numerical integration is
superior to closed-form approximate solutions for accuracy/speed/data-access.

Scientific
Research
Corporation Trajectory Generation (Runge-Kutta)
User Inputs Initialization Run Numerical Integration
v0 v = v0
v = vx2 + v 2y
θ0 θ = θ0
Calculate R from C d ( mach) table(1)
j ≡ AC d M 1 ρ = 1.225
Calculate ρ from ρ - equation(2)
m (mass) vx = v cosθ
k = ( 12 ρACd / m) = 12 ρ jR / m
h ( ∆t ≤ .2sec) vy = v sin θ v& x = −kvx v v& y = −kv y v − g
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Cd ( Mach ) Factor Table (1)
4th - order Runge - Kutta Integration
Mach R ≡ Cd / C d M 1
0 .915 {t , v&x , v& y , vx , vy } ⇒ {t + h, vx , v y , x, y}
.6 .915
1 1 −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
1.2 1.12 Repeat from top until touchdown.
1.6 1.18
2 1.14
2.5 1.09
( 2)
ht = y /1000.
3 1.08 ρ = 1.225 /(1. + ht (.07757 + ht(.0152585 −
10 1.08
ht(.00134459 − .000102895ht ))))

Scientific
Research
Corporation
Drag Coefficient CD vs. Velocity
Velocity (Mach) CD/CD,Mach1
0 0.915
0.6 0.915
1.0 1.0
1.2 1.12
1.6 1.18
2.0 1.14
2.5 1.09
3.0 1.08
10.0 1.08

Scientific
Research
Corporation
MISP System for Fragmentation Lethalities
Foot/Wheel Next Operator

(i++) Obtain
Position Ahlers3
Sensor Calculate: Fragment {PLethal }i
• Distance, r i V,W & Feinstein4
Trajectory
ri =|{Poper }i - Pmine | ri Analysis
Ai
Estimates ( Update
Data/Comms • Oper. area, Ai (∩ Oper.) max PLethal )
Ai=A0 cos[θ(ri)],
i=1
RGM Operator
Initiali-
zations
Information, Obtain Gurney1 Obtain Mott2
{Poper}i=1,2,...,N Size, Weight,
Fragment Initial Fragment Weight
etc.
MISP Y Velocity Estimates Distribution
N
Detonation Fragmentation Parameters
Yes/No? No (AMSAA)
Action
VMM/RGM
Mine Position, Pmine

Scientific
Research
Corporation
Prob. of at Least One Hit vs. Density
1
0.8
0.6
PHit
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Fragment Density, ρ
Using the Poisson Distribution* (with Aoper=2 ft2),
) = (ρA ) exp (− ρAoper )

⇒ PHit = 1 − P (0, Aoper ) = 1 − exp (− ρAoper )
K
P (K , Aoper
oper
K!
*See Wilbur B. Davenport, Jr.., William L. Root, “An Introduction to the Theory of Random Signals and Noise”
McGraw-Hill, 1958, §7-2 (pp. 115-117)...Note that here we replace shot noise electron-emission times with
fragment spatial locations and time intervals with spatial areas.

Scientific
Research
Corporation
Probability of Hit Calculations
Operator Size Calculate: PHit

Information, A 0 A(r)
• Oper. area, A 1
A=A0cos[θ(r)] 0.8
0.6
r
0.4
Retrieve for 0.2
mine m: 0
• Fragment ρA 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
density at
range r Poisson Distribution
ρ(r)
θ(r i), ρ(r i)
VMM/RGM LUT’s

Scientific
Research
Corporation
Equivalent Weights for Free Air Effects1
Peak Pressure Impulse

MATERIAL
(PM)TNT (I)TNT
TNT 1.00 1.00
Explosive D 0.85 0.81
Picratol 0.90 0.93
Tritonal - 20 Aluminum, 80 TNT 1.07 1.11
Comp A-3 1.09 1.07
Comp B - 40 TNT, 60 RDX 1.13 1.06
TNETB 1.13 0.96
Comp B/TiH2 70/30 1.13 1.13
Cyclotol - 30 TNT, 70 RDX 1.14 1.09
HBX-3 1.16 1.25
Pentolite 1.16 1.15
RDX - 2 wax, 98 RDX 1.19 1.16
RDX - 5 wax, 95 RDX 1.19 1.16
HBX-1 - 11 TNT, 67 Comp B,
1.21 1.21
17 Aluminum, 5 D-2
Torpex II 1.23 1.28
Minol II 1.24 1.22
H-6 1.27 1.38
1 Joseph
Petes, “Part IV. Explosive Effects: Blast and Fragmentation Characteristics” Annals of the
New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 152, 1968, pp. 283-316


Lethality To Humans Due To Blast Effects Morris

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Scientific

Lethality to Humans Due to Blast Effects

2002 Mines, Demolition and

Coordinates of sensor head and soldier feet

2002 Mines, Demolition and

User Specific Detector Specific Site Specific

Post Phase 1 Enhancements

2002 Mines, Demolition and

• ALERTS TMS PROCESSOR

TMS PROCESSOR • Sweeps

VIRTUAL ANAL., STATS

LETHALITIES DUE TO SHOCK WAVES

2002 Mines, Demolition and

When a mine detonation occurs:

Threat Minefield System (TMS)

MISP* Shock Wave Analysis Component

*Mine Interaction Simulation Program

Pover ~ 29/Z + 552/Z2 + 1106/Z3 where:

2002 Mines, Demolition and

Rscaled=[R(p 0)1/3]/E 1/3

2002 Mines, Demolition and

Graphs and equations also available

2002 Mines, Demolition and

LETHALITIES DUE TO CASE

2002 Mines, Demolition and

When a mine detonation occurs:

Threat Minefield System (TMS)

2002 Mines, Demolition and

E{Total number of hurled fragments} = A

800 B = f{casing thickness, diameter and explosive}

2002 Mines, Demolition and

M = mass or weight of casing

2002 Mines, Demolition and

When a mine detonation occurs:

2002 Mines, Demolition and

2002 Mines, Demolition and

Graphs and equations also available for

2002 Mines, Demolition and

Ahlers & Feinstein Analyses Algorithm

2002 Mines, Demolition and

• Motivation...The Threat Minefield System (TMS)

2002 Mines, Demolition and

TMS Master CSCI

RS-232 IDD States •Exercise •RAID

2002 Mines, Demolition and

Data/Comms Next Operator

2002 Mines, Demolition and

2002 Mines, Demolition and

2002 Mines, Demolition and

f2(w), linear curve based on MV4 hits

2002 Mines, Demolition and

EXPLOSIVE 2E, fps

2002 Mines, Demolition and

Y v&x = − kv 2 cos(θ ) = − kvv x

{v x , v y , x, y} = ∫ {v&x , v& y , vx , v y }dt

2002 Mines, Demolition and

2002 Mines, Demolition and

Velocity (Mach) CD/CD,Mach1

2002 Mines, Demolition and

Foot/Wheel Next Operator

2002 Mines, Demolition and

) = (ρA ) exp (− ρAoper )